وڪيپيڊيا sdwiki https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%DA%A9_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%88 MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.23 first-letter ذريعات خاص بحث واپرائيندڙ واپرائيندڙ بحث وڪيپيڊيا وڪيپيڊيا بحث فائل فائل بحث ذريعات وڪي ذريعات وڪي بحث سانچو سانچو بحث مدد مدد بحث زمرو زمرو بحث باب باب بحث TimedText TimedText talk ماڊيول ماڊيول بحث Event Event talk احمد جي چاڳلا 0 18848 371068 315729 2026-04-12T09:45:32Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:موسيقار]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 371068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{صندوق معلومات شخص}} چاڳلا -پاڪستان- جي قومي تراني جي ڌن جو خالق ۽ ممتاز موسيقار ٿي گذريو آھي، جنھن جو پورو نالو احمد غلام علي چاڳلا ھو. 1902ع ڌاري ڪراچيءَ ۾ پيدا ٿيو، سنڌ مدرسي مان -تعليم- حاصل ڪيائين. ڪراچيءَ جي نامياري موسيقار مھاراج سوامي داس جو شاگرد ٿيو. 1928ع ۾ ڪاروبار جي سلسلي ۾ -برطانيا- ويو، -جتي- ٽريننگ ڪاليج مان موسيقيءَ جي به -تعليم- ورتائين. -پاڪستان- ٺھڻ کان -ٿورو- عرصو اڳ بمبئيءَ ويو، -جتي- ھڪ فلم ڪمپني ’اجنتا‘ ۾ ڊائريڪٽر طور ڪم ڪيائين، ورھاڱي کان پوءِ -پاڪستان- جي قومي تراني جي ڌن ٺاھيائين، جنھن کي 1949ع ۾ حڪومت -پاڪستان- منظور ڪيو، انھيءَ ڌن کي ئي اڳيان رکندي محترم حفيظ جالنڌريءَ -پاڪستان- جو قومي -ترانو- ’پاڪ سر زمين شادباد‘ لکيو، 5 فيبروري 1953ع تي وفات ڪيائين، ڪي ڊراما به لکيائين، -جن- مان ’-ڀوت-‘ (ترجمو)، ’خزني‘ (ترجمو)، ’جيڪا تقدير‘، ’ديس جو دشمن‘ ۽ ’گڏي جو گھر‘ مشھور آھن، جنھن ھارمونيم تي قومي تراني جي ڌن ٺاھي ھئائين، اھو ۽ -ان- جا نوٽيشن، -انسٽيٽيوٽ آف سنڌالاجي- ڄامشوري جي مشاھيرن واري گئلريءَ ۾ موجود آھن.<ref>http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=احمد%20جي%20چاڳلا</ref> == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:سنڌي ماڻھو]] [[زمرو:20 هين صدي جا هندستاني ڳائڻا]] [[زمرو:1953ع جون فوتگيون]] [[زمرو:موسيقار]] ak910expgx1pasj8du8woh3ma0y7pf2 371069 371068 2026-04-12T09:49:11Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 371069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{صندوق معلومات شخص}} چاڳلا -پاڪستان- جي قومي تراني جي ڌن جو خالق ۽ ممتاز موسيقار ٿي گذريو آھي، جنھن جو پورو نالو احمد غلام علي چاڳلا ھو. 1902ع ڌاري ڪراچيءَ ۾ پيدا ٿيو، سنڌ مدرسي مان -تعليم- حاصل ڪيائين. ڪراچيءَ جي نامياري موسيقار مھاراج سوامي داس جو شاگرد ٿيو. 1928ع ۾ ڪاروبار جي سلسلي ۾ -برطانيا- ويو، -جتي- ٽريننگ ڪاليج مان موسيقيءَ جي به -تعليم- ورتائين. -پاڪستان- ٺھڻ کان -ٿورو- عرصو اڳ بمبئيءَ ويو، -جتي- ھڪ فلم ڪمپني ’اجنتا‘ ۾ ڊائريڪٽر طور ڪم ڪيائين، ورھاڱي کان پوءِ -پاڪستان- جي قومي تراني جي ڌن ٺاھيائين، جنھن کي 1949ع ۾ حڪومت -پاڪستان- منظور ڪيو، انھيءَ ڌن کي ئي اڳيان رکندي محترم حفيظ جالنڌريءَ -پاڪستان- جو قومي -ترانو- ’پاڪ سر زمين شادباد‘ لکيو، 5 فيبروري 1953ع تي وفات ڪيائين، ڪي ڊراما به لکيائين، -جن- مان ’-ڀوت-‘ (ترجمو)، ’خزني‘ (ترجمو)، ’جيڪا تقدير‘، ’ديس جو دشمن‘ ۽ ’گڏي جو گھر‘ مشھور آھن، جنھن ھارمونيم تي قومي تراني جي ڌن ٺاھي ھئائين، اھو ۽ -ان- جا نوٽيشن، -انسٽيٽيوٽ آف سنڌالاجي- ڄامشوري جي مشاھيرن واري گئلريءَ ۾ موجود آھن.<ref>http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=احمد%20جي%20چاڳلا</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:احمد جي ڇاڳلا]] [[زمرو:سنڌي موسيقار]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جو قومي ترانو]] [[زمرو:پاڪستاني شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:1953ع جون فوتگيون]] [[زمرو:20هين صدي جا هندستاني ڳائڻا]] 6vjc0etrz6kpt0p566560t2cqmm2dib زمرو:فنڪار 14 37252 371082 292564 2026-04-12T10:11:45Z Ibne maryam 17680 371082 wikitext text/x-wiki فنڪار سنڌي ۾ گائڪ کي چيو ويندو آهي. [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:فن سان لاڳاپيل ماڻهو]] rbg4twcjeei1w0sm89889rw8rkqy0ul زمرو:لوڪ فنڪار 14 37253 371078 93443 2026-04-12T10:06:02Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:فن]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 371078 wikitext text/x-wiki لوڪ فنڪار سنڌيءَ جي لوڪ شاعري ڳائيدڙ کي چئبو آهي. [[زمرو:فن]] 3cqnx39lasweebu9wcf14p9jqbojgqz 371079 371078 2026-04-12T10:08:15Z Ibne maryam 17680 371079 wikitext text/x-wiki لوڪ فنڪار سنڌيءَ جي لوڪ شاعري ڳائيدڙ کي چئبو آهي. [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:فنڪار]] [[زمرو:فن سان لاڳاپيل ماڻهو]] bjapf750xfy4153gbihxz1tks9aur4n قومي ترانو 0 40664 371065 286069 2026-04-12T09:42:25Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:قومي ترانا]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 371065 wikitext text/x-wiki [[فائل:Handschrift Brussel p-37-38.jpg|thumb|ولھلمس (نيدرلينڊز جي قومي تراني) جو شروعاتي نمونو جيڪو رايل لائبريري برسلز، بيلجيئم ۾ ھڪ قلمي نسخي ۾ محفوظ ٿيل آهي<ref>M. de Bruin, "Het Wilhelmus tijdens de Republiek", in: L.P. Grijp (ed.), ''Nationale hymnen. Het Wilhelmus en zijn buren. Volkskundig bulletin 24'' (1998), p. 16-42, 199–200; esp. p. 28 n. 65.</ref>]] '''قومي ترانو'''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي=National Anthem}} اهو نظم جنهن ۾ ڪنهن ملڪ جي عوام جي قومي ۽ اجتماعي امنگن جو اظهار ۽ عظمتن جي علامت هجي ۽ سرڪاري سطح تي پنهنجي ملڪ جي نمائندگي ڪندڙ هجي ان کي ’قومي ترانو‘ سڏيو ويندو آهي. هر ملڪ کي پنهنجو قومي ترانو هوندو آهي. قومي تراني ۾ موسيقي جو به خيال رکي ويندو آهي. قومي ترانو قومي موقعن، اسڪولن، ٻين تعليمي ادارن ۽ قومي ادارن ۾ ڳايو ويندو آهي. [[پاڪستان جو قومي ترانو]] حفيظ جالنڌري لکيو آهي ۽ ان جي ڌن احمد علي چاڳلا ٺاهي آهي. [[ڀارت|هندستان]] جو قومي ترانو ٽئگور جو لکيل آهي.<ref>.ڪتاب:ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛پبلشر:سنڌ لئنگئيج اٿارٽي</ref>. ==تاريخ== قومي ترانن کي يورپ ۾ پذيرائي اڻويھين صدي ۾ ملي پر انھن جي موجودگي گھڻو پراڻي آھي. يورپ جو سڀ کان پراڻو قومي ترانو [[نيدرلينڊز]] جو آھي جنھن کي [[ولھيلمس]]{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= Wilhelmus}} جيڪو 1568 ۽ 1572 جي وچ ۾ ڊچ انقلاب دوران لکيو ويو هو. ان جي موجوده ڌن 1626 کان ٿورو اڳ ٺاھي وئي ھئي جيڪا سترھين صدي ۾ مشھور ٿي پر ان ڌن کي سرڪاري حيثيت 1932 ۾ ملي.دنيا جو سڀ کان وڌيڪَ پراڻو قومي ترانو: [[ڪميگايو]] جپان جو آھي جيڪو [[ھائين دؤر]]{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي=Heian period}}(794–1185) ۾ جو نظم آھي پر ان جي ڌن اڃان نہ ٺھي سگھي ھئي جيڪا 1880 ۾ ٺاھي وئي. <ref>Japan Policy Research Institute [http://www.jpri.org/publications/workingpapers/wp79.html JPRI Working Paper No. 79] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002192508/http://www.jpri.org/publications/workingpapers/wp79.html|date=2018-10-02}}. انڊيا جو قومي ترانو [[جانا گانا مانا]] رابندر ناٿ ٽئگور جي ھڪ نظم مان ورتو ويو. Published July 2001. Retrieved 7 July 2007</ref> فلپائين جو قومي ترانو [[لوپنگ ھنيرا]]{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي=Lupang Hinirang}} جي ڌن 1898 ۾ تيار ڪئي وئي جيڪا اسپين کان آزادي جي تقريب۾ وڄائي وئي جيڪا شاعري کانسواءِ ٺھي ٻئي سال اسپينش ۾ ٻولي ۾ فلپيناس جي نالي سان نظم لکيو ويو جنھن جا ٻول ان ڌن جي مطابق لکيل ھيا جنھن جو 1962 ۾ ٽيگالوگ نمونو ٺاھيو ويو. [[گڏيل بادشاھت|يونائيٽيڊ ڪنگڊم]] جو قومي ترانو [[ گاڊ سيو دي ڪئين]]{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي=God save the Queen}} دولت مشترڪہ جي علائقن ۾ ملڪن جو قومي ترانو اھي. ان تراني جي شروعات 1619 ۾ ٿي . جيڪڏهن شاھي سربراھ بادشاھ ھوندو آھي تہ پوء ان تراني ۾ راڻي جي جاء تي بادشاھ اچاربو آهي: "گاڊ سيو دي ڪنگ". اسپين جو قومي ترانو رايل مارچ ([[اسپيني ٻولي|اسپيني]]:Marcha Real) آھي جيڪو 1761 ۾ لکيو ويو پر ان کي قومي تراني جو درجو 1770 ۾ مليو. ڊينمارڪ جو موجوده قومي ترانو 1780 ۾ اختيار ڪيو ويو. فرانس جو قومي ترانو 1792 ۾ لکيو ويو ۽ 1795 ۾ اختيار ڪيو ويو. سربيا اوڀر يورپ جو پھريون ملڪ ھيو جنھن قومي تراني اختيار ڪرڻ جي شروعات ڪئي.ان جو ترانو 1804 ۾ اختيار ڪيو ويو. ڪينيا جو قومي ترانو پھريون ترانو آھي جيڪو قومي تراني ٺاھڻ جي ھڪ ڪميشن جي مقرري سان 1963 ۾ برطانيا کان آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ بعد تيار ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalanthems.me/kenya-ee-mungu-nguvu-yetu|title=Kenya|publisher=|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref> ويلز جو قومي ترانو سڀ کان پھريون ويلز جي رگبي راند جي نيوزيلينڊ سان مقابلي ۾ ڳاتو ويو ھو جنھن بعد اھو سرڪاري طور تي قومي ترانو قرار ڏنو ويو . == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:قومي ترانا]] fznwpvdcam1jr4x980uhf1e9h1mgeh0 371066 371065 2026-04-12T09:42:55Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:قومي سڃاڻپ]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 371066 wikitext text/x-wiki [[فائل:Handschrift Brussel p-37-38.jpg|thumb|ولھلمس (نيدرلينڊز جي قومي تراني) جو شروعاتي نمونو جيڪو رايل لائبريري برسلز، بيلجيئم ۾ ھڪ قلمي نسخي ۾ محفوظ ٿيل آهي<ref>M. de Bruin, "Het Wilhelmus tijdens de Republiek", in: L.P. Grijp (ed.), ''Nationale hymnen. Het Wilhelmus en zijn buren. Volkskundig bulletin 24'' (1998), p. 16-42, 199–200; esp. p. 28 n. 65.</ref>]] '''قومي ترانو'''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي=National Anthem}} اهو نظم جنهن ۾ ڪنهن ملڪ جي عوام جي قومي ۽ اجتماعي امنگن جو اظهار ۽ عظمتن جي علامت هجي ۽ سرڪاري سطح تي پنهنجي ملڪ جي نمائندگي ڪندڙ هجي ان کي ’قومي ترانو‘ سڏيو ويندو آهي. هر ملڪ کي پنهنجو قومي ترانو هوندو آهي. قومي تراني ۾ موسيقي جو به خيال رکي ويندو آهي. قومي ترانو قومي موقعن، اسڪولن، ٻين تعليمي ادارن ۽ قومي ادارن ۾ ڳايو ويندو آهي. [[پاڪستان جو قومي ترانو]] حفيظ جالنڌري لکيو آهي ۽ ان جي ڌن احمد علي چاڳلا ٺاهي آهي. [[ڀارت|هندستان]] جو قومي ترانو ٽئگور جو لکيل آهي.<ref>.ڪتاب:ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛پبلشر:سنڌ لئنگئيج اٿارٽي</ref>. ==تاريخ== قومي ترانن کي يورپ ۾ پذيرائي اڻويھين صدي ۾ ملي پر انھن جي موجودگي گھڻو پراڻي آھي. يورپ جو سڀ کان پراڻو قومي ترانو [[نيدرلينڊز]] جو آھي جنھن کي [[ولھيلمس]]{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= Wilhelmus}} جيڪو 1568 ۽ 1572 جي وچ ۾ ڊچ انقلاب دوران لکيو ويو هو. ان جي موجوده ڌن 1626 کان ٿورو اڳ ٺاھي وئي ھئي جيڪا سترھين صدي ۾ مشھور ٿي پر ان ڌن کي سرڪاري حيثيت 1932 ۾ ملي.دنيا جو سڀ کان وڌيڪَ پراڻو قومي ترانو: [[ڪميگايو]] جپان جو آھي جيڪو [[ھائين دؤر]]{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي=Heian period}}(794–1185) ۾ جو نظم آھي پر ان جي ڌن اڃان نہ ٺھي سگھي ھئي جيڪا 1880 ۾ ٺاھي وئي. <ref>Japan Policy Research Institute [http://www.jpri.org/publications/workingpapers/wp79.html JPRI Working Paper No. 79] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002192508/http://www.jpri.org/publications/workingpapers/wp79.html|date=2018-10-02}}. انڊيا جو قومي ترانو [[جانا گانا مانا]] رابندر ناٿ ٽئگور جي ھڪ نظم مان ورتو ويو. Published July 2001. Retrieved 7 July 2007</ref> فلپائين جو قومي ترانو [[لوپنگ ھنيرا]]{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي=Lupang Hinirang}} جي ڌن 1898 ۾ تيار ڪئي وئي جيڪا اسپين کان آزادي جي تقريب۾ وڄائي وئي جيڪا شاعري کانسواءِ ٺھي ٻئي سال اسپينش ۾ ٻولي ۾ فلپيناس جي نالي سان نظم لکيو ويو جنھن جا ٻول ان ڌن جي مطابق لکيل ھيا جنھن جو 1962 ۾ ٽيگالوگ نمونو ٺاھيو ويو. [[گڏيل بادشاھت|يونائيٽيڊ ڪنگڊم]] جو قومي ترانو [[ گاڊ سيو دي ڪئين]]{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي=God save the Queen}} دولت مشترڪہ جي علائقن ۾ ملڪن جو قومي ترانو اھي. ان تراني جي شروعات 1619 ۾ ٿي . جيڪڏهن شاھي سربراھ بادشاھ ھوندو آھي تہ پوء ان تراني ۾ راڻي جي جاء تي بادشاھ اچاربو آهي: "گاڊ سيو دي ڪنگ". اسپين جو قومي ترانو رايل مارچ ([[اسپيني ٻولي|اسپيني]]:Marcha Real) آھي جيڪو 1761 ۾ لکيو ويو پر ان کي قومي تراني جو درجو 1770 ۾ مليو. ڊينمارڪ جو موجوده قومي ترانو 1780 ۾ اختيار ڪيو ويو. فرانس جو قومي ترانو 1792 ۾ لکيو ويو ۽ 1795 ۾ اختيار ڪيو ويو. سربيا اوڀر يورپ جو پھريون ملڪ ھيو جنھن قومي تراني اختيار ڪرڻ جي شروعات ڪئي.ان جو ترانو 1804 ۾ اختيار ڪيو ويو. ڪينيا جو قومي ترانو پھريون ترانو آھي جيڪو قومي تراني ٺاھڻ جي ھڪ ڪميشن جي مقرري سان 1963 ۾ برطانيا کان آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ بعد تيار ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalanthems.me/kenya-ee-mungu-nguvu-yetu|title=Kenya|publisher=|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref> ويلز جو قومي ترانو سڀ کان پھريون ويلز جي رگبي راند جي نيوزيلينڊ سان مقابلي ۾ ڳاتو ويو ھو جنھن بعد اھو سرڪاري طور تي قومي ترانو قرار ڏنو ويو . == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:قومي ترانا]] [[زمرو:قومي سڃاڻپ]] mdwvgqwo6a2jppuo71nah40fxpxqff6 371067 371066 2026-04-12T09:44:00Z Ibne maryam 17680 371067 wikitext text/x-wiki [[فائل:Handschrift Brussel p-37-38.jpg|thumb|ولھلمس (نيدرلينڊز جي قومي تراني) جو شروعاتي نمونو جيڪو رايل لائبريري برسلز، بيلجيئم ۾ ھڪ قلمي نسخي ۾ محفوظ ٿيل آهي<ref>M. de Bruin, "Het Wilhelmus tijdens de Republiek", in: L.P. Grijp (ed.), ''Nationale hymnen. Het Wilhelmus en zijn buren. Volkskundig bulletin 24'' (1998), p. 16-42, 199–200; esp. p. 28 n. 65.</ref>]] '''قومي ترانو'''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي=National Anthem}} اهو نظم جنهن ۾ ڪنهن ملڪ جي عوام جي قومي ۽ اجتماعي امنگن جو اظهار ۽ عظمتن جي علامت هجي ۽ سرڪاري سطح تي پنهنجي ملڪ جي نمائندگي ڪندڙ هجي ان کي ’قومي ترانو‘ سڏيو ويندو آهي. هر ملڪ کي پنهنجو قومي ترانو هوندو آهي. قومي تراني ۾ موسيقي جو به خيال رکي ويندو آهي. قومي ترانو قومي موقعن، اسڪولن، ٻين تعليمي ادارن ۽ قومي ادارن ۾ ڳايو ويندو آهي. [[پاڪستان جو قومي ترانو]] [[حفيظ جالنڌري]] لکيو آهي ۽ ان جي ڌن [[احمد جي چاڳلا|احمد علي چاڳلا]] ٺاهي آهي. [[ڀارت|هندستان]] جو قومي ترانو ٽئگور جو لکيل آهي.<ref>.ڪتاب:ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛پبلشر:سنڌ لئنگئيج اٿارٽي</ref>. ==تاريخ== قومي ترانن کي يورپ ۾ پذيرائي اڻويھين صدي ۾ ملي پر انھن جي موجودگي گھڻو پراڻي آھي. يورپ جو سڀ کان پراڻو قومي ترانو [[نيدرلينڊز]] جو آھي جنھن کي [[ولھيلمس]]{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= Wilhelmus}} جيڪو 1568 ۽ 1572 جي وچ ۾ ڊچ انقلاب دوران لکيو ويو هو. ان جي موجوده ڌن 1626 کان ٿورو اڳ ٺاھي وئي ھئي جيڪا سترھين صدي ۾ مشھور ٿي پر ان ڌن کي سرڪاري حيثيت 1932 ۾ ملي.دنيا جو سڀ کان وڌيڪَ پراڻو قومي ترانو: [[ڪميگايو]] جپان جو آھي جيڪو [[ھائين دؤر]]{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي=Heian period}}(794–1185) ۾ جو نظم آھي پر ان جي ڌن اڃان نہ ٺھي سگھي ھئي جيڪا 1880 ۾ ٺاھي وئي. <ref>Japan Policy Research Institute [http://www.jpri.org/publications/workingpapers/wp79.html JPRI Working Paper No. 79] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002192508/http://www.jpri.org/publications/workingpapers/wp79.html|date=2018-10-02}}. انڊيا جو قومي ترانو [[جانا گانا مانا]] رابندر ناٿ ٽئگور جي ھڪ نظم مان ورتو ويو. Published July 2001. Retrieved 7 July 2007</ref> فلپائين جو قومي ترانو [[لوپنگ ھنيرا]]{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي=Lupang Hinirang}} جي ڌن 1898 ۾ تيار ڪئي وئي جيڪا اسپين کان آزادي جي تقريب۾ وڄائي وئي جيڪا شاعري کانسواءِ ٺھي ٻئي سال اسپينش ۾ ٻولي ۾ فلپيناس جي نالي سان نظم لکيو ويو جنھن جا ٻول ان ڌن جي مطابق لکيل ھيا جنھن جو 1962 ۾ ٽيگالوگ نمونو ٺاھيو ويو. [[گڏيل بادشاھت|يونائيٽيڊ ڪنگڊم]] جو قومي ترانو [[ گاڊ سيو دي ڪئين]]{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي=God save the Queen}} دولت مشترڪہ جي علائقن ۾ ملڪن جو قومي ترانو اھي. ان تراني جي شروعات 1619 ۾ ٿي . جيڪڏهن شاھي سربراھ بادشاھ ھوندو آھي تہ پوء ان تراني ۾ راڻي جي جاء تي بادشاھ اچاربو آهي: "گاڊ سيو دي ڪنگ". اسپين جو قومي ترانو رايل مارچ ([[اسپيني ٻولي|اسپيني]]:Marcha Real) آھي جيڪو 1761 ۾ لکيو ويو پر ان کي قومي تراني جو درجو 1770 ۾ مليو. ڊينمارڪ جو موجوده قومي ترانو 1780 ۾ اختيار ڪيو ويو. فرانس جو قومي ترانو 1792 ۾ لکيو ويو ۽ 1795 ۾ اختيار ڪيو ويو. سربيا اوڀر يورپ جو پھريون ملڪ ھيو جنھن قومي تراني اختيار ڪرڻ جي شروعات ڪئي.ان جو ترانو 1804 ۾ اختيار ڪيو ويو. ڪينيا جو قومي ترانو پھريون ترانو آھي جيڪو قومي تراني ٺاھڻ جي ھڪ ڪميشن جي مقرري سان 1963 ۾ برطانيا کان آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ بعد تيار ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalanthems.me/kenya-ee-mungu-nguvu-yetu|title=Kenya|publisher=|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref> ويلز جو قومي ترانو سڀ کان پھريون ويلز جي رگبي راند جي نيوزيلينڊ سان مقابلي ۾ ڳاتو ويو ھو جنھن بعد اھو سرڪاري طور تي قومي ترانو قرار ڏنو ويو . == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:قومي ترانا]] [[زمرو:قومي سڃاڻپ]] 3o75l0cw46wx26m24ayi06u367cg9oe سانچو:Taxobox colour scheme 10 42130 371021 115804 2026-04-11T12:05:05Z Intisar Ali 8681 371021 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|[[وائرس]]}}" | [[وائرسَ]] || {{Taxobox colour|[[وائرس]]}} |also [[ويرائڊ]] |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|[[بيڪٽيريا]]}}" | [[بيڪٽيريا]] || {{Taxobox colour|[[بيڪٽيريا]]}} |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|[[Archaea]]}}" | [[Archaea]] || {{Taxobox colour|[[Archaea]]}} |also [[Nanoarchaeota]] (Nanarchaeota), [[Korarchaeota]], [[Thaumarchaeota]], [[Crenarchaeota]] and [[Euryarchaeota]] |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|Eukaryota}}" | [[Eukaryote|Eukaryota]] || {{Taxobox colour|Eukaryota}} |For eukaryotes with no other colour defined, including [[Excavata]], [[Amoebozoa]] and [[Opisthokonta]] |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|[[Animal]]ia}}" | [[Animal]]ia || {{Taxobox colour|[[Animal]]ia}} |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|[[Fungi]]}}" | [[Fungus|Fungi]] || {{Taxobox colour|[[Fungus|Fungi]]}} |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|[[Archaeplastida]]}}" | [[Archaeplastida]] || {{Taxobox colour|[[Archaeplastida]]}} |also [[Plant]]ae and [[Viridiplantae]] |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|[[SAR supergroup|SAR]]}}" | [[SAR supergroup|SAR]] || {{Taxobox colour|[[SAR supergroup|SAR]]}} |also [[Chromalveolata]] |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|''[[incertae sedis]]''}}" | ''[[incertae sedis]]'' || {{Taxobox colour|''[[incertae sedis]]''}} |- | colspan=2 | Colours not produced by this template: |- ! style='background:rgb(215,240,210)' | [[Template:Ichnobox|Ichnotaxa]] || rgb(215,240,210) |- ! style='background:rgb(250,250,220)' | [[Template:Oobox|Ootaxa]] || rgb(250,250,220) |}<noinclude> [[Category:Taxobox templates]] </noinclude> 1afgguh9w5ikob6e51jonsotfmvrikn 371022 371021 2026-04-11T12:19:10Z Intisar Ali 8681 371022 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|[[وائرس]]}}" | [[وائرسَ]] || {{Taxobox colour|[[وائرس]]}} |پڻ [[ويرائڊ]] |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|[[بيڪٽيريا]]}}" | [[بيڪٽيريا]] || {{Taxobox colour|[[بيڪٽيريا]]}} |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|[[آرڪيئيا]]}}" | [[آرڪيئيا]] || {{Taxobox colour|[[آرڪيئيا]]}} |پڻ [[نينوآرڪيئوٽا]] (نينا آرڪيئوٽا), [[ڪورآرڪيئوٽا]], [[ٿائم آرڪيئوٽا]], [[ڪرين آرڪيئوٽا]] and [[يوري آرڪيئيوٽا]] |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|يوڪريوٽا}}" | [[يوڪريوٽ|يوڪريوٽا]] || {{Taxobox colour|يوڪريوٽا}} |For eukaryotes with no other colour defined, including [[Excavata]], [[Amoebozoa]] and [[Opisthokonta]] |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|[[جانور]]}}" | [[جانور]] || {{Taxobox colour|[[جانور]]}} |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|[[فنجي]]}}" | [[فنگس|فنجي]] || {{Taxobox colour|[[فنجي]]}} |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|[[Archaeplastida]]}}" | [[Archaeplastida]] || {{Taxobox colour|[[Archaeplastida]]}} |پڻ [[ٻوٽو]]ae and [[Viridiplantae]] |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|[[SAR supergroup|SAR]]}}" | [[SAR supergroup|SAR]] || {{Taxobox colour|[[SAR supergroup|SAR]]}} |also [[Chromalveolata]] |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|''[[incertae sedis]]''}}" | ''[[incertae sedis]]'' || {{Taxobox colour|''[[incertae sedis]]''}} |- | colspan=2 | Colours not produced by this template: |- ! style='background:rgb(215,240,210)' | [[سانچو:Ichnobox|Ichnotaxa]] || rgb(215,240,210) |- ! style='background:rgb(250,250,220)' | [[سانچو:Oobox|Ootaxa]] || rgb(250,250,220) |}<noinclude> [[زمرو:Taxobox templates]] </noinclude> grbtmzj57ndln36xt6r18ed4e6prfsb 371023 371022 2026-04-11T12:20:51Z Intisar Ali 8681 371023 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|Virus}}" | [[وائرسَ]] | {{Taxobox colour|Virus}} | پڻ [[ويرائڊ]] |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|Bacteria}}" | [[بيڪٽيريا]] | {{Taxobox colour|Bacteria}} | |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|Archaea}}" | [[آرڪيئيا]] | {{Taxobox colour|Archaea}} | پڻ [[نينوآرڪيئوٽا]]، [[ڪورآرڪيئوٽا]]، [[ٿائيم آرڪيئوٽا]] ۽ [[يوري آرڪيئوٽا]] |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|Eukaryota}}" | [[يوڪريوٽ|يوڪريوٽا]] | {{Taxobox colour|Eukaryota}} | انهن يوڪريوٽن لاءِ، جن لاءِ ٻيو ڪو رنگ مقرر نه هجي، جن ۾ [[ايڪسڪاويٽا]]، [[اميبو زوا]] ۽ [[اوپسٿوڪونٽا]] شامل آهن |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|Animalia}}" | [[جانور]] | {{Taxobox colour|Animalia}} | |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|Fungi}}" | [[فنگس|فنجي]] | {{Taxobox colour|Fungi}} | |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|Archaeplastida}}" | [[آرڪيپلاسٽڊا|Archaeplastida]] | {{Taxobox colour|Archaeplastida}} | پڻ [[ٻوٽا]] ۽ [[ويريڊيپلانٽي]] |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|SAR}}" | [[سار سپرگروپ|SAR]] | {{Taxobox colour|SAR}} | پڻ [[ڪرومالويوليٽا]] |- ! style="background:{{Taxobox colour|incertae sedis}}" | ''[[انسرٽي سيڊس|incertae sedis]]'' | {{Taxobox colour|incertae sedis}} | |- | colspan="3" | هن سانچي طرفان تيار نه ڪيل رنگ: |- ! style="background:rgb(215,240,210)" | [[سانچو:Ichnobox|Ichnotaxa]] | rgb(215,240,210) | |- ! style="background:rgb(250,250,220)" | [[سانچو:Oobox|Ootaxa]] | rgb(250,250,220) | |}<noinclude> [[زمرو:Taxobox templates]] </noinclude> 3k6o3lxtj8rw40609rqus75jh1t9zzr زمرو:ايشائي قومي ترانا 14 43682 371059 123252 2026-04-12T09:20:03Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ايشيا جي ثقافت]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 371059 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ترانا]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جي ثقافت]] 8fkssmeeh5k2k03hn7n48fps4g3584r مصري خان جمالي 0 55752 371076 250770 2026-04-12T10:04:38Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 371076 wikitext text/x-wiki '''مصري خان جمالي''' ([[انگريزي]]:Misri Khan Jamali) [[سنڌ]] جو ناميارو الغوزو نواز هو. == زندگي جو احوال == مصري خان جمالي [[1921ع]] ۾ بلوچستان جي ضلعي جعفرآباد جي ڳوٺ روجهاڻ جمالي ۾ پيدا ٿيو. بعد ۾ لڏي اچي سنڌ جي [[نواب شاهه]] شهر ۾ رهائش پذير ٿيو. هن ننڍ پڻ کان ٻيڻيون وڄائڻ شروع ڪيون. شهرت جي بلندين کي پهتو. کيس مڃتا طور صدارتي اوارڊ [[تمغه حسن ڪارڪردگي]] سان نوازيو ويو.<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://www.encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=جمالي%20مصري%20خان|title=جمالي مصري خان : (Sindhianaسنڌيانا)|website=www.encyclopediasindhiana.org|language=sd|access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=Ol9C3lhd01QC&pg=PA160&lpg=PA160&dq=misri+khan+jamali+born&source=bl&ots=qqq5yYudT6&sig=ACfU3U2q1yF8X-QB7AHFqg3lCqTqzjUVxw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix8JH80K3nAhVzs3EKHfAJBOEQ6AEwCXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=misri%20khan%20jamali%20born&f=false|title=Who’s Who: Music in Pakistan|last=A|first=Sheikh, M.|date=2012-04-26|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4691-9159-1|language=en}}</ref> == وفات == مصري خان جمالي 10 نومبر 1980ع ۾ وفات ڪري ويو. == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:مصري خان جمالي]] [[زمرو:سنڌي موسيقار]] [[زمرو:سنڌي لوڪ فنڪار]] [[زمرو:وصول ڪندڙ تمغو حسن ڪارڪردگي]] [[زمرو:1921ع جون پيدائشون]] [[زمرو:1982ع جون وفاتون]] 5m060nnta6j4guu8qgq7z7ia6ri7mnu خميسو خان 0 55795 371072 312778 2026-04-12T09:58:06Z Ibne maryam 17680 371072 wikitext text/x-wiki '''خميسو خان''' ([[انگريزي]]:Khamiso Khan) [[سنڌ]] جو مشهور [[الغوزو]] نواز هو. جنهن کي [[تمغه حسن ڪارڪردگي]] پڻ مليو. == زندگي جو احوال == خميسو خان 1923ع ۾ [[ٽنڊو محمد خان ضلعو]] جي شھر [[ٽنڊو محمد خان]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو. فن ۾ مهارت سبب مشهوري ماڻيائين. خميسي خان [[ريڊيو پاڪستان]] ۽ [[پاڪستان ٽيليويزن ڪارپوريشن]] تي به فن جو مظاهرو ڪيو. هن ٻاهرين ۾ [[آفريڪا]]، [[چين]]،[[روس]]، [[آمريڪا]] ۽ ٻين ملڪن ۾ فن جو مظاهرو ڪيو. کيس مڃتا طور حڪومت [[پاڪستان]] طرفان صدارتي اوارڊ [[تمغه حسن ڪارڪردگي]] سان نوازيو ويو. هيءُ 8 مارچ 1983 تي لاڏاڻو ڪري ويو.<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://www.encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=خميسو%20خان|title=خميسو خان : (Sindhianaسنڌيانا)|website=www.encyclopediasindhiana.org|language=sd|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:خميسو خان]] [[زمرو:سنڌي موسيقار]] [[زمرو:سنڌي ماڻھو]] [[زمرو:سنڌي لوڪ فنڪار]] [[زمرو:لوڪ فنڪار]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ٽيليويزن]] [[زمرو:وصول ڪندڙ تمغو حسن ڪارڪردگي]] [[زمرو:1923ع جون پيدائشون]] [[زمرو:1983ع جون فوتگيون]] 3plshidr3jx2w3k2j7ugaf1rd31xwjw 371075 371072 2026-04-12T10:00:19Z Ibne maryam 17680 removed [[Category:پاڪستان ٽيليويزن]]; added [[Category:پاڪستان ٽيليويزن ڪارپوريشن]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 371075 wikitext text/x-wiki '''خميسو خان''' ([[انگريزي]]:Khamiso Khan) [[سنڌ]] جو مشهور [[الغوزو]] نواز هو. جنهن کي [[تمغه حسن ڪارڪردگي]] پڻ مليو. == زندگي جو احوال == خميسو خان 1923ع ۾ [[ٽنڊو محمد خان ضلعو]] جي شھر [[ٽنڊو محمد خان]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو. فن ۾ مهارت سبب مشهوري ماڻيائين. خميسي خان [[ريڊيو پاڪستان]] ۽ [[پاڪستان ٽيليويزن ڪارپوريشن]] تي به فن جو مظاهرو ڪيو. هن ٻاهرين ۾ [[آفريڪا]]، [[چين]]،[[روس]]، [[آمريڪا]] ۽ ٻين ملڪن ۾ فن جو مظاهرو ڪيو. کيس مڃتا طور حڪومت [[پاڪستان]] طرفان صدارتي اوارڊ [[تمغه حسن ڪارڪردگي]] سان نوازيو ويو. هيءُ 8 مارچ 1983 تي لاڏاڻو ڪري ويو.<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://www.encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=خميسو%20خان|title=خميسو خان : (Sindhianaسنڌيانا)|website=www.encyclopediasindhiana.org|language=sd|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:خميسو خان]] [[زمرو:سنڌي موسيقار]] [[زمرو:سنڌي ماڻھو]] [[زمرو:سنڌي لوڪ فنڪار]] [[زمرو:لوڪ فنڪار]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ٽيليويزن ڪارپوريشن]] [[زمرو:وصول ڪندڙ تمغو حسن ڪارڪردگي]] [[زمرو:1923ع جون پيدائشون]] [[زمرو:1983ع جون فوتگيون]] on4n0ifb5pco34sqxun6jxs4c1locsa رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي 0 64230 371054 252036 2026-04-12T08:56:46Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:چين جي ثقافت]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 371054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anthem |title = رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي |english_title = March of the Volunteers |image = D1121029.JPG |image_size = |caption = اصل جيڪو 1935ع ۾ جاري ٿيو |prefix = قومي |country = {{nowrap|{{flagu|عوامي جمهوريه چين}}}} |author = [[تيان ھان]] |lyrics_date = 1934 |composer = [[نائي آر]] |music_date = 1935 |adopted = * {{nowrap|27 سيپٽمبر 1949 (عارضي)}} * 4 ڊسمبر 1982 (سرڪاري طور تي) * 1 جولاءِ 1997 ([[ھانگ ڪانگ]]) * 20 ڊسمبر 1999 ([[ميڪائو]]) * 14 مارچ 2004 ( [[چين جو آئين|آئيني]]) * 1 آڪٽوبر 2017 (قانوني بڻايو ويو) |sound = March_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg |sound_title ="رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي" (سازن سان) }} {{Infobox Chinese | title = رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي | altname = | pic = | picsize = 180px| | piccap = | l2 = جپانين جي خلاف پيشقدمي ڪندڙ رضاڪارن جي فوج | showflag = p | altname3 = عوامي جمهوريه چين جو قومي ترانو | order = st }} '''رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي'''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' March of Volunteers '''}}<ref name="zhstate">{{lang|zh|[http://www.gov.cn/guoqing/2005-05/24/content_2615210.htm 《中华人民共和国国歌》]}} [''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guógē'', "National Anthem of the People's Republic of China"]. [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] (Beijing), 2015. Accessed 21 January 2015. {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="state">[http://english.gov.cn/archive/china_abc/2014/08/27/content_281474983873455.htm "National Anthem"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204222856/http://english.gov.cn/archive/china_abc/2014/08/27/content_281474983873455.htm |date=4 December 2017}}. [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] (Beijing), 26 August 2014. Accessed 21 January 2015.</ref> [[چين|عوامي جمهوريه چين]] جو [[قومي ترانو]] آهي. اھو ڪلاسيڪي چيني ۾ نہ پر روايتي چيني ۾ لکيل آهي. [[فائل:Tian Han and Nie Er.jpg|thumb|[[نائي آر]] ''(کاٻي پاسي)'' ۽ and [[تيان ھان]] ''(ساڄي پاسي)'', [[شنگھائي]] ۾ 1933ع ۾ نڪتل ڦوٽو]] ان جا ٻول چين تي جاپاني قبضي واري دؤر ۾ ھڪ چيني شاعر [[تيان ھان]] 1934ع ۾ لکيو<ref>Huang, Natasha N. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M7ySb1Vp-ZgC&pg=PA25 '''East Is Red': A Musical Barometer for Cultural Revolution Politics and Culture'', pp.&nbsp;25&nbsp;ff.]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. 1935ع ۾ ان جي ڌن [[يونان صوبو|يونان]] جي موسيقار [[نائي آر]] مشھور فلم [[چلڊرين آف ٽربلڊ ٽائيمز]] (ڏکي وقت جا ٻار) جي لاء تيار ڪئي. [[فائل:Sonsanddaughtersintimeofstormmovieposter.jpg|thumb|left|فلم: ''چلڊرين آف ٽربلڊ ٽائيمز''(1935) جو پوسٽر، جنھن ۾ ھي ترانو پھريون ڀيرو ڳاتو ويو]] 1949 ۾ ان کي جمھوريه چين جي قومي تراني جي جاء تي عوامي جمهوريه چين جي عارضي تراني طور اختيار ڪيو ويو. 1960 واري ڏھاڪي ۾ آيل ثقافتي انقلاب دوران جڏهن تيان ھان کي گرفتار ڪيو ويو تہ ان عارضي تراني جي جاء تي نئون ترانو: ''سرخ مشرق'' اختيار ڪيو ويو جيڪو بغير ٻول جي وڄايو ويندو هو. بعد ۾ ڪجهه تبديلي آڻي ٻول سان وڄايو ويندو هو. 1982ع م ٻيھر ''رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي'' کي سرڪاري طور تي قومي تراني جو درجو ڏنو ويو. 1997ر م [[ھانگ ڪانگ]] ۽ 1999ع ۾ [[ميڪائو]] پڻ ان کي بطور قومي تراني جي اختيار ڪيو. ان تراني کي چين جي آئين ۾ پڻ شامل ڪيو ويو. [[فائل:Sons and Daughters in a Time of Storm.ogv|thumb|280px|right| ''چلڊرين آف ٽربلڊ ٽائيمز'' نالي فلم ۾ ڳاتل ''رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي'' نالي ڳاتل تراني جي وڊيو ڪلپ]] == حوالا == [[زمرو:ايشائي قومي ترانا]] [[زمرو:چين جي ثقافت]] 9mllkyf1np4yzclaapanoqfuplja7i9 371055 371054 2026-04-12T08:58:42Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 371055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anthem |title = رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي |english_title = March of the Volunteers |image = D1121029.JPG |image_size = |caption = اصل جيڪو 1935ع ۾ جاري ٿيو |prefix = قومي |country = {{nowrap|{{flagu|عوامي جمهوريه چين}}}} |author = [[تيان ھان]] |lyrics_date = 1934 |composer = [[نائي آر]] |music_date = 1935 |adopted = * {{nowrap|27 سيپٽمبر 1949 (عارضي)}} * 4 ڊسمبر 1982 (سرڪاري طور تي) * 1 جولاءِ 1997 ([[ھانگ ڪانگ]]) * 20 ڊسمبر 1999 ([[ميڪائو]]) * 14 مارچ 2004 ( [[چين جو آئين|آئيني]]) * 1 آڪٽوبر 2017 (قانوني بڻايو ويو) |sound = March_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg |sound_title ="رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي" (سازن سان) }} {{Infobox Chinese | title = رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي | altname = | pic = | picsize = 180px| | piccap = | l2 = جپانين جي خلاف پيشقدمي ڪندڙ رضاڪارن جي فوج | showflag = p | altname3 = عوامي جمهوريه چين جو قومي ترانو | order = st }} '''رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي'''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' March of Volunteers '''}}<ref name="zhstate">{{lang|zh|[http://www.gov.cn/guoqing/2005-05/24/content_2615210.htm 《中华人民共和国国歌》]}} [''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guógē'', "National Anthem of the People's Republic of China"]. [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] (Beijing), 2015. Accessed 21 January 2015. {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="state">[http://english.gov.cn/archive/china_abc/2014/08/27/content_281474983873455.htm "National Anthem"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204222856/http://english.gov.cn/archive/china_abc/2014/08/27/content_281474983873455.htm |date=4 December 2017}}. [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] (Beijing), 26 August 2014. Accessed 21 January 2015.</ref> [[چين|عوامي جمهوريه چين]] جو [[قومي ترانو]] آهي. اھو ڪلاسيڪي چيني ۾ نہ پر روايتي چيني ۾ لکيل آهي. [[فائل:Tian Han and Nie Er.jpg|thumb|[[نائي آر]] ''(کاٻي پاسي)'' ۽ and [[تيان ھان]] ''(ساڄي پاسي)'', [[شنگھائي]] ۾ 1933ع ۾ نڪتل ڦوٽو]] ان جا ٻول چين تي جاپاني قبضي واري دؤر ۾ ھڪ چيني شاعر [[تيان ھان]] 1934ع ۾ لکيو<ref>Huang, Natasha N. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M7ySb1Vp-ZgC&pg=PA25 '''East Is Red': A Musical Barometer for Cultural Revolution Politics and Culture'', pp.&nbsp;25&nbsp;ff.]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. 1935ع ۾ ان جي ڌن [[يونان صوبو|يونان]] جي موسيقار [[نائي آر]] مشھور فلم [[چلڊرين آف ٽربلڊ ٽائيمز]] (ڏکي وقت جا ٻار) جي لاء تيار ڪئي. [[فائل:Sonsanddaughtersintimeofstormmovieposter.jpg|thumb|left|فلم: ''چلڊرين آف ٽربلڊ ٽائيمز''(1935) جو پوسٽر، جنھن ۾ ھي ترانو پھريون ڀيرو ڳاتو ويو]] 1949 ۾ ان کي جمھوريه چين جي قومي تراني جي جاء تي عوامي جمهوريه چين جي عارضي تراني طور اختيار ڪيو ويو. 1960 واري ڏھاڪي ۾ آيل ثقافتي انقلاب دوران جڏهن تيان ھان کي گرفتار ڪيو ويو تہ ان عارضي تراني جي جاء تي نئون ترانو: ''سرخ مشرق'' اختيار ڪيو ويو جيڪو بغير ٻول جي وڄايو ويندو هو. بعد ۾ ڪجهه تبديلي آڻي ٻول سان وڄايو ويندو هو. 1982ع م ٻيھر ''رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي'' کي سرڪاري طور تي قومي تراني جو درجو ڏنو ويو. 1997ر م [[ھانگ ڪانگ]] ۽ 1999ع ۾ [[ميڪائو]] پڻ ان کي بطور قومي تراني جي اختيار ڪيو. ان تراني کي چين جي آئين ۾ پڻ شامل ڪيو ويو. [[فائل:Sons and Daughters in a Time of Storm.ogv|thumb|280px|right| ''چلڊرين آف ٽربلڊ ٽائيمز'' نالي فلم ۾ ڳاتل ''رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي'' نالي ڳاتل تراني جي وڊيو ڪلپ]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:چين جو قومي ترانو]] [[زمرو:چين جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:ايشائي قومي ترانا]] 18k65gblbz5myvdfrrmgqbzdjiaxe3u 371057 371055 2026-04-12T09:01:58Z Ibne maryam 17680 371057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anthem |title = رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي |english_title = March of the Volunteers |image = D1121029.JPG |image_size = |caption = اصل جيڪو 1935ع ۾ جاري ٿيو |prefix = قومي |country = {{nowrap|{{flagu|عوامي جمهوريه چين}}}} |author = [[تيان ھان]] |lyrics_date = 1934 |composer = [[نائي آر]] |music_date = 1935 |adopted = * {{nowrap|27 سيپٽمبر 1949 (عارضي)}} * 4 ڊسمبر 1982 (سرڪاري طور تي) * 1 جولاءِ 1997 ([[ھانگ ڪانگ]]) * 20 ڊسمبر 1999 ([[ميڪائو]]) * 14 مارچ 2004 ( [[چين جو آئين|آئيني]]) * 1 آڪٽوبر 2017 (قانوني بڻايو ويو) |sound = March_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg |sound_title ="رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي" (سازن سان) }} {{Infobox Chinese | title = رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي | altname = | pic = | picsize = 180px| | piccap = | l2 = جپانين جي خلاف پيشقدمي ڪندڙ رضاڪارن جي فوج | showflag = p | altname3 = عوامي جمهوريه چين جو قومي ترانو | order = st }} '''رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي'''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' March of Volunteers '''}}<ref name="zhstate">{{lang|zh|[http://www.gov.cn/guoqing/2005-05/24/content_2615210.htm 《中华人民共和国国歌》]}} [''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guógē'', "National Anthem of the People's Republic of China"]. [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] (Beijing), 2015. Accessed 21 January 2015. {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="state">[http://english.gov.cn/archive/china_abc/2014/08/27/content_281474983873455.htm "National Anthem"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204222856/http://english.gov.cn/archive/china_abc/2014/08/27/content_281474983873455.htm |date=4 December 2017}}. [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] (Beijing), 26 August 2014. Accessed 21 January 2015.</ref> [[چين|عوامي جمهوريه چين]] جو [[قومي ترانو]] آهي. اھو ڪلاسيڪي چيني ۾ نہ پر روايتي چيني ۾ لکيل آهي. [[فائل:Tian Han and Nie Er.jpg|thumb|[[نائي آر]] ''(کاٻي پاسي)'' ۽ and [[تيان ھان]] ''(ساڄي پاسي)'', [[شنگھائي]] ۾ 1933ع ۾ نڪتل ڦوٽو]] ان جا ٻول چين تي جاپاني قبضي واري دؤر ۾ ھڪ چيني شاعر [[تيان ھان]] 1934ع ۾ لکيو<ref>Huang, Natasha N. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M7ySb1Vp-ZgC&pg=PA25 '''East Is Red': A Musical Barometer for Cultural Revolution Politics and Culture'', pp.&nbsp;25&nbsp;ff.]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. 1935ع ۾ ان جي ڌن [[يونان صوبو|يونان]] جي موسيقار [[نائي آر]] مشھور فلم [[چلڊرين آف ٽربلڊ ٽائيمز]] (ڏکي وقت جا ٻار) جي لاء تيار ڪئي. [[فائل:Sonsanddaughtersintimeofstormmovieposter.jpg|thumb|left|فلم: ''چلڊرين آف ٽربلڊ ٽائيمز''(1935) جو پوسٽر، جنھن ۾ ھي ترانو پھريون ڀيرو ڳاتو ويو]] 1949 ۾ ان کي جمھوريه چين جي قومي تراني جي جاء تي عوامي جمهوريه چين جي عارضي تراني طور اختيار ڪيو ويو. 1960 واري ڏھاڪي ۾ آيل ثقافتي انقلاب دوران جڏهن تيان ھان کي گرفتار ڪيو ويو تہ ان عارضي تراني جي جاء تي نئون ترانو: ''سرخ مشرق'' اختيار ڪيو ويو جيڪو بغير ٻول جي وڄايو ويندو هو. بعد ۾ ڪجهه تبديلي آڻي ٻول سان وڄايو ويندو هو. 1982ع م ٻيھر ''رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي'' کي سرڪاري طور تي قومي تراني جو درجو ڏنو ويو. 1997ر م [[ھانگ ڪانگ]] ۽ 1999ع ۾ [[ميڪائو]] پڻ ان کي بطور قومي تراني جي اختيار ڪيو. ان تراني کي چين جي آئين ۾ پڻ شامل ڪيو ويو. [[فائل:Sons and Daughters in a Time of Storm.ogv|thumb|280px|right| ''چلڊرين آف ٽربلڊ ٽائيمز'' نالي فلم ۾ ڳاتل ''رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي'' نالي ڳاتل تراني جي وڊيو ڪلپ]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikisource}} {{Wikisource|zh:中华人民共和国第五届全国人民代表大会第一次会议关于中华人民共和国国歌的决定}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.gov.cn/guoqing/guoge/ |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国歌 |publisher=Government of the People's Republic of China |language=zh-cn}} * [http://english.gov.cn/audio National Anthem of the People's Republic of China (EN)] * [http://www.gov.cn/jingtai/guoge/guoge.wav Official instrumental version], hosted by the People's Republic of China * [http://www.china.org.cn/e-changshi/china.mp3 Semi-official vocal version], hosted by the China Internet Information Center {{s-start}} {{succession box |title = March of the Volunteers |before = [[National Anthem of the Republic of China|Three Principles of the People]]<br/>{{nobold|(1943–1949 in the [[Mainland China|Mainland]] and since 1949 in [[Geography of Taiwan|Taiwan]])}} |years = 1949–present |after = Incumbent }} {{succession box |title = March of the Volunteers |before = [[God Save the King|God Save the Queen]]<br/>{{nobold|(until [[Handover of Hong Kong]])}} |years = 1997–present |after = Incumbent }} {{succession box |title = March of the Volunteers |before = [[A Portuguesa]]<br/>{{nobold|(until [[Handover of Macau]])}} |years = 1999–present |after = Incumbent }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:MARCH OF THE VOLUNTEERS}} [[زمرو:چين جو قومي ترانو]] [[زمرو:چين جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:ايشائي قومي ترانا]] 6yrb7iealyhpa7hbjn60rrkz2qasru2 371058 371057 2026-04-12T09:19:15Z Ibne maryam 17680 371058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anthem |title = رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي |english_title = March of the Volunteers |image = D1121029.JPG |image_size = |caption = اصل جيڪو 1935ع ۾ جاري ٿيو |prefix = قومي |country = {{nowrap|{{flagu|عوامي جمهوريه چين}}}} |author = [[تيان ھان]] |lyrics_date = 1934 |composer = [[نائي آر]] |music_date = 1935 |adopted = * {{nowrap|27 سيپٽمبر 1949 (عارضي)}} * 4 ڊسمبر 1982 (سرڪاري طور تي) * 1 جولاءِ 1997 ([[ھانگ ڪانگ]]) * 20 ڊسمبر 1999 ([[ميڪائو]]) * 14 مارچ 2004 ( [[چين جو آئين|آئيني]]) * 1 آڪٽوبر 2017 (قانوني بڻايو ويو) |sound = March_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg |sound_title ="رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي" (سازن سان) }} {{Infobox Chinese | title = رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي | altname = | pic = | picsize = 180px| | piccap = | l2 = جپانين جي خلاف پيشقدمي ڪندڙ رضاڪارن جي فوج | showflag = p | altname3 = عوامي جمهوريه چين جو قومي ترانو | order = st }} '''رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي'''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' March of Volunteers '''}}<ref name="zhstate">{{lang|zh|[http://www.gov.cn/guoqing/2005-05/24/content_2615210.htm 《中华人民共和国国歌》]}} [''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guógē'', "National Anthem of the People's Republic of China"]. [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] (Beijing), 2015. Accessed 21 January 2015. {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="state">[http://english.gov.cn/archive/china_abc/2014/08/27/content_281474983873455.htm "National Anthem"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204222856/http://english.gov.cn/archive/china_abc/2014/08/27/content_281474983873455.htm |date=4 December 2017}}. [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] (Beijing), 26 August 2014. Accessed 21 January 2015.</ref> [[چين|عوامي جمهوريه چين]] جو [[قومي ترانو]] آهي. اھو ڪلاسيڪي چيني ۾ نہ پر روايتي چيني ۾ لکيل آهي. [[فائل:Tian Han and Nie Er.jpg|thumb|[[نائي آر]] ''(کاٻي پاسي)'' ۽ and [[تيان ھان]] ''(ساڄي پاسي)'', [[شنگھائي]] ۾ 1933ع ۾ نڪتل ڦوٽو]] ان جا ٻول چين تي جاپاني قبضي واري دؤر ۾ ھڪ چيني شاعر [[تيان ھان]] 1934ع ۾ لکيو<ref>Huang, Natasha N. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M7ySb1Vp-ZgC&pg=PA25 '''East Is Red': A Musical Barometer for Cultural Revolution Politics and Culture'', pp.&nbsp;25&nbsp;ff.]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. 1935ع ۾ ان جي ڌن [[يونان صوبو|يونان]] جي موسيقار [[نائي آر]] مشھور فلم [[چلڊرين آف ٽربلڊ ٽائيمز]] (ڏکي وقت جا ٻار) جي لاء تيار ڪئي. [[فائل:Sonsanddaughtersintimeofstormmovieposter.jpg|thumb|left|فلم: ''چلڊرين آف ٽربلڊ ٽائيمز''(1935) جو پوسٽر، جنھن ۾ ھي ترانو پھريون ڀيرو ڳاتو ويو]] 1949 ۾ ان کي جمھوريه چين جي قومي تراني جي جاء تي عوامي جمهوريه چين جي عارضي تراني طور اختيار ڪيو ويو. 1960 واري ڏھاڪي ۾ آيل ثقافتي انقلاب دوران جڏهن تيان ھان کي گرفتار ڪيو ويو تہ ان عارضي تراني جي جاء تي نئون ترانو: ''سرخ مشرق'' اختيار ڪيو ويو جيڪو بغير ٻول جي وڄايو ويندو هو. بعد ۾ ڪجهه تبديلي آڻي ٻول سان وڄايو ويندو هو. 1982ع م ٻيھر ''رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي'' کي سرڪاري طور تي قومي تراني جو درجو ڏنو ويو. 1997ر م [[ھانگ ڪانگ]] ۽ 1999ع ۾ [[ميڪائو]] پڻ ان کي بطور قومي تراني جي اختيار ڪيو. ان تراني کي چين جي آئين ۾ پڻ شامل ڪيو ويو. [[فائل:Sons and Daughters in a Time of Storm.ogv|thumb|280px|right| ''چلڊرين آف ٽربلڊ ٽائيمز'' نالي فلم ۾ ڳاتل ''رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي'' نالي ڳاتل تراني جي وڊيو ڪلپ]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikisource}} {{Wikisource|zh:中华人民共和国第五届全国人民代表大会第一次会议关于中华人民共和国国歌的决定}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.gov.cn/guoqing/guoge/ |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国歌 |publisher=Government of the People's Republic of China |language=zh-cn}} * [http://english.gov.cn/audio National Anthem of the People's Republic of China (EN)] * [http://www.gov.cn/jingtai/guoge/guoge.wav Official instrumental version], hosted by the People's Republic of China * [http://www.china.org.cn/e-changshi/china.mp3 Semi-official vocal version], hosted by the China Internet Information Center {{s-start}} {{succession box |title = رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي |before = عوام جا ٽي اصول<br/>{{nobold|(1943 کان 1949ع تائين سڃي چين ۽ 1949ع کان پوء صرف تائيوان ۾)}} |years = 1949 کان اڃ تائين |after = Incumbent }} {{succession box |title = رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي |before = خدا راڻي جي حفاظت ڪري<br/>{{nobold|(هانگ ڪانگ جي چين کي واپسي تائين)}} |years = 1997ع کان اڃ تائين |after = Incumbent }} {{succession box |title = رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي |before = آ پرتگيزا<br/>{{nobold|(مڪائو جي چين کي واپسي تائين)}} |years = 1999ع کان اڃ تائين |after = Incumbent }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:MARCH OF THE VOLUNTEERS}} [[زمرو:چين جو قومي ترانو]] [[زمرو:چيني ترانا]] [[زمرو:چين جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:ايشائي قومي ترانا]] [[زمرو:چين جا قومي نشان]] [[زمرو:وڊيو ڪلپس تي مشتمل مضمون]] [[زمرو:1935ع جا گانا]] [[زمرو:چيني فوجي مارچ]] [[زمرو:جي ميجر ۾ ڪمپوزيشن]] [[زمرو:فلمي موضوع جا گيت]] [[زمرو:چين جي عظيم ڀت بابت ڪم]] jwspk2o2a667koc5jlfexoam5klrkt7 371063 371058 2026-04-12T09:31:19Z Ibne maryam 17680 371063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anthem |title = رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي |english_title = March of the Volunteers |image = D1121029.JPG |image_size = |caption = اصل جيڪو 1935ع ۾ جاري ٿيو |prefix = قومي |country = {{nowrap|{{flagu|عوامي جمهوريه چين}}}} |author = تيان ھان |lyrics_date = 1934 |composer = نائي آر |music_date = 1935 |adopted = * {{nowrap|27 سيپٽمبر 1949 (عارضي)}} * 4 ڊسمبر 1982 (سرڪاري طور تي) * 1 جولاءِ 1997 ([[ھانگ ڪانگ]]) * 20 ڊسمبر 1999 ([[ميڪائو]]) * 14 مارچ 2004 ([[چين جو آئين|آئيني]]) * 1 آڪٽوبر 2017 (قانوني بڻايو ويو) |sound = March_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg |sound_title ="رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي" (سازن سان) }} {{Infobox Chinese | title = رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي | altname = | pic = | picsize = 180px| | piccap = | l2 = جپانين جي خلاف پيشقدمي ڪندڙ رضاڪارن جي فوج | showflag = p | altname3 = عوامي جمهوريه چين جو قومي ترانو | order = st }} [[فائل:Tian Han and Nie Er.jpg|thumb|نائي آر (کاٻي پاسي) ۽ تيان ھان (ساڄي پاسي)، [[شنگھائي]] ۾ 1933ع ۾ نڪتل ڦوٽو]] '''رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي''' (March of Volunteers)<ref name="zhstate">{{lang|zh|[http://www.gov.cn/guoqing/2005-05/24/content_2615210.htm 《中华人民共和国国歌》]}} [''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guógē'', "National Anthem of the People's Republic of China"]. [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] (Beijing), 2015. Accessed 21 January 2015. {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="state">[http://english.gov.cn/archive/china_abc/2014/08/27/content_281474983873455.htm "National Anthem"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204222856/http://english.gov.cn/archive/china_abc/2014/08/27/content_281474983873455.htm |date=4 December 2017}}. [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] (Beijing), 26 August 2014. Accessed 21 January 2015.</ref> [[چين|عوامي جمهوريه چين]] جو [[قومي ترانو]] آهي. اھو ڪلاسيڪي چيني جي بجاء روايتي چيني ۾ لکيل آهي. ان جا ٻول چين تي جاپاني قبضي واري دؤر ۾ ھڪ چيني شاعر تيان ھان 1934ع ۾ لکيو هو.<ref> Huang, Natasha N. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M7ySb1Vp-ZgC&pg=PA25 '''East Is Red': A Musical Barometer for Cultural Revolution Politics and Culture'', pp.&nbsp;25&nbsp;ff.]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 1935ع ۾ ان جي ڌن [[چين جا صوبا|چين جي صوبي]]، [[ينان صوبو|ينان]] جي موسيقار نائي آر مشھور فلم "چلڊرين آف ٽربلڊ ٽائيمز" (ڏکي وقت جا ٻار) جي لاء تيار ڪئي. [[فائل:Sonsanddaughtersintimeofstormmovieposter.jpg|thumb|left|فلم: ''چلڊرين آف ٽربلڊ ٽائيمز''(1935) جو پوسٽر، جنھن ۾ ھي ترانو پھريون ڀيرو ڳاتو ويو]] 1949 ۾ ان کي جمھوريه چين جي قومي تراني جي جاء تي عوامي جمهوريه چين جي عارضي تراني طور اختيار ڪيو ويو. 1960 واري ڏھاڪي ۾ آيل ثقافتي انقلاب دوران جڏهن تيان ھان کي گرفتار ڪيو ويو تہ ان عارضي تراني جي جاء تي نئون ترانو: ''سرخ مشرق'' اختيار ڪيو ويو جيڪو بغير ٻول جي وڄايو ويندو هو. بعد ۾ ڪجهه تبديلي آڻي ٻول سان وڄايو ويندو هو. 1982ع م ٻيھر ''رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي'' کي سرڪاري طور تي قومي تراني جو درجو ڏنو ويو. 1997ر م [[ھانگ ڪانگ]] ۽ 1999ع ۾ [[ميڪائو]] پڻ ان کي بطور قومي تراني جي اختيار ڪيو. ان تراني کي چين جي آئين ۾ پڻ شامل ڪيو ويو. [[فائل:Sons and Daughters in a Time of Storm.ogv|thumb|280px|right| ''چلڊرين آف ٽربلڊ ٽائيمز'' نالي فلم ۾ ڳاتل ''رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي'' نالي ڳاتل تراني جي وڊيو ڪلپ]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikisource}} {{Wikisource|zh:中华人民共和国第五届全国人民代表大会第一次会议关于中华人民共和国国歌的决定}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.gov.cn/guoqing/guoge/ |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国歌 |publisher=Government of the People's Republic of China |language=zh-cn}} * [http://english.gov.cn/audio National Anthem of the People's Republic of China (EN)] * [http://www.gov.cn/jingtai/guoge/guoge.wav Official instrumental version], hosted by the People's Republic of China * [http://www.china.org.cn/e-changshi/china.mp3 Semi-official vocal version], hosted by the China Internet Information Center {{s-start}} {{succession box |title = رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي |before = عوام جا ٽي اصول<br/>{{nobold|(1943 کان 1949ع تائين سڃي چين ۽ 1949ع کان پوء صرف تائيوان ۾)}} |years = 1949 کان اڃ تائين |after = Incumbent }} {{succession box |title = رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي |before = خدا راڻي جي حفاظت ڪري<br/>{{nobold|(هانگ ڪانگ جي چين کي واپسي تائين)}} |years = 1997ع کان اڃ تائين |after = Incumbent }} {{succession box |title = رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي |before = آ پرتگيزا<br/>{{nobold|(مڪائو جي چين کي واپسي تائين)}} |years = 1999ع کان اڃ تائين |after = Incumbent }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:MARCH OF THE VOLUNTEERS}} [[زمرو:چين جو قومي ترانو]] [[زمرو:چيني ترانا]] [[زمرو:چين جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:ايشائي قومي ترانا]] [[زمرو:چين جا قومي نشان]] [[زمرو:وڊيو ڪلپس تي مشتمل مضمون]] [[زمرو:1935ع جا گانا]] [[زمرو:چيني فوجي مارچ]] [[زمرو:جي ميجر ۾ ڪمپوزيشن]] [[زمرو:فلمي موضوع جا گيت]] [[زمرو:چين جي عظيم ڀت بابت ڪم]] l4uldxh1ai5taouk0gry8xifxhtf34r 371064 371063 2026-04-12T09:34:26Z Ibne maryam 17680 371064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anthem |title = رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي |english_title = March of the Volunteers |image = D1121029.JPG |image_size = |caption = اصل جيڪو 1935ع ۾ جاري ٿيو |prefix = قومي |country = {{nowrap|{{flagu|عوامي جمهوريه چين}}}} |author = تيان ھان |lyrics_date = 1934 |composer = نائي آر |music_date = 1935 |adopted = * {{nowrap|27 سيپٽمبر 1949 (عارضي)}} * 4 ڊسمبر 1982 (سرڪاري طور تي) * 1 جولاءِ 1997 ([[ھانگ ڪانگ]]) * 20 ڊسمبر 1999 ([[ميڪائو]]) * 14 مارچ 2004 ([[چين جو آئين|آئيني]]) * 1 آڪٽوبر 2017 (قانوني بڻايو ويو) |sound = March_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg |sound_title ="رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي" (سازن سان) }} {{Infobox Chinese | title = رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي | altname = | pic = | picsize = 180px| | piccap = | l2 = جپانين جي خلاف پيشقدمي ڪندڙ رضاڪارن جي فوج | showflag = p | altname3 = عوامي جمهوريه چين جو قومي ترانو | order = st }} [[فائل:Tian Han and Nie Er.jpg|thumb|نائي آر (کاٻي پاسي) ۽ تيان ھان (ساڄي پاسي)، [[شنگھائي]] ۾ 1933ع ۾ نڪتل ڦوٽو]] '''رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي''' (March of Volunteers)<ref name="zhstate">{{lang|zh|[http://www.gov.cn/guoqing/2005-05/24/content_2615210.htm 《中华人民共和国国歌》]}} [''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guógē'', "National Anthem of the People's Republic of China"]. [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] (Beijing), 2015. Accessed 21 January 2015. {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="state">[http://english.gov.cn/archive/china_abc/2014/08/27/content_281474983873455.htm "National Anthem"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204222856/http://english.gov.cn/archive/china_abc/2014/08/27/content_281474983873455.htm |date=4 December 2017}}. [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] (Beijing), 26 August 2014. Accessed 21 January 2015.</ref> [[چين|عوامي جمهوريه چين]] جو [[قومي ترانو]] آهي. اھو [[سليس چيني ٻولي|ڪلاسيڪي چيني]] جي بجاء [[چيني ٻولي|روايتي چيني]] ۾ لکيل آهي. ان جا ٻول چين تي جاپاني قبضي واري دؤر ۾ ھڪ چيني شاعر تيان ھان 1934ع ۾ لکيو هو.<ref> Huang, Natasha N. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M7ySb1Vp-ZgC&pg=PA25 '''East Is Red': A Musical Barometer for Cultural Revolution Politics and Culture'', pp.&nbsp;25&nbsp;ff.]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 1935ع ۾ ان جي ڌن [[چين جا صوبا|چين جي صوبي]]، [[ينان صوبو|ينان]] جي موسيقار نائي آر مشھور فلم "چلڊرين آف ٽربلڊ ٽائيمز" (ڏکي وقت جا ٻار) جي لاء تيار ڪئي. [[فائل:Sonsanddaughtersintimeofstormmovieposter.jpg|thumb|left|فلم: ''چلڊرين آف ٽربلڊ ٽائيمز'' (1935ع) جو پوسٽر، جنھن ۾ ھي ترانو پھريون ڀيرو ڳاتو ويو]] 1949ع ۾ ان کي جمھوريه چين جي قومي تراني جي جاء تي عوامي جمهوريه چين جي عارضي تراني طور اختيار ڪيو ويو. 1960ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ آيل ثقافتي انقلاب دوران جڏهن تيان ھان کي گرفتار ڪيو ويو تہ ان عارضي تراني جي جاء تي نئون ترانو: "''سرخ مشرق"'' اختيار ڪيو ويو جيڪو بغير ٻول جي وڄايو ويندو هو. بعد ۾ ڪجهه تبديلي آڻي ٻول سان وڄايو ويندو هو. سال 1982ع م ٻيھر ''رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي'' کي سرڪاري طور تي قومي تراني جو درجو ڏنو ويو. 1997ع ۾ [[ھانگ ڪانگ]] ۽ 1999ع ۾ [[ميڪائو]] پڻ ان کي بطور قومي تراني جي اختيار ڪيو. ان تراني کي چين جي آئين ۾ پڻ شامل ڪيو ويو. [[فائل:Sons and Daughters in a Time of Storm.ogv|thumb|280px|right| ''چلڊرين آف ٽربلڊ ٽائيمز'' نالي فلم ۾ ڳاتل ''رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي'' نالي ڳاتل تراني جي وڊيو ڪلپ]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikisource}} {{Wikisource|zh:中华人民共和国第五届全国人民代表大会第一次会议关于中华人民共和国国歌的决定}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.gov.cn/guoqing/guoge/ |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国歌 |publisher=Government of the People's Republic of China |language=zh-cn}} * [http://english.gov.cn/audio National Anthem of the People's Republic of China (EN)] * [http://www.gov.cn/jingtai/guoge/guoge.wav Official instrumental version], hosted by the People's Republic of China * [http://www.china.org.cn/e-changshi/china.mp3 Semi-official vocal version], hosted by the China Internet Information Center {{s-start}} {{succession box |title = رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي |before = عوام جا ٽي اصول<br/>{{nobold|(1943 کان 1949ع تائين سڃي چين ۽ 1949ع کان پوء صرف تائيوان ۾)}} |years = 1949 کان اڃ تائين |after = Incumbent }} {{succession box |title = رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي |before = خدا راڻي جي حفاظت ڪري<br/>{{nobold|(هانگ ڪانگ جي چين کي واپسي تائين)}} |years = 1997ع کان اڃ تائين |after = Incumbent }} {{succession box |title = رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي |before = آ پرتگيزا<br/>{{nobold|(مڪائو جي چين کي واپسي تائين)}} |years = 1999ع کان اڃ تائين |after = Incumbent }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:MARCH OF THE VOLUNTEERS}} [[زمرو:چين جو قومي ترانو]] [[زمرو:چيني ترانا]] [[زمرو:چين جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:ايشائي قومي ترانا]] [[زمرو:چين جا قومي نشان]] [[زمرو:وڊيو ڪلپس تي مشتمل مضمون]] [[زمرو:1935ع جا گانا]] [[زمرو:چيني فوجي مارچ]] [[زمرو:جي ميجر ۾ ڪمپوزيشن]] [[زمرو:فلمي موضوع جا گيت]] [[زمرو:چين جي عظيم ڀت بابت ڪم]] gchoo9pf8y8rn6j199o7cb0ci5lopcc يوھانس ڪيپلر 0 90685 371098 357416 2026-04-12T11:50:38Z CommonsDelinker 103 Removing [[:c:File:Johannes_Kepler_1610.jpg|Johannes_Kepler_1610.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Aude|Aude]] because: File page with no file uploaded ([[:c:COM:CSD#F7|F7]]). 371098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = يوهانس ڪيپلر | image = | caption = يوهانس ڪيپلر جو هڪ پورٽريٽ (1610ع). | birth_date = 27 ڊسمبر 1571 | death_date = 15 نومبر 1630 (58 سال) | nationality = جرمن | occupation = ماهرِ فلڪيات، رياضي دان، فلسفي | known_for = سيارن جي گردش جا قانون، ڪيپلر جو خوردبين }} '''يوهانس ڪيپلر''' (Johannes Kepler) سترهين صديءَ جي سائنسي انقلاب جي هڪ اهم شخصيت، جرمن ماهرِ فلڪيات، رياضي دان ۽ قدرتي فلسفي هو. هو خاص طور تي پنهنجي '''سيارن جي گردش جي قانونن''' (Laws of planetary motion) ۽ پنهنجي ڪتابن جهڙوڪ "Astronomia nova" ۽ "Harmonice Mundi" جي ڪري مشهور آهي. ڪيپلر کي جديد فلڪيات، سائنسي طريقي (Scientific method) ۽ جديد سائنس جي بانيڪارن مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي. == پيشيورانه زندگي == ڪيپلر گراز (Graz) ۾ رياضيءَ جو استاد هو. بعد ۾ هو پراگ ۾ مشهور ماهرِ فلڪيات '''ٽائڪو براهي''' (Tycho Brahe) جو مددگار بڻيو. ٽائڪو جي وفات کانپوءِ کيس شهنشاهه روڊولف ٻئي جو شاهي رياضي دان مقرر ڪيو ويو. هن جنرل والن اسٽائن جي صلاحڪار طور به خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. == علمي خدمتون ۽ دريافتون == ڪيپلر ان دور ۾ رهندو هو جڏهن فلڪيات (Astronomy) ۽ علم نجوم (Astrology) جي وچ ۾ ڪو واضح فرق نه هو، پر هن فلڪيات کي رياضيءَ کان وڌائي "آسماني فزيڪس" (Celestial physics) ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. * '''آپٽڪس (Optics):''' هن بصريات جي شعبي ۾ بنيادي ڪم ڪيو، جنهن ڪري کيس "جديد آپٽڪس جو پيءُ" چيو وڃي ٿو. * '''خوردبين (Telescope):''' هن ريفريڪٽنگ ٽيلي اسڪوپ جو هڪ بهتر نسخو تيار ڪيو، جنهن کي "ڪيپلرين ٽيلي اسڪوپ" چيو ويندو آهي. هن گليليئو گليلي جي ٽيلي اسڪوپ جي ڊيزائن ۾ پڻ بهتري آندي. * '''نيوٽن تي اثر:''' ڪيپلر جي قانونن ئي اڳتي هلي **آئزيڪ نيوٽن** کي ڪششِ ثقل (Gravity) جو نظريو پيش ڪرڻ لاءِ بنياد فراهم ڪيو. == مذهبي ۽ فلسفيانه خيال == ڪيپلر جو يقين هو ته خدا هن ڪائنات کي هڪ سمجهڻ جوڳي منصوبي تحت پيدا ڪيو آهي، جنهن کي عقل ۽ دليل جي روشنيءَ سان سمجهي سگهجي ٿو. هن پنهنجي علمي ڪم ۾ مذهبي دليلن ۽ قدرتي فلسفي کي هڪٻئي سان ڳنڍيو. هن کي پنهنجي ناول "Somnium" جي ڪري "سائنس فڪشن جو پيءُ" پڻ سڏيو ويندو آهي. == اهم ڪتاب == {| class="wikitable" |- ! سال !! ڪتاب جو نالو !! موضوع |- | 1609 || Astronomia nova || سيارن جي گردش جا پهريان ٻه قانون |- | 1619 || Harmonice Mundi || ڪائنات جي هم آهنگي ۽ ٽيون قانون |- | 1621 || Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae || ڪوپرنيڪس جي نظام جي تشريح |} == وڌيڪ ڏسو == * [[فلڪيات]] * [[اسحاق نيوٽن]] * [[گليليئو گليلي]] == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:جرمن ماهرِ فلڪيات]] [[زمرو:رياضي دان]] [[زمرو:سائنسي انقلاب جون شخصيتون]] dryxvldur7vfkgo8h2clcpmrzp8783o جئ ايف 17 ٿنڊر 0 94679 371037 370961 2026-04-12T04:08:05Z Ibne maryam 17680 371037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sino-Pakistani multirole fighter aircraft}} {{Infobox settlement | name = جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر<br> JF-17 Thunder | image = File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg | caption = پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر بلاڪ 1 | type = سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز | national_origin = | manufacturer = | first_flight = | introduction = | retired = | status = | primary_user = | more_users = | produced = | number_built = | developed_from = |other_name=ايف سي-1 شياؤ لونگ<br> FC-1 Xiaolong|subdivision_type=قومي اصل ملڪ|subdivision_type1=ٺاهيندڙ|subdivision_type2=پيداوار|subdivision_type3=تعمير ٿيل تعداد|subdivision_type4=تعارف|subdivision_name4=12 مارچ 2007ع|subdivision_type5=پهرين پرواز|subdivision_name5=25 آگسٽ 2003ع|subdivision_type6=حالت|subdivision_name6=سروس ۾|established_title=بنيادي استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date=[[پاڪستان ائيرفورس]]|established_title1=ٻيو استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date1={{ubl |[[ميانمار ايئر فورس]] |[[نائيجيريا ايئر فورس]] |[[آذربائيجاني ايئر فورسز]] }}|established_title2=دلچسپي رکندڙ ملڪ|established_date2=[[بنگلاديش]]، [[انڊونيشيا]]، [[سعودي عرب]]|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=|established_date5=|established_title6=|established_date6=|established_title7=|established_date7=|extinct_title=|extinct_date=|subdivision_name=[[پاڪستان]] / [[چين]]|subdivision_name1=[[پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] / [[چينگڊو ايئر ڪرافٽ انڊسٽري گروپ]]|subdivision_name2=چين ۾: جون 2007ع<br />پاڪستان ۾: جنوري 2008ع|subdivision_name3=182 (اضافي 6 پروٽوٽائپ)}} '''جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر''' (JF-17 Thunder؛ اردو: جے ایف-۱۷ گرج) هڪ چين-پاڪستاني سنگل انجن وارو هلڪو وزن وارو سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز آهي جيڪو [[پاڪستان]] جي [[پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] (<small>PAC</small>) ۽ [[چين]] جي چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ ڪارپوريشن (<small>CAC</small>) پاران گڏيل طور تي تيار ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|website=www.pac.org.pk|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712224651/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|url-status=live}}</ref> اهو چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر آهي ۽ [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] (<small>PAF</small>) ۾ ٽئين نسل جي <small>'''اي-5'''</small> <small>'''سي، ايف-7 پي/پي جي'''</small>، ميراج <small>III</small> ۽ ميراج <small>5</small> جنگي جهاز جي متبادل طور تي ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. <ref name=":92">{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan|title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan|date=26 September 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|title=Pakistan's tool of war: PAF's rolling thunder|first=Ali|last=Osman|date=17 December 2015|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003037/https://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''جي ايف-17'''</small> کي ڪيترن ئي ڪردارن لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جنهن ۾ فضائي دفاع، زميني حملو، اينٽي شپ ۽ فضائي جاچ شامل آهن. پاڪستاني نالو "جي ايف-17" جو مطلب آهي "جوائنٽ فائٽر-17"، جن ۾ "جوائنٽ فائٽر" جهاز جي گڏيل پاڪستاني-چيني ترقي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو ۽ "-17" جو مطلب آهي ته اهو آمريڪي [[ايف-16 جيٽ]] جو جانشين آهي. چيني نالي "ايف سي-1" جو مطلب آهي "فائٽر چائنا-1". جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر مختلف قسم جا هٿيار استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو, جنهن ۾ هوا کان هوا، هوا کان مٿاڇري ۽ اينٽي شپ ميزائل شامل آهن. گائيڊڊ ۽ ان گائيڊڊ بم. ۽ 23-ايم ايم جي ايس ايڇ-23-2 ٽوئن بيرل آٽو ڪينن. چيني گيزو ڊبليو ايس-13 يا روسي ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 ۽ 2) يا ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 ايم اي (<small>'''جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 3'''</small>) آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين انجن ذريعي طاقتور. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار <small>'''ماخ 1.6'''</small> آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-032">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''جي ايف-17'''</small> پاڪستان ايرفورس جي ريڙهه ۽ ڪم جو هارس آهي. تقريبن اڌ قيمت تي ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن کي پورو ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002224809/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> بلاڪ II قسم جي قيمت 25 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-033">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي 2007 ۾ پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو هو.[[File:Pakistan JF-17 Thunder, Pakistan - Air Force JP7136023.jpg|thumb|انفراريڊ هومنگ - هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ - [[پي ايل-5 ميزائل|PL-5 ميزائل]] سان ليس - پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو JF-17 ]] <small>'''JF-17'''</small> ايئر فريم جو <small>'''%58'''</small>، جنهن ۾ ان جو فرنٽ فيوزليج، ونگز ۽ عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل آهن، پاڪستان ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته <small>'''42'''</small> سيڪڙو چين ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي آخري اسيمبلي ۽ سيريل پيداوار پاڪستان ۾ ٿيندي آهي.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2015ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان 16 JF-17s پيدا ڪيا.<ref name="The Express Tribune2">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، PAC وٽ هر سال 20 JF-17s پيدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت آهي. اپريل <small>2017ع</small> تائين، PAC PAF لاءِ 70 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ۽ 33 بلاڪ 2 جهاز تيار ڪيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220025305/http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="quwa.org2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex delivered 70 JF-17S to the Pakistan Air Force|url=http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609031529/http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-II production crosses 30 planes|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507071327/http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس جا JF-17 ٿنڊر <small>'''19,000'''</small> کان وڌيڪ آپريشنل پرواز گڏ ڪري چڪا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Two-Seat Variant of China-Pakistan JF-17 Fighter Jet to Fly in 2016|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060126/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016|archive-date=9 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾، پي اي سي/سي اي سي هڪ ٻٽي سيٽ واري قسم کي ترقي ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو جن کي بهتر آپريشنل صلاحيت، ڪنورشن ٽريننگ ۽ ليڊ ان فائٽر ٽريننگ لاءِ <small>'''JF-17B'''</small> جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|title=Pakistan, China jointly launch production of JF-17B fighter jets|date=28 April 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155526/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>JF-17B</small> بلاڪ 2 قسم <small>2018ع</small> ۾ پي اي سي ۾ سيريل پيداوار ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> تائين <small>'''26'''</small> جهاز پي اي ايف کي پهچايا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|title=PAC Kamra rolls out final 14 JF-17B fighters for Pakistan Air Force|website=Janes.com|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111103242/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان ايئر فورس هڪ فعال اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (<small>AESA</small>) ريڊار، هڪ وڌيڪ طاقتور روسي ڪليموف <small>RD-93MA</small> انجن، هڪ وڏو ۽ وڌيڪ ترقي يافته وائڊ اينگل هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي (<small>HUD</small>)، اليڪٽرانڪ جوابي ماپ، هڪ اضافي هارڊ پوائنٽ، ۽ بهتر هٿيارن جي صلاحيت سان جهاز جي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته بلاڪ 3 ورزن جي سيريل پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref name="auto52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 جهازن فوجي ڪارروائي ڪئي آهي، هوائي کان هوائي ۽ هوائي کان زمين تي، جنهن ۾ سال <small>2014</small>ع ۽ <small>2017ع</small> ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن دوران پاڪستان-افغانستان سرحد جي ويجهو اتر وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردن جي جڳهن تي بمباري ڪرڻ، <ref>{{cite news|title=Fighter jets bomb militant hideouts in North Waziristan after Taliban attacks|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031322/https://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA3">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> هدايت يافته ۽ غير هدايت يافته (guided) هٿيارن جو استعمال ڪرڻ، سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾ بلوچستان ۾ پاڪستان-ايران حد جي ويجهو هڪ مداخلت ڪندڙ ايراني فوجي ڊرون کي ڪيرائڻ، <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|title=Iranian drone shot down by PAF, confirms FO|date=21 June 2017|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072512/https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2019ع</small> ۾ جمو ۽ ڪشمير جي هوائي حملي ۽ هندستان ۽ پاڪستان جي وچ ۾ هوائي جهڙپن دوران آپريشن سوئفٽ ريٽورٽ ۾<ref name="auto82">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ <small>2024ع</small> ۾ آپريشن مارگ بر سرمچار دوران، جن ۾ پاڪستان ايران جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي]] اندر بلوچ عليحدگي پسند گروپن کي نشانو بڻائي هوائي ۽ توپخاني جي حملي جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو. مارچ ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2024ع</small> ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-<small>'''17'''</small> جهازن کي [[افغانستان]] اندر پاڪستاني طالبان جي ٺڪاڻن خلاف سرحد پار هوائي حملي ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Abid|title=Pakistan air strikes in Afghanistan spark Taliban warning of retaliation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/25/pakistan-air-strikes-in-afghanistan-spark-taliban-warning-of-retaliation|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> [[نائيجيريا]] جي هوائي فوج (<small>NAF</small>) جي ايف-17 جهازن نائيجيريا ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف ۽ بغاوت مخالف آپريشن ۾ فوجي ڪارروائي ڏٺي آهي.<ref name="auto22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> [[ميانمار]] جي فوج پڻ مختلف باغي گروپن خلاف پنهنجي <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي بار بار تعينات ڪيو آهي. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Anthony|date=11 January 2023|title=Myanmar Air Force fiercely gunning to win the war|url=https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/myanmar-air-force-fiercely-gunning-to-win-the-war/|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref> مئي <small>2025ع</small> جي هندستان-پاڪستان تڪرار دوران، پي اي ايف <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي هوا کان هوا ۽ هوا کان زمين تي ٻنهي ڪردارن ۾ جنگ ۾ تعينات ڪيو.<ref name="auto14">{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know | title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know }}</ref><ref name="auto16">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1w3dln352vo | title=Kashmir: How China benefited from India-Pakistan hostilities | date=19 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/09/china/china-military-tech-pakistan-india-conflict-intl-hnk | title=China has spent billions developing military tech. Conflict between India and Pakistan could be its first major test | date=9 May 2025 }}</ref> ==ترقي== === پس منظر === جي ايف-17 کي بنيادي طور تي پي اي ايف جي هڪ سستي، غير منظور ٿيل، چوٿين نسل جي، هلڪي وزن واري، گھڻ-رول جنگي جهاز جي ضرورت کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Aviation Week]]|title=Pakistan expands fighter force|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awst/2010/12/20/AW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|date=22 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105212255/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fawst%2F2010%2F12%2F20%2FAW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|archive-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> ته جيئن ٽئين نسل جي نانچانگ اي-5 سي بمبارن، چينگدو ايف-7 پي/پي جي انٽرسيپٽرز، ميراج III ملٽي-رول جنگي جهاز ۽ ميراج 5 اسٽرائڪ جهاز جي وڏي بيڙي جي متبادل طور تي، جنهن جي قيمت 500 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي جيڪا پاڪستان ۽ چين جي وچ ۾ برابر ورهايل هئي. <ref name="fighter-planes.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|title=Joint Fighter-17 (JF-17) Thunder|publisher=Fighter Planes|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901205431/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|archive-date=1 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> جهاز جو مقصد وڌيڪ مهانگو مغربي ويڙهاڪن جي قيمت-مؤثر ۽ مقابلي واري متبادل جي طور تي برآمد جي صلاحيت پڻ هئي. هن جهاز جي ترقي يانگ وي جي سربراهي ۾ هئي، جنهن کي چين جو "ايس ڊيزائنر" سمجهيو ويندو هو، جنهن چينگدو جي-20 پڻ ٺاهيو.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|journal=International Relations and Security Network|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005150/http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سال 1989ع تائين، آمريڪا جي اقتصادي پابندين جي ڪري، پاڪستان پروجيڪٽ سيبر II کي ڇڏي ڏنو هو، هڪ ڊيزائن اسٽڊي جنهن ۾ آمريڪي جهاز ٺاهيندڙ گرومن ۽ چين شامل هئا، ۽ چينگدو ايف-7 کي ٻيهر ڊزائين ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو هو. <ref name="Pakistan considers new fighter plan2">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Considers new Fighter Plan|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14–20 March 1990|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II|access-date=18 October 2009|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021154725/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II}}</ref> سال1988ع ۾، چين ۽ گرومن سپر 7 جو نو مهينن جو ابتدائي ڊيزائن مطالعو ڪيو، جيڪو چينگدو ايف-7 جو اپ گريڊ هو.<ref name="Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms2">{{cite web|title=Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|date=26 November 1988|work=Flight International|access-date=15 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021140123/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> سال 1989ع جي تيانانمن اسڪوائر احتجاج جي سياسي نتيجي کان پوءِ جڏهن چين تي پابنديون لڳايون ويون ته گرومن منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو. گرومن جي چينگدو سپر 7 منصوبي کي ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ، منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو ويو ۽، ان جي جاءِ تي، فائٽر چائنا-1 (ايف سي-1) منصوبو 1991ع ۾ شروع ڪيو ويو. سال <small>1995</small>ع ۾، پاڪستان ۽ چين هڪ نئين فائٽر جي گڏيل ڊيزائن ۽ ترقي لاءِ هڪ مفاهمت جي ياداشت (MoU) تي دستخط ڪيا ۽ ايندڙ ڪجهه سالن ۾ منصوبي جي تفصيلن تي ڪم ڪيو. جون 1995ع ۾، ميڪوئان "ڊيزائن سپورٽ" مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ منصوبي ۾ شامل ٿيو، ان ۾ سي اي سي پاران ڪيترن ئي انجنيئرن جي سيڪنڊمينٽ پڻ شامل هئي.<ref name="21 June 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Mikoyan joins Chengdu on fighter|work=[[Flight International]]|date=21 June 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212115/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> === ايف سي-1 منصوبي جو آغاز === [[File:Pakistan Air Force Pakistan JF-17 Thunder Bidini-1.jpg|thumb|left|<small>2011</small> جي ازمير ايئر شو لاءِ ازمير ترڪي ۾ هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1]] آڪٽوبر <small>1995</small> ۾ رپورٽ موجب سال جي آخر تائين پاڪستان کي ايف سي-1 جي ايويونڪس فراهم ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي ضم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ڪمپني چونڊڻي هئي جنهن جي <small>1999</small> تائين پيداوار شروع ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. چيو ويندو هو ته ايويونڪس ۾ ريڊار، انرٽيل نيويگيشن سسٽم، هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي ۽ ملٽي فنڪشن ڊسپلي شامل آهن. مقابلي واريون بوليون ٿامسن-سي ايس ايف کان ريڊار ڊاپلر ملٽي ٽارگيٽ (<small>RDY</small>) جي هڪ قسم <small>SAGEM</small> <small>ROSE</small> اپ گريڊ پروجيڪٽ ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ ساڳي ايويونڪس پيڪيج ۽ مارڪوني اليڪٽرانڪ سسٽم ان جي بليو هاڪ ريڊار سان آيون. ڪمپني جي پي اي ايف سان لاڳاپن جي ڪري <small>FIAR</small> جي (هاڻي <small>SELEX</small> گيليلو) گريفو <small>S7</small> ريڊار جي چونڊ ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. <ref name="18 October 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Pakistan nears FC-1 avionics decision|work=[[Flight International]]|date=18 October 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725044013/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> فيبروري <small>1998</small> ۾ پاڪستان ۽ چين ايئر فريم ڊولپمينٽ کي ڍڪڻ واري ارادي جي خط تي دستخط ڪيا. روس جي ڪليموف فائٽر کي طاقت ڏيڻ لاءِ <small>RD-33</small> ٽربوفين انجن جو هڪ قسم پيش ڪيو. <ref name="04/03/98 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=China/Pakistan signal intent to resume FC-1 development work|work=[[Flight International]]|date=4 March 1998|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725051043/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/|url-status=live|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> اپريل <small>1999</small> ۾ ڏکڻ آفريڪا جي ڊينيل سپر 7, اڳ ۾ رپورٽ ٿيل آر-ڊارٽر جي بدران, کي ٽي-ڊارٽر بيونڊ-ويزوئل-رينج (<small>BVR</small>) ايئر-ٽو-ايئر ميزائل (<small>AAM</small>) سان هٿياربند ڪرڻ جي آڇ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/|title=Denel proposes advanced Darter derivatives|last=Lewis|first=Paul|date=28 April 1999|work=Flight International|access-date=31 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725033628/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> اڳ ۾ <small>1987</small> ۾ پراٽ ۽ وٽني سپر-<small>7</small> منصوبي کي چين يا پاڪستان ۾ مقامي پيداوار سان ٽي انجن آپشن؛ <small>PW1212</small>، <small>F404</small> ۽ <small>PW1216</small> پيش ڪيا. رولز رائس پنهنجو <small>RB199-127/128</small> ٽربوفين انجن پيش ڪيو. هي منصوبو <small>1989</small> ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|title=FC-1 JF-17 western engine options|date=15 June 2012|work=Air Force World|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042701/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> جون <small>1999</small> ۾ چينگدو <small>FC-1/سپر 7</small> کي گڏيل طور تي ترقي ۽ پيداوار جو معاهدو دستخط ڪيو ويو. <small>GEC</small>-مارڪوني پاران هڪ مربوط ايويونڪس سوٽ فراهم ڪرڻ لاءِ بولي کي ڇڏي ڏيڻ کان پوءِ <small>FIAR</small> ۽ <small>Thomson-CSF</small> ترتيب وار <small>Grifo S7</small> ۽ <small>RC400</small> ريڊار تي ٻڌل ڪيترائي ايويونڪس سوئيٽ تجويز ڪيا. جيتوڻيڪ اڳ ۾ اميد هئي ته <small>PAF</small> جي سپر 7 کي پنهنجي نئين بليو هاڪ ريڊار لانچ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو.<ref name="14 July 1999 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=China and Pakistan agree on Super 7 fighter development work|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14 July 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526190707/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> <ref name="23 June 1999 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Marconi abandons FC-1 fighter bid|work=[[Flight International]]|date=23 July 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526184233/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> ملڪ جي <small>1998</small> جي ايٽمي هٿيارن جي تجربن کان پوءِ پاڪستان تي پابندين جي ڪري ايندڙ <small>18</small> مهينن دوران ڊيزائن جو ڪم تمام سست رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌيو. <small>PAF</small> کي مغربي ايويونڪس جي ترسيل کي روڪيو ويو. <small>2001</small> جي شروعات ۾ <small>PAF</small> جو فيصلو جهاز تي ڊيزائن جي ڪم کي جاري رکڻ جي قابل بڻايو ته ايئر فريم کي ايويونڪس کان ڌار ڪيو وڃي جيئن ته ايئر فريم ترقي ڪئي وئي <small>PAF</small> پاران ڪنهن به نئين ايويونڪس گهرجن کي ايئر فريم ۾ وڌيڪ آساني سان ضم ڪري سگهجي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20042">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> پروٽوٽائپ جي پيداوار سيپٽمبر 2002 ۾ شروع ٿي. نومبر 2002 ۾ ايئر شو چائنا ۾ FC-1/Super 7 جو هڪ مڪمل سائيز جو ميڪ اپ ڏيکاريو ويو.<ref name="12/11/02 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Airshow China&nbsp;– FC-1 mock-up revealed|work=[[Flight International]]|date=12 November 2002|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021150219/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/|url-status=live|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> ڪليموف <small>RD-93</small> ٽربوفين انجن جو پهريون بيچ جيڪو پروٽوٽائپ کي طاقت ڏيندو هو، <small>2002</small> ۾ پڻ پهچايو ويو.<ref name="Janes2">{{cite web|title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong|work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> چائنا نيشنل ايرو-ٽيڪنالاجي امپورٽ اينڊ ايڪسپورٽ ڪارپوريشن (<small>CATIC</small>) جي هڪ آفيسر جي مطابق, <small>JF-17</small> جي گهٽ قيمت ڪجهه آن بورڊ سسٽم جي ڪري آهي جيڪا چينگدو J-10 جي سسٽم مان ترتيب ڏنل آهن. آفيسر چيو ته، "ٽيڪنالاجي جي منتقلي (جي-10 کان جي ايف-17 ڏانهن هوائي جهاز جي نظام کي منتقل ڪرڻ) JF-17 کي تمام گهڻو قيمتي بڻائي ٿو".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese Jets Today at Bygone Price|url=http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1|date=23 November 2010|work=AviationWeek.com|publisher=Viadeo|access-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1|archive-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> <ref name="JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price2">{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|title=JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price|date=18 November 2010|work=[[Aviation Week]]|access-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ٺهيل ڊيزائن سافٽ ويئر جي استعمال <small>JF-17</small> جي ڊيزائن جي مرحلي کي مختصر ڪري ڇڏيو.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher|first=Richard Jr.|title=China's Aviation Sector: Building Toward World Class Capabilities|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=27 May 2010|date=20 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531214709/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=31 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> === پرواز جي جاچ ۽ ٻيهر ڊيزائننگ === پهريون پروٽوٽائپ (<small>PT-01</small>) <small>31</small> مئي <small>2003</small>ع تي رول آئوٽ ڪيو ويو<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com2">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ۽ چينگدو فلائيٽ ٽيسٽ سينٽر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو، جئين ته پهرين پرواز لاءِ تيار ڪيو وڃي. اهو شروعاتي طور تي جون ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ جو منصوبو هو. پر [[سارس ڪووي 2|سارس وائرس]] جي وبا جي خدشن جي ڪري ان ۾ دير ٿي وئي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20043">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> <ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com3">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> هن نقطي جي چوڌاري، نالي "<small>'''سپر-7'''</small>" کي "<small>'''JF-17'''</small>" (<small>جوائنٽ فائٽر-17</small>) سان تبديل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> 27 جون 2003ع تي چينگدو جي وينجيانگ ايئرپورٽ تي گهٽ رفتار واري ٽيڪسي جي آزمائش شروع ٿي.<ref name="Janes3">{{cite web|title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong|work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> پهرين پرواز آگسٽ <small>2003</small>ع جي آخر ۾، <ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com3">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> <ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter flies|work=[[Flight International]]|date=9 September 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143119/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ۽ پروٽوٽائپ جي سرڪاري پهرين پرواز سيپٽمبر جي شروعات ۾ ٿي. پروٽوٽائپ کي پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي نئين نامزدگي <small>'''JF-17'''</small> سان نشان لڳايو ويو.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20044">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> مارچ <small>2004</small>ع تائين، <small>'''سي اي سي'''</small> پهرين پروٽوٽائپ جون لڳ ڀڳ <small>20</small> ٽيسٽ پروازون ٿيون.<ref name="23 March 2004 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Flight testing the FC-1/JF-17|work=[[Flight International]]|date=23 March 2004|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102181806/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/|archive-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> 7 اپريل <small>2004</small>ع تي، پي اي ايف جي ٽيسٽ پائلٽ، راشد حبيب ۽ محمد احسان الحق پهريون ڀيرو <small>'''پي ٽي-01'''</small> پروٽوٽائپ اڏايو. ٽئين پروٽوٽائپ (<small>PT-03</small>) جي پهرين پرواز <small>9</small> اپريل <small>2004</small>ع تي ٿي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20045">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> مارچ 2004ع تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200 JF-17 جهاز شامل ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|title=PAC readies for assembly ramp up|work=Flight International|access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003434/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Model of JF-17 on display with two SD-10 and four PL-5E missiles mounted on wings.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder model]] Following the third prototype, several design improvements were developed and incorporated into further aircraft. Because of excessive smoke emissions by the RD-93 engine, the air intakes were widened. Reported control problems found in testing resulted in alterations to the wing [[Leading-edge extension|leading edge root extensions]] (LERX). The vertical tail fin was enlarged to house an expanded [[electronic warfare]] equipment bay in the tip.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com">{{cite web | work=Sino Defence | title= FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp |access-date=11 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp | archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/><ref name="Jane's Sino-Pakistani fighter improved">{{citation |first=Robert |last=Hewson |title=Sino-Pakistani fighter improved |work=[[Jane's Information Group]] |url=http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002942/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml |archive-date = 28 February 2007}}</ref> The redesigned aircraft had a slightly increased maximum take-off weight and incorporated an increased quantity of Chinese-sourced avionics; however PAF had selected Western avionics for their aircraft, postponing PAF deliveries from late 2005 until 2007. Pakistan evaluated British, French, and Italian avionics suites, the winner of which was expected to be finalised in 2006.<ref name="27 September 2005 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Brendan |last=Sobie |title=Test flaws prompt rethink on China's FC-1 light fighter look |work=[[Flight International]] |date=27 September 2005 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624173043/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html |archive-date=24 June 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> PT-04, the fourth prototype and the first to incorporate the design changes, was rolled out in April 2006 and made its first flight on 28 April 2006.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Graham |last=Warwick |title= Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets |work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |url-status=live | archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 2006">{{citation |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm |access-date=25 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm | archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622681).jpg|thumb|JF-17 and their DSI air intakes.]] The modified air intakes replaced conventional intake ramps{{mdash}}whose function is to divert turbulent [[boundary layer]] airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the engine{{mdash}}with a [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] (DSI) design.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> The DSI uses a combination of forward-swept inlet cowls and a three-dimensional compression surface to divert the boundary layer airflow at high sub-sonic and supersonic speeds. According to [[Lockheed Martin]], the DSI design prevents most of the boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to two times the [[speed of sound]], reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms,<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Hehs |title=JSF Diverterless Supersonic Inlet |work=Code One magazine |date=July 2000 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124032509/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html | archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref> and is [[stealth technology|stealthier]] than a conventional intake.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> In 1999, developmental work on the DSI with the aim of improving aircraft performance commenced. The JF-17 design was finalised in 2001.<ref name="APP">{{cite news|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |title=50th indigenously produced JF-17 Thunder rolls-out at PAC Kamra |work=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115146/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Multiple models underwent wind tunnel tests; it was found that the DSI reduced weight, cost, and complexity while improving performance.<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI"/> For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing, PT-04 was fitted with a fourth-generation avionics suite that incorporates [[sensor fusion]], an electronic warfare suite, enhanced man-machine interface, [[FADEC|Digital Electronic Engine Control]] (DEEC) for the RD-93 turbofan engine, FBW flight controls, day/night precision surface attack capability, and multi-mode, pulse-Doppler radar for BVR air-to-air attack capability.<ref name="PakTribune1">{{citation|title=4th Prototype JF-17 'Thunder' aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |work=PakTribune (Pakistani news website) |url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> The sixth prototype, PT-06, made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006.<ref name="cnair">{{citation |first=Hui |last=Tong |title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder |url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm |access-date=2 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm | archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Following a competition in 2008, [[Martin-Baker]] was selected over a Chinese firm for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx|title=JF-17 Signing|date=September 2008|work=Escape (newsletter)|publisher=Martin-Baker|page=1|access-date=9 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403190614/http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx | archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:13-143 JF-17 PAKISTAN AIR FORCE LBG (18888092161).jpg|thumb|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 at the [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Airport]], Paris, France for the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]] ]] On 2 March 2007, the first consignment of two small-batch-production (SBP) aircraft arrived in a dismantled state in Pakistan. They flew for the first time on 10 March 2007 and took part in a public aerial demonstration during a [[Pakistan Day]] parade on 23 March 2007. The PAF intended to induct 200 JF-17 by 2015 to replace all its Chengdu F-7, Nanchang A-5, and Dassault Mirage III/5 aircraft. In preparation for the [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] of JF-17s, the PAF has upgraded several Mirage IIIs with IFR probes for training purposes.<ref name = "The News, JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief">{{citation |first=Mayed |last=Ali |title = JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief | newspaper = [[The News International]]|date= 31 March 2007 | place = [[Pakistan|PK]] |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 | access-date =23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> A dual-seat, combat-capable trainer was originally scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2009 Pakistan reportedly decided to develop the training model into a specialised attack variant.<ref name="IASC Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow">{{citation |first= Richard Jr. |last= Fisher |title= Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow |publisher= International Assessment and Strategy Center (IASC) |date= 20 January 2008 |url= http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |access-date= 6 August 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715131717/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |archive-date= 15 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |title=Avic, Pakistan Working on JF-17 Two-Seater |last=Perrett |first=Bradley |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007185528/http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |archive-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref> In November 2007, the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluations of aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology (NRIET), and the LETRI [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] active radar homing AAM.<ref name="Jane's&nbsp;— Chinese, French weapons for JF-17">{{citation |first=Reuben F. |last=Johnson |title=Pakistan considers mix of Chinese, French weapons for its JF-17s |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164219/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, PAC began manufacturing JF-17 components; production of sub-assemblies commenced on 22 January 2008.<ref name="paf.gov.pk, Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra">{{citation |title=Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra |publisher=[[Pakistan Air Force]] }}</ref><ref name="Dawn.com, Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra">{{citation|first=Yaqoob |last=Malik |title=Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra |publisher=[[Dawn News]] |date=23 January 2008 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154912/http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The PAF was to receive a further six pre-production aircraft in 2005, for a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft. [[Initial operating capability]] was to be achieved by the end of 2008.<ref name = "Jane's, January 2008, JF-17 production commences">{{citation |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |title=JF-17 production commences |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=24 January 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606051629/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |archive-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Final assembly of the JF-17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009; PAC expected to complete production of four to six aircraft that year. They planned to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and fifteen to sixteen aircraft per year from 2011; this could increase to twenty-five aircraft per year.<ref name="01/07/09 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Siva | last = Govindasamy | title= Pakistan begins domestic final assembly of JF-17 |work= [[Flight International]] | date = 1 July 2009 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |access-date=23 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103224634/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> On 29 December 2015, PAC announced the rollout of the 16th JF-17 Thunder fighter manufactured in the calendar year 2015, taking total number of manufactured aircraft to more than 66. Later, a PAF spokesperson said that in light of the interest shown by various countries, it has been decided that production capacity of JF-17 Thunder at PAC Kamra will be expanded.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia signed an agreement in August 2007 for re-export of 150 RD-93 engines from China to Pakistan for the JF-17.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian engines will fly to Pakistan|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|newspaper=Kommersant|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154851/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the PAF reported it was not fully satisfied with the RD-93 engine and that it would only power the first 50 aircraft; it was alleged that arrangements for a new engine, reportedly the [[Snecma M53#Variants|Snecma M53-P2]], may have been made.<ref name="New engine, Snecma M53 - defensenews.com">{{cite news|title=100 Countries Expected To Attend IDEAS 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=22 November 2008 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172647/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 }}</ref> [[Mikhail Pogosyan]], head of the MiG and Sukhoi design bureaus, recommended the Russian defence export agency [[Rosoboronexport]] block RD-93 engine sales to China to prevent export competition from the JF-17 against the MiG-29.<ref>{{cite news|location=RU |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |title=Russian combat aircraft makers fear competition with China |agency=RIA Novosti |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727082025/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |archive-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |title=Russia's Iconic MiG and Sukhoi Fighters Enter Competition with Chinese Clones |work=[[Pravda]] |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709180639/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the 2010 [[Farnborough Airshow]], the JF-17 was displayed internationally for the first time; aerial displays at the show were intended but were cancelled due to a late attendance decision as well as licence and insurance costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive |title=Farnborough Debut Heralds JF-17 Export Drive |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=19 July 2010 |work=Defence News |access-date=25 May 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103041128/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive }}</ref> According to a Rosoboronexport official at the Airshow China 2010, held on 16–21 November 2005 in [[Zhuhai]], China, Russia and China had signed a contract worth $238 million for 100 RD-93 engines with options for another 400 engines developed for the FC-1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia to sell additional RD-93 jet engines to China |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |date=16 November 2010 |publisher=Rianovosti |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021164151/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> According to media reports, Pakistan planned to increase production of JF-17s by 25% in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan to boost JF-17 production by 25% in '16|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010628/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Further development=== [[File:PAK Kamra JF-17 Thunder at PAris Air Show, June 2019 (2).jpg|thumb|JF 17 Thunder in [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan Flag Livery]] at [[Paris Air Show]] ]] Pakistan negotiated with British and Italian defence firms regarding avionics and radars for the JF-17 development. Radar options include the Italian Galileo Avionica's Grifo S7,<ref name="Grifo">{{Citation |url=http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | type = datasheet | title = Selex | contribution = Italian Grifo family | publisher = Sensors and Airborne Systems| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325204544/http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> the French Thomson-CSF's RC400 (a variant of the [[RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget)|RDY-2]]),<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower"/> and the British company SELEX Galileo's Vixen 500E AESA radar.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari">{{citation | last =Ansari | first = Usman | title= Thunder Storm&nbsp;– Pakistan's hopes for the JF-17 Thunder fighter | work=Combat Aircraft magazine | volume = 8 |issue= 4 |url=http://usmanansari.com/id16.html |access-date=11 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907034554/http://usmanansari.com/id16.html | archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In 2010, the PAF had reportedly selected ATE Aerospace Group to integrate French-built avionics and weapons systems over rival bids from Astrac, Finmeccanica and a [[Thales Group|Thales]]-[[Sagem]] joint venture. Fifty JF-17s were to be upgraded and an optional fifty from 2013 onwards, at a cost of up to {{USD|1.36 billion}}. The RC-400 radar, [[MICA (missile)|MICA]] AAMs, and several air-to-surface weapons are believed to be in the contract. The PAF also held talks with South Africa for the supply of Denel A-darter AAMs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |title= French-Led JF-17 Upgrade Likely To Raise Eyebrows |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |title= Will Westernized JF-17 Thunder Attract New Delhi's Ire? |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> In April 2010, after eighteen months of negotiations, the deal was reportedly suspended; reports cited French concerns about Pakistan's financial situation, the protection of sensitive French technology, and by Indian [[lobbying]], which operates many French-built aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |title=Paris bloque un contrat d'équipement français d'avions de chasse pakistanais |trans-title=Paris blocks a contract of French equipment for Pakistani fighter aircraft |last=Follorou |first=Jacques |date=2 April 2010 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406012337/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 |url-status=live }} [https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en Google English translation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313032215/http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en |date=13 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |title=France says arms sale to Pakistan held up |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215070013/http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref> France wanted the PAF to purchase several [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-9]] fighters from the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]], which would overlap with the upgraded JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris|title=Un contrat militaire avec le Pakistan bloqué par Paris |trans-title=A contract with the Pakistan military blocked by Paris | date= 3 April 2010 | publisher = Radio France Internationale | language= fr| access-date= 5 April 2010|location= France|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191726/http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, the PAF's Chief of Air Staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rao Qamar Suleman]], said such reports were false, stating: "I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government...someone was trying to cause mischief{{mdash}}to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want".<ref>{{cite journal| last= Warnes| first= Alan|date=July 2010 |title=On the edge&nbsp;– JF-17s, Tankers and AWACS|journal=Air Forces Monthly | type = magazine |location= United Kingdom |issue=July 2010|page= 54|quote=Reports in late March that the French Government was refusing to allow the sale of a Thales avionics system was denied by the CAS: 'I saw the report quoting unnamed sources or any French government official. I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government. I think someone is trying to cause mischief&nbsp;– to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want.'}}</ref> On 18 December 2013, production of Block 2 JF-17s began at PAC's Kamra facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 Thunder Block 2 Will be Ready till June 2014 |url=http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Pakistan Armed Forces News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134056/http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> These have an air-to-air refuelling capability, improved avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01"/> Block 2 construction was planned to run until 2016, after which the manufacturing of further developed Block III aircraft was planned.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|title=Production of improved version of JF-17 aircraft launched |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |date=19 December 2013 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605015123/http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |archive-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> In December 2015, it was announced that the 16th Block II aircraft had been handed over resulting in standing up of the 4th squadron.<ref name="Fourth">{{cite news|title=Fourth JF-17 Thunder squadron complete as PAC rolls out 16th aircraft|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177/|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406230211/https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 June 2015, Jane's Defence Weekly confirmed<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> that JF-17 Block III will have an AESA radar, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and possibly an internal infrared search and tracking (IRST) system.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | title = Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan | last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr. | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | archivedate=21 April 2016 | work = Jane's Defence Weekly | date = 17 June 2015 }}</ref> A two-seat version was also reportedly to be produced in Block III.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF to induct JF17 Thunder Block III in 2016|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513171122/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Unconfirmed reports claim that Block III will also have a better flight management system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder fighter jet impresses at Paris Air Show|url=http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503022238/http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Selex ES has promoted its next-generation cockpit as a possible upgrade of JF-17 Block III; this cockpit includes a new mission computer, an enhanced head-up display and contemporary multi-function displays, plus the capability for the pilot to use a single, large-area display instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Selex advances M-345 cockpit development|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530175651/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, despite Indian protests, Russian state-owned United Engine Corporation developed a new engine designated ''RD-93MA'' for the JF-17 fighter being built by Pakistan.<ref name="Russian engine">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=9 July 2020 |title=Russia confirms progress on new jet engine. Is it for Pak JF-17 fighter? |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html|url-status=live |work= TheWeek Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127072811/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html |archive-date= 27 January 2021}}</ref> ==ڊيزائن== [[File:JF-17 block 1 front view.jpg|upright|thumb|اڳيون ڏيک]] === مکيه فريم === ايئر فريم نيم مونوڪوڪ ڍانچي جو آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ايلومينيم مصر مان ٺهيل آهي. ڪجهه نازڪ علائقن ۾ اعليٰ طاقت وارو اسٽيل ۽ ٽائيٽينيم مصر جزوي طور تي اختيار ڪيا ويا آهن. ايئر فريم 4,000 فلائيٽ ڪلاڪن يا 25 سالن جي سروس لائف لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. پهرين اوور هال 1,200 فلائيٽ ڪلاڪن تي ٿيڻ وارو آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra2">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> JF-17s بلاڪ 2 وزن گهٽائڻ لاءِ ايئر فريم ۾ جامع مواد جو وڌيڪ استعمال شامل ڪري ٿو. ريٽريبل انڊر ڪيريج ۾ ٽرائي سائيڪل جو انتظام آهي. هڪ واحد اسٽيئربل نوز ويل ۽ ٻه مکيه انڊر ڪيريج سان. هائيڊولڪ بريڪ ۾ هڪ خودڪار اينٽي اسڪڊ سسٽم آهي. انليٽس جي پوزيشن ۽ شڪل حملي جي اعليٰ زاوين سان لاڳاپيل مشقن دوران جيٽ انجن کي گهربل هوا جي وهڪري ڏيڻ لاءِ ٺهيل آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra3">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> وچ ۾ لڳل ونگ ڪراپڊ ڊيلٽا ترتيب جا آهن. ونگ روٽ جي ويجهو <small>LERX</small> آهن. جيڪي هڪ وورٽيڪس پيدا ڪن ٿا. جيڪو حملي جي اعليٰ زاوين سان لاڳاپيل مشقن دوران ونگ کي اضافي لفٽ فراهم ڪري ٿو. هڪ روايتي ٽرائي-پلين ايمپينيج ترتيب شامل ڪئي وئي آهي. آل-موونگ اسٽيبليٽرز، سنگل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر، رڊر، ۽ ٽوئن وينٽرل فينز سان. فلائيٽ ڪنٽرول سسٽم (<small>FCS</small>) ۾ روايتي ڪنٽرول شامل آهن. ياو ۽ رول محور ۾ استحڪام وڌائڻ سان ۽ پچ محور ۾ هڪ ڊجيٽل فلائي بائي وائر (<small>FBW</small>) سسٽم موڙ جي ڪارڪردگي کي وڌائڻ لاءِ مينيوورنگ دوران ليڊنگ-ايج فليپس ۽ ٽريلنگ ايج فليپس خودڪار طريقي سان ترتيب ڏنل آهن.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra4">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سيريل پروڊڪشن جهاز جي FCS ۾ رپورٽ ڪئي وئي آهي ته پچ محور ۾ هڪ ڊجيٽل ڪواڊروپلڪس (ڪواڊ-ريڊنڊنٽ) FBW سسٽم آهي. ۽ رول ۽ ياو محور ۾ هڪ ڊپلڪس (ڊبل-ريڊنڊنٽ) FBW سسٽم آهي.<ref name="cnair2">{{citation|first=Hui|last=Tong|title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder|url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm|access-date=2 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm|archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> 3,400 lb (1,500 ڪلوگرام) تائين آرڊيننس، سامان، ۽ ايندھن کي هارڊ پوائنٽس جي هيٺان نصب ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جن مان ٻه ونگ-ٽپس تي آهن، چار ونگ هيٺ آهن ۽ هڪ فيوزليج هيٺ آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra5">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> === ڪاڪ پِٽ === [[File:JF-17 Block 1 cockpit.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 HUD]] The aircraft has three large Multifunction Colour Displays (MFD) and smart Heads-Up Display (HUD) with built-in symbol generation capability. A [[center stick]] is used for [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll]] control while [[Aircraft rudder|rudder pedals]] control yaw. A throttle is located to the left of the pilot. The cockpit incorporates [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on a Martin-Baker Mk-16LE [[zero-zero ejection seat]]. The cockpit incorporates an [[electronic flight instrument system]] (EFIS) and a wide-angle, holographic head-up display (HUD), which has a minimum total field of view of 25 degrees. The EFIS comprises three color multi-function displays, providing basic flight information, tactical information, and information on the engine, fuel, electrical, hydraulics, flight control, and environment control systems. The HUD and MFD can be configured to show any available information. Each MFD is {{cvt|20.3|cm|inch|1}} wide and {{cvt|30.5|cm|inch|1}} tall and is arranged side by side in [[page orientation|portrait orientation]]. The central MFD is placed lowest to accommodate a control panel between it and the HUD.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Avionics=== [[File:JF-17 cockpit.webp|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 cockpit avionics display]] The avionics software incorporates the concept of [[open architecture]]. Instead of the military-optimised [[Ada (programming language)|Ada programming language]], the software is written using the popular [[C++|C++ programming language]], enabling the use of the numerous civilian programmers available.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article">{{citation|title=Stuck in Sichuan: Pakistani JF-17 Program Grounded? No|date=January 2007|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|work=Defense Industry Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft also includes a health and usage monitoring system, and automatic test equipment.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf |title=8011-Ai760Datasheet.qxd |access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021927/http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=May 2021}} The JF-17 has a [[defensive aids system]] (DAS) composed of various integrated sub-systems. A [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) provides data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars, and an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin interferes with enemy radars. The EW suite is also linked to a [[Missile Approach Warning]] (MAW) system to defend against radar-guided missiles. The MAW system uses several optical sensors across the airframe to detect the rocket motors of missiles across a 360-degree coverage.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Data from the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is shown on cockpit displays and the HUD. A countermeasures dispensing system releases [[flare (countermeasure)|decoy flares]] and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] to help evade hostile radar and missiles. The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar-jamming pod that will be carried externally on a [[hardpoint]].<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The first forty-two PAF production aircraft are equipped with the [[KLJ-7|NRIET KLJ-7]] radar,<ref name="Milavia.net 2007 news report">{{citation |date=23 March 2007 |title=JF-17 Arrived in Pakistan |work=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |publisher=MILAVIA.net |url=http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |access-date=31 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218082338/http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=18 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7">{{citation |title=KLJ-7/10 Fire Control Radar (FCR) (China), Airborne radar systems |work=Jane's Avionics |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=19 January 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002180132/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> a variant of the KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) and also used on the Chengdu J-10. Multiple modes can manage the surveillance and engagement of up to forty air, ground, and sea targets; the [[Track while scan|track-while-scan]] mode can track up to ten targets at BVR and can engage two simultaneously with [[Air-to-air missile#Radar guidance|radar-homing AAMs]]. The operation range for targets with a [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) of {{Convert|5|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} is stated to be ≥ {{Convert|105|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-up mode and ≥ {{Convert|85|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-down mode.<ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7"/><ref name="Jane's, NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements">{{citation |title=China's NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=7 April 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html |access-date=6 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820152019/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html | archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> A [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) pod for low-level navigation and [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) system for passive targeting can also be integrated;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> the JF-17 Block 2 is believed to incorporate an IRST.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In April 2016, Air Marshal Muhammad Ashfaque Arain said that, "JF-17 needs a targeting pod, as the jets' usefulness in current operations was limited due to lack of precision targeting. To fulfill this gap the Air Force was interested in buying the Thales-made Damocles, a third-generation targeting pod; which was a priority."<ref>{{cite news|date=7 April 2016|title=Interview: Pakistan wants air force upgrade for prolonged militant fight|newspaper=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|url-status=dead|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420160318/http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[ASELSAN|Aselsans]] ASELPOD was tested and successfully integrated with the JF-17 and Pakistan has subsequently purchased at least eight [[targeting pod]]s from Aselsan.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Tests Turkish Targeting Pod|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235159/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|archive-date=6 December 2018|access-date=6 December 2018|website=defense-aerospace.com}}</ref> This integration has significantly enhanced the JF-17 platform's ability to launch precision strikes. A helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by [[Luoyang]] Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre of [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China|AVIC]] was developed in parallel with the JF-17; it was first tested on Prototype 04 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|title=图文：枭龙04飞行员新头盔_新浪军事_新浪网|work=sina.com.cn|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101520/http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=Strategycenter.net |date=30 December 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> It was dubbed as EO HMS, (Electro-Optical Helmet Mounted Sight) and was first revealed to the public in 2008 at the 7th [[Zhuhai Airshow]], where a partial mock-up was on display.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The HMS tracks the pilot's head and eye movements to guide missiles towards the pilot's visual target.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} An externally carried day/night [[laser designator]] [[targeting pod]] may be integrated with the avionics to guide [[laser-guided bomb]]s (LGBs).<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> An extra [[hardpoint]] may be added under the starboard air intake, opposite the cannon, for such pods. To reduce the numbers of targeting pods required, the aircraft's [[tactical data link]] can transmit target data to other aircraft not equipped with targeting pods.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} The communication systems comprise two [[VHF]]/[[UHF]] radios; the VHF radio has the capacity for [[VHF Data Link|data linking]] for communication with ground control centers, [[airborne early warning and control]] aircraft and combat aircraft with compatible data links for [[network-centric warfare]], and improved [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite web|title=VHF air-ground Digital Link |url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |publisher=etsi.org |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206100741/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref> The aircraft uses [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLGs]] along with [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] for navigation. The aircraft is equipped with an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] [[Transponder]] which allows it to differentiate between friendly aircraft and enemy aircraft. The [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]] aids in aerial combat for manoeuvring.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} ===Engine=== The first two blocks of JF-17 is powered by a single Russian RD-93 [[turbofan]] engine, which is a variant of the [[Klimov RD-33]] engine used on the [[MiG-29]] fighter. The engine gives more [[thrust]] and significantly [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|lower specific fuel consumption]] than [[turbojet]] engines fitted to older combat aircraft being replaced by the JF-17. The advantages of using a single engine are a reduction in maintenance time and cost when compared to twin-engined fighters. A [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] of 0.99 can be achieved with full internal fuel tanks and no external payload. The engine's air supply is provided by two bifurcated air inlets (see [[JF-17 Thunder#Airframe and cockpit|airframe]] section).<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan">[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ "Pakistan & China's JF-17 Fighter Program."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ |date=20 October 2013 }} ''Defense Industry Daily'', 14 November 2011</ref> The RD-93 is known to produce smoke trails.<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan"/> The [[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Guizhou Aero Engine Group]] has been developing a new turbofan engine, the [[Guizhou WS-13|WS-13 ''Taishan'']], since 2000 to replace the RD-93. It is based on the RD-33 and incorporates new technologies to boost performance and reliability. A thrust output of {{Convert|80 to 86.36|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}}, a lifespan of 2,200 hours, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 8.7 are expected. An improved version of the WS-13, developing a thrust of around {{Convert|100|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}} (22,450&nbsp;lb), is also reportedly under development.<ref name="October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace">{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center |date=30 December 2009 |first=Richard Jr. |last=Fisher |access-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> During the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]], it was announced that flight testing of a JF-17 equipped with the WS-13 engine had begun.<ref name="janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|title=Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan|work=Jane's|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, a representative of PAC said that Pakistan would continue to use the RD-93 engine on their fighters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |title=Pakistan to Stick With Russian Engine for JF-17 Fighter Jet |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=25 November 2015 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=IHS |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125095855/https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local media reports in January 2016 said that Russia was planning to sell engines for JF-17 directly to Pakistan.<ref>{{citation|title=Moscow makes a move when US loosens the noose|date=25 January 2016|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051408/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a PAC representative, Pakistan is looking to collaborate with Russia in developing and repairing engines.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ===Fuel system=== The fuel system comprises internal fuel tanks located in the wings and fuselage with a capacity of {{Convert|2330|kg|lb|abbr=on}}; they are refuelled through a single point pressure refuelling system (see [[Aircraft fuel system#Turbine fuel system|turbine fuel systems]]). Internal fuel storage can be supplemented by external fuel tanks. One {{convert|800|litre|impgal|adj=on}} [[drop tank]] can be mounted on the aircraft's centerline hard point under the fuselage and two 800-litre or {{convert|1110|litre|impgal|adj=on}} drop tanks can be mounted on the two inboard under-wing hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The fuel system is compatible with [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling (IFR)]], allowing tanker aircraft to refuel inflight, and increasing its range and loitering time significantly. All production aircraft for the PAF are to be fitted with IFR probes.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In June 2013, PAF Air Chief Marshal [[Tahir Rafique Butt]] said ground tests on the JF-17's refuelling probes had been successfully completed and the first mid-air refuelling operations would commence that summer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bokhari|first=Farhan|title=Pakistani JF-17 to start mid-air refuelling by end of summer|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=10 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer|access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107021555/http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer | archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622777).jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder with its weapons]] [[File:Pakistan Air Force, 12-139, Chengdu JF-17 Thunder (49579395248).jpg|thumb|Thunder with weapons]] ===Armaments=== The JF-17 can be armed with up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of air-to-air and [[air-to-ground weaponry]], and other equipment mounted externally on the aircraft's seven hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> One hardpoint is located under the fuselage between the main landing gear, two are underneath each wing, and one is at each wing-tip. All seven hardpoints communicate via a [[MIL-STD-1760]] data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System,<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> which is stated to be capable of integration with weaponry of any origin.<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower">{{citation|first=Usman |last=Ansari |title=Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower |work=[[Defense News]] |date=9 February 2009 |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3938427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230020953/http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/02/pakistan-surmounts-western-sanctions-to.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 }}</ref> Internal armament comprises one {{Convert|23|mm|inch|abbr=on}} GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon mounted under the [[port (nautical)|port side]] air intake, which can be replaced with a {{Convert|30|mm|inch|abbr=on}} [[GSh-30-2]] twin-barrel cannon.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|title=MILAVIA Aircraft – Chengdu FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Specifications|first=Niels | last = Hillebrand|work=milavia.net|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031225/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The wing-tip hard-points are typically occupied by short range infra-red homing AAMs. Many combinations of ordnance and equipment such as [[targeting pods]] can be carried on the under-wing and under-fuselage hard-points. Underwing hard-points can be fitted with [[Hard point#Ejector racks|multiple ejector racks]], allowing each hard-point to carry two {{Convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} unguided bombs or LGBs{{mdash}}[[Mk.82]] or [[GBU-12]].<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Active radar homing BVR AAMs can be integrated with the radar and data-link for mid-course updates. The aircraft can carry the [[PL-12|PL-12/SD-10]] along with the [[PL-5]]E and [[PL-9]]C Short range, infra-red homing missiles. The more advanced [[PL-10]]E High-Off Bore Sight missiles were integrated into the aircraft in April 2021, operated Within Visual Range using the HMD/S. With the Block 3 variant of the JF-17, the ability to fit and operate the [[PL-15]]E, the most advanced BVR missile developed by China for export with a claimed operating range of 145&nbsp;km, is also integrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's Production of Latest JF-17 Block 3 Variant Reaches 30 Units |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistans-production-of-latest-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jets-nears-30-units-2/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Unguided air-to-ground weaponry includes rocket pods, [[Unguided bomb|gravity bombs]] and [[Matra Durandal]] anti-runway munitions. [[Precision-guided munition]]s such as LGBs and [[Precision-guided munition#Satellite-guided weapons|satellite-guided bombs]] are also compatible with the JF-17, as are other guided weapons such as [[anti-ship missile]]s and [[anti-radiation missile]]s.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Pakistan planned to bring the Brazilian [[MAR-1]] anti-radiation missile into service on its JF-17 fleet in 2014.<ref name="janes mar1">{{cite journal|last=Hewson|first=Robert|date=17 April 2013|title=Mectron's MAR-1 to be operational in Pakistan next year|url=http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072717/http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> ==آپريشنل تاريخ== ===Pakistan=== [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 flies in front of the 26,660 ft high [[Nanga Parbat]]]] Small batch production of the single-seat, single-engine JF-17s began in China in June 2006. The first two small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered on 2 March 2007 and first flew in Pakistan on 10 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6854&Cat=13&dt=3/21/2007 |title=JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> They took part in an aerial display on 23 March 2007 as part of the [[Pakistan Day Parade|Pakistan Day Joint Services Parade]] in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |title=PAF to seek more Chinese aircraft, says air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509043607/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |archive-date = 9 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="PakTribune">[http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 JF-17 Thunder main focus of attention at Pak Day fly-past] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''Pak Tribune'', 24 March 2007.</ref> Another six small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered by March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\03\15\story_15-3-2008_pg7_6 |title=Six more JF-17 Thunder fighter jets inducted into PAF |date=15 March 2008 |work=Daily Times |access-date=21 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118100559/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C03%5C15%5Cstory_15-3-2008_pg7_6 | archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> These were extensively flight-tested and evaluated by the PAF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |title=PAF to start serial production of JF-17 fighter aircraft soon |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330212502/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> Two serial production aircraft were delivered from China in 2009 and the first Pakistani-manufactured aircraft was delivered to the PAF in a ceremony on 23 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |title=Pak, China unveil first JF-17 combat jet |work=Rediff.com |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301092221/http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2010, the first JF-17 squadron, [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 ''Black Spiders'']], was officially inducted into the PAF with an initial strength of 14 fighter planes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |title=First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder inducted in PAF |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163116/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/February/international_February910.xml&section=international |title=PAF Inducts First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder Jet |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110350/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2010%2FFebruary%2Finternational_February910.xml&section=international |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> These aircraft first saw service in the [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat|anti-terrorist operation in South Waziristan]], during which various types of weapons were evaluated.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zia |last=Tanouli |language=Urdu |work=Daily Express (Pakistan) |title=جے ایف-١٧ میں باقاعدہ طور پر شامل پی اے ایف |url=http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |access-date=20 February 2010 |quote=(Translated) No.26 Squadron established in Kamra with 14 aircraft initially inducted. According to top PAF sources, fourteen aircraft were evaluated thoroughly with different kinds of weapons during the anti-terror operation in Waziristan. First squadron established in Kamra due to security concerns, will be transferred to Peshawar later. With induction of first JF-17 squadron, the two A-5 squadrons will be grounded today. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005230/http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> They took part in the PAF's ''High Mark 2010'' exercise from 29 April, where they were used by the ''Blue Force'' to attack ''Red Land'' surface targets with precision air-to-surface weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |title=JF-17 Thunder comes of age at High Mark drill |date=29 March 2010 |work=Newspaper article |publisher=Awaz Today |access-date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184851/http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |title=Pakistan inducts JF-17 jets developed with China |work=Rediff.com |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528235257/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 April 2011, a re-equipment ceremony for No. 26 ''Black Spiders'' Squadron took place, during which it was stated that the JF-17 had "revolutionized the PAF's operational concepts". Then Air Chief Marshal [[Rao Qamar Suleman]] reported the re-equipping of No. 26 squadron and the addition of the JF-17 Thunder to the [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron]]. He also thanked the contribution and support of the Chinese in helping to acquire a technological breakthrough in the shape of the aircraft.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |title=PAF re-equips No 26 Squadron with JF-17 thunder aircraft |date=12 April 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times (Pakistan) |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174246/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> During [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] 2014–2016, JF-17 were deployed frequently to carry out airstrikes against [[Pakistani Taliban|TTP]] hideouts, killing hundreds of terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Dawn com {{!}} |date=19 December 2014 |title=Top Uzbek commander among 17 terrorists killed in Khyber air strikes |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151682 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/245286-Operation-ZarbeAzb-30-militants-killed-in-fresh |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=dunyanews.tv |title=Operation Zarb-e-Azb: 30 militants killed in fresh airstrikes in Dattakhel |date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> In September 2015, the No. 2 Squadron tasked with sea strikes was re-equipped with JF-17s replacing the F7s.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder inducted in Multi Role Squadron|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414020258/http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=live|date=12 April 2016}}</ref> The No. 16 Squadron "Black Panthers" has also been equipped with the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Block-2 Update from "The Thunder City|url=http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220185954/http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2017, it was reported that a JF-17 shot down an [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Iranian]] [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] operating in [[Pakistan|Pakistan's]] [[Panjgur District|Pangjur District]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|title=JF-17 shoots down Iran's spy drone|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032625/http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2019, PAF JF-17s took part in Pakistan's [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|retaliatory airstrikes]] against India during which two Thunders of the [[No. 16 Squadron PAF|No. 16 Squadron]] struck Indian ground targets with [[Mark 83|Mk. 83 REKs]].<ref name="kaiser">{{cite web|url=https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|website=PakistanPolitico.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama: Two years on|date=18 February 2021|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208104607/https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tufail">{{cite web|url=https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|website=DefenceJournal.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama-From bluster to whimper|date=10 July 2019|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028163732/https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Brad |date=4 March 2019 |title=Crisis may be easing, but nuclear threat still hangs over India and Pakistan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519161150/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Has Pakistan's JF-17 'Thunder' Block II Fighter Jet Engaged in its First Dogfight? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516080001/https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight |url-status=live }}</ref> as of March 2021, JF-17s are operational in seven fighter squadrons based at five airbases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|title=Orbats|website=www.scramble.nl|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202214748/https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, the first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF. During the [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff|May 2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the PAF publicly showcased, for the first time, a JF-17 Block 3 fighter aircraft equipped with [[PL-15#Variants|PL-15E]] long-range [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s (BVRAAMs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Update: Pakistan shows JF-17 Block III fitted with PL-15 missiles for first time |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/update-pakistan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fitted-with-pl-15-missiles-for-first-time |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Jane |language=en}}</ref> During the conflict, the PAF deployed JF-17s and [[J-10CE]]s in combat in both the air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.<ref name="auto14"/><ref name="auto16"/><ref name="auto12"/> Pakistan claimed that its JF-17 successfully targeted and destroyed an Indian [[S-400 missile system|S-400 missile defence system]] at [[Adampur Airport|Adampur Air Force Station]] in [[Punjab]] on 10 May 2025 using two [[CM-400AKG]] long-range supersonic [[air-to-surface missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1310766-how-paf-destroyed-india-s-2-s400-air-defence-systems | title=How PAF destroyed India's 2 S400 air defence systems | date=12 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/first-strike-in-the-hypersonic-era-pakistan-claims-jf-17-launched-cm-400akg-took-out-indias-s-400/ | title=(VIDEO) First Strike in the Hypersonic Era: Pakistan Claims JF-17-Launched CM-400AKG Took Out India's S-400 | date=11 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/883212-pak-jf17-thunder-strike-destroys-indian-s400-air-defence-system | title=Pak JF-17 Thunder strike destroys Indian S400 air defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/jf-17-thunder-destroys-indias-s-400-defence-system-10-05-2025/ | title=Watch: JF-17 Thunder taking off to destroy India's S-400 defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref> On 11 May, the PAF, in a press briefing said that it had targeted the 96L6E Cheese Board radar of the S-400 system, one of the units of the combined air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim |last=Ahmad |first=Zeeshan |date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] dismissed the claim, stating that all Indian S-400 squadrons are still functional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's claim of destroying India's S-400 missile systems false: Indian military|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistans-claim-of-destroying-indias-s-400-missile-systems-false-indian-military/article69560019.ece|access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Hindu|date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the Adampur Air Force Station on 13 May 2025, and posed in front of an S-400 Launcher, which the [[Indian media]] claimed to be fully operational. According to Indian media, his visit served as a rebuttal to Pakistan's claims, reinforcing that the missile system was intact and operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=PM Modi poses in front of S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Base days after Pakistan claimed it was destroyed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-poses-in-front-of-s-400-missile-system-at-adampur-air-base-days-after-pakistan-claimed-it-was-destroyed/articleshow/121134748.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Modi fact-checks Pakistan, visits Adampur, releases video & photo with S-400 in background|url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-fact-checks-pakistan-visits-adampur-releases-video-photo-with-s-400-in-background/2624167/|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Print|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at Paris Air Show 2015.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at [[Paris Air Show]] 2015]] '''Exercises'''<br> The PAF has deployed the JF-17 Thunder in a number of bilateral and multinational air exercises since the 2010s. PAF JF-17s have participated in joint air exercises with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) under the Shaheen exercise series since at least 2014, focusing on air combat training and interoperability.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 2019 and again in 2021, PAF JF-17s took part in the Turkish Air Force–hosted multinational exercise Anatolian Eagle, operating alongside aircraft from several participating air forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2019: Pakistani JF-17s among participants |url=https://theaviationist.com/2019/07/15/pakistani-jf-17-thunders-and-turkish-elint-sigint-c-160d-transall-among-the-highlights-of-anatolian-eagle-exercise/ |website=The Aviationist |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2021 exercise |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/12072021-anatolian-eagle-2021-exercise-pakistan-improving-defense-synergies-oped/ |website=Eurasia Review |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2022, PAF JF-17s participated in the Saudi-led multinational air exercise Spears of Victory at King Abdulaziz Air Base, flying alongside Royal Saudi Air Force Tornados, Typhoons and F-15s, as well as allied aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF participates in Spears of Victory exercise in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590236/pakistan |website=Arab News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> JF-17s continued participation in subsequent editions of Spears of Victory, including 2023 and 2025, with later deployments featuring the Block-III variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17 Block-III participates in Spears of Victory 2023 |url=https://www.facebook.com/ConnectedPakistan/posts/pakistan-air-forces-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jets-have-touched-down-in-az/1213837260779670/ |website=Connected Pakistan |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PAF excels in Saudi-led Spears of Victory 2025 |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/02/14/paf-excels-in-saudi-led-air-combat-drills-jf-17-block-iii-earns-global-praise/ |website=Pakistan Today |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2025, PAF JF-17 Block-III fighters were also deployed to Azerbaijan for the bilateral air exercise Indus Shield Alpha, marking one of the type’s longest overseas deployments.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17s arrive in Azerbaijan for Indus Shield Alpha |url=https://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/912872 |website=Dunya News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> '''Airshows'''<br> The JF-17 Thunder has participated in international airshows since 2010 as part of export promotion and military diplomacy efforts by the PAF.<ref name="ISPR-2010">Inter Services Public Relations, Pakistan Air Force press releases on JF-17 international exposure, 2010.</ref> Early public appearances took place at airshows in Pakistan and China, followed by displays at major international aerospace exhibitions, including the Paris Air Show in 2011 and 2015,<ref>Paris Air Show official exhibitor catalogues, 2011 & 2015.</ref> the Dubai Airshow in 2013, 2017, 2021, and 2025<ref>Dubai Airshow official exhibitor lists, 2013, 2017, 2021.</ref> and the Farnborough International Airshow in 2014 and 2016, primarily as static displays.<ref>Farnborough International Airshow exhibitor catalogues, 2014 & 2016.</ref> The aircraft has also featured at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition, including static and flying displays, with later editions showcasing the Block III variant.<ref>China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (Zhuhai) official programmes; Global Times aviation coverage.</ref> In 2019, 2022, and 2025, PAF JF-17s participated in the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT), in static and air displays.<ref>Royal International Air Tattoo aircraft participation lists, 2019 & 2022.</ref> The aircraft was also displayed at the [[World Defense Show]] in 2024.<ref>[[World Defense Show]] 2024 exhibitor directory; Saudi Ministry of Defense releases.</ref> ===Myanmar=== In July 2015, Myanmar ordered 16 Block 2 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] for approximately $560 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-06-15/jf-17-myanmar-seen-flying-china|title=JF-17 for Myanmar Seen Flying in China|first=Chen|last=Chuanren|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> In late 2015, [[Myanmar]] ordered 16 [[Klimov RD-33|RD-93]] spare engines from [[Russia]], which were received in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=SIPRI>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI Trade Register|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 December 2018, [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] disclosed that the [[Myanmar Air Force]] had received the first batch of JF-17s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters |title=Myanmar shows off Thunder fighters |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202527/https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters/ |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An official Myanmar Air Force video released on Air Force day showcased a number of JF-17s, both on static display and in the air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|title=YouTube|website=YouTube|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2021}} As per reports, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] is in possession 11 JF-17 Block 2s.[https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html] In May 2022, a PAF cargo plane supplied spare parts for the JF-17s of the Myanmar Air Force. In June 2022, it was reported that a team of 15 PAF personnel were scheduled to visit [[Meiktila Air Base]] in Myanmar to provide technical support for the Myanmar Air Force JF-17s, including setting up of a JF-17 simulator at Meiktila Air Base to train pilots of the Myanmar Air Force and to address technical issues relating to JF-17s that Myanmar Air Force was facing. However, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] has faced significant challenges with its JF-17 fleet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2022-11-25 |title=Technical Problems Ground Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Bought From China |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/technical-problems-ground-myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-bought-from-china.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref> By late 2022, the entire fleet of 11 aircraft was grounded due to severe technical malfunctions and structural issues, including cracks in the airframe (particularly wingtips and hardpoints), poor accuracy and maintenance problems with the Chinese-made KLJ-7 radar, malfunctions in the Weapon Mission Management Computer that reduced launch zones for beyond-visual-range missiles, unreliable avionics, and issues with the Russian RD-93 engines.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar raises issue of grounded JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft to Pakistan |url=https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Asia Pacific Defense Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farid |first=Ayesha |date=2025-05-18 |title=Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Grounded Amid Conflict and Maintenance Woes |url=https://www.bdmilitary.com/analysis/geopolitics-diplomacy/myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-grounded-amid-conflict-and-maintenance-woes/1082/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Bangladesh Military Forces |language=en-GB}}</ref> These problems rendered the aircraft unfit for combat operations, forcing the air force to rely on other platforms like MiG-29s, Yak-130s, and K-8s.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The grounding was exacerbated by post-2021 military coup sanctions, which restricted access to spare parts for Western-sourced components in the avionics and electronics. Myanmar lacked the local expertise to maintain or repair the complex systems, and initial attempts by Pakistani technicians in September 2022 to set up a simulator at Pathein air base and resolve issues were only partially successful.<ref name=":5" /> In September 2023, Myanmar raised the issue directly with Pakistani leadership, including Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Armed Forces chief General Asim Munir, expressing displeasure over the aircraft's performance. The Chinese government also intervened diplomatically due to its role in the JF-17's development. As a result, Myanmar reportedly decided not to accept the remaining five aircraft from the original order and explored newer JF-17 variants as a potential resolution.<ref name=":5" /> ===Nigeria=== [[File:Nigerian JF-17 fighter aircraft.png|thumb|[[Nigerian Air Force]] JF-17 Block 2]] In December 2014, during the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar]] in Karachi, Nigeria was reportedly buying between 25 and 40 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]]. [[Nigerian Air Force]] (NAF) chief [[Air Marshal]] [[Adesola Nunayon Amosu]] had visited Pakistan earlier in October 2014.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite web|title=IDEAS 2014: Nigeria 'close to signing up' for JF-17 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |date=2 December 2014 |work=Farhan Bokhari |publisher=Janes |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226110403/http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> Nigeria became the second customer in 2016 by placing an order for three planes. However, as the news reports value the deal at US$25 million, it is not clear if the item is misreported.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria to become first JF-17 export operator|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128011517/http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FG to spend N65bn on warplanes, weapons, others|url=http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106072634/http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-date=6 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A June 2016 article in [[Jane's]] re-affirmed NAF budget for 3 JF-17, 10 [[PAC Super Mushshak|Super Mushshak]], and 2 [[Mi-35M]] aircraft in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria waiting for US to approve Super Tucano sale|url=http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608130937/http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With a confirmation from the Nigerian Air Force shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|title=Official 2016 Nigerian Budget Confirms JF-17 Order|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=4 January 2017|work=quwa.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510134827/http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018 Pakistan approved of the sale and local Nigerian production of three JF-17s for US$184.3 million. The aircraft are rumoured to be of a later version than the initially agreed sale, providing more advanced systems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binnie |first1=Jeremy |title=Pakistan approves Nigerian JF-17 production |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025144735/https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |archive-date=25 October 2018 |location=London |date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamal |first1=Sana |title=Pakistan to sell three JF-17s to Nigeria for $184.3m |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |website=Gulf News |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143150/https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |location=Islamabad |date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 December 2020 the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]] rolled out the three JF-17A Block 2s for Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |work=defenceworld.net |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live }}</ref> They were delivered to Makurdi Air Base in March 2021 aboard Pakistan Air Force Ilyushin Il-78MP freighters and were formally inducted into the Nigerian Air Force on 21 May 2021.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=First of 3 Pakistani JF-17 Jets Arrive in Nigeria |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21" /> The NAF initially indicated that it might order another 35–40 aircraft if the type met its requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref> In January 2023 the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal [[Isiaka Oladayo Amao]], confirmed that the JF-17s had been used in anti-terrorism and anti-insurgency operations inside Nigeria.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> In early December 2025 the three aircraft were reportedly deployed to the [[Benin Republic]], where they conducted airstrikes against rebel forces during an attempted coup.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Nigerian Air Force deploys JF-17 jets to foil Benin coup attempt |url=https://timesofislamabad.com/08-Dec-2025/nigerian-air-force-deploys-jf-17-jets-to-foil-benin-coup-attempt |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> ===Azerbaijan=== In January 2008, Azerbaijan engaged in talks with Pakistan over JF-17's possible sale to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |title=Azerbaijan to buy JF-17 {{sic|aircra|fts|nolink=y}} from Pakistan |date=29 January 2008 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210111145843/https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |work=[[Azeri Press Agency]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]] negotiated with China for several dozen JF-17s worth approximately {{USD|16 to 18 million}} each.<ref name="news.am">{{Citation|title=China supplies FC-1 multipurpose fighters to Azerbaijan|url=http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|newspaper=News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124131/http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|place=AM|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Pakistani Armed Forces actively discussed military and defence cooperation with Azerbaijan, culminating in the latter expressing an interest in purchasing the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shahid |last=Hussain |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |title=Pakistan and Azerbaijan: Deepening a Mutually Beneficial Relationship |date=19 May 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200519204003/https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |archive-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 February 2024, Azerbaijan had signed a contract worth US$1.6 billion with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 multi-role combat aircraft for the Azerbaijani Air Forces including aircraft, training, and ordnance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan signs largest ever fighter jet sale deal with Azerbaijan |url=https://www.azernews.az/nation/222206.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Azernews.Az |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |last=AzeMedia |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan has signed the largest deal in history with Azerbaijan for the sale of fighter jets |url=https://aze.media/pakistan-has-signed-the-largest-deal-in-history-with-azerbaijan-for-the-sale-of-fighter-jets/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Aze.Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-seals-1-6-billion-deal-with-azerbaijan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets/|title=Pakistan seals $1.6 billion deal with Azerbaijan to sell JF-17 fighter jets|date=22 February 2024}}</ref> On 25 September 2024, the JF-17 Block 3 was showcased to the President of Azerbaijan on the sidelines of 2024 Azerbaijan International Defence Exhibition (AIDEX).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title=JF-17C multirole aircrafts presented to President Ilham Aliyev |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/jf_17c_multirole_aircrafts_presented_to_president_ilham_aliyev-3196886 |work=Azertac}}</ref> On 6 June 2025, the Government of Pakistan announced that it had secured a contract for the supply of 40 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft from Azerbaijan for $4.6 billion, which builds on an initial agreement signed between Pakistan and Azerbaijan in February 2024, valued at $1.6 billion, for an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 fighter jets, alongside training and armaments.<ref name="auto11">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2025/06/jf-17-thunder-breakthrough-azerbaijan.html | title=JF-17 Thunder Breakthrough Azerbaijan Secures $4.6 Billion Deal for 40 Pakistani-Chinese Block III Fighters | date=8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto18">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/06/08/how-armenia-might-respond-to-azerbaijans-jf-17-fighter-acquisition/ | title=How Armenia Might Respond to Azerbaijan's JF-17 Fighter Acquisition | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref name="auto15">{{Cite web|url=https://defence-industry.eu/azerbaijan-signs-record-4-6-billion-deal-for-40-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/|title=Azerbaijan signs $4.6 billion deal for JF-17 fighters|date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite web | url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/azerbaijan-expands-jf-17-fighter-jet-order-to-40-units-in-46b-defense-deal-3202511 | title=Azerbaijan expands JF-17 fighter jet order to 40 units in $4.6B defense deal }}</ref><ref name="auto13">{{cite web | url=https://www.turdef.com/article/pakistan-confirms-inking-of-deal-with-azerbaijan-for-jf-17 | title=Pakistan Confirms Inking of Deal with Azerbaijan for JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=7 June 2025 }}</ref> Deliveries of the initial tranche began in October 2025, with the aircraft arriving at Nasosnaya Air Base and undergoing familiarization before formal induction. On 8 November 2025, five JF-17s (four single-seat and one twin-seat), flown by Azeri fighter pilots, participated in Azerbaijan’s Victory Day parade in Baku, marking their first public appearance in Azerbaijani service. In addition, open-source images circulated showing a total of nine JF-17 Block III aircraft present in Azerbaijan around the same period without any national markings, consistent with jets observed during early post-delivery handling and marking transitions.<ref name="azeri1">{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Waldron |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/azerbaijan-confirms-jf-17-fighter-acceptance-with-baku-flypast/165245.article |title=Azerbaijan becomes fourth JF-17 operator with five appearing in Baku military parade |website=Flightglobal.com |date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/70546 |title=Military Parade dedicated to the fifth anniversary of Victory in Patriotic War was held in Baku |work=The Official Website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan |date=8 November 2025}}</ref> ===Potential customers=== ==== Bangladesh ==== In January 2025, [[Bangladesh]] announced an interest in purchasing the JF-17C Block 3.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2522416/bangladesh-shows-interest-in-jf-17 | title=Bangladesh shows interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/bangladesh-army-delegation-meets-pakistan-air-chief-expresses-interest-in-jf-17/ | title=Bangladesh army delegation meets Pakistan Air Chief, expresses interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> In January 2026, it was reported that Bangladesh was in formal talks with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17C Block 3 fighters.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/9/why-is-pakistan-selling-its-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-bangladesh-and-others</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-eyes-defence-pact-with-bangladesh-sale-jf-17-jets-2026-01-07/</ref><ref>https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/bangladesh-explores-jf-17-acquisition-to-replace-ageing-fighters/165876.article</ref> ==== Indonesia ==== ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that Pakistan is in discussion with Indonesia on selling the JF-17s to the latter. In January 2026, Indonesia’s Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin held talks in Islamabad with PAF Chief, Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu, during which a potential defence cooperation package—including the possible acquisition of around 40 JF-17 fighter aircraft, armed drones, and associated training—was discussed, though no binding agreement was announced at the time.<ref name="ReutersJF17Indonesia2026">{{cite web |first1=Saad |last1=Sayeed |first2=Ananda |last2=Teresia |first3=Ariba |last3=Shahid |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-indonesia-closing-jets-drones-defence-deal-sources-say-2026-01-12/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan and Indonesia closing in on jets and drones defence deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> ==== Iraq ==== [[Iraq]] has expressed interest in acquiring the JF-17C Thunder multirole combat aircraft from Pakistan as part of efforts to modernise the [[Iraqi Air Force]]. During an official visit to Baghdad on 10 January 2026, Pakistan’s Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu met with Lieutenant General Staff Pilot Mohanad Ghalib Mohammed Radi Al-Asadi, Commander of the Iraqi Air Force, where discussions covered bilateral air force cooperation. During the meeting, the Iraqi Air Force Commander indicated interest in the JF-17C fighter aircraft and Super Mushshak trainer aircraft in the context of training, capacity building, and defence cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan says Iraq expressed ‘keen interest’ in JF-17 jets at air chiefs meeting |work=Arab News |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628855/pakistan}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq eyes JF-17 fighter jets as Pakistani air chief visits Baghdad |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2586411/iraq-eyes-jf-17-fighter-jets-as-pakistani-air-chief-visits-baghdad}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq seeks JF-17 Thunder jets during Pakistani air chief’s visit |work=Business Recorder |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40401540/iraq-seeks-jf-17-thunder-jets}} </ref> ==== Libya ==== It was reported on 22 December 2025 that Pakistan reached a $4-4.6 billion deal with the [[Libyan National Army]], commanded by Khalifa Haftar, which controls eastern [[Libya]], for the supply of 16 JF-17s and other military equipment.<ref name="libya1">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/12/28/why-it-took-pakistan-so-long-to-sell-jf-17-fighters-to-an-arab-country/ |title=Why It Took Pakistan So Long To Sell JF-17 Fighters To An Arab Country |website=Forbes.com |date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya2">{{cite web |first=Liu |last=Zhen |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3337888/china-pakistan-warplane-deal-libyan-faction-may-help-expand-beijings-influence |title=China-Pakistan warplane deal with Libyan faction ‘may help expand Beijing’s influence’ |website=SCMP.com|date=27 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya3">{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Asif |last2=Shahzad |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-strikes-4-billion-deal-sell-weapons-libyan-force-officials-say-2025-12-22/ |title=Pakistan strikes $4 billion deal to sell weapons to Libyan force, officials say |website=Reuters.com |date=22 December 2025}}</ref> ==== Morocco ==== Morocco has shown interest in the JF-17, having invited a sales team to showcase it in the Marrakech Air Show 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 to Star in Marrakech Air Show|url=http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202010633/http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marrakech Air Show Invites Pakistan to Showcase JF −17 Thunder Fighter Jet|url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222014010/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> According to a local analyst, a potential acquisition by Morocco may be complicated by incompatible technologies; the JF-17 Block I and Block II have broadly different electronics suites and air-to-air & air-to-surface munitions than its current Western-sourced aircraft, such as the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F-1 (MF2000)]], [[Northrop F-5|F-5E/F Tiger II]] and [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to market the JF-17 Thunder to Morocco|url=http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426114618/http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Morocco has been engaged with Pakistan in January 2026 on the JF-17.<ref>https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/01/276273/morocco-shows-interest-in-pakistani-jf-17-jets-as-talks-advance/</ref> ==== Saudi Arabia ==== In January 2014, the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] was reportedly examining potential technology transfer and co-production opportunities for the JF-17. Saudi Deputy Minister of Defence Prince [[Salman bin Sultan]] toured the JF-17 project during a visit to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 January 2014|title=Saudi eyeing Pakistan's JF-17 fighter jet, modeled from U.S. F-16|work=World Tribune|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706041729/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2014|title=Saudi Arabia May Buy Pakistani-Chinese Fighter Jets|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726081849/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=8 November 2016|title=Saudi Arabia Reportedly Interested in the JF-17 Thunder|url=http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084500/http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=9 November 2016|website=Quwa Defence News & Analysis Group}}</ref> However, by 2023, this interest seems to have fallen through, with Saudi Arabia now interested in joining the Anglo-Italian-Japanese [[Global Combat Air Programme]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2023|title=Saudi Arabia pushes to join fighter jet project with UK, Italy and Japan|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/80e9bda9-f415-4076-9037-bd6b96e1169f|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported in January 2026 that Pakistan are in discussion with Saudi Arabia to convert around US$ 2 billion of Saudi loans to Pakistan into a provision of JF-17s.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Saad |last2=Sayeed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-saudi-talks-jf-17-jets-for-loans-deal-sources-say-2026-01-07/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan, Saudi in talks on JF-17 jets-for-loans deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>However It is reported that the US government has discouraged Saudi Arabia from aquisition of both JF-17's and [[TAI TF Kaan|TF Kaan's]], instead proposing sale of [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]'s to the Saudi Arabian Air Force. <ref name=":9">{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan | title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref> ==== Other countries ==== Countries including [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Bilal|date=7 August 2016|title=Pakistan offers JF-17 & Super Mushshak to Kuwait|url=https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422190117/https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|archive-date=22 April 2020|website=Quwa - Defence News & Analysis}}</ref> [[Peru]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Pakistan's JF-17 Is A Viable Alternative To The American F-16|url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|website=Wonderful Engineering|date=21 March 2019|quote=As of right now, Saudi Arabia, Albania, Morocco, Bulgaria, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Oman, Lebanon, Argentina, Algeria, Jordan, and Peru are evaluating the JF-17 Block III|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723081234/https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|title=Pakistan, South Africa sign agreements to increase defense cooperation|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|website=Dawn|date=27 March 2017|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023533/https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Uruguay]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demerly |first=Tom |date=9 November 2017 |title=Shopping for Fighters: Is the Chinese/Pakistani JF-17 Thunder the Real "Joint Strike Fighter"? |url=https://theaviationist.com/2017/11/09/shopping-for-fighters-is-the-chinesepakistani-jf-17-thunder-the-real-joint-strike-fighter/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Confirmed: Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet Has its First Buyer |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/confirmed-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jet-has-its-first-buyer/#:~:text=Numerous%20air%20forces%20are%20toying,the%20Philippines,%20Venezuela%20and%20Zimbabwe. |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> have shown interest in the JF-17.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article" /><ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2008|title=PAF gets six JF-17 Thunder aircraft|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045150/http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> In February 2026, reports appeared that the [[Somali Air Force]] was in talks to acquire 24 Block III JF-17s.<ref>https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalia-in-talks-to-buy-24-jf-17-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/; {{cite news|title=Somalia in High-Level Talks to Acquire 24 JF-17 Thunder Block III Fighter Jets from Pakistan in US$900 Million Air Power Revival|work=Defence Security Asia|date=19 February 2026 |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/somalia-jf17-thunder-block-iii-pakistan-us900-million-air-force-revival/|access-date=22 February 2026}}; {{cite news |title=Soomaaliya oo diyaarado casri ah kasoo iibsanaysa Pakistan |work=Hiiraan Online |date=10 February 2026 |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2026/Feb/wararka_maanta09-192820.htm |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> Somalia's air force has been inactive for many years. ===Former interests=== ==== Argentina ==== At the 2013 [[Paris Air Show]], officials from Argentine aerospace conglomerate [[Fábrica Argentina de Aviones]] (FAdeA) revealed that the firm had held multiple discussions with Chinese officials over a potential co-production of the FC-1/JF-17, for the [[Argentine Air Force]] (FAA); this was regarded as the first formal effort by Argentina to possibly procure, or co-produce the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter - IHS Jane's 360 |website=www.janes.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> FAdeA officials said that the co-produced FC-1 could be classified as the "Pulqui-III", with regard to FAdeA's [[Pulqui II|Pulqui-II]] fighter.<ref name="ja23j13">{{cite news|author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter|newspaper=Jane's|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 2015, following a three-day visit by [[President of Argentina|Argentine president]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] to [[China]], Argentina announced that it would consider purchasing around 20 JF-17s from [[Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group|CAIG]]; however the deal did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |title=China to Supply 20 Thunder Fighter Jets to Argentina |website=www.defenseworld.net |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216210452/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |archive-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nikkei|title=Argentina turns to China for arms supply|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|access-date=1 March 2022|date=9 April 2015|first=Kamilia|last=Lahrichi|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210140006/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|url-status=live}}</ref> The primary reason for Argentine interest was reportedly the aircraft's lesser requirement for parts of British origin, as the United Kingdom had barred any sale of military equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina since the [[Falklands War|1982 Falklands War]].<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url = https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2021/09/28/could-britain-stop-argentina-from-buying-the-jf-17-warplane/|title = Could Britain stop Argentina from buying the JF-17 warplane?|date = 28 September 2021|access-date = 11 January 2022|archive-date = 30 September 2021|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210930015257/https://www.defensenews.com/global/the%2Damericas/2021/09/28/could%2Dbritain%2Dstop%2Dargentina%2Dfrom%2Dbuying%2Dthe%2Djf%2D17%2Dwarplane/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |title=No KAI FA-50 for Argentina under the post-1982 embargo |website=aircosmosinternational.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129073505/https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Likewise, Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other aircraft, namely, the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to diplomatic pressure from the United Kingdom, given the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain British-origin parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|publisher=Flightglobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|date=3 November 2020|access-date=1 March 2022|first=Greg|last=Waldron|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{cite web|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|access-date=1 March 2022|date=21 June 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="defensenews.com"/> In September 2021, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] presented a draft budget for the fiscal year of 2022, which contained a request of USD $664 million for the acquisition of future fighter aircraft for the FAA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Gastón |date=21 September 2021 |title=The Argentine Ministry of Defense clarifies about the JF-17 Thunder |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Aviacionline.com |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015136/https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, multiple media outlets misinterpreted this action, erroneously reporting that the request for funds were for acquiring the JF-17 Block-III.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|title=Argentina hasn't selected JF-17 fighter? Govt clarifies budget request|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=1 March 2022|date=22 September 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015142/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]] (''Ministerio de Defensa'') later clarified that the JF-17 had not been selected, asserting that the FAA was still evaluating five other aircraft as possible options.<ref name=":3" /> In May 2022, a delegation of the FAA evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dubois |first1=Gastón |title=Argentine Air Force delegation evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |website=Aviacionline |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011548/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in October 2023, the United States approved the transfer of 24 second-hand [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16 Block-15 MLU]] fighters previously owned by the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] to Argentina, countering the Chinese offer; reportedly, the deal did not necessitate an approval from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/us-approves-proposed-f-16-transfer-argentina|title=U.S. Approves Proposed F-16 Transfer To Argentina|website=aviationweek.com|date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Following the inauguration of the [[Javier Milei|Javier Milei administration]] in Argentina in 2023, the decision to select the F-16 had reportedly materialised, leaving the JF-17 out of the contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airdatanews.com/argentina-chose-the-f-16-fighter-for-its-air-force-reports/|title=Argentina chose the F-16 fighter for its Air Force – reports|website=www.airdatanews.com|date=30 January 2024}}</ref> ==== Bolivia ==== The JF-17 was a candidate for the replacement of retired [[Lockheed T-33]] aircraft of the [[Bolivian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|title=Bolivia Air Force is looking for fighter jets|work=Air Data News |date=29 May 2021|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054044/https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Congo ==== In March 2023, it was reported that China was pitching the JF-17 to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |title=Congo is considering buying JF-17 Thunder fighter jets from China |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |title=DRC: China offers Kinshasa its fighter planes |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |title=China Offers JF-17 Jet to Congo-Kinshasa, Competing with Russian Su-27 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |title=DRC : Kinshasa eyes Chinese fighter jets after buying Beijing's drones - 14/03/2023 |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162519/https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Malaysia ==== [[Malaysia]] had periodically indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the JF-17 for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its efforts to replace its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MIG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in the JF-17 emerged in 2015, although this was later denied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=21 December 2015 |title=Malaysia Denies Interest in JF-17, But Export Hopes Remain |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2015/12/21/malaysia-denies-interest-in-jf-17-but-export-hopes-remain/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Defense News |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Benjamin David |title=The Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Might Have Another Buyer in Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121257/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2019, then-visiting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian PM]] [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohammad]] was accorded an aerial-display of the JF-17's at the 2019 [[Pakistan Day Parade]]; he was also briefed about the fighter by the PAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahathir Mohamad receives briefing on JF-17 before leaving Islamabad |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=23 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121254/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Malaysian PM Mahathir shows interest in JF-17 Thunder as he concludes Pakistan visit |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701072047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft — dubbed as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainer-aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/None |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender |url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=MilitaryLeak |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF later issued a [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|date=18 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17 was widely regarded to be a leading contender in the FLIT/LCA procurement initiative, along with the [[HAL Tejas]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|title=Malaysia formally launches tender for new trainer, light combat aircraft|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in October 2021, the JF-17 was revealed to have abstained from participating in the FLIT/LCA tender; later reports confirmed that only six companies had responded to the RFP issued by the RMAF - the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] ([[Korea Aerospace Industries]]), the [[HAL Tejas]] ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]), the [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]] ([[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]]), the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]] ([[Leonardo S.p.A.]]), the [[TAI Hürjet]] ([[Turkish Aerospace Industries]]) and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35]] ([[Rosoboronexport]]).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> The JF-17's unprecedented absence from the FLIT/LCA essentially ended all speculations regarding its participation in Malaysia.<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia begins evaluating proposals to replace fleet of Hawk Mk 108/208s |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Janes.com |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121256/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Socka |first=Sherman |date=1 December 2021 |title=LETTER {{!}} RMAF purchase of Light Combat Aircraft to bolster defence industry |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.aerotime.aero |date=20 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518000844/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, the JF-17 was reportedly re-offered to the RMAF, with an estimated price-discount of about 30%; however, these reports remain unconfirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumelar |first=Tri Agung |title=Saingi HAL Tejas di Malaysia, China Turunkan Harga Jet Tempur JF-17 Thunder hingga 30 Persen - Zona Jakarta |url=https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com |language=id |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110124301/https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF eventually declined to purchase the JF-17 and proceeded instead to order 18 FA-50 Block 20 jets in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|title=Malaysia buys South Korea fighter jets as ASEAN arms market grows|website=asia.nikkei.com|date=7 March 2023|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324012111/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Qatar ==== [[Qatar]] has shown interest in the JF-17 since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|title=Qatar Plans To Buy Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet, Super Mushshak Trainer|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=27 October 2016 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506212945/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, at Qatar's invitation, PAF JF-17s participated in Qatar's National Day Flypast in Doha alongside [[Qatar Air Force]] [[Rafale]]s and [[Mirage 2000-5]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|title=Flypast during Qatar National Day Hints at Doha's Interest in Pakistani JF-17|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192401/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the offer seems to have fallen through, with Qatar ordering a mix of [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]s and [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F15E]]s. ==== Sri Lanka ==== In June 2015, Pakistani media suggested that an export order had been confirmed with the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]; claims were made that the JF-17's first sales contract had been signed with the Sri Lanka Air Force at the 51st Paris Air Show.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka revealed as first foreign buyer of JF-17|newspaper=Want China Times|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623183730/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Wasim|date=22 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka purchasing JF-17 Thunder Jets|newspaper=Business Recorder|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623170033/http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Other sources claimed that Myanmar is the first buyer of Pakistani JF-17s.<ref name="Myanmar2">{{cite news|date=9 July 2015|title=Myanmar first country to purchase JF-17 Thunder from Pakistan|newspaper=Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|url-status=live}}</ref> Reportedly, the order would cover around 18–24 aircraft and deliveries set to begin in 2017. During a state visit by [[Nawaz Sharif]] in January 2016, Sri Lanka reportedly signed an agreement to buy eight JF-17s from Pakistan;<ref>{{cite web|first=Franz-Stefan | last = Gady|title=Sri Lanka to Buy 8 Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jets|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213252/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2016|access-date=7 January 2016|work=The Diplomat}}</ref> however, the Sri Lankan government has issued denials.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2016|title=Government says no JF-17 deal with Pakistan|work=Columbo Gazette|url=http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126211056/http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The alleged deal was said to involve 10–12 aircraft, each valued at US$35 million, for a total of US$400 million<ref>{{cite news|title=Following Myanmar, Pakistan is Eager to Sell More JF-17s|url=http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213105004/http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> Reportedly, any such sale was scuppered by Indian diplomatic pressure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian pressure stalls Pakistani JF-17 sale to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213040939/http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revealed: Why Sri Lanka Backed Off the Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215193957/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 October 2013|title=Pakistan to sell JF-17 fighter jets to SL-report|work=The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523103143/http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> However, in 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=9 January 2021|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref> ==== Zimbabwe ==== The [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] reportedly planned to purchase twelve JF-17s in 2004, as part of a $240 million deal with China. No such sales have materialised.<ref name="Rotberg2009">{{cite book|first=Robert I. | last = Rotberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|title=China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0175-0|page=174|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Africa and China's Global Activism|url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616192046/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|publisher=Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> In 2010, China was reportedly in talks about the JF-17 with five or six countries, some of which had sent pilots to China to undergo test flights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian fighter requirements continue to grow|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185036/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-date=21 October 2014|access-date=21 March 2010|work=Flight International}}</ref> ==مختلف قسمون== ===Prototypes=== In chronological production order: *'''PT-01''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plates]] on intakes. Rolled out on 31 May 2003. First flight on 25 August 2003.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/> *'''PT-02''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. *'''PT-03''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. First flight in April 2004. *'''PT-04''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with [[Diverterless supersonic inlet|Diverterless Supersonic Inlets (DSI)]] and modified vertical stabiliser. First flight on 10 May 2006. PT-04 incorporated modifications such as DSI, wider LERX, extended ventral fins, and a taller, less swept vertical stabiliser with a rectangular fairing at the tip containing electronic warfare equipment and small blister fairings at the base containing Missile Approach Warning sensors. The PT-04 prototype was primarily used for avionics and weapon qualification tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |title=4th Prototype JF-17 Thunder aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |date=11 May 2006 |work=Pakistan Tribune |access-date=21 May 2011 |location=Islamabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="APP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |title=JF-17 Thunder arrives in Pakistan |date=12 March 2007 |work=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022192508/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref> *'''PT-05''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. *'''PT-06''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. ===Production variants=== In chronological production order: *'''JF-17 Block 1''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production in China began in June 2006<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com" /> and in Pakistan in 2007. The first three Chinese weapons to be integrated are the [[PL-5|PL-5E II]] AAM, the [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] AAM, and the [[C-802A|C-802AK]] anti-ship missile. Block 1 aircraft had performed "better than expected" according to PAF [[Air Commodore]] Junaid. Production of Block 1 was completed on 18 December 2013 when the fiftieth aircraft{{mdash}}58% of which was produced in Pakistan{{mdash}}was delivered.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Dave | last1 = Allport | first2 = Alan | last2 = Warnes|date=September 2010|title= JF-17 Thunders in First Public Static Display | journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue= 269|page= 8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Rolls Out 50th JF-17, Block II Production To Commence |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |date=18 December 2013 |work=Defense News |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220054215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> A Block 1 JF-17 costs approximately US$15&nbsp;million per unit.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra" /> *'''JF-17 Block 2''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production began on 18 December 2013 and initial testing began on 9 February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|work=janes.com|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119230215/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Block 2 aircraft make use of composites in the airframe for reduced weight, air-to-air refuelling capability,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Roblin|first=Sebastien|date=10 August 2019|title=Meet the JF-17 Block III Fighter: The Jet China is Helping Pakistan Build to Fight India|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|access-date=23 July 2021|website=The National Interest|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002901/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|url-status=live}}</ref> improved radar and avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |title=Pakistan Begins Producing Block-II JF-17 Aircraft |last1=Panda |first1=Ankit |date=27 December 2013 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726080602/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="dawn" /> Chairman of PAC, Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed said: "We will hand over 16 Block 2 JF-17s to the PAF every year", and that the manufacturing plant has the capacity to produce 25 units in a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to boost military export with revamped JF-17 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |date=7 December 2014 |work=Pakistan Today |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172819/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> According to local media, PAC rolled out the 16th Block 2 aircraft in December 2015 enabling the JF-17's 4th squadron formation.<ref name="Fourth" /> A Block 2 JF-17 costs approximately US$25 million per unit.<ref name="SkyWars">{{citation | url = http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | title = Sky Wars: Pakistan, India and China | first = Adnan | last = Rehmat | date = 24 May 2011 | work = Dawn | access-date = 29 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122325/http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | archive-date = 14 July 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> *'''JF-17B Block 2''' {{mdash}} Dual-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 27 April 2017.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|title=Military Flight Training MENA 2021|website=www.arabianaerospace.aero|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154514/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JF-17B">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Naveed|title=JF-17B fighter jet takes maiden test flight|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|access-date=28 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142207/https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Serial production in China and Pakistan from 2018 to 2020. A total of 26 aircraft built - first four at Chengdu and remaining 22 at Kamra.<ref name="auto4" /> Its multi-roles include use as a (i) JF-17 conversion trainer; (ii) Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT); (iii) ground-attack aircraft; and (iv) reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|title=PAF to induct dual-seater JF-17B fighter jet in April 2017|date=28 April 2016|work=[[Express Tribune]]|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503202439/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the dual-seat, larger dorsal spine, and a more swept-back tail, another difference between the JF-17B and the JF-17 is that the JF-17B carries fuel in its vertical stabiliser, which the JF-17 does not.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|title=Pride of Pakistan|website=www.airinternational.com|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310041201/https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17B houses integral fuel tanks like the F-16. Each wing houses 550 Ib while the vertical tail houses 210 lb, which, together with the internal fuel load, totals 4,910 Ib of fuel. Together with the three external fuel drop-tanks, the aircraft can carry a total 10,000 Ib fuel load.<ref name="auto" /> The JF-17B Block 2s will be retrofitted with the NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra).<ref name="auto" /> *'''JF-17C Block 3'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/adex-2024-azerbaijani-jf-17-delivery-announced | title=ADEX 2024: Azerbaijani JF-17 delivery announced | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://quwa.org/pakistan-defence-industry/pakistan-promotes-the-jf-17c-thunder-to-bangladesh-01-20-2025/ | title=Pakistan Promotes the JF-17C Thunder to Bangladesh - Quwa | date=20 January 2025 }}</ref> {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 15 December 2019. Two prototypes underwent flight tests as of December 2020, one in China and the other in Pakistan. Went into serial production at PAC Kamra on 30 December 2020.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> Projected to feature further advancements such as a NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra),<ref name="auto" /> a three-axis digital fly-by-wire flight control system,<ref name="auto" /> an infrared search and track (IRST) system,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |title=2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |format=JPG |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221746/http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Rolling Thunder|url=https://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=Asian Military Review|date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208182445/http://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system produced jointly by Pakistan and China,<ref name="auto" /> a missile approach warning system (MAWS) similar to the one used on the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]]C, [[J-16]], and [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]], a new, larger, and thinner holographic wide-angle head-up display (HUD) similar to the one used on the J-10C and J-20, an enhanced electronic warfare management system,<ref name="auto" /> a chin-mounted hardpoint,<ref name="auto" /> use of more composites for further weight reduction, eventual replacement of the [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] [[afterburning turbofan]] by the [[Guizhou WS-13]]<ref name=":2" /> with an increased thrust, and a better thrust-to-weight ratio.<ref name="dawn" /><ref name="Nigeria" /><ref name="AW17March2015">{{cite journal|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=17 March 2015|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|access-date=24 March 2015|location=Kamra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322152346/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=22 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> The KLJ-7A can simultaneously track 15 targets and engage 4 targets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=KLJ-7A: Proposed AESA Radar for the JF-17 Block-III|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507114147/http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> PAF officials have described the JF-17 Block 3 as a "fourth generation plus" fighter jet. The first PAC-produced JF-17 Block 3 aircraft are expected to roll out of the production line in late 2021.<ref name="auto" /> The PAF has placed an order for 50 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft, deliveries of which were expected to start from early 2022.<ref name="paknikkei">{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|title=Pakistan to boost air strike power with 50 enhanced fighter jets|access-date=1 March 2022|date=6 February 2022|publisher=Nikkei|first=Adnan|last=Aamir|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084243/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Pakistan to Order 50 More Fighter Jets in 2017|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054055/https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 JF-17 Block 3 production aircraft were photographed after their rollout at PAC Kamra in early January 2022. The first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF in March 2023. '''Under-Development''' *'''JF-17 Block 4 or (PFX-Alpha)''' {{mdash}} The JF-17 Block 4 or JF-17 (PFX Alpha) is an under-development 4.5+ generation version of the JF-17 Thunder under the PAF "PFX" program, where "PFX" stands for "Pakistan Fighter Experimental." Also known as the JF-17 Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU), the project aims to enhance the JF-17 beyond the capabilities of the current JF-17C Block 3, which is the most advanced variant of the fighter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/pakistan-unveils-jf-17-pfx-fighter | title=Pakistan unveils JF-17 PFX fighter | date=26 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Reveals 'JF-17 PFX' Program |url=https://quwa.org/daily-news/pakistan-reveals-jf-17-pfx-program-2/ |publisher=Quwa |date=2 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Development Program for JF-17 PFX (Pakistan Fighter Experimental) Unveiled |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/development-program-for-jf-17-pfx-pakistan-fighter-experimental-unveiled/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The PFX-Alpha focuses on improving the radar, avionics, and integrating new air-to-air and air-to-surface munitions, including indigenous weapons. It will feature an indigenously-developed passive Infrared Search and Track (IRST) sensor and an electronic warfare (EW) suite with AESA radar-jamming capability. The overall goal of the PFX program is to provide the PAF with a next-generation fighter, with the PFX-Alpha serving as a key step toward indigenization and reducing external dependence. While no official timeline has been announced, a PAF official stated in an interview with [[Geo News]] at IDEAS 2024 that the jet is expected to fly within the next 4 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wec3sH9WMQ8 |title=JF-17 PFX: Upcoming Innovation & New Chapter in Pakistan Air Force - IDEAS 2024 {{!}} Breaking News |date=21 November 2024 |last=Geo News |access-date=23 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> At the [[Royal International Air Tattoo|RIAT]] 2025 air show, Pakistan showcased a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130H Hercules]] with a custom paint job featuring artwork of various PAF aircraft; notably, the PFX was depicted highest on the tail, symbolising the Air Force’s strong commitment to the program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=PAF Showcases JF-17, C-130 at RIAT 2025 in the UK |url=https://theneutral.pk/paf-to-display-jf-17-thunder-c-130-hercules-at-riat-2025/ |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=theneutral.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> ==آپريٽرز== <!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--> [[File:JF-17 operators.png|thumb|400px|موجوده JF-17 آپريٽر ملڪن (نيري رنگ ۾) سان نقشو]] === موجوده آپريٽر === '''{{AZE}}'''<br> * آذربائيجاني ايئر فورس: 5 پهچايا ويا، 35 آرڊر تي<ref name="azeri1" /> <ref name="azeri2">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/11/17/from-azerbaijan-to-uae-iran-is-surrounded-by-more-advanced-air-forces/ |title=From Azerbaijan To UAE, Iran Is Surrounded By More Advanced Air Forces |website=Forbes.com |date=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/azerbaijan-inducts-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan |title=Azerbaijan inducts JF-17 fighters from Pakistan |website=Janes.com |date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.defcros.com/azerbaijan-receives-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan/ |title=Azerbaijan Receives JF-17 Fighters from Pakistan |website=news.defcros.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> 35 on order<ref name="azeri2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://turdef.com/article/azerbaijan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fighters-in-inventory |title=Azerbaijan Shows JF-17 Block III Fighters in Inventory |website=turdef.com |date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aze.media/jf-17-and-a-new-axis-of-partnership-the-largest-ever-defense-deal-between-pakistan-and-azerbaijan/ |title=JF-17 and a new axis of partnership: The largest-ever defense deal between Pakistan and Azerbaijan |website=aze.media |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya1" /> '''{{flag|Myanmar}}''' [[ميانمار]] * ميانمار جي ايئر فورس: 13 پهچايا ويا، 3 آرڊر تي<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |title=2021 World Air Forces |format=PDF |editor-last=Hoyle |editor-first=Craig |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208041355/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-team-sent-to-myanmar-to-repair-combat-aircraft/articleshow/98640757.cms | title=Pakistan team sent to Myanmar to repair combat aircraft | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=15 March 2023 | last1=Chaudhury | first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** ميڪٽيلا ايئر فورس بيس<ref name="ReferenceB"/> '''{{NGA}}''' * نائيجيريا جي ايئر فورس: 3 پهچايا ويا<ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21">{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17s as it awaits Super Tucanos |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=21 May 2021 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191831/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** اين اي ايف بيس ماڪرودي<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |title=Nigeria gears up to receive JF-17s |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=13 November 2020 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121054653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17 fighters |website=Janes.com |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191832/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |url-status=live }}</ref> '''{{PAK}}''' * پاڪستان ايئر فورس: 161 پهچايا ويا، 27 آرڊر تي ** پي اي ايف بيس ڀولاري ([[ڄامشورو]]) *** نمبر 18 اسڪواڊرن شارپ شوٽرز (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref name="SHEPHARD"> {{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/pakistan-receives-chinese-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-reports/ |title=Pakistan receives Chinese JF-17 Block III fighter jets, reports say| access-date=10 March 2023|work=SHEPHARD |date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141819/https://timesofislamabad.com/03-Feb-2018/six-paf-squadrons-with-over-100-jf-17-fighter-jets-become-operational-fully |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|title=The JF-17 Is No F-35 Stealth Jet, But It's Good Enough For Pakistan|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=2 January 2020|website=The National Interest|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|title=Janes {{!}} Latest defence and security news|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Janes.com|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906153101/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="paknikkei" /> ** [[PAF Base Bholari]] (Jamshoro)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** No. 18 Squadron ''Sharp Shooters'' (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|title=Pakistan inducts 14 JF-17Bs and starts Block III JF-17 Thunder production|first=Hans van|last=Herk|website=www.scramble.nl|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231094256/https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Delivers New JF-17B Batch|date=2 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119112738/https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس مسرور ([[ڪراچي]]) *** نمبر 2 اسڪواڊرن منهاسين (2015)<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |title=Pakistan's PAF Re-equip Squadron No 2 Minhas With JF-17 |work=Asian Defence |date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121101129/http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 }}</ref> *** نمبر 8 اسڪواڊرن حيدرز (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-jf17-fighter-aircrafts/ | title=Pakistan Establishes Second Squadron of JF-17 "Thunder" Block 3 Fighters | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Scramble.nl">{{cite web | url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force | title=Orbats }}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس منہاس (ڪامرا) *** JF-17 TEF (ٽيسٽ ۽ تشخيص پرواز) (2007-2010)<ref name="AFM, July 2011, JF-17 - Thunder from the East">{{cite journal|last=Warnes|first=Alan|date=July 2011|title=JF-17&nbsp;– Thunder from the East|journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue=#280|pages=47–70}}</ref> *** نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن بليڪ پينٿرز (2011)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan" /> ** پي اي ايف بيس مصحف ([[سرگوڌا]]) *** CCS JF-17 اسڪواڊرن ڊيشنگ<ref name="Scramble.nl" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|title=JF-17 Thunder aircraft inducted in PAF Combat Commanders' School|work=Business Recorder|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223224329/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس [[پشاور]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/?q=node/16871 |title=Peshawar Base to station JF-17 Thunder Aircraft Squadron: Pak Air Chief |work=Asian Tribune |date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010004/http://asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F16871 |archive-date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> *** نمبر 26 اسڪواڊرن بليڪ اسپائڊرز (2010)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan" /> ** پي اي ايف بيس رفيقي ([[شورڪوٽ]])<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** نمبر 14 اسڪواڊرن ٽيل چوپرز (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|date=16 February 2017|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132631/https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس سمنگلي ([[ڪوئيٽا]]) *** نمبر 28 اسڪواڊرن فينڪس (2018)<ref> {{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|title=Pakistan inaugurates new fighter squadron – No. 28 "Phoenix"|date=28 February 2018|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123005402/https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|title=PAF raises new multirole squadron equipped with JF-17 Thunder aircraft|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025709/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|url-status=live}}</ref> ======موجوده آپريٽر====== '''{{flag|Libya}}''' * ليبيا ايئر فورس: آرڊر تي 16<ref name="libya1" /><ref name="libya2" /><ref name="libya3" /> ==حادثا ۽ واقعا== Since its first flight in 2003 and operationalization in 2007, five JF-17s have crashed in accidents: * '''14 November 2011''': A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in the mountainous Mullan Mansoor region of [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]] while flying from [[PAF Base Minhas]]. According to the official PAF report, the crash was caused by a technical malfunction. Pakistani news reported that the pilot, Squadron Leader Muhammad Hussain, ejected but was killed after his parachute failed to open, and that there were no civilian casualties reported on the ground. The pilot's body was discovered two kilometres from the crash site. This was the first known crash of a JF-17.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=DUBAI: JF-17 crashes in Pakistan's Kamra |date=15 November 2011 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=FlightGlobal |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054649/https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2011|title=PAF pilot dies as a plane crashed in Attock {{!}} Pakistan {{!}} News {{!}} Newspaper {{!}} Daily {{!}} English {{!}} Online|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/14-Nov-2011/pilot-dies-in-paf-aircraft-crash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216040156/https://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/14-Nov-2011/Pilot-dies-in-PAF-aircraft-crash|archive-date=16 December 2011|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Military Flair Up Between India and Pakistan See Both Sides Blaming One Another|url=http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Paktribune|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182541/http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pti|date=14 November 2011|title=Pakistan Air Force {{!}} Jet Crashes {{!}} Pilot {{!}} Punjab|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=oneindia.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182658/https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=18 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''27 September 2016:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during [[Pakistan military exercises#High Mark|Exercise High Mark]] in the [[Arabian Sea]]. The pilot ejected successfully and was rescued from the sea. [[Martin-Baker]], the manufacturer of the JF-17's ejection seats, later tweeted that the 15 September 2020 crash was the first ejection from a JF-17.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2016|title=JF-17 crashes into Arabian Sea|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162416/https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> * '''15 September 2020:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight near [[Pindigheb]], [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. The pilot ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=15 September 2020|title=PAF aircraft crashes in Attock during routine training, pilot ejects safely|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|access-date=15 September 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916183607/https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|url-status=live}}</ref> While the PAF did not identify the aircraft, ejection seat manufacturer Martin-Baker, whose seats are installed in the JF-17, said in a Twitter post, "a Pakistan Air Force JF-17 aircraft crashed earlier today during a routine training mission, the pilot ejected successfully," adding that this marked the first instance of an ejection from a JF-17 aircraft, which uses its Martin-Baker PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Jet Crashes, Pilot Ejects|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|access-date=15 September 2020|website=defenseworld.net|date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917084418/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''6 August 2021:''' A PAF JF-17B Block 2 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. Both pilots ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=6 August 2021|title=PAF jet crashes during routine training mission near Attock|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|access-date=9 August 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145129/https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin-Baker|date=9 August 2021|title=A Pakistan Air Force JF-17B aircraft crashed late last week on a training mission near Attock. Both aircrew ejected successfully from the twin seat aircraft using PK16LE Ejection Seats.|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811113709/https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News & Events|url=https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815093830/https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|archive-date=15 August 2021|access-date=15 August 2021|website=Martin-Baker|language=en-US}}</ref> * '''5 June 2024:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 2 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in [[Jhang District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. The fighter jet reportedly belonged to [[No. 14 Squadron PAF|No. 14 Squadron "Tail Choppers"]]. The pilot successfully ejected. The crash was reported by the manufacturer of the ejection seat of the aircraft, Martin Baker.<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/389360</ref> ==بيان ڪيل خاصيتون== پاڪستان ايروونٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس مارڪيٽنگ بروشر ۽ سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ مان ڊيٽا. ===عام خاصيتون=== * عملو: 1 (سنگل سيٽ JF-17A/C) يا 2 (ڊبل سيٽ JF-17B) * ڊگھائي: 14.326 ميٽر (47 فوٽ 0 انچ) * پرن جو دائرو: 9.44 ميٽر (31 فوٽ 0 انچ) * اوچائي: 4.57 ميٽر (15 فوٽ 0 انچ) * پرن جو علائقو: 24.43 چورس ميٽر (263.0 چورس فوٽ) * خالي وزن: 7,965 ڪلوگرام (17,560 پائونڊ) * وڌ ۾ وڌ ٽيڪ آف وزن: 13,500 ڪلوگرام (29,762 پائونڊ) * ايندھن جي گنجائش: ** اندروني: 3,000 ليٽر (2,449 ڪلوگرام)؛ ** ٻاهرين (3 ڊراپ ٽينڪ): 1 × 800 ليٽر (180 امپ گيل) *** پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ؛ 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) *** انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ * پاور پلانٽ: 1 × ڪليموف RD-93MA آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين (91.2 kN (20,500 lbf) ٿرسٽ آفٽر برنر سان) FDEEC سان (پوئين انجن: 1 x ڪليموف RD-93 آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين (84.4 kN (18,974 lbf) ٿرسٽ آفٽر برنر سان) # ===ڪارڪردگي=== * وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار: 1,910 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (1,190 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 1,030 kn) * وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار: ماخ 1.8 (Mach 1.8) * ڪروز جي رفتار: 1,359 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (844 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 734 kn) * اسٽال جي رفتار: 150 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (93 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 81 kn) * جنگي رينج: ** اندروني ايندھن تي 900 ڪلوميٽر (560 ميل، 490 ناٽيڪل ميل) ** ڊراپ ٽينڪن سان 1,741 ڪلوميٽر (1,082 ميل، 940 ناٽيڪل ميل) * فيري رينج: ** اندروني ايندھن تي 1,800 ڪلوميٽر (1,100 ميل، 970 ناٽيڪل ميل). ** ڊراپ ٽينڪن سان 3,482 ڪلوميٽر (2,163 ميل، 1,880 ناٽيڪل ميل) * سروس جي حد: 16,916 ميٽر (55,500 فوٽ) * ڪشش ثقل g حدون: +8/-3 (فلائيٽ ڪنٽرول سسٽم پاران محدود) * چڙهڻ جي شرح: 300 ميٽر/سيڪنڊ (59,000 فوٽ/منٽ) * زور: RD-93 سان 1.07. # ===هٿيار=== * توپون: 1 × 23 ملي ميٽر GSh-23 ٽوئن بيرل توپ * هارڊ پوائنٽس: 8 (2 × ونگ ٽِپ، 4 × انڊر-ونگ، 1 × انڊر-فيوزليج، 1 × چن) هر انڊر-ونگ هارڊ پوائنٽ تي ڊبل ايجيڪٽر ريڪ جي گنجائش سان. * پي لوڊ: 3,400 ڪلوگرام (7,500 پائونڊ) ===ميزائل=== * هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ ميزائل: ** PL-5EII — (انفراريڊ-هومنگ شارٽ رينج ميزائل) ** PL-10E — (انفراريڊ-هومنگ شارٽ رينج ميزائل) ** R-Darter — (ريڊار-هومنگ بيونڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) ** PL-12 (SD-10A) — (ريڊار-هائيڊڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) ** PL-15/PL-15E — (ريڊار-هائيڊڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) * هوا کان مٿاڇري تي مار ڪندڙ ميزائل: ** CM-102 — (اينٽي ريڊيئيشن ميزائل) ** LD-10 — (تابڪاري مخالف ميزائل) ** MAR-1 — (تابڪاري مخالف ميزائل) ** رعد-II — (سبسونڪ زميني حملو/اينٽي شپ ڪروز ميزائل) ** CM-400AKG — (سپرسونڪ ڊگهي فاصلي وارو هوا کان مٿاڇري تي مار ڪندڙ ميزائل) * اينٽي شپ ميزائل ** C-601 — (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** سي-705 ڪي ڊي - (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** سي-802 اي ڪي - (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** رعد-II - (سبسونڪ لينڊ اٽيڪ/اينٽي شپ ڪروز ميزائل) ** سي ايم-400 اي ڪي جي - (سپرسونڪ ڊگھي فاصلي وارو اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ===بم=== * غير هدايت ٿيل بم: ** 250 ڪلوگرام - پري ٽڪڙا ٿيل بم ** ايم ڪي-82 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** ايم ڪي-83 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** ايم ڪي-84 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** HAFR-1/HAFR-2 - (اينٽي رن وي بم) ** RPB-1 - (اينٽي رن وي بم) * گائيڊ ٿيل بم: ** GBU-10 - (ليزر گائيڊ ٿيل بم) ** GBU-12 - (ليزر گائيڊ ٿيل بم) ** GBU-16 - (ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** LT-2 — (ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** H-2 SOW — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ گلائيڊ بم) ** H-4 SOW — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ گلائيڊ بم) ** GB-6 — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ اسٽيلٿ گلائيڊ بم) ** NORINCO GB-250A — (250 ڪلوگرام ايڪسٽينڊڊ رينج GPS/INS-گائيڊڊ بم) ** CS/BBF1 — (فيول ايئر ايڪسپلوسو (FAE) يا ٿرموبارڪ بم) ** SCP-5 — (بنڪر بسٽر بم) ** NORINCO GB-500 — (500 ڪلوگرام ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** LS-6 — (وڌايل رينج GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ** GIDS تڪبير — (GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ** GIDS رينج ايڪسٽينشن ڪٽ — (GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ===ايويونڪس=== * ريڊار: ** KLJ-7A ايڪٽو اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (AESA) ** فائر ڪنٽرول ريڊار (FCR) * ريڊار وارننگ رسيور (RWR): ** 1 × BM/KJ-8602A * ميزائل اپروچ وارننگ سسٽم (MAWS): ** 4 × S740 شناخت دوست يا دشمن (IFF) * سسٽم: JZ/YD 125 * ڊيٽا بس: ٽيڪٽيڪل ڊيٽا لنڪ: لنڪ-17 * ٻيا: ** ٻاهرين پوڊ: *** Aselsan ASELPOD — ايڊوانسڊ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ (اليڪٽرو-آپٽيڪل ريڪنيسنس، نگراني ۽ ٽارگيٽنگ سسٽم) WMD-7 — FLIR *** ڊي/نائيٽ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ KG600/KG700 — ايئر بورن اليڪٽرانڪ ڪائونٽر ميجر (ECM) / سيلف پروٽيڪشن **جامنگ پوڊ *** اندرا سسٽم ALQ-500P — ESM/ECM پوڊ * مقابلي جا طريقا: ** چاف/فليئر ڊسپينسر ACMI: *** SDT ACMI سسٽم ** ايجڪشن سيٽ: *** مارٽن-بيڪر PK16LE صفر-صفر ايجڪشن سيٽ ** ٻاهرين ايندھن جا ٽينڪ: *** وڌايل رينج/لوٽرنگ وقت لاءِ 3 ٻاهرين ڊراپ ٽينڪ تائين: **** 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ **** 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|پاڪستان|چين|هوائي جهاز}} * [[غوري ميزائل]] * [[رعد ميزائل]] * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جنگي جهازن جي فهرست ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Aviation|Pakistan|China}} {{aircontent |see also= |related= * [[Project Sabre II]] *[[Guizhou JL-9]] <!-- Comparable/similar aircraft section removed because of edit wars - see talk page. DISCUSS on talk page and get a consensus to restore list first. --> |lists= * [[List of active Pakistan Air Force aircraft]] * [[List of Chinese aircraft]] * [[List of fighter aircraft]] }} ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Bibliography=== * {{Cite book |last1=Medeiros |first1=Evan S |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf |title=A New Direction for China's Defense Industry |last2=Cliff |first2=Roger |last3=Crane |first3=Keith |last4=Mulvenon |first4=James C |date=2005 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] Project Air Force |isbn=978-0-8330-4079-4 |language=en |oclc=69995886}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906183937/http://www.cac.com.cn/product/product_display.aspx?id=1 Archived Factsheet FC-1 on Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) website] * [http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 Factsheet JF-17 on Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jf-17 Thunder}} [[زمرو:JF-17 ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا جنگي هٿيار]] [[زمرو:سپر سونڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سنگل انجن وارو جيٽ جهاز]] [[زمرو:چين-پاڪستان فوجي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:وچين ونگ وارا هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:چوٿين نسل جي جيٽ ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] [[زمرو:پهريون ڀيرو 2003 ۾ اڏامندڙ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس پاران تيار ڪيل ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:واپس وٺڻ واري ٽرائي سائيڪل لينڊنگ گيئر سان هوائي جهاز]] kayhbdz81hwoowfmm4fcpmfot9w6uvs 371038 371037 2026-04-12T04:24:50Z Ibne maryam 17680 371038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sino-Pakistani multirole fighter aircraft}} {{Infobox settlement | name = جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر<br> JF-17 Thunder | image = File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg | caption = پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر بلاڪ 1 | type = سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز | national_origin = | manufacturer = | first_flight = | introduction = | retired = | status = | primary_user = | more_users = | produced = | number_built = | developed_from = |other_name=ايف سي-1 شياؤ لونگ<br> FC-1 Xiaolong|subdivision_type=قومي اصل ملڪ|subdivision_type1=ٺاهيندڙ|subdivision_type2=پيداوار|subdivision_type3=تعمير ٿيل تعداد|subdivision_type4=تعارف|subdivision_name4=12 مارچ 2007ع|subdivision_type5=پهرين پرواز|subdivision_name5=25 آگسٽ 2003ع|subdivision_type6=حالت|subdivision_name6=سروس ۾|established_title=بنيادي استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date=[[پاڪستان ائيرفورس]]|established_title1=ٻيو استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date1={{ubl |[[ميانمار ايئر فورس]] |[[نائيجيريا ايئر فورس]] |[[آذربائيجاني ايئر فورسز]] }}|established_title2=دلچسپي رکندڙ ملڪ|established_date2=[[بنگلاديش]]، [[انڊونيشيا]]، [[سعودي عرب]]|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=|established_date5=|established_title6=|established_date6=|established_title7=|established_date7=|extinct_title=|extinct_date=|subdivision_name=[[پاڪستان]] / [[چين]]|subdivision_name1=[[پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] / [[چينگڊو ايئر ڪرافٽ انڊسٽري گروپ]]|subdivision_name2=چين ۾: جون 2007ع<br />پاڪستان ۾: جنوري 2008ع|subdivision_name3=182 (اضافي 6 پروٽوٽائپ)}} '''جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر''' (JF-17 Thunder؛ اردو: جے ایف-۱۷ گرج) هڪ چين-پاڪستاني سنگل انجن وارو هلڪو وزن وارو سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز آهي جيڪو [[پاڪستان]] جي [[پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] (<small>PAC</small>) ۽ [[چين]] جي چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ ڪارپوريشن (<small>CAC</small>) پاران گڏيل طور تي تيار ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|website=www.pac.org.pk|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712224651/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|url-status=live}}</ref> اهو چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر آهي ۽ [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] (<small>PAF</small>) ۾ ٽئين نسل جي <small>'''اي-5'''</small> <small>'''سي، ايف-7 پي/پي جي'''</small>، ميراج <small>III</small> ۽ ميراج <small>5</small> جنگي جهاز جي متبادل طور تي ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. <ref name=":92">{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan|title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan|date=26 September 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|title=Pakistan's tool of war: PAF's rolling thunder|first=Ali|last=Osman|date=17 December 2015|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003037/https://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''جي ايف-17'''</small> کي ڪيترن ئي ڪردارن لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جنهن ۾ فضائي دفاع، زميني حملو، اينٽي شپ ۽ فضائي جاچ شامل آهن. پاڪستاني نالو "جي ايف-17" جو مطلب آهي "جوائنٽ فائٽر-17"، جن ۾ "جوائنٽ فائٽر" جهاز جي گڏيل پاڪستاني-چيني ترقي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو ۽ "-17" جو مطلب آهي ته اهو آمريڪي [[ايف-16 جيٽ]] جو جانشين آهي. چيني نالي "ايف سي-1" جو مطلب آهي "فائٽر چائنا-1". جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر مختلف قسم جا هٿيار استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو, جنهن ۾ هوا کان هوا، هوا کان مٿاڇري ۽ اينٽي شپ ميزائل شامل آهن. گائيڊڊ ۽ ان گائيڊڊ بم. ۽ 23-ايم ايم جي ايس ايڇ-23-2 ٽوئن بيرل آٽو ڪينن. چيني گيزو ڊبليو ايس-13 يا روسي ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 ۽ 2) يا ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 ايم اي (<small>'''جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 3'''</small>) آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين انجن ذريعي طاقتور. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار <small>'''ماخ 1.6'''</small> آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-032">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''جي ايف-17'''</small> پاڪستان ايرفورس جي ريڙهه ۽ ڪم جو هارس آهي. تقريبن اڌ قيمت تي ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن کي پورو ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002224809/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> بلاڪ II قسم جي قيمت 25 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-033">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي 2007 ۾ پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو هو.[[File:Pakistan JF-17 Thunder, Pakistan - Air Force JP7136023.jpg|thumb|انفراريڊ هومنگ - هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ - [[پي ايل-5 ميزائل|PL-5 ميزائل]] سان ليس - پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو JF-17 ]] <small>'''JF-17'''</small> ايئر فريم جو <small>'''%58'''</small>، جنهن ۾ ان جو فرنٽ فيوزليج، ونگز ۽ عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل آهن، پاڪستان ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته <small>'''42'''</small> سيڪڙو چين ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي آخري اسيمبلي ۽ سيريل پيداوار پاڪستان ۾ ٿيندي آهي.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2015ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان 16 JF-17s پيدا ڪيا.<ref name="The Express Tribune2">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، PAC وٽ هر سال 20 JF-17s پيدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت آهي. اپريل <small>2017ع</small> تائين، PAC PAF لاءِ 70 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ۽ 33 بلاڪ 2 جهاز تيار ڪيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220025305/http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="quwa.org2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex delivered 70 JF-17S to the Pakistan Air Force|url=http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609031529/http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-II production crosses 30 planes|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507071327/http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس جا JF-17 ٿنڊر <small>'''19,000'''</small> کان وڌيڪ آپريشنل پرواز گڏ ڪري چڪا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Two-Seat Variant of China-Pakistan JF-17 Fighter Jet to Fly in 2016|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060126/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016|archive-date=9 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾، پي اي سي/سي اي سي هڪ ٻٽي سيٽ واري قسم کي ترقي ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو جن کي بهتر آپريشنل صلاحيت، ڪنورشن ٽريننگ ۽ ليڊ ان فائٽر ٽريننگ لاءِ <small>'''JF-17B'''</small> جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|title=Pakistan, China jointly launch production of JF-17B fighter jets|date=28 April 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155526/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>JF-17B</small> بلاڪ 2 قسم <small>2018ع</small> ۾ پي اي سي ۾ سيريل پيداوار ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> تائين <small>'''26'''</small> جهاز پي اي ايف کي پهچايا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|title=PAC Kamra rolls out final 14 JF-17B fighters for Pakistan Air Force|website=Janes.com|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111103242/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان ايئر فورس هڪ فعال اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (<small>AESA</small>) ريڊار، هڪ وڌيڪ طاقتور روسي ڪليموف <small>RD-93MA</small> انجن، هڪ وڏو ۽ وڌيڪ ترقي يافته وائڊ اينگل هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي (<small>HUD</small>)، اليڪٽرانڪ جوابي ماپ، هڪ اضافي هارڊ پوائنٽ، ۽ بهتر هٿيارن جي صلاحيت سان جهاز جي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته بلاڪ 3 ورزن جي سيريل پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref name="auto52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 جهازن فوجي ڪارروائي ڪئي آهي، هوائي کان هوائي ۽ هوائي کان زمين تي، جنهن ۾ سال <small>2014</small>ع ۽ <small>2017ع</small> ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن دوران پاڪستان-افغانستان سرحد جي ويجهو اتر وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردن جي جڳهن تي بمباري ڪرڻ، <ref>{{cite news|title=Fighter jets bomb militant hideouts in North Waziristan after Taliban attacks|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031322/https://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA3">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> هدايت يافته ۽ غير هدايت يافته (guided) هٿيارن جو استعمال ڪرڻ، سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾ بلوچستان ۾ پاڪستان-ايران حد جي ويجهو هڪ مداخلت ڪندڙ ايراني فوجي ڊرون کي ڪيرائڻ، <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|title=Iranian drone shot down by PAF, confirms FO|date=21 June 2017|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072512/https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2019ع</small> ۾ جمو ۽ ڪشمير جي هوائي حملي ۽ هندستان ۽ پاڪستان جي وچ ۾ هوائي جهڙپن دوران آپريشن سوئفٽ ريٽورٽ ۾<ref name="auto82">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ <small>2024ع</small> ۾ آپريشن مارگ بر سرمچار دوران، جن ۾ پاڪستان ايران جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي]] اندر بلوچ عليحدگي پسند گروپن کي نشانو بڻائي هوائي ۽ توپخاني جي حملي جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو. مارچ ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2024ع</small> ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-<small>'''17'''</small> جهازن کي [[افغانستان]] اندر پاڪستاني طالبان جي ٺڪاڻن خلاف سرحد پار هوائي حملي ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Abid|title=Pakistan air strikes in Afghanistan spark Taliban warning of retaliation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/25/pakistan-air-strikes-in-afghanistan-spark-taliban-warning-of-retaliation|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> [[نائيجيريا]] جي هوائي فوج (<small>NAF</small>) جي ايف-17 جهازن نائيجيريا ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف ۽ بغاوت مخالف آپريشن ۾ فوجي ڪارروائي ڏٺي آهي.<ref name="auto22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> [[ميانمار]] جي فوج پڻ مختلف باغي گروپن خلاف پنهنجي <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي بار بار تعينات ڪيو آهي. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Anthony|date=11 January 2023|title=Myanmar Air Force fiercely gunning to win the war|url=https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/myanmar-air-force-fiercely-gunning-to-win-the-war/|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref> مئي <small>2025ع</small> جي هندستان-پاڪستان تڪرار دوران، پي اي ايف <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي هوا کان هوا ۽ هوا کان زمين تي ٻنهي ڪردارن ۾ جنگ ۾ تعينات ڪيو.<ref name="auto14">{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know | title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know }}</ref><ref name="auto16">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1w3dln352vo | title=Kashmir: How China benefited from India-Pakistan hostilities | date=19 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/09/china/china-military-tech-pakistan-india-conflict-intl-hnk | title=China has spent billions developing military tech. Conflict between India and Pakistan could be its first major test | date=9 May 2025 }}</ref> ==ترقي== === پس منظر === جي ايف-17 کي بنيادي طور تي پي اي ايف جي هڪ سستي، غير منظور ٿيل، چوٿين نسل جي، هلڪي وزن واري، گھڻ-رول جنگي جهاز جي ضرورت کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Aviation Week]]|title=Pakistan expands fighter force|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awst/2010/12/20/AW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|date=22 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105212255/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fawst%2F2010%2F12%2F20%2FAW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|archive-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> ته جيئن ٽئين نسل جي نانچانگ اي-5 سي بمبارن، چينگدو ايف-7 پي/پي جي انٽرسيپٽرز، ميراج III ملٽي-رول جنگي جهاز ۽ ميراج 5 اسٽرائڪ جهاز جي وڏي بيڙي جي متبادل طور تي، جنهن جي قيمت 500 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي جيڪا پاڪستان ۽ چين جي وچ ۾ برابر ورهايل هئي. <ref name="fighter-planes.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|title=Joint Fighter-17 (JF-17) Thunder|publisher=Fighter Planes|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901205431/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|archive-date=1 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> جهاز جو مقصد وڌيڪ مهانگو مغربي ويڙهاڪن جي قيمت-مؤثر ۽ مقابلي واري متبادل جي طور تي برآمد جي صلاحيت پڻ هئي. هن جهاز جي ترقي يانگ وي جي سربراهي ۾ هئي، جنهن کي چين جو "ايس ڊيزائنر" سمجهيو ويندو هو، جنهن چينگدو جي-20 پڻ ٺاهيو.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|journal=International Relations and Security Network|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005150/http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سال 1989ع تائين، آمريڪا جي اقتصادي پابندين جي ڪري، پاڪستان پروجيڪٽ سيبر II کي ڇڏي ڏنو هو، هڪ ڊيزائن اسٽڊي جنهن ۾ آمريڪي جهاز ٺاهيندڙ گرومن ۽ چين شامل هئا، ۽ چينگدو ايف-7 کي ٻيهر ڊزائين ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو هو. <ref name="Pakistan considers new fighter plan2">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Considers new Fighter Plan|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14–20 March 1990|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II|access-date=18 October 2009|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021154725/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II}}</ref> سال1988ع ۾، چين ۽ گرومن سپر 7 جو نو مهينن جو ابتدائي ڊيزائن مطالعو ڪيو، جيڪو چينگدو ايف-7 جو اپ گريڊ هو.<ref name="Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms2">{{cite web|title=Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|date=26 November 1988|work=Flight International|access-date=15 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021140123/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> سال 1989ع جي تيانانمن اسڪوائر احتجاج جي سياسي نتيجي کان پوءِ جڏهن چين تي پابنديون لڳايون ويون ته گرومن منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو. گرومن جي چينگدو سپر 7 منصوبي کي ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ، منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو ويو ۽، ان جي جاءِ تي، فائٽر چائنا-1 (ايف سي-1) منصوبو 1991ع ۾ شروع ڪيو ويو. سال <small>1995</small>ع ۾، پاڪستان ۽ چين هڪ نئين فائٽر جي گڏيل ڊيزائن ۽ ترقي لاءِ هڪ مفاهمت جي ياداشت (MoU) تي دستخط ڪيا ۽ ايندڙ ڪجهه سالن ۾ منصوبي جي تفصيلن تي ڪم ڪيو. جون 1995ع ۾، ميڪوئان "ڊيزائن سپورٽ" مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ منصوبي ۾ شامل ٿيو، ان ۾ سي اي سي پاران ڪيترن ئي انجنيئرن جي سيڪنڊمينٽ پڻ شامل هئي.<ref name="21 June 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Mikoyan joins Chengdu on fighter|work=[[Flight International]]|date=21 June 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212115/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> === ايف سي-1 منصوبي جو آغاز === [[File:Pakistan Air Force Pakistan JF-17 Thunder Bidini-1.jpg|thumb|left|<small>2011</small> جي ازمير ايئر شو لاءِ ازمير ترڪي ۾ هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1]] آڪٽوبر <small>1995</small> ۾ رپورٽ موجب سال جي آخر تائين پاڪستان کي ايف سي-1 جي ايويونڪس فراهم ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي ضم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ڪمپني چونڊڻي هئي جنهن جي <small>1999</small> تائين پيداوار شروع ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. چيو ويندو هو ته ايويونڪس ۾ ريڊار، انرٽيل نيويگيشن سسٽم، هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي ۽ ملٽي فنڪشن ڊسپلي شامل آهن. مقابلي واريون بوليون ٿامسن-سي ايس ايف کان ريڊار ڊاپلر ملٽي ٽارگيٽ (<small>RDY</small>) جي هڪ قسم <small>SAGEM</small> <small>ROSE</small> اپ گريڊ پروجيڪٽ ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ ساڳي ايويونڪس پيڪيج ۽ مارڪوني اليڪٽرانڪ سسٽم ان جي بليو هاڪ ريڊار سان آيون. ڪمپني جي پي اي ايف سان لاڳاپن جي ڪري <small>FIAR</small> جي (هاڻي <small>SELEX</small> گيليلو) گريفو <small>S7</small> ريڊار جي چونڊ ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. <ref name="18 October 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Pakistan nears FC-1 avionics decision|work=[[Flight International]]|date=18 October 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725044013/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> فيبروري <small>1998</small> ۾ پاڪستان ۽ چين ايئر فريم ڊولپمينٽ کي ڍڪڻ واري ارادي جي خط تي دستخط ڪيا. روس جي ڪليموف فائٽر کي طاقت ڏيڻ لاءِ <small>RD-33</small> ٽربوفين انجن جو هڪ قسم پيش ڪيو. <ref name="04/03/98 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=China/Pakistan signal intent to resume FC-1 development work|work=[[Flight International]]|date=4 March 1998|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725051043/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/|url-status=live|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> اپريل <small>1999</small> ۾ ڏکڻ آفريڪا جي ڊينيل سپر 7, اڳ ۾ رپورٽ ٿيل آر-ڊارٽر جي بدران, کي ٽي-ڊارٽر بيونڊ-ويزوئل-رينج (<small>BVR</small>) ايئر-ٽو-ايئر ميزائل (<small>AAM</small>) سان هٿياربند ڪرڻ جي آڇ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/|title=Denel proposes advanced Darter derivatives|last=Lewis|first=Paul|date=28 April 1999|work=Flight International|access-date=31 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725033628/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> اڳ ۾ <small>1987</small> ۾ پراٽ ۽ وٽني سپر-<small>7</small> منصوبي کي چين يا پاڪستان ۾ مقامي پيداوار سان ٽي انجن آپشن؛ <small>PW1212</small>، <small>F404</small> ۽ <small>PW1216</small> پيش ڪيا. رولز رائس پنهنجو <small>RB199-127/128</small> ٽربوفين انجن پيش ڪيو. هي منصوبو <small>1989</small> ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|title=FC-1 JF-17 western engine options|date=15 June 2012|work=Air Force World|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042701/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> جون <small>1999</small> ۾ چينگدو <small>FC-1/سپر 7</small> کي گڏيل طور تي ترقي ۽ پيداوار جو معاهدو دستخط ڪيو ويو. <small>GEC</small>-مارڪوني پاران هڪ مربوط ايويونڪس سوٽ فراهم ڪرڻ لاءِ بولي کي ڇڏي ڏيڻ کان پوءِ <small>FIAR</small> ۽ <small>Thomson-CSF</small> ترتيب وار <small>Grifo S7</small> ۽ <small>RC400</small> ريڊار تي ٻڌل ڪيترائي ايويونڪس سوئيٽ تجويز ڪيا. جيتوڻيڪ اڳ ۾ اميد هئي ته <small>PAF</small> جي سپر 7 کي پنهنجي نئين بليو هاڪ ريڊار لانچ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو.<ref name="14 July 1999 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=China and Pakistan agree on Super 7 fighter development work|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14 July 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526190707/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> <ref name="23 June 1999 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Marconi abandons FC-1 fighter bid|work=[[Flight International]]|date=23 July 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526184233/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> ملڪ جي <small>1998</small> جي ايٽمي هٿيارن جي تجربن کان پوءِ پاڪستان تي پابندين جي ڪري ايندڙ <small>18</small> مهينن دوران ڊيزائن جو ڪم تمام سست رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌيو. <small>PAF</small> کي مغربي ايويونڪس جي ترسيل کي روڪيو ويو. <small>2001</small> جي شروعات ۾ <small>PAF</small> جو فيصلو جهاز تي ڊيزائن جي ڪم کي جاري رکڻ جي قابل بڻايو ته ايئر فريم کي ايويونڪس کان ڌار ڪيو وڃي جيئن ته ايئر فريم ترقي ڪئي وئي <small>PAF</small> پاران ڪنهن به نئين ايويونڪس گهرجن کي ايئر فريم ۾ وڌيڪ آساني سان ضم ڪري سگهجي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20042">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> پروٽوٽائپ جي پيداوار سيپٽمبر 2002 ۾ شروع ٿي. نومبر 2002 ۾ ايئر شو چائنا ۾ FC-1/Super 7 جو هڪ مڪمل سائيز جو ميڪ اپ ڏيکاريو ويو.<ref name="12/11/02 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Airshow China&nbsp;– FC-1 mock-up revealed|work=[[Flight International]]|date=12 November 2002|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021150219/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/|url-status=live|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> ڪليموف <small>RD-93</small> ٽربوفين انجن جو پهريون بيچ جيڪو پروٽوٽائپ کي طاقت ڏيندو هو، <small>2002</small> ۾ پڻ پهچايو ويو.<ref name="Janes2">{{cite web|title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong|work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> چائنا نيشنل ايرو-ٽيڪنالاجي امپورٽ اينڊ ايڪسپورٽ ڪارپوريشن (<small>CATIC</small>) جي هڪ آفيسر جي مطابق, <small>JF-17</small> جي گهٽ قيمت ڪجهه آن بورڊ سسٽم جي ڪري آهي جيڪا چينگدو J-10 جي سسٽم مان ترتيب ڏنل آهن. آفيسر چيو ته، "ٽيڪنالاجي جي منتقلي (جي-10 کان جي ايف-17 ڏانهن هوائي جهاز جي نظام کي منتقل ڪرڻ) JF-17 کي تمام گهڻو قيمتي بڻائي ٿو".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese Jets Today at Bygone Price|url=http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1|date=23 November 2010|work=AviationWeek.com|publisher=Viadeo|access-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1|archive-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> <ref name="JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price2">{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|title=JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price|date=18 November 2010|work=[[Aviation Week]]|access-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ٺهيل ڊيزائن سافٽ ويئر جي استعمال <small>JF-17</small> جي ڊيزائن جي مرحلي کي مختصر ڪري ڇڏيو.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher|first=Richard Jr.|title=China's Aviation Sector: Building Toward World Class Capabilities|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=27 May 2010|date=20 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531214709/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=31 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> === پرواز جي جاچ ۽ ٻيهر ڊيزائننگ === پهريون پروٽوٽائپ (<small>PT-01</small>) <small>31</small> مئي <small>2003</small>ع تي رول آئوٽ ڪيو ويو<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com2">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ۽ چينگدو فلائيٽ ٽيسٽ سينٽر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو، جئين ته پهرين پرواز لاءِ تيار ڪيو وڃي. اهو شروعاتي طور تي جون ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ جو منصوبو هو. پر [[سارس ڪووي 2|سارس وائرس]] جي وبا جي خدشن جي ڪري ان ۾ دير ٿي وئي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20043">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> <ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com3">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> هن نقطي جي چوڌاري، نالي "<small>'''سپر-7'''</small>" کي "<small>'''JF-17'''</small>" (<small>جوائنٽ فائٽر-17</small>) سان تبديل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> 27 جون 2003ع تي چينگدو جي وينجيانگ ايئرپورٽ تي گهٽ رفتار واري ٽيڪسي جي آزمائش شروع ٿي.<ref name="Janes3">{{cite web|title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong|work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> پهرين پرواز آگسٽ <small>2003</small>ع جي آخر ۾، <ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com3">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> <ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter flies|work=[[Flight International]]|date=9 September 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143119/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ۽ پروٽوٽائپ جي سرڪاري پهرين پرواز سيپٽمبر جي شروعات ۾ ٿي. پروٽوٽائپ کي پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي نئين نامزدگي <small>'''JF-17'''</small> سان نشان لڳايو ويو.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20044">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> مارچ <small>2004</small>ع تائين، <small>'''سي اي سي'''</small> پهرين پروٽوٽائپ جون لڳ ڀڳ <small>20</small> ٽيسٽ پروازون ٿيون.<ref name="23 March 2004 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Flight testing the FC-1/JF-17|work=[[Flight International]]|date=23 March 2004|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102181806/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/|archive-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> 7 اپريل <small>2004</small>ع تي، پي اي ايف جي ٽيسٽ پائلٽ، راشد حبيب ۽ محمد احسان الحق پهريون ڀيرو <small>'''پي ٽي-01'''</small> پروٽوٽائپ اڏايو. ٽئين پروٽوٽائپ (<small>PT-03</small>) جي پهرين پرواز <small>9</small> اپريل <small>2004</small>ع تي ٿي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20045">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> مارچ 2004ع تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200 JF-17 جهاز شامل ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|title=PAC readies for assembly ramp up|work=Flight International|access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003434/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Model of JF-17 on display with two SD-10 and four PL-5E missiles mounted on wings.jpg|thumb|چين ۾ نمائش ۾ JF-17 ٿنڊر جو ماڊل]] ٽئين پروٽوٽائپ کان پوءِ، ڊيزائن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي بهتريون تيار ڪيون ويون ۽ وڌيڪ جهازن ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون. <small>'''RD-93'''</small> انجن پاران گهڻي دونھين جي اخراج جي ڪري، انجن ۾ هوا جي انٽيڪ کي وڌايو ويو. ٽيسٽنگ ۾ مليل ڪنٽرول مسئلن جي نتيجي ۾ ونگ ليڊنگ ايج روٽ ايڪسٽينشن (LERX) ۾ تبديليون آندي ويون. <ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com4">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> عمودي ٽيل فن کي ٽپ ۾ هڪ وڌايل اليڪٽرانڪ وارفيئر سامان رکڻ لاءِ وڌايو ويو.<ref name="Jane's Sino-Pakistani fighter improved2">{{citation|first=Robert|last=Hewson|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter improved|work=[[Jane's Information Group]]|url=http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002942/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml|archive-date=28 February 2007}}</ref> ٻيهر ڊزائين ڪيل جهاز ۾ وڌ ۾ وڌ ٽيڪ آف وزن ٿورو وڌي ويو هو ۽ چيني ذريعن کان حاصل ڪيل ايونڪس جي وڌندڙ مقدار کي شامل ڪيو ويو. تنهن هوندي به پاڪستان ايئر فورس پنهنجي جهاز لاءِ مغربي ايونڪس چونڊيو. سال <small>2005</small>ع جي آخر کان <small>2007</small>ع تائين پاڪستان ايئر فورس جهازن جي ترسيل کي ملتوي ڪيو. پاڪستان برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ اطالوي ايونڪس سوئٽس جو جائزو ورتو. جنهن جي فاتح جي 2006ع ۾ حتمي شڪل ڏيڻ جي اميد هئي.<ref name="27 September 2005 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Test flaws prompt rethink on China's FC-1 light fighter look|work=[[Flight International]]|date=27 September 2005|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624173043/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html|archive-date=24 June 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''PT-04'''</small>، چوٿون پروٽوٽائپ ۽ ڊيزائن تبديلين کي شامل ڪرڻ وارو پهريون، اپريل 2006ع ۾ رول آئوٽ ڪيو ويو ۽ 28 اپريل 2006ع تي پنهنجي پهرين پرواز ڪئي.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Graham|last=Warwick|title=Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets|work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/|url-status=live|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 20062">{{citation|title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]]|date=17 May 2006|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm|access-date=25 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm|archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref>.<ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 2006">{{citation |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm |access-date=25 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm | archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622681).jpg|thumb|JF-17 and their DSI air intakes.]] The modified air intakes replaced conventional intake ramps{{mdash}}whose function is to divert turbulent [[boundary layer]] airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the engine{{mdash}}with a [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] (DSI) design.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Graham |last=Warwick |title= Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets |work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |url-status=live | archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> The DSI uses a combination of forward-swept inlet cowls and a three-dimensional compression surface to divert the boundary layer airflow at high sub-sonic and supersonic speeds. According to [[Lockheed Martin]], the DSI design prevents most of the boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to two times the [[speed of sound]], reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms,<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Hehs |title=JSF Diverterless Supersonic Inlet |work=Code One magazine |date=July 2000 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124032509/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html | archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref> and is [[stealth technology|stealthier]] than a conventional intake.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> In 1999, developmental work on the DSI with the aim of improving aircraft performance commenced. The JF-17 design was finalised in 2001.<ref name="APP">{{cite news|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |title=50th indigenously produced JF-17 Thunder rolls-out at PAC Kamra |work=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115146/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Multiple models underwent wind tunnel tests; it was found that the DSI reduced weight, cost, and complexity while improving performance.<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI"/> For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing, PT-04 was fitted with a fourth-generation avionics suite that incorporates [[sensor fusion]], an electronic warfare suite, enhanced man-machine interface, [[FADEC|Digital Electronic Engine Control]] (DEEC) for the RD-93 turbofan engine, FBW flight controls, day/night precision surface attack capability, and multi-mode, pulse-Doppler radar for BVR air-to-air attack capability.<ref name="PakTribune1">{{citation|title=4th Prototype JF-17 'Thunder' aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |work=PakTribune (Pakistani news website) |url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> The sixth prototype, PT-06, made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006.<ref name="cnair">{{citation |first=Hui |last=Tong |title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder |url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm |access-date=2 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm | archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Following a competition in 2008, [[Martin-Baker]] was selected over a Chinese firm for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx|title=JF-17 Signing|date=September 2008|work=Escape (newsletter)|publisher=Martin-Baker|page=1|access-date=9 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403190614/http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx | archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:13-143 JF-17 PAKISTAN AIR FORCE LBG (18888092161).jpg|thumb|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 at the [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Airport]], Paris, France for the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]] ]] On 2 March 2007, the first consignment of two small-batch-production (SBP) aircraft arrived in a dismantled state in Pakistan. They flew for the first time on 10 March 2007 and took part in a public aerial demonstration during a [[Pakistan Day]] parade on 23 March 2007. The PAF intended to induct 200 JF-17 by 2015 to replace all its Chengdu F-7, Nanchang A-5, and Dassault Mirage III/5 aircraft. In preparation for the [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] of JF-17s, the PAF has upgraded several Mirage IIIs with IFR probes for training purposes.<ref name = "The News, JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief">{{citation |first=Mayed |last=Ali |title = JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief | newspaper = [[The News International]]|date= 31 March 2007 | place = [[Pakistan|PK]] |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 | access-date =23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> A dual-seat, combat-capable trainer was originally scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2009 Pakistan reportedly decided to develop the training model into a specialised attack variant.<ref name="IASC Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow">{{citation |first= Richard Jr. |last= Fisher |title= Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow |publisher= International Assessment and Strategy Center (IASC) |date= 20 January 2008 |url= http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |access-date= 6 August 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715131717/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |archive-date= 15 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |title=Avic, Pakistan Working on JF-17 Two-Seater |last=Perrett |first=Bradley |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007185528/http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |archive-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref> In November 2007, the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluations of aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology (NRIET), and the LETRI [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] active radar homing AAM.<ref name="Jane's&nbsp;— Chinese, French weapons for JF-17">{{citation |first=Reuben F. |last=Johnson |title=Pakistan considers mix of Chinese, French weapons for its JF-17s |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164219/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, PAC began manufacturing JF-17 components; production of sub-assemblies commenced on 22 January 2008.<ref name="paf.gov.pk, Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra">{{citation |title=Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra |publisher=[[Pakistan Air Force]] }}</ref><ref name="Dawn.com, Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra">{{citation|first=Yaqoob |last=Malik |title=Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra |publisher=[[Dawn News]] |date=23 January 2008 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154912/http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The PAF was to receive a further six pre-production aircraft in 2005, for a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft. [[Initial operating capability]] was to be achieved by the end of 2008.<ref name = "Jane's, January 2008, JF-17 production commences">{{citation |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |title=JF-17 production commences |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=24 January 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606051629/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |archive-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Final assembly of the JF-17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009; PAC expected to complete production of four to six aircraft that year. They planned to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and fifteen to sixteen aircraft per year from 2011; this could increase to twenty-five aircraft per year.<ref name="01/07/09 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Siva | last = Govindasamy | title= Pakistan begins domestic final assembly of JF-17 |work= [[Flight International]] | date = 1 July 2009 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |access-date=23 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103224634/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> On 29 December 2015, PAC announced the rollout of the 16th JF-17 Thunder fighter manufactured in the calendar year 2015, taking total number of manufactured aircraft to more than 66. Later, a PAF spokesperson said that in light of the interest shown by various countries, it has been decided that production capacity of JF-17 Thunder at PAC Kamra will be expanded.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia signed an agreement in August 2007 for re-export of 150 RD-93 engines from China to Pakistan for the JF-17.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian engines will fly to Pakistan|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|newspaper=Kommersant|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154851/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the PAF reported it was not fully satisfied with the RD-93 engine and that it would only power the first 50 aircraft; it was alleged that arrangements for a new engine, reportedly the [[Snecma M53#Variants|Snecma M53-P2]], may have been made.<ref name="New engine, Snecma M53 - defensenews.com">{{cite news|title=100 Countries Expected To Attend IDEAS 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=22 November 2008 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172647/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 }}</ref> [[Mikhail Pogosyan]], head of the MiG and Sukhoi design bureaus, recommended the Russian defence export agency [[Rosoboronexport]] block RD-93 engine sales to China to prevent export competition from the JF-17 against the MiG-29.<ref>{{cite news|location=RU |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |title=Russian combat aircraft makers fear competition with China |agency=RIA Novosti |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727082025/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |archive-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |title=Russia's Iconic MiG and Sukhoi Fighters Enter Competition with Chinese Clones |work=[[Pravda]] |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709180639/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the 2010 [[Farnborough Airshow]], the JF-17 was displayed internationally for the first time; aerial displays at the show were intended but were cancelled due to a late attendance decision as well as licence and insurance costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive |title=Farnborough Debut Heralds JF-17 Export Drive |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=19 July 2010 |work=Defence News |access-date=25 May 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103041128/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive }}</ref> According to a Rosoboronexport official at the Airshow China 2010, held on 16–21 November 2005 in [[Zhuhai]], China, Russia and China had signed a contract worth $238 million for 100 RD-93 engines with options for another 400 engines developed for the FC-1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia to sell additional RD-93 jet engines to China |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |date=16 November 2010 |publisher=Rianovosti |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021164151/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> According to media reports, Pakistan planned to increase production of JF-17s by 25% in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan to boost JF-17 production by 25% in '16|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010628/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Further development=== [[File:PAK Kamra JF-17 Thunder at PAris Air Show, June 2019 (2).jpg|thumb|JF 17 Thunder in [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan Flag Livery]] at [[Paris Air Show]] ]] Pakistan negotiated with British and Italian defence firms regarding avionics and radars for the JF-17 development. Radar options include the Italian Galileo Avionica's Grifo S7,<ref name="Grifo">{{Citation |url=http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | type = datasheet | title = Selex | contribution = Italian Grifo family | publisher = Sensors and Airborne Systems| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325204544/http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> the French Thomson-CSF's RC400 (a variant of the [[RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget)|RDY-2]]),<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower"/> and the British company SELEX Galileo's Vixen 500E AESA radar.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari">{{citation | last =Ansari | first = Usman | title= Thunder Storm&nbsp;– Pakistan's hopes for the JF-17 Thunder fighter | work=Combat Aircraft magazine | volume = 8 |issue= 4 |url=http://usmanansari.com/id16.html |access-date=11 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907034554/http://usmanansari.com/id16.html | archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In 2010, the PAF had reportedly selected ATE Aerospace Group to integrate French-built avionics and weapons systems over rival bids from Astrac, Finmeccanica and a [[Thales Group|Thales]]-[[Sagem]] joint venture. Fifty JF-17s were to be upgraded and an optional fifty from 2013 onwards, at a cost of up to {{USD|1.36 billion}}. The RC-400 radar, [[MICA (missile)|MICA]] AAMs, and several air-to-surface weapons are believed to be in the contract. The PAF also held talks with South Africa for the supply of Denel A-darter AAMs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |title= French-Led JF-17 Upgrade Likely To Raise Eyebrows |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |title= Will Westernized JF-17 Thunder Attract New Delhi's Ire? |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> In April 2010, after eighteen months of negotiations, the deal was reportedly suspended; reports cited French concerns about Pakistan's financial situation, the protection of sensitive French technology, and by Indian [[lobbying]], which operates many French-built aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |title=Paris bloque un contrat d'équipement français d'avions de chasse pakistanais |trans-title=Paris blocks a contract of French equipment for Pakistani fighter aircraft |last=Follorou |first=Jacques |date=2 April 2010 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406012337/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 |url-status=live }} [https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en Google English translation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313032215/http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en |date=13 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |title=France says arms sale to Pakistan held up |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215070013/http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref> France wanted the PAF to purchase several [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-9]] fighters from the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]], which would overlap with the upgraded JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris|title=Un contrat militaire avec le Pakistan bloqué par Paris |trans-title=A contract with the Pakistan military blocked by Paris | date= 3 April 2010 | publisher = Radio France Internationale | language= fr| access-date= 5 April 2010|location= France|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191726/http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, the PAF's Chief of Air Staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rao Qamar Suleman]], said such reports were false, stating: "I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government...someone was trying to cause mischief{{mdash}}to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want".<ref>{{cite journal| last= Warnes| first= Alan|date=July 2010 |title=On the edge&nbsp;– JF-17s, Tankers and AWACS|journal=Air Forces Monthly | type = magazine |location= United Kingdom |issue=July 2010|page= 54|quote=Reports in late March that the French Government was refusing to allow the sale of a Thales avionics system was denied by the CAS: 'I saw the report quoting unnamed sources or any French government official. I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government. I think someone is trying to cause mischief&nbsp;– to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want.'}}</ref> On 18 December 2013, production of Block 2 JF-17s began at PAC's Kamra facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 Thunder Block 2 Will be Ready till June 2014 |url=http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Pakistan Armed Forces News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134056/http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> These have an air-to-air refuelling capability, improved avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01"/> Block 2 construction was planned to run until 2016, after which the manufacturing of further developed Block III aircraft was planned.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|title=Production of improved version of JF-17 aircraft launched |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |date=19 December 2013 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605015123/http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |archive-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> In December 2015, it was announced that the 16th Block II aircraft had been handed over resulting in standing up of the 4th squadron.<ref name="Fourth">{{cite news|title=Fourth JF-17 Thunder squadron complete as PAC rolls out 16th aircraft|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177/|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406230211/https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 June 2015, Jane's Defence Weekly confirmed<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> that JF-17 Block III will have an AESA radar, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and possibly an internal infrared search and tracking (IRST) system.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | title = Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan | last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr. | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | archivedate=21 April 2016 | work = Jane's Defence Weekly | date = 17 June 2015 }}</ref> A two-seat version was also reportedly to be produced in Block III.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF to induct JF17 Thunder Block III in 2016|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513171122/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Unconfirmed reports claim that Block III will also have a better flight management system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder fighter jet impresses at Paris Air Show|url=http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503022238/http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Selex ES has promoted its next-generation cockpit as a possible upgrade of JF-17 Block III; this cockpit includes a new mission computer, an enhanced head-up display and contemporary multi-function displays, plus the capability for the pilot to use a single, large-area display instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Selex advances M-345 cockpit development|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530175651/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, despite Indian protests, Russian state-owned United Engine Corporation developed a new engine designated ''RD-93MA'' for the JF-17 fighter being built by Pakistan.<ref name="Russian engine">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=9 July 2020 |title=Russia confirms progress on new jet engine. Is it for Pak JF-17 fighter? |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html|url-status=live |work= TheWeek Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127072811/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html |archive-date= 27 January 2021}}</ref> ==ڊيزائن== [[File:JF-17 block 1 front view.jpg|upright|thumb|اڳيون ڏيک]] === مکيه فريم === ايئر فريم نيم مونوڪوڪ ڍانچي جو آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ايلومينيم مصر مان ٺهيل آهي. ڪجهه نازڪ علائقن ۾ اعليٰ طاقت وارو اسٽيل ۽ ٽائيٽينيم مصر جزوي طور تي اختيار ڪيا ويا آهن. ايئر فريم 4,000 فلائيٽ ڪلاڪن يا 25 سالن جي سروس لائف لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. پهرين اوور هال 1,200 فلائيٽ ڪلاڪن تي ٿيڻ وارو آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra2">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> JF-17s بلاڪ 2 وزن گهٽائڻ لاءِ ايئر فريم ۾ جامع مواد جو وڌيڪ استعمال شامل ڪري ٿو. ريٽريبل انڊر ڪيريج ۾ ٽرائي سائيڪل جو انتظام آهي. هڪ واحد اسٽيئربل نوز ويل ۽ ٻه مکيه انڊر ڪيريج سان. هائيڊولڪ بريڪ ۾ هڪ خودڪار اينٽي اسڪڊ سسٽم آهي. انليٽس جي پوزيشن ۽ شڪل حملي جي اعليٰ زاوين سان لاڳاپيل مشقن دوران جيٽ انجن کي گهربل هوا جي وهڪري ڏيڻ لاءِ ٺهيل آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra3">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> وچ ۾ لڳل ونگ ڪراپڊ ڊيلٽا ترتيب جا آهن. ونگ روٽ جي ويجهو <small>LERX</small> آهن. جيڪي هڪ وورٽيڪس پيدا ڪن ٿا. جيڪو حملي جي اعليٰ زاوين سان لاڳاپيل مشقن دوران ونگ کي اضافي لفٽ فراهم ڪري ٿو. هڪ روايتي ٽرائي-پلين ايمپينيج ترتيب شامل ڪئي وئي آهي. آل-موونگ اسٽيبليٽرز، سنگل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر، رڊر، ۽ ٽوئن وينٽرل فينز سان. فلائيٽ ڪنٽرول سسٽم (<small>FCS</small>) ۾ روايتي ڪنٽرول شامل آهن. ياو ۽ رول محور ۾ استحڪام وڌائڻ سان ۽ پچ محور ۾ هڪ ڊجيٽل فلائي بائي وائر (<small>FBW</small>) سسٽم موڙ جي ڪارڪردگي کي وڌائڻ لاءِ مينيوورنگ دوران ليڊنگ-ايج فليپس ۽ ٽريلنگ ايج فليپس خودڪار طريقي سان ترتيب ڏنل آهن.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra4">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سيريل پروڊڪشن جهاز جي FCS ۾ رپورٽ ڪئي وئي آهي ته پچ محور ۾ هڪ ڊجيٽل ڪواڊروپلڪس (ڪواڊ-ريڊنڊنٽ) FBW سسٽم آهي. ۽ رول ۽ ياو محور ۾ هڪ ڊپلڪس (ڊبل-ريڊنڊنٽ) FBW سسٽم آهي.<ref name="cnair2">{{citation|first=Hui|last=Tong|title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder|url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm|access-date=2 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm|archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> 3,400 lb (1,500 ڪلوگرام) تائين آرڊيننس، سامان، ۽ ايندھن کي هارڊ پوائنٽس جي هيٺان نصب ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جن مان ٻه ونگ-ٽپس تي آهن، چار ونگ هيٺ آهن ۽ هڪ فيوزليج هيٺ آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra5">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> === ڪاڪ پِٽ === [[File:JF-17 Block 1 cockpit.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 HUD]] The aircraft has three large Multifunction Colour Displays (MFD) and smart Heads-Up Display (HUD) with built-in symbol generation capability. A [[center stick]] is used for [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll]] control while [[Aircraft rudder|rudder pedals]] control yaw. A throttle is located to the left of the pilot. The cockpit incorporates [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on a Martin-Baker Mk-16LE [[zero-zero ejection seat]]. The cockpit incorporates an [[electronic flight instrument system]] (EFIS) and a wide-angle, holographic head-up display (HUD), which has a minimum total field of view of 25 degrees. The EFIS comprises three color multi-function displays, providing basic flight information, tactical information, and information on the engine, fuel, electrical, hydraulics, flight control, and environment control systems. The HUD and MFD can be configured to show any available information. Each MFD is {{cvt|20.3|cm|inch|1}} wide and {{cvt|30.5|cm|inch|1}} tall and is arranged side by side in [[page orientation|portrait orientation]]. The central MFD is placed lowest to accommodate a control panel between it and the HUD.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Avionics=== [[File:JF-17 cockpit.webp|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 cockpit avionics display]] The avionics software incorporates the concept of [[open architecture]]. Instead of the military-optimised [[Ada (programming language)|Ada programming language]], the software is written using the popular [[C++|C++ programming language]], enabling the use of the numerous civilian programmers available.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article">{{citation|title=Stuck in Sichuan: Pakistani JF-17 Program Grounded? No|date=January 2007|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|work=Defense Industry Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft also includes a health and usage monitoring system, and automatic test equipment.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf |title=8011-Ai760Datasheet.qxd |access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021927/http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=May 2021}} The JF-17 has a [[defensive aids system]] (DAS) composed of various integrated sub-systems. A [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) provides data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars, and an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin interferes with enemy radars. The EW suite is also linked to a [[Missile Approach Warning]] (MAW) system to defend against radar-guided missiles. The MAW system uses several optical sensors across the airframe to detect the rocket motors of missiles across a 360-degree coverage.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Data from the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is shown on cockpit displays and the HUD. A countermeasures dispensing system releases [[flare (countermeasure)|decoy flares]] and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] to help evade hostile radar and missiles. The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar-jamming pod that will be carried externally on a [[hardpoint]].<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The first forty-two PAF production aircraft are equipped with the [[KLJ-7|NRIET KLJ-7]] radar,<ref name="Milavia.net 2007 news report">{{citation |date=23 March 2007 |title=JF-17 Arrived in Pakistan |work=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |publisher=MILAVIA.net |url=http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |access-date=31 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218082338/http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=18 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7">{{citation |title=KLJ-7/10 Fire Control Radar (FCR) (China), Airborne radar systems |work=Jane's Avionics |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=19 January 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002180132/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> a variant of the KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) and also used on the Chengdu J-10. Multiple modes can manage the surveillance and engagement of up to forty air, ground, and sea targets; the [[Track while scan|track-while-scan]] mode can track up to ten targets at BVR and can engage two simultaneously with [[Air-to-air missile#Radar guidance|radar-homing AAMs]]. The operation range for targets with a [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) of {{Convert|5|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} is stated to be ≥ {{Convert|105|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-up mode and ≥ {{Convert|85|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-down mode.<ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7"/><ref name="Jane's, NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements">{{citation |title=China's NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=7 April 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html |access-date=6 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820152019/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html | archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> A [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) pod for low-level navigation and [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) system for passive targeting can also be integrated;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> the JF-17 Block 2 is believed to incorporate an IRST.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In April 2016, Air Marshal Muhammad Ashfaque Arain said that, "JF-17 needs a targeting pod, as the jets' usefulness in current operations was limited due to lack of precision targeting. To fulfill this gap the Air Force was interested in buying the Thales-made Damocles, a third-generation targeting pod; which was a priority."<ref>{{cite news|date=7 April 2016|title=Interview: Pakistan wants air force upgrade for prolonged militant fight|newspaper=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|url-status=dead|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420160318/http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[ASELSAN|Aselsans]] ASELPOD was tested and successfully integrated with the JF-17 and Pakistan has subsequently purchased at least eight [[targeting pod]]s from Aselsan.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Tests Turkish Targeting Pod|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235159/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|archive-date=6 December 2018|access-date=6 December 2018|website=defense-aerospace.com}}</ref> This integration has significantly enhanced the JF-17 platform's ability to launch precision strikes. A helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by [[Luoyang]] Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre of [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China|AVIC]] was developed in parallel with the JF-17; it was first tested on Prototype 04 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|title=图文：枭龙04飞行员新头盔_新浪军事_新浪网|work=sina.com.cn|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101520/http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=Strategycenter.net |date=30 December 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> It was dubbed as EO HMS, (Electro-Optical Helmet Mounted Sight) and was first revealed to the public in 2008 at the 7th [[Zhuhai Airshow]], where a partial mock-up was on display.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The HMS tracks the pilot's head and eye movements to guide missiles towards the pilot's visual target.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} An externally carried day/night [[laser designator]] [[targeting pod]] may be integrated with the avionics to guide [[laser-guided bomb]]s (LGBs).<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> An extra [[hardpoint]] may be added under the starboard air intake, opposite the cannon, for such pods. To reduce the numbers of targeting pods required, the aircraft's [[tactical data link]] can transmit target data to other aircraft not equipped with targeting pods.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} The communication systems comprise two [[VHF]]/[[UHF]] radios; the VHF radio has the capacity for [[VHF Data Link|data linking]] for communication with ground control centers, [[airborne early warning and control]] aircraft and combat aircraft with compatible data links for [[network-centric warfare]], and improved [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite web|title=VHF air-ground Digital Link |url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |publisher=etsi.org |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206100741/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref> The aircraft uses [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLGs]] along with [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] for navigation. The aircraft is equipped with an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] [[Transponder]] which allows it to differentiate between friendly aircraft and enemy aircraft. The [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]] aids in aerial combat for manoeuvring.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} ===Engine=== The first two blocks of JF-17 is powered by a single Russian RD-93 [[turbofan]] engine, which is a variant of the [[Klimov RD-33]] engine used on the [[MiG-29]] fighter. The engine gives more [[thrust]] and significantly [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|lower specific fuel consumption]] than [[turbojet]] engines fitted to older combat aircraft being replaced by the JF-17. The advantages of using a single engine are a reduction in maintenance time and cost when compared to twin-engined fighters. A [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] of 0.99 can be achieved with full internal fuel tanks and no external payload. The engine's air supply is provided by two bifurcated air inlets (see [[JF-17 Thunder#Airframe and cockpit|airframe]] section).<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan">[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ "Pakistan & China's JF-17 Fighter Program."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ |date=20 October 2013 }} ''Defense Industry Daily'', 14 November 2011</ref> The RD-93 is known to produce smoke trails.<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan"/> The [[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Guizhou Aero Engine Group]] has been developing a new turbofan engine, the [[Guizhou WS-13|WS-13 ''Taishan'']], since 2000 to replace the RD-93. It is based on the RD-33 and incorporates new technologies to boost performance and reliability. A thrust output of {{Convert|80 to 86.36|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}}, a lifespan of 2,200 hours, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 8.7 are expected. An improved version of the WS-13, developing a thrust of around {{Convert|100|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}} (22,450&nbsp;lb), is also reportedly under development.<ref name="October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace">{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center |date=30 December 2009 |first=Richard Jr. |last=Fisher |access-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> During the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]], it was announced that flight testing of a JF-17 equipped with the WS-13 engine had begun.<ref name="janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|title=Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan|work=Jane's|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, a representative of PAC said that Pakistan would continue to use the RD-93 engine on their fighters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |title=Pakistan to Stick With Russian Engine for JF-17 Fighter Jet |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=25 November 2015 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=IHS |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125095855/https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local media reports in January 2016 said that Russia was planning to sell engines for JF-17 directly to Pakistan.<ref>{{citation|title=Moscow makes a move when US loosens the noose|date=25 January 2016|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051408/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a PAC representative, Pakistan is looking to collaborate with Russia in developing and repairing engines.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ===Fuel system=== The fuel system comprises internal fuel tanks located in the wings and fuselage with a capacity of {{Convert|2330|kg|lb|abbr=on}}; they are refuelled through a single point pressure refuelling system (see [[Aircraft fuel system#Turbine fuel system|turbine fuel systems]]). Internal fuel storage can be supplemented by external fuel tanks. One {{convert|800|litre|impgal|adj=on}} [[drop tank]] can be mounted on the aircraft's centerline hard point under the fuselage and two 800-litre or {{convert|1110|litre|impgal|adj=on}} drop tanks can be mounted on the two inboard under-wing hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The fuel system is compatible with [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling (IFR)]], allowing tanker aircraft to refuel inflight, and increasing its range and loitering time significantly. All production aircraft for the PAF are to be fitted with IFR probes.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In June 2013, PAF Air Chief Marshal [[Tahir Rafique Butt]] said ground tests on the JF-17's refuelling probes had been successfully completed and the first mid-air refuelling operations would commence that summer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bokhari|first=Farhan|title=Pakistani JF-17 to start mid-air refuelling by end of summer|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=10 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer|access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107021555/http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer | archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622777).jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder with its weapons]] [[File:Pakistan Air Force, 12-139, Chengdu JF-17 Thunder (49579395248).jpg|thumb|Thunder with weapons]] ===Armaments=== The JF-17 can be armed with up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of air-to-air and [[air-to-ground weaponry]], and other equipment mounted externally on the aircraft's seven hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> One hardpoint is located under the fuselage between the main landing gear, two are underneath each wing, and one is at each wing-tip. All seven hardpoints communicate via a [[MIL-STD-1760]] data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System,<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> which is stated to be capable of integration with weaponry of any origin.<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower">{{citation|first=Usman |last=Ansari |title=Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower |work=[[Defense News]] |date=9 February 2009 |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3938427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230020953/http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/02/pakistan-surmounts-western-sanctions-to.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 }}</ref> Internal armament comprises one {{Convert|23|mm|inch|abbr=on}} GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon mounted under the [[port (nautical)|port side]] air intake, which can be replaced with a {{Convert|30|mm|inch|abbr=on}} [[GSh-30-2]] twin-barrel cannon.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com">{{cite web | work=Sino Defence | title= FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp |access-date=11 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp | archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|title=MILAVIA Aircraft – Chengdu FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Specifications|first=Niels | last = Hillebrand|work=milavia.net|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031225/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The wing-tip hard-points are typically occupied by short range infra-red homing AAMs. Many combinations of ordnance and equipment such as [[targeting pods]] can be carried on the under-wing and under-fuselage hard-points. Underwing hard-points can be fitted with [[Hard point#Ejector racks|multiple ejector racks]], allowing each hard-point to carry two {{Convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} unguided bombs or LGBs{{mdash}}[[Mk.82]] or [[GBU-12]].<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Active radar homing BVR AAMs can be integrated with the radar and data-link for mid-course updates. The aircraft can carry the [[PL-12|PL-12/SD-10]] along with the [[PL-5]]E and [[PL-9]]C Short range, infra-red homing missiles. The more advanced [[PL-10]]E High-Off Bore Sight missiles were integrated into the aircraft in April 2021, operated Within Visual Range using the HMD/S. With the Block 3 variant of the JF-17, the ability to fit and operate the [[PL-15]]E, the most advanced BVR missile developed by China for export with a claimed operating range of 145&nbsp;km, is also integrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's Production of Latest JF-17 Block 3 Variant Reaches 30 Units |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistans-production-of-latest-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jets-nears-30-units-2/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Unguided air-to-ground weaponry includes rocket pods, [[Unguided bomb|gravity bombs]] and [[Matra Durandal]] anti-runway munitions. [[Precision-guided munition]]s such as LGBs and [[Precision-guided munition#Satellite-guided weapons|satellite-guided bombs]] are also compatible with the JF-17, as are other guided weapons such as [[anti-ship missile]]s and [[anti-radiation missile]]s.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Pakistan planned to bring the Brazilian [[MAR-1]] anti-radiation missile into service on its JF-17 fleet in 2014.<ref name="janes mar1">{{cite journal|last=Hewson|first=Robert|date=17 April 2013|title=Mectron's MAR-1 to be operational in Pakistan next year|url=http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072717/http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> ==آپريشنل تاريخ== ===Pakistan=== [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 flies in front of the 26,660 ft high [[Nanga Parbat]]]] Small batch production of the single-seat, single-engine JF-17s began in China in June 2006. The first two small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered on 2 March 2007 and first flew in Pakistan on 10 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6854&Cat=13&dt=3/21/2007 |title=JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> They took part in an aerial display on 23 March 2007 as part of the [[Pakistan Day Parade|Pakistan Day Joint Services Parade]] in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |title=PAF to seek more Chinese aircraft, says air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509043607/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |archive-date = 9 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="PakTribune">[http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 JF-17 Thunder main focus of attention at Pak Day fly-past] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''Pak Tribune'', 24 March 2007.</ref> Another six small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered by March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\03\15\story_15-3-2008_pg7_6 |title=Six more JF-17 Thunder fighter jets inducted into PAF |date=15 March 2008 |work=Daily Times |access-date=21 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118100559/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C03%5C15%5Cstory_15-3-2008_pg7_6 | archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> These were extensively flight-tested and evaluated by the PAF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |title=PAF to start serial production of JF-17 fighter aircraft soon |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330212502/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> Two serial production aircraft were delivered from China in 2009 and the first Pakistani-manufactured aircraft was delivered to the PAF in a ceremony on 23 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |title=Pak, China unveil first JF-17 combat jet |work=Rediff.com |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301092221/http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2010, the first JF-17 squadron, [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 ''Black Spiders'']], was officially inducted into the PAF with an initial strength of 14 fighter planes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |title=First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder inducted in PAF |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163116/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/February/international_February910.xml&section=international |title=PAF Inducts First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder Jet |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110350/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2010%2FFebruary%2Finternational_February910.xml&section=international |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> These aircraft first saw service in the [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat|anti-terrorist operation in South Waziristan]], during which various types of weapons were evaluated.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zia |last=Tanouli |language=Urdu |work=Daily Express (Pakistan) |title=جے ایف-١٧ میں باقاعدہ طور پر شامل پی اے ایف |url=http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |access-date=20 February 2010 |quote=(Translated) No.26 Squadron established in Kamra with 14 aircraft initially inducted. According to top PAF sources, fourteen aircraft were evaluated thoroughly with different kinds of weapons during the anti-terror operation in Waziristan. First squadron established in Kamra due to security concerns, will be transferred to Peshawar later. With induction of first JF-17 squadron, the two A-5 squadrons will be grounded today. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005230/http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> They took part in the PAF's ''High Mark 2010'' exercise from 29 April, where they were used by the ''Blue Force'' to attack ''Red Land'' surface targets with precision air-to-surface weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |title=JF-17 Thunder comes of age at High Mark drill |date=29 March 2010 |work=Newspaper article |publisher=Awaz Today |access-date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184851/http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |title=Pakistan inducts JF-17 jets developed with China |work=Rediff.com |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528235257/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 April 2011, a re-equipment ceremony for No. 26 ''Black Spiders'' Squadron took place, during which it was stated that the JF-17 had "revolutionized the PAF's operational concepts". Then Air Chief Marshal [[Rao Qamar Suleman]] reported the re-equipping of No. 26 squadron and the addition of the JF-17 Thunder to the [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron]]. He also thanked the contribution and support of the Chinese in helping to acquire a technological breakthrough in the shape of the aircraft.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |title=PAF re-equips No 26 Squadron with JF-17 thunder aircraft |date=12 April 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times (Pakistan) |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174246/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> During [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] 2014–2016, JF-17 were deployed frequently to carry out airstrikes against [[Pakistani Taliban|TTP]] hideouts, killing hundreds of terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Dawn com {{!}} |date=19 December 2014 |title=Top Uzbek commander among 17 terrorists killed in Khyber air strikes |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151682 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/245286-Operation-ZarbeAzb-30-militants-killed-in-fresh |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=dunyanews.tv |title=Operation Zarb-e-Azb: 30 militants killed in fresh airstrikes in Dattakhel |date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> In September 2015, the No. 2 Squadron tasked with sea strikes was re-equipped with JF-17s replacing the F7s.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder inducted in Multi Role Squadron|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414020258/http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=live|date=12 April 2016}}</ref> The No. 16 Squadron "Black Panthers" has also been equipped with the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Block-2 Update from "The Thunder City|url=http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220185954/http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2017, it was reported that a JF-17 shot down an [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Iranian]] [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] operating in [[Pakistan|Pakistan's]] [[Panjgur District|Pangjur District]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|title=JF-17 shoots down Iran's spy drone|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032625/http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2019, PAF JF-17s took part in Pakistan's [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|retaliatory airstrikes]] against India during which two Thunders of the [[No. 16 Squadron PAF|No. 16 Squadron]] struck Indian ground targets with [[Mark 83|Mk. 83 REKs]].<ref name="kaiser">{{cite web|url=https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|website=PakistanPolitico.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama: Two years on|date=18 February 2021|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208104607/https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tufail">{{cite web|url=https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|website=DefenceJournal.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama-From bluster to whimper|date=10 July 2019|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028163732/https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Brad |date=4 March 2019 |title=Crisis may be easing, but nuclear threat still hangs over India and Pakistan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519161150/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Has Pakistan's JF-17 'Thunder' Block II Fighter Jet Engaged in its First Dogfight? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516080001/https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight |url-status=live }}</ref> as of March 2021, JF-17s are operational in seven fighter squadrons based at five airbases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|title=Orbats|website=www.scramble.nl|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202214748/https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, the first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF. During the [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff|May 2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the PAF publicly showcased, for the first time, a JF-17 Block 3 fighter aircraft equipped with [[PL-15#Variants|PL-15E]] long-range [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s (BVRAAMs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Update: Pakistan shows JF-17 Block III fitted with PL-15 missiles for first time |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/update-pakistan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fitted-with-pl-15-missiles-for-first-time |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Jane |language=en}}</ref> During the conflict, the PAF deployed JF-17s and [[J-10CE]]s in combat in both the air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.<ref name="auto14"/><ref name="auto16"/><ref name="auto12"/> Pakistan claimed that its JF-17 successfully targeted and destroyed an Indian [[S-400 missile system|S-400 missile defence system]] at [[Adampur Airport|Adampur Air Force Station]] in [[Punjab]] on 10 May 2025 using two [[CM-400AKG]] long-range supersonic [[air-to-surface missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1310766-how-paf-destroyed-india-s-2-s400-air-defence-systems | title=How PAF destroyed India's 2 S400 air defence systems | date=12 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/first-strike-in-the-hypersonic-era-pakistan-claims-jf-17-launched-cm-400akg-took-out-indias-s-400/ | title=(VIDEO) First Strike in the Hypersonic Era: Pakistan Claims JF-17-Launched CM-400AKG Took Out India's S-400 | date=11 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/883212-pak-jf17-thunder-strike-destroys-indian-s400-air-defence-system | title=Pak JF-17 Thunder strike destroys Indian S400 air defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/jf-17-thunder-destroys-indias-s-400-defence-system-10-05-2025/ | title=Watch: JF-17 Thunder taking off to destroy India's S-400 defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref> On 11 May, the PAF, in a press briefing said that it had targeted the 96L6E Cheese Board radar of the S-400 system, one of the units of the combined air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim |last=Ahmad |first=Zeeshan |date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] dismissed the claim, stating that all Indian S-400 squadrons are still functional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's claim of destroying India's S-400 missile systems false: Indian military|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistans-claim-of-destroying-indias-s-400-missile-systems-false-indian-military/article69560019.ece|access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Hindu|date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the Adampur Air Force Station on 13 May 2025, and posed in front of an S-400 Launcher, which the [[Indian media]] claimed to be fully operational. According to Indian media, his visit served as a rebuttal to Pakistan's claims, reinforcing that the missile system was intact and operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=PM Modi poses in front of S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Base days after Pakistan claimed it was destroyed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-poses-in-front-of-s-400-missile-system-at-adampur-air-base-days-after-pakistan-claimed-it-was-destroyed/articleshow/121134748.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Modi fact-checks Pakistan, visits Adampur, releases video & photo with S-400 in background|url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-fact-checks-pakistan-visits-adampur-releases-video-photo-with-s-400-in-background/2624167/|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Print|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at Paris Air Show 2015.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at [[Paris Air Show]] 2015]] '''Exercises'''<br> The PAF has deployed the JF-17 Thunder in a number of bilateral and multinational air exercises since the 2010s. PAF JF-17s have participated in joint air exercises with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) under the Shaheen exercise series since at least 2014, focusing on air combat training and interoperability.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 2019 and again in 2021, PAF JF-17s took part in the Turkish Air Force–hosted multinational exercise Anatolian Eagle, operating alongside aircraft from several participating air forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2019: Pakistani JF-17s among participants |url=https://theaviationist.com/2019/07/15/pakistani-jf-17-thunders-and-turkish-elint-sigint-c-160d-transall-among-the-highlights-of-anatolian-eagle-exercise/ |website=The Aviationist |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2021 exercise |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/12072021-anatolian-eagle-2021-exercise-pakistan-improving-defense-synergies-oped/ |website=Eurasia Review |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2022, PAF JF-17s participated in the Saudi-led multinational air exercise Spears of Victory at King Abdulaziz Air Base, flying alongside Royal Saudi Air Force Tornados, Typhoons and F-15s, as well as allied aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF participates in Spears of Victory exercise in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590236/pakistan |website=Arab News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> JF-17s continued participation in subsequent editions of Spears of Victory, including 2023 and 2025, with later deployments featuring the Block-III variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17 Block-III participates in Spears of Victory 2023 |url=https://www.facebook.com/ConnectedPakistan/posts/pakistan-air-forces-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jets-have-touched-down-in-az/1213837260779670/ |website=Connected Pakistan |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PAF excels in Saudi-led Spears of Victory 2025 |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/02/14/paf-excels-in-saudi-led-air-combat-drills-jf-17-block-iii-earns-global-praise/ |website=Pakistan Today |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2025, PAF JF-17 Block-III fighters were also deployed to Azerbaijan for the bilateral air exercise Indus Shield Alpha, marking one of the type’s longest overseas deployments.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17s arrive in Azerbaijan for Indus Shield Alpha |url=https://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/912872 |website=Dunya News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> '''Airshows'''<br> The JF-17 Thunder has participated in international airshows since 2010 as part of export promotion and military diplomacy efforts by the PAF.<ref name="ISPR-2010">Inter Services Public Relations, Pakistan Air Force press releases on JF-17 international exposure, 2010.</ref> Early public appearances took place at airshows in Pakistan and China, followed by displays at major international aerospace exhibitions, including the Paris Air Show in 2011 and 2015,<ref>Paris Air Show official exhibitor catalogues, 2011 & 2015.</ref> the Dubai Airshow in 2013, 2017, 2021, and 2025<ref>Dubai Airshow official exhibitor lists, 2013, 2017, 2021.</ref> and the Farnborough International Airshow in 2014 and 2016, primarily as static displays.<ref>Farnborough International Airshow exhibitor catalogues, 2014 & 2016.</ref> The aircraft has also featured at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition, including static and flying displays, with later editions showcasing the Block III variant.<ref>China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (Zhuhai) official programmes; Global Times aviation coverage.</ref> In 2019, 2022, and 2025, PAF JF-17s participated in the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT), in static and air displays.<ref>Royal International Air Tattoo aircraft participation lists, 2019 & 2022.</ref> The aircraft was also displayed at the [[World Defense Show]] in 2024.<ref>[[World Defense Show]] 2024 exhibitor directory; Saudi Ministry of Defense releases.</ref> ===Myanmar=== In July 2015, Myanmar ordered 16 Block 2 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] for approximately $560 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-06-15/jf-17-myanmar-seen-flying-china|title=JF-17 for Myanmar Seen Flying in China|first=Chen|last=Chuanren|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> In late 2015, [[Myanmar]] ordered 16 [[Klimov RD-33|RD-93]] spare engines from [[Russia]], which were received in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=SIPRI>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI Trade Register|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 December 2018, [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] disclosed that the [[Myanmar Air Force]] had received the first batch of JF-17s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters |title=Myanmar shows off Thunder fighters |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202527/https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters/ |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An official Myanmar Air Force video released on Air Force day showcased a number of JF-17s, both on static display and in the air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|title=YouTube|website=YouTube|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2021}} As per reports, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] is in possession 11 JF-17 Block 2s.[https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html] In May 2022, a PAF cargo plane supplied spare parts for the JF-17s of the Myanmar Air Force. In June 2022, it was reported that a team of 15 PAF personnel were scheduled to visit [[Meiktila Air Base]] in Myanmar to provide technical support for the Myanmar Air Force JF-17s, including setting up of a JF-17 simulator at Meiktila Air Base to train pilots of the Myanmar Air Force and to address technical issues relating to JF-17s that Myanmar Air Force was facing. However, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] has faced significant challenges with its JF-17 fleet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2022-11-25 |title=Technical Problems Ground Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Bought From China |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/technical-problems-ground-myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-bought-from-china.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref> By late 2022, the entire fleet of 11 aircraft was grounded due to severe technical malfunctions and structural issues, including cracks in the airframe (particularly wingtips and hardpoints), poor accuracy and maintenance problems with the Chinese-made KLJ-7 radar, malfunctions in the Weapon Mission Management Computer that reduced launch zones for beyond-visual-range missiles, unreliable avionics, and issues with the Russian RD-93 engines.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar raises issue of grounded JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft to Pakistan |url=https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Asia Pacific Defense Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farid |first=Ayesha |date=2025-05-18 |title=Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Grounded Amid Conflict and Maintenance Woes |url=https://www.bdmilitary.com/analysis/geopolitics-diplomacy/myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-grounded-amid-conflict-and-maintenance-woes/1082/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Bangladesh Military Forces |language=en-GB}}</ref> These problems rendered the aircraft unfit for combat operations, forcing the air force to rely on other platforms like MiG-29s, Yak-130s, and K-8s.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The grounding was exacerbated by post-2021 military coup sanctions, which restricted access to spare parts for Western-sourced components in the avionics and electronics. Myanmar lacked the local expertise to maintain or repair the complex systems, and initial attempts by Pakistani technicians in September 2022 to set up a simulator at Pathein air base and resolve issues were only partially successful.<ref name=":5" /> In September 2023, Myanmar raised the issue directly with Pakistani leadership, including Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Armed Forces chief General Asim Munir, expressing displeasure over the aircraft's performance. The Chinese government also intervened diplomatically due to its role in the JF-17's development. As a result, Myanmar reportedly decided not to accept the remaining five aircraft from the original order and explored newer JF-17 variants as a potential resolution.<ref name=":5" /> ===Nigeria=== [[File:Nigerian JF-17 fighter aircraft.png|thumb|[[Nigerian Air Force]] JF-17 Block 2]] In December 2014, during the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar]] in Karachi, Nigeria was reportedly buying between 25 and 40 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]]. [[Nigerian Air Force]] (NAF) chief [[Air Marshal]] [[Adesola Nunayon Amosu]] had visited Pakistan earlier in October 2014.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite web|title=IDEAS 2014: Nigeria 'close to signing up' for JF-17 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |date=2 December 2014 |work=Farhan Bokhari |publisher=Janes |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226110403/http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> Nigeria became the second customer in 2016 by placing an order for three planes. However, as the news reports value the deal at US$25 million, it is not clear if the item is misreported.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria to become first JF-17 export operator|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128011517/http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FG to spend N65bn on warplanes, weapons, others|url=http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106072634/http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-date=6 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A June 2016 article in [[Jane's]] re-affirmed NAF budget for 3 JF-17, 10 [[PAC Super Mushshak|Super Mushshak]], and 2 [[Mi-35M]] aircraft in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria waiting for US to approve Super Tucano sale|url=http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608130937/http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With a confirmation from the Nigerian Air Force shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|title=Official 2016 Nigerian Budget Confirms JF-17 Order|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=4 January 2017|work=quwa.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510134827/http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018 Pakistan approved of the sale and local Nigerian production of three JF-17s for US$184.3 million. The aircraft are rumoured to be of a later version than the initially agreed sale, providing more advanced systems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binnie |first1=Jeremy |title=Pakistan approves Nigerian JF-17 production |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025144735/https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |archive-date=25 October 2018 |location=London |date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamal |first1=Sana |title=Pakistan to sell three JF-17s to Nigeria for $184.3m |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |website=Gulf News |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143150/https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |location=Islamabad |date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 December 2020 the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]] rolled out the three JF-17A Block 2s for Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |work=defenceworld.net |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live }}</ref> They were delivered to Makurdi Air Base in March 2021 aboard Pakistan Air Force Ilyushin Il-78MP freighters and were formally inducted into the Nigerian Air Force on 21 May 2021.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=First of 3 Pakistani JF-17 Jets Arrive in Nigeria |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21" /> The NAF initially indicated that it might order another 35–40 aircraft if the type met its requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref> In January 2023 the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal [[Isiaka Oladayo Amao]], confirmed that the JF-17s had been used in anti-terrorism and anti-insurgency operations inside Nigeria.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> In early December 2025 the three aircraft were reportedly deployed to the [[Benin Republic]], where they conducted airstrikes against rebel forces during an attempted coup.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Nigerian Air Force deploys JF-17 jets to foil Benin coup attempt |url=https://timesofislamabad.com/08-Dec-2025/nigerian-air-force-deploys-jf-17-jets-to-foil-benin-coup-attempt |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> ===Azerbaijan=== In January 2008, Azerbaijan engaged in talks with Pakistan over JF-17's possible sale to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |title=Azerbaijan to buy JF-17 {{sic|aircra|fts|nolink=y}} from Pakistan |date=29 January 2008 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210111145843/https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |work=[[Azeri Press Agency]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]] negotiated with China for several dozen JF-17s worth approximately {{USD|16 to 18 million}} each.<ref name="news.am">{{Citation|title=China supplies FC-1 multipurpose fighters to Azerbaijan|url=http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|newspaper=News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124131/http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|place=AM|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Pakistani Armed Forces actively discussed military and defence cooperation with Azerbaijan, culminating in the latter expressing an interest in purchasing the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shahid |last=Hussain |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |title=Pakistan and Azerbaijan: Deepening a Mutually Beneficial Relationship |date=19 May 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200519204003/https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |archive-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 February 2024, Azerbaijan had signed a contract worth US$1.6 billion with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 multi-role combat aircraft for the Azerbaijani Air Forces including aircraft, training, and ordnance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan signs largest ever fighter jet sale deal with Azerbaijan |url=https://www.azernews.az/nation/222206.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Azernews.Az |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |last=AzeMedia |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan has signed the largest deal in history with Azerbaijan for the sale of fighter jets |url=https://aze.media/pakistan-has-signed-the-largest-deal-in-history-with-azerbaijan-for-the-sale-of-fighter-jets/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Aze.Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-seals-1-6-billion-deal-with-azerbaijan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets/|title=Pakistan seals $1.6 billion deal with Azerbaijan to sell JF-17 fighter jets|date=22 February 2024}}</ref> On 25 September 2024, the JF-17 Block 3 was showcased to the President of Azerbaijan on the sidelines of 2024 Azerbaijan International Defence Exhibition (AIDEX).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title=JF-17C multirole aircrafts presented to President Ilham Aliyev |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/jf_17c_multirole_aircrafts_presented_to_president_ilham_aliyev-3196886 |work=Azertac}}</ref> On 6 June 2025, the Government of Pakistan announced that it had secured a contract for the supply of 40 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft from Azerbaijan for $4.6 billion, which builds on an initial agreement signed between Pakistan and Azerbaijan in February 2024, valued at $1.6 billion, for an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 fighter jets, alongside training and armaments.<ref name="auto11">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2025/06/jf-17-thunder-breakthrough-azerbaijan.html | title=JF-17 Thunder Breakthrough Azerbaijan Secures $4.6 Billion Deal for 40 Pakistani-Chinese Block III Fighters | date=8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto18">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/06/08/how-armenia-might-respond-to-azerbaijans-jf-17-fighter-acquisition/ | title=How Armenia Might Respond to Azerbaijan's JF-17 Fighter Acquisition | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref name="auto15">{{Cite web|url=https://defence-industry.eu/azerbaijan-signs-record-4-6-billion-deal-for-40-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/|title=Azerbaijan signs $4.6 billion deal for JF-17 fighters|date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite web | url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/azerbaijan-expands-jf-17-fighter-jet-order-to-40-units-in-46b-defense-deal-3202511 | title=Azerbaijan expands JF-17 fighter jet order to 40 units in $4.6B defense deal }}</ref><ref name="auto13">{{cite web | url=https://www.turdef.com/article/pakistan-confirms-inking-of-deal-with-azerbaijan-for-jf-17 | title=Pakistan Confirms Inking of Deal with Azerbaijan for JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=7 June 2025 }}</ref> Deliveries of the initial tranche began in October 2025, with the aircraft arriving at Nasosnaya Air Base and undergoing familiarization before formal induction. On 8 November 2025, five JF-17s (four single-seat and one twin-seat), flown by Azeri fighter pilots, participated in Azerbaijan’s Victory Day parade in Baku, marking their first public appearance in Azerbaijani service. In addition, open-source images circulated showing a total of nine JF-17 Block III aircraft present in Azerbaijan around the same period without any national markings, consistent with jets observed during early post-delivery handling and marking transitions.<ref name="azeri1">{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Waldron |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/azerbaijan-confirms-jf-17-fighter-acceptance-with-baku-flypast/165245.article |title=Azerbaijan becomes fourth JF-17 operator with five appearing in Baku military parade |website=Flightglobal.com |date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/70546 |title=Military Parade dedicated to the fifth anniversary of Victory in Patriotic War was held in Baku |work=The Official Website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan |date=8 November 2025}}</ref> ===Potential customers=== ==== Bangladesh ==== In January 2025, [[Bangladesh]] announced an interest in purchasing the JF-17C Block 3.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2522416/bangladesh-shows-interest-in-jf-17 | title=Bangladesh shows interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/bangladesh-army-delegation-meets-pakistan-air-chief-expresses-interest-in-jf-17/ | title=Bangladesh army delegation meets Pakistan Air Chief, expresses interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> In January 2026, it was reported that Bangladesh was in formal talks with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17C Block 3 fighters.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/9/why-is-pakistan-selling-its-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-bangladesh-and-others</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-eyes-defence-pact-with-bangladesh-sale-jf-17-jets-2026-01-07/</ref><ref>https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/bangladesh-explores-jf-17-acquisition-to-replace-ageing-fighters/165876.article</ref> ==== Indonesia ==== ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that Pakistan is in discussion with Indonesia on selling the JF-17s to the latter. In January 2026, Indonesia’s Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin held talks in Islamabad with PAF Chief, Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu, during which a potential defence cooperation package—including the possible acquisition of around 40 JF-17 fighter aircraft, armed drones, and associated training—was discussed, though no binding agreement was announced at the time.<ref name="ReutersJF17Indonesia2026">{{cite web |first1=Saad |last1=Sayeed |first2=Ananda |last2=Teresia |first3=Ariba |last3=Shahid |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-indonesia-closing-jets-drones-defence-deal-sources-say-2026-01-12/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan and Indonesia closing in on jets and drones defence deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> ==== Iraq ==== [[Iraq]] has expressed interest in acquiring the JF-17C Thunder multirole combat aircraft from Pakistan as part of efforts to modernise the [[Iraqi Air Force]]. During an official visit to Baghdad on 10 January 2026, Pakistan’s Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu met with Lieutenant General Staff Pilot Mohanad Ghalib Mohammed Radi Al-Asadi, Commander of the Iraqi Air Force, where discussions covered bilateral air force cooperation. During the meeting, the Iraqi Air Force Commander indicated interest in the JF-17C fighter aircraft and Super Mushshak trainer aircraft in the context of training, capacity building, and defence cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan says Iraq expressed ‘keen interest’ in JF-17 jets at air chiefs meeting |work=Arab News |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628855/pakistan}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq eyes JF-17 fighter jets as Pakistani air chief visits Baghdad |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2586411/iraq-eyes-jf-17-fighter-jets-as-pakistani-air-chief-visits-baghdad}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq seeks JF-17 Thunder jets during Pakistani air chief’s visit |work=Business Recorder |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40401540/iraq-seeks-jf-17-thunder-jets}} </ref> ==== Libya ==== It was reported on 22 December 2025 that Pakistan reached a $4-4.6 billion deal with the [[Libyan National Army]], commanded by Khalifa Haftar, which controls eastern [[Libya]], for the supply of 16 JF-17s and other military equipment.<ref name="libya1">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/12/28/why-it-took-pakistan-so-long-to-sell-jf-17-fighters-to-an-arab-country/ |title=Why It Took Pakistan So Long To Sell JF-17 Fighters To An Arab Country |website=Forbes.com |date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya2">{{cite web |first=Liu |last=Zhen |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3337888/china-pakistan-warplane-deal-libyan-faction-may-help-expand-beijings-influence |title=China-Pakistan warplane deal with Libyan faction ‘may help expand Beijing’s influence’ |website=SCMP.com|date=27 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya3">{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Asif |last2=Shahzad |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-strikes-4-billion-deal-sell-weapons-libyan-force-officials-say-2025-12-22/ |title=Pakistan strikes $4 billion deal to sell weapons to Libyan force, officials say |website=Reuters.com |date=22 December 2025}}</ref> ==== Morocco ==== Morocco has shown interest in the JF-17, having invited a sales team to showcase it in the Marrakech Air Show 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 to Star in Marrakech Air Show|url=http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202010633/http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marrakech Air Show Invites Pakistan to Showcase JF −17 Thunder Fighter Jet|url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222014010/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> According to a local analyst, a potential acquisition by Morocco may be complicated by incompatible technologies; the JF-17 Block I and Block II have broadly different electronics suites and air-to-air & air-to-surface munitions than its current Western-sourced aircraft, such as the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F-1 (MF2000)]], [[Northrop F-5|F-5E/F Tiger II]] and [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to market the JF-17 Thunder to Morocco|url=http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426114618/http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Morocco has been engaged with Pakistan in January 2026 on the JF-17.<ref>https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/01/276273/morocco-shows-interest-in-pakistani-jf-17-jets-as-talks-advance/</ref> ==== Saudi Arabia ==== In January 2014, the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] was reportedly examining potential technology transfer and co-production opportunities for the JF-17. Saudi Deputy Minister of Defence Prince [[Salman bin Sultan]] toured the JF-17 project during a visit to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 January 2014|title=Saudi eyeing Pakistan's JF-17 fighter jet, modeled from U.S. F-16|work=World Tribune|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706041729/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2014|title=Saudi Arabia May Buy Pakistani-Chinese Fighter Jets|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726081849/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=8 November 2016|title=Saudi Arabia Reportedly Interested in the JF-17 Thunder|url=http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084500/http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=9 November 2016|website=Quwa Defence News & Analysis Group}}</ref> However, by 2023, this interest seems to have fallen through, with Saudi Arabia now interested in joining the Anglo-Italian-Japanese [[Global Combat Air Programme]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2023|title=Saudi Arabia pushes to join fighter jet project with UK, Italy and Japan|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/80e9bda9-f415-4076-9037-bd6b96e1169f|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported in January 2026 that Pakistan are in discussion with Saudi Arabia to convert around US$ 2 billion of Saudi loans to Pakistan into a provision of JF-17s.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Saad |last2=Sayeed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-saudi-talks-jf-17-jets-for-loans-deal-sources-say-2026-01-07/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan, Saudi in talks on JF-17 jets-for-loans deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>However It is reported that the US government has discouraged Saudi Arabia from aquisition of both JF-17's and [[TAI TF Kaan|TF Kaan's]], instead proposing sale of [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]'s to the Saudi Arabian Air Force. <ref name=":9">{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan | title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref> ==== Other countries ==== Countries including [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Bilal|date=7 August 2016|title=Pakistan offers JF-17 & Super Mushshak to Kuwait|url=https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422190117/https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|archive-date=22 April 2020|website=Quwa - Defence News & Analysis}}</ref> [[Peru]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Pakistan's JF-17 Is A Viable Alternative To The American F-16|url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|website=Wonderful Engineering|date=21 March 2019|quote=As of right now, Saudi Arabia, Albania, Morocco, Bulgaria, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Oman, Lebanon, Argentina, Algeria, Jordan, and Peru are evaluating the JF-17 Block III|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723081234/https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|title=Pakistan, South Africa sign agreements to increase defense cooperation|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|website=Dawn|date=27 March 2017|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023533/https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Uruguay]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demerly |first=Tom |date=9 November 2017 |title=Shopping for Fighters: Is the Chinese/Pakistani JF-17 Thunder the Real "Joint Strike Fighter"? |url=https://theaviationist.com/2017/11/09/shopping-for-fighters-is-the-chinesepakistani-jf-17-thunder-the-real-joint-strike-fighter/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Confirmed: Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet Has its First Buyer |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/confirmed-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jet-has-its-first-buyer/#:~:text=Numerous%20air%20forces%20are%20toying,the%20Philippines,%20Venezuela%20and%20Zimbabwe. |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> have shown interest in the JF-17.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article" /><ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2008|title=PAF gets six JF-17 Thunder aircraft|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045150/http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> In February 2026, reports appeared that the [[Somali Air Force]] was in talks to acquire 24 Block III JF-17s.<ref>https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalia-in-talks-to-buy-24-jf-17-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/; {{cite news|title=Somalia in High-Level Talks to Acquire 24 JF-17 Thunder Block III Fighter Jets from Pakistan in US$900 Million Air Power Revival|work=Defence Security Asia|date=19 February 2026 |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/somalia-jf17-thunder-block-iii-pakistan-us900-million-air-force-revival/|access-date=22 February 2026}}; {{cite news |title=Soomaaliya oo diyaarado casri ah kasoo iibsanaysa Pakistan |work=Hiiraan Online |date=10 February 2026 |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2026/Feb/wararka_maanta09-192820.htm |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> Somalia's air force has been inactive for many years. ===Former interests=== ==== Argentina ==== At the 2013 [[Paris Air Show]], officials from Argentine aerospace conglomerate [[Fábrica Argentina de Aviones]] (FAdeA) revealed that the firm had held multiple discussions with Chinese officials over a potential co-production of the FC-1/JF-17, for the [[Argentine Air Force]] (FAA); this was regarded as the first formal effort by Argentina to possibly procure, or co-produce the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter - IHS Jane's 360 |website=www.janes.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> FAdeA officials said that the co-produced FC-1 could be classified as the "Pulqui-III", with regard to FAdeA's [[Pulqui II|Pulqui-II]] fighter.<ref name="ja23j13">{{cite news|author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter|newspaper=Jane's|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 2015, following a three-day visit by [[President of Argentina|Argentine president]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] to [[China]], Argentina announced that it would consider purchasing around 20 JF-17s from [[Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group|CAIG]]; however the deal did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |title=China to Supply 20 Thunder Fighter Jets to Argentina |website=www.defenseworld.net |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216210452/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |archive-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nikkei|title=Argentina turns to China for arms supply|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|access-date=1 March 2022|date=9 April 2015|first=Kamilia|last=Lahrichi|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210140006/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|url-status=live}}</ref> The primary reason for Argentine interest was reportedly the aircraft's lesser requirement for parts of British origin, as the United Kingdom had barred any sale of military equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina since the [[Falklands War|1982 Falklands War]].<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url = https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2021/09/28/could-britain-stop-argentina-from-buying-the-jf-17-warplane/|title = Could Britain stop Argentina from buying the JF-17 warplane?|date = 28 September 2021|access-date = 11 January 2022|archive-date = 30 September 2021|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210930015257/https://www.defensenews.com/global/the%2Damericas/2021/09/28/could%2Dbritain%2Dstop%2Dargentina%2Dfrom%2Dbuying%2Dthe%2Djf%2D17%2Dwarplane/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |title=No KAI FA-50 for Argentina under the post-1982 embargo |website=aircosmosinternational.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129073505/https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Likewise, Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other aircraft, namely, the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to diplomatic pressure from the United Kingdom, given the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain British-origin parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|publisher=Flightglobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|date=3 November 2020|access-date=1 March 2022|first=Greg|last=Waldron|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{cite web|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|access-date=1 March 2022|date=21 June 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="defensenews.com"/> In September 2021, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] presented a draft budget for the fiscal year of 2022, which contained a request of USD $664 million for the acquisition of future fighter aircraft for the FAA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Gastón |date=21 September 2021 |title=The Argentine Ministry of Defense clarifies about the JF-17 Thunder |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Aviacionline.com |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015136/https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, multiple media outlets misinterpreted this action, erroneously reporting that the request for funds were for acquiring the JF-17 Block-III.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|title=Argentina hasn't selected JF-17 fighter? Govt clarifies budget request|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=1 March 2022|date=22 September 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015142/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]] (''Ministerio de Defensa'') later clarified that the JF-17 had not been selected, asserting that the FAA was still evaluating five other aircraft as possible options.<ref name=":3" /> In May 2022, a delegation of the FAA evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dubois |first1=Gastón |title=Argentine Air Force delegation evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |website=Aviacionline |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011548/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in October 2023, the United States approved the transfer of 24 second-hand [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16 Block-15 MLU]] fighters previously owned by the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] to Argentina, countering the Chinese offer; reportedly, the deal did not necessitate an approval from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/us-approves-proposed-f-16-transfer-argentina|title=U.S. Approves Proposed F-16 Transfer To Argentina|website=aviationweek.com|date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Following the inauguration of the [[Javier Milei|Javier Milei administration]] in Argentina in 2023, the decision to select the F-16 had reportedly materialised, leaving the JF-17 out of the contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airdatanews.com/argentina-chose-the-f-16-fighter-for-its-air-force-reports/|title=Argentina chose the F-16 fighter for its Air Force – reports|website=www.airdatanews.com|date=30 January 2024}}</ref> ==== Bolivia ==== The JF-17 was a candidate for the replacement of retired [[Lockheed T-33]] aircraft of the [[Bolivian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|title=Bolivia Air Force is looking for fighter jets|work=Air Data News |date=29 May 2021|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054044/https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Congo ==== In March 2023, it was reported that China was pitching the JF-17 to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |title=Congo is considering buying JF-17 Thunder fighter jets from China |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |title=DRC: China offers Kinshasa its fighter planes |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |title=China Offers JF-17 Jet to Congo-Kinshasa, Competing with Russian Su-27 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |title=DRC : Kinshasa eyes Chinese fighter jets after buying Beijing's drones - 14/03/2023 |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162519/https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Malaysia ==== [[Malaysia]] had periodically indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the JF-17 for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its efforts to replace its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MIG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in the JF-17 emerged in 2015, although this was later denied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=21 December 2015 |title=Malaysia Denies Interest in JF-17, But Export Hopes Remain |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2015/12/21/malaysia-denies-interest-in-jf-17-but-export-hopes-remain/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Defense News |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Benjamin David |title=The Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Might Have Another Buyer in Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121257/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2019, then-visiting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian PM]] [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohammad]] was accorded an aerial-display of the JF-17's at the 2019 [[Pakistan Day Parade]]; he was also briefed about the fighter by the PAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahathir Mohamad receives briefing on JF-17 before leaving Islamabad |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=23 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121254/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Malaysian PM Mahathir shows interest in JF-17 Thunder as he concludes Pakistan visit |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701072047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft — dubbed as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainer-aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/None |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender |url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=MilitaryLeak |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF later issued a [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|date=18 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17 was widely regarded to be a leading contender in the FLIT/LCA procurement initiative, along with the [[HAL Tejas]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|title=Malaysia formally launches tender for new trainer, light combat aircraft|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in October 2021, the JF-17 was revealed to have abstained from participating in the FLIT/LCA tender; later reports confirmed that only six companies had responded to the RFP issued by the RMAF - the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] ([[Korea Aerospace Industries]]), the [[HAL Tejas]] ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]), the [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]] ([[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]]), the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]] ([[Leonardo S.p.A.]]), the [[TAI Hürjet]] ([[Turkish Aerospace Industries]]) and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35]] ([[Rosoboronexport]]).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> The JF-17's unprecedented absence from the FLIT/LCA essentially ended all speculations regarding its participation in Malaysia.<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia begins evaluating proposals to replace fleet of Hawk Mk 108/208s |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Janes.com |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121256/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Socka |first=Sherman |date=1 December 2021 |title=LETTER {{!}} RMAF purchase of Light Combat Aircraft to bolster defence industry |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.aerotime.aero |date=20 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518000844/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, the JF-17 was reportedly re-offered to the RMAF, with an estimated price-discount of about 30%; however, these reports remain unconfirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumelar |first=Tri Agung |title=Saingi HAL Tejas di Malaysia, China Turunkan Harga Jet Tempur JF-17 Thunder hingga 30 Persen - Zona Jakarta |url=https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com |language=id |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110124301/https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF eventually declined to purchase the JF-17 and proceeded instead to order 18 FA-50 Block 20 jets in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|title=Malaysia buys South Korea fighter jets as ASEAN arms market grows|website=asia.nikkei.com|date=7 March 2023|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324012111/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Qatar ==== [[Qatar]] has shown interest in the JF-17 since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|title=Qatar Plans To Buy Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet, Super Mushshak Trainer|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=27 October 2016 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506212945/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, at Qatar's invitation, PAF JF-17s participated in Qatar's National Day Flypast in Doha alongside [[Qatar Air Force]] [[Rafale]]s and [[Mirage 2000-5]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|title=Flypast during Qatar National Day Hints at Doha's Interest in Pakistani JF-17|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192401/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the offer seems to have fallen through, with Qatar ordering a mix of [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]s and [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F15E]]s. ==== Sri Lanka ==== In June 2015, Pakistani media suggested that an export order had been confirmed with the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]; claims were made that the JF-17's first sales contract had been signed with the Sri Lanka Air Force at the 51st Paris Air Show.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka revealed as first foreign buyer of JF-17|newspaper=Want China Times|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623183730/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Wasim|date=22 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka purchasing JF-17 Thunder Jets|newspaper=Business Recorder|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623170033/http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Other sources claimed that Myanmar is the first buyer of Pakistani JF-17s.<ref name="Myanmar2">{{cite news|date=9 July 2015|title=Myanmar first country to purchase JF-17 Thunder from Pakistan|newspaper=Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|url-status=live}}</ref> Reportedly, the order would cover around 18–24 aircraft and deliveries set to begin in 2017. During a state visit by [[Nawaz Sharif]] in January 2016, Sri Lanka reportedly signed an agreement to buy eight JF-17s from Pakistan;<ref>{{cite web|first=Franz-Stefan | last = Gady|title=Sri Lanka to Buy 8 Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jets|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213252/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2016|access-date=7 January 2016|work=The Diplomat}}</ref> however, the Sri Lankan government has issued denials.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2016|title=Government says no JF-17 deal with Pakistan|work=Columbo Gazette|url=http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126211056/http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The alleged deal was said to involve 10–12 aircraft, each valued at US$35 million, for a total of US$400 million<ref>{{cite news|title=Following Myanmar, Pakistan is Eager to Sell More JF-17s|url=http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213105004/http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> Reportedly, any such sale was scuppered by Indian diplomatic pressure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian pressure stalls Pakistani JF-17 sale to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213040939/http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revealed: Why Sri Lanka Backed Off the Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215193957/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 October 2013|title=Pakistan to sell JF-17 fighter jets to SL-report|work=The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523103143/http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> However, in 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=9 January 2021|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref> ==== Zimbabwe ==== The [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] reportedly planned to purchase twelve JF-17s in 2004, as part of a $240 million deal with China. No such sales have materialised.<ref name="Rotberg2009">{{cite book|first=Robert I. | last = Rotberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|title=China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0175-0|page=174|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Africa and China's Global Activism|url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616192046/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|publisher=Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> In 2010, China was reportedly in talks about the JF-17 with five or six countries, some of which had sent pilots to China to undergo test flights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian fighter requirements continue to grow|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185036/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-date=21 October 2014|access-date=21 March 2010|work=Flight International}}</ref> ==مختلف قسمون== ===Prototypes=== In chronological production order: *'''PT-01''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plates]] on intakes. Rolled out on 31 May 2003. First flight on 25 August 2003.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/> *'''PT-02''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. *'''PT-03''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. First flight in April 2004. *'''PT-04''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with [[Diverterless supersonic inlet|Diverterless Supersonic Inlets (DSI)]] and modified vertical stabiliser. First flight on 10 May 2006. PT-04 incorporated modifications such as DSI, wider LERX, extended ventral fins, and a taller, less swept vertical stabiliser with a rectangular fairing at the tip containing electronic warfare equipment and small blister fairings at the base containing Missile Approach Warning sensors. The PT-04 prototype was primarily used for avionics and weapon qualification tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |title=4th Prototype JF-17 Thunder aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |date=11 May 2006 |work=Pakistan Tribune |access-date=21 May 2011 |location=Islamabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="APP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |title=JF-17 Thunder arrives in Pakistan |date=12 March 2007 |work=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022192508/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref> *'''PT-05''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. *'''PT-06''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. ===Production variants=== In chronological production order: *'''JF-17 Block 1''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production in China began in June 2006<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com" /> and in Pakistan in 2007. The first three Chinese weapons to be integrated are the [[PL-5|PL-5E II]] AAM, the [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] AAM, and the [[C-802A|C-802AK]] anti-ship missile. Block 1 aircraft had performed "better than expected" according to PAF [[Air Commodore]] Junaid. Production of Block 1 was completed on 18 December 2013 when the fiftieth aircraft{{mdash}}58% of which was produced in Pakistan{{mdash}}was delivered.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Dave | last1 = Allport | first2 = Alan | last2 = Warnes|date=September 2010|title= JF-17 Thunders in First Public Static Display | journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue= 269|page= 8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Rolls Out 50th JF-17, Block II Production To Commence |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |date=18 December 2013 |work=Defense News |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220054215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> A Block 1 JF-17 costs approximately US$15&nbsp;million per unit.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra" /> *'''JF-17 Block 2''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production began on 18 December 2013 and initial testing began on 9 February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|work=janes.com|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119230215/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Block 2 aircraft make use of composites in the airframe for reduced weight, air-to-air refuelling capability,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Roblin|first=Sebastien|date=10 August 2019|title=Meet the JF-17 Block III Fighter: The Jet China is Helping Pakistan Build to Fight India|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|access-date=23 July 2021|website=The National Interest|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002901/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|url-status=live}}</ref> improved radar and avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |title=Pakistan Begins Producing Block-II JF-17 Aircraft |last1=Panda |first1=Ankit |date=27 December 2013 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726080602/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="dawn" /> Chairman of PAC, Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed said: "We will hand over 16 Block 2 JF-17s to the PAF every year", and that the manufacturing plant has the capacity to produce 25 units in a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to boost military export with revamped JF-17 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |date=7 December 2014 |work=Pakistan Today |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172819/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> According to local media, PAC rolled out the 16th Block 2 aircraft in December 2015 enabling the JF-17's 4th squadron formation.<ref name="Fourth" /> A Block 2 JF-17 costs approximately US$25 million per unit.<ref name="SkyWars">{{citation | url = http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | title = Sky Wars: Pakistan, India and China | first = Adnan | last = Rehmat | date = 24 May 2011 | work = Dawn | access-date = 29 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122325/http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | archive-date = 14 July 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> *'''JF-17B Block 2''' {{mdash}} Dual-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 27 April 2017.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|title=Military Flight Training MENA 2021|website=www.arabianaerospace.aero|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154514/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JF-17B">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Naveed|title=JF-17B fighter jet takes maiden test flight|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|access-date=28 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142207/https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Serial production in China and Pakistan from 2018 to 2020. A total of 26 aircraft built - first four at Chengdu and remaining 22 at Kamra.<ref name="auto4" /> Its multi-roles include use as a (i) JF-17 conversion trainer; (ii) Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT); (iii) ground-attack aircraft; and (iv) reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|title=PAF to induct dual-seater JF-17B fighter jet in April 2017|date=28 April 2016|work=[[Express Tribune]]|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503202439/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the dual-seat, larger dorsal spine, and a more swept-back tail, another difference between the JF-17B and the JF-17 is that the JF-17B carries fuel in its vertical stabiliser, which the JF-17 does not.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|title=Pride of Pakistan|website=www.airinternational.com|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310041201/https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17B houses integral fuel tanks like the F-16. Each wing houses 550 Ib while the vertical tail houses 210 lb, which, together with the internal fuel load, totals 4,910 Ib of fuel. Together with the three external fuel drop-tanks, the aircraft can carry a total 10,000 Ib fuel load.<ref name="auto" /> The JF-17B Block 2s will be retrofitted with the NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra).<ref name="auto" /> *'''JF-17C Block 3'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/adex-2024-azerbaijani-jf-17-delivery-announced | title=ADEX 2024: Azerbaijani JF-17 delivery announced | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://quwa.org/pakistan-defence-industry/pakistan-promotes-the-jf-17c-thunder-to-bangladesh-01-20-2025/ | title=Pakistan Promotes the JF-17C Thunder to Bangladesh - Quwa | date=20 January 2025 }}</ref> {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 15 December 2019. Two prototypes underwent flight tests as of December 2020, one in China and the other in Pakistan. Went into serial production at PAC Kamra on 30 December 2020.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> Projected to feature further advancements such as a NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra),<ref name="auto" /> a three-axis digital fly-by-wire flight control system,<ref name="auto" /> an infrared search and track (IRST) system,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |title=2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |format=JPG |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221746/http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Rolling Thunder|url=https://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=Asian Military Review|date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208182445/http://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system produced jointly by Pakistan and China,<ref name="auto" /> a missile approach warning system (MAWS) similar to the one used on the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]]C, [[J-16]], and [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]], a new, larger, and thinner holographic wide-angle head-up display (HUD) similar to the one used on the J-10C and J-20, an enhanced electronic warfare management system,<ref name="auto" /> a chin-mounted hardpoint,<ref name="auto" /> use of more composites for further weight reduction, eventual replacement of the [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] [[afterburning turbofan]] by the [[Guizhou WS-13]]<ref name=":2" /> with an increased thrust, and a better thrust-to-weight ratio.<ref name="dawn" /><ref name="Nigeria" /><ref name="AW17March2015">{{cite journal|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=17 March 2015|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|access-date=24 March 2015|location=Kamra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322152346/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=22 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> The KLJ-7A can simultaneously track 15 targets and engage 4 targets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=KLJ-7A: Proposed AESA Radar for the JF-17 Block-III|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507114147/http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> PAF officials have described the JF-17 Block 3 as a "fourth generation plus" fighter jet. The first PAC-produced JF-17 Block 3 aircraft are expected to roll out of the production line in late 2021.<ref name="auto" /> The PAF has placed an order for 50 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft, deliveries of which were expected to start from early 2022.<ref name="paknikkei">{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|title=Pakistan to boost air strike power with 50 enhanced fighter jets|access-date=1 March 2022|date=6 February 2022|publisher=Nikkei|first=Adnan|last=Aamir|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084243/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Pakistan to Order 50 More Fighter Jets in 2017|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054055/https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 JF-17 Block 3 production aircraft were photographed after their rollout at PAC Kamra in early January 2022. The first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF in March 2023. '''Under-Development''' *'''JF-17 Block 4 or (PFX-Alpha)''' {{mdash}} The JF-17 Block 4 or JF-17 (PFX Alpha) is an under-development 4.5+ generation version of the JF-17 Thunder under the PAF "PFX" program, where "PFX" stands for "Pakistan Fighter Experimental." Also known as the JF-17 Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU), the project aims to enhance the JF-17 beyond the capabilities of the current JF-17C Block 3, which is the most advanced variant of the fighter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/pakistan-unveils-jf-17-pfx-fighter | title=Pakistan unveils JF-17 PFX fighter | date=26 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Reveals 'JF-17 PFX' Program |url=https://quwa.org/daily-news/pakistan-reveals-jf-17-pfx-program-2/ |publisher=Quwa |date=2 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Development Program for JF-17 PFX (Pakistan Fighter Experimental) Unveiled |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/development-program-for-jf-17-pfx-pakistan-fighter-experimental-unveiled/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The PFX-Alpha focuses on improving the radar, avionics, and integrating new air-to-air and air-to-surface munitions, including indigenous weapons. It will feature an indigenously-developed passive Infrared Search and Track (IRST) sensor and an electronic warfare (EW) suite with AESA radar-jamming capability. The overall goal of the PFX program is to provide the PAF with a next-generation fighter, with the PFX-Alpha serving as a key step toward indigenization and reducing external dependence. While no official timeline has been announced, a PAF official stated in an interview with [[Geo News]] at IDEAS 2024 that the jet is expected to fly within the next 4 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wec3sH9WMQ8 |title=JF-17 PFX: Upcoming Innovation & New Chapter in Pakistan Air Force - IDEAS 2024 {{!}} Breaking News |date=21 November 2024 |last=Geo News |access-date=23 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> At the [[Royal International Air Tattoo|RIAT]] 2025 air show, Pakistan showcased a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130H Hercules]] with a custom paint job featuring artwork of various PAF aircraft; notably, the PFX was depicted highest on the tail, symbolising the Air Force’s strong commitment to the program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=PAF Showcases JF-17, C-130 at RIAT 2025 in the UK |url=https://theneutral.pk/paf-to-display-jf-17-thunder-c-130-hercules-at-riat-2025/ |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=theneutral.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> ==آپريٽرز== <!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--> [[File:JF-17 operators.png|thumb|400px|موجوده JF-17 آپريٽر ملڪن (نيري رنگ ۾) سان نقشو]] === موجوده آپريٽر === '''{{AZE}}'''<br> * آذربائيجاني ايئر فورس: 5 پهچايا ويا، 35 آرڊر تي<ref name="azeri1" /> <ref name="azeri2">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/11/17/from-azerbaijan-to-uae-iran-is-surrounded-by-more-advanced-air-forces/ |title=From Azerbaijan To UAE, Iran Is Surrounded By More Advanced Air Forces |website=Forbes.com |date=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/azerbaijan-inducts-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan |title=Azerbaijan inducts JF-17 fighters from Pakistan |website=Janes.com |date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.defcros.com/azerbaijan-receives-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan/ |title=Azerbaijan Receives JF-17 Fighters from Pakistan |website=news.defcros.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> 35 on order<ref name="azeri2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://turdef.com/article/azerbaijan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fighters-in-inventory |title=Azerbaijan Shows JF-17 Block III Fighters in Inventory |website=turdef.com |date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aze.media/jf-17-and-a-new-axis-of-partnership-the-largest-ever-defense-deal-between-pakistan-and-azerbaijan/ |title=JF-17 and a new axis of partnership: The largest-ever defense deal between Pakistan and Azerbaijan |website=aze.media |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya1" /> '''{{flag|Myanmar}}''' [[ميانمار]] * ميانمار جي ايئر فورس: 13 پهچايا ويا، 3 آرڊر تي<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |title=2021 World Air Forces |format=PDF |editor-last=Hoyle |editor-first=Craig |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208041355/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-team-sent-to-myanmar-to-repair-combat-aircraft/articleshow/98640757.cms | title=Pakistan team sent to Myanmar to repair combat aircraft | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=15 March 2023 | last1=Chaudhury | first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** ميڪٽيلا ايئر فورس بيس<ref name="ReferenceB"/> '''{{NGA}}''' * نائيجيريا جي ايئر فورس: 3 پهچايا ويا<ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21">{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17s as it awaits Super Tucanos |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=21 May 2021 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191831/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** اين اي ايف بيس ماڪرودي<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |title=Nigeria gears up to receive JF-17s |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=13 November 2020 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121054653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17 fighters |website=Janes.com |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191832/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |url-status=live }}</ref> '''{{PAK}}''' * پاڪستان ايئر فورس: 161 پهچايا ويا، 27 آرڊر تي ** پي اي ايف بيس ڀولاري ([[ڄامشورو]]) *** نمبر 18 اسڪواڊرن شارپ شوٽرز (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref name="SHEPHARD"> {{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/pakistan-receives-chinese-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-reports/ |title=Pakistan receives Chinese JF-17 Block III fighter jets, reports say| access-date=10 March 2023|work=SHEPHARD |date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141819/https://timesofislamabad.com/03-Feb-2018/six-paf-squadrons-with-over-100-jf-17-fighter-jets-become-operational-fully |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|title=The JF-17 Is No F-35 Stealth Jet, But It's Good Enough For Pakistan|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=2 January 2020|website=The National Interest|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|title=Janes {{!}} Latest defence and security news|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Janes.com|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906153101/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="paknikkei" /> ** [[PAF Base Bholari]] (Jamshoro)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** No. 18 Squadron ''Sharp Shooters'' (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|title=Pakistan inducts 14 JF-17Bs and starts Block III JF-17 Thunder production|first=Hans van|last=Herk|website=www.scramble.nl|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231094256/https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Delivers New JF-17B Batch|date=2 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119112738/https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس مسرور ([[ڪراچي]]) *** نمبر 2 اسڪواڊرن منهاسين (2015)<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |title=Pakistan's PAF Re-equip Squadron No 2 Minhas With JF-17 |work=Asian Defence |date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121101129/http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 }}</ref> *** نمبر 8 اسڪواڊرن حيدرز (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-jf17-fighter-aircrafts/ | title=Pakistan Establishes Second Squadron of JF-17 "Thunder" Block 3 Fighters | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Scramble.nl">{{cite web | url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force | title=Orbats }}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس منہاس (ڪامرا) *** JF-17 TEF (ٽيسٽ ۽ تشخيص پرواز) (2007-2010)<ref name="AFM, July 2011, JF-17 - Thunder from the East">{{cite journal|last=Warnes|first=Alan|date=July 2011|title=JF-17&nbsp;– Thunder from the East|journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue=#280|pages=47–70}}</ref> *** نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن بليڪ پينٿرز (2011)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan" /> ** پي اي ايف بيس مصحف ([[سرگوڌا]]) *** CCS JF-17 اسڪواڊرن ڊيشنگ<ref name="Scramble.nl" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|title=JF-17 Thunder aircraft inducted in PAF Combat Commanders' School|work=Business Recorder|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223224329/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس [[پشاور]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/?q=node/16871 |title=Peshawar Base to station JF-17 Thunder Aircraft Squadron: Pak Air Chief |work=Asian Tribune |date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010004/http://asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F16871 |archive-date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> *** نمبر 26 اسڪواڊرن بليڪ اسپائڊرز (2010)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan" /> ** پي اي ايف بيس رفيقي ([[شورڪوٽ]])<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** نمبر 14 اسڪواڊرن ٽيل چوپرز (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|date=16 February 2017|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132631/https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس سمنگلي ([[ڪوئيٽا]]) *** نمبر 28 اسڪواڊرن فينڪس (2018)<ref> {{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|title=Pakistan inaugurates new fighter squadron – No. 28 "Phoenix"|date=28 February 2018|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123005402/https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|title=PAF raises new multirole squadron equipped with JF-17 Thunder aircraft|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025709/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|url-status=live}}</ref> ======موجوده آپريٽر====== '''{{flag|Libya}}''' * ليبيا ايئر فورس: آرڊر تي 16<ref name="libya1" /><ref name="libya2" /><ref name="libya3" /> ==حادثا ۽ واقعا== Since its first flight in 2003 and operationalization in 2007, five JF-17s have crashed in accidents: * '''14 November 2011''': A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in the mountainous Mullan Mansoor region of [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]] while flying from [[PAF Base Minhas]]. According to the official PAF report, the crash was caused by a technical malfunction. Pakistani news reported that the pilot, Squadron Leader Muhammad Hussain, ejected but was killed after his parachute failed to open, and that there were no civilian casualties reported on the ground. The pilot's body was discovered two kilometres from the crash site. This was the first known crash of a JF-17.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=DUBAI: JF-17 crashes in Pakistan's Kamra |date=15 November 2011 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=FlightGlobal |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054649/https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2011|title=PAF pilot dies as a plane crashed in Attock {{!}} Pakistan {{!}} News {{!}} Newspaper {{!}} Daily {{!}} English {{!}} Online|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/14-Nov-2011/pilot-dies-in-paf-aircraft-crash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216040156/https://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/14-Nov-2011/Pilot-dies-in-PAF-aircraft-crash|archive-date=16 December 2011|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Military Flair Up Between India and Pakistan See Both Sides Blaming One Another|url=http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Paktribune|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182541/http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pti|date=14 November 2011|title=Pakistan Air Force {{!}} Jet Crashes {{!}} Pilot {{!}} Punjab|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=oneindia.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182658/https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=18 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''27 September 2016:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during [[Pakistan military exercises#High Mark|Exercise High Mark]] in the [[Arabian Sea]]. The pilot ejected successfully and was rescued from the sea. [[Martin-Baker]], the manufacturer of the JF-17's ejection seats, later tweeted that the 15 September 2020 crash was the first ejection from a JF-17.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2016|title=JF-17 crashes into Arabian Sea|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162416/https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> * '''15 September 2020:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight near [[Pindigheb]], [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. The pilot ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=15 September 2020|title=PAF aircraft crashes in Attock during routine training, pilot ejects safely|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|access-date=15 September 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916183607/https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|url-status=live}}</ref> While the PAF did not identify the aircraft, ejection seat manufacturer Martin-Baker, whose seats are installed in the JF-17, said in a Twitter post, "a Pakistan Air Force JF-17 aircraft crashed earlier today during a routine training mission, the pilot ejected successfully," adding that this marked the first instance of an ejection from a JF-17 aircraft, which uses its Martin-Baker PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Jet Crashes, Pilot Ejects|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|access-date=15 September 2020|website=defenseworld.net|date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917084418/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''6 August 2021:''' A PAF JF-17B Block 2 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. Both pilots ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=6 August 2021|title=PAF jet crashes during routine training mission near Attock|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|access-date=9 August 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145129/https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin-Baker|date=9 August 2021|title=A Pakistan Air Force JF-17B aircraft crashed late last week on a training mission near Attock. Both aircrew ejected successfully from the twin seat aircraft using PK16LE Ejection Seats.|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811113709/https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News & Events|url=https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815093830/https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|archive-date=15 August 2021|access-date=15 August 2021|website=Martin-Baker|language=en-US}}</ref> * '''5 June 2024:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 2 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in [[Jhang District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. The fighter jet reportedly belonged to [[No. 14 Squadron PAF|No. 14 Squadron "Tail Choppers"]]. The pilot successfully ejected. The crash was reported by the manufacturer of the ejection seat of the aircraft, Martin Baker.<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/389360</ref> ==بيان ڪيل خاصيتون== پاڪستان ايروونٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس مارڪيٽنگ بروشر ۽ سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ مان ڊيٽا. ===عام خاصيتون=== * عملو: 1 (سنگل سيٽ JF-17A/C) يا 2 (ڊبل سيٽ JF-17B) * ڊگھائي: 14.326 ميٽر (47 فوٽ 0 انچ) * پرن جو دائرو: 9.44 ميٽر (31 فوٽ 0 انچ) * اوچائي: 4.57 ميٽر (15 فوٽ 0 انچ) * پرن جو علائقو: 24.43 چورس ميٽر (263.0 چورس فوٽ) * خالي وزن: 7,965 ڪلوگرام (17,560 پائونڊ) * وڌ ۾ وڌ ٽيڪ آف وزن: 13,500 ڪلوگرام (29,762 پائونڊ) * ايندھن جي گنجائش: ** اندروني: 3,000 ليٽر (2,449 ڪلوگرام)؛ ** ٻاهرين (3 ڊراپ ٽينڪ): 1 × 800 ليٽر (180 امپ گيل) *** پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ؛ 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) *** انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ * پاور پلانٽ: 1 × ڪليموف RD-93MA آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين (91.2 kN (20,500 lbf) ٿرسٽ آفٽر برنر سان) FDEEC سان (پوئين انجن: 1 x ڪليموف RD-93 آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين (84.4 kN (18,974 lbf) ٿرسٽ آفٽر برنر سان) # ===ڪارڪردگي=== * وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار: 1,910 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (1,190 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 1,030 kn) * وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار: ماخ 1.8 (Mach 1.8) * ڪروز جي رفتار: 1,359 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (844 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 734 kn) * اسٽال جي رفتار: 150 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (93 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 81 kn) * جنگي رينج: ** اندروني ايندھن تي 900 ڪلوميٽر (560 ميل، 490 ناٽيڪل ميل) ** ڊراپ ٽينڪن سان 1,741 ڪلوميٽر (1,082 ميل، 940 ناٽيڪل ميل) * فيري رينج: ** اندروني ايندھن تي 1,800 ڪلوميٽر (1,100 ميل، 970 ناٽيڪل ميل). ** ڊراپ ٽينڪن سان 3,482 ڪلوميٽر (2,163 ميل، 1,880 ناٽيڪل ميل) * سروس جي حد: 16,916 ميٽر (55,500 فوٽ) * ڪشش ثقل g حدون: +8/-3 (فلائيٽ ڪنٽرول سسٽم پاران محدود) * چڙهڻ جي شرح: 300 ميٽر/سيڪنڊ (59,000 فوٽ/منٽ) * زور: RD-93 سان 1.07. # ===هٿيار=== * توپون: 1 × 23 ملي ميٽر GSh-23 ٽوئن بيرل توپ * هارڊ پوائنٽس: 8 (2 × ونگ ٽِپ، 4 × انڊر-ونگ، 1 × انڊر-فيوزليج، 1 × چن) هر انڊر-ونگ هارڊ پوائنٽ تي ڊبل ايجيڪٽر ريڪ جي گنجائش سان. * پي لوڊ: 3,400 ڪلوگرام (7,500 پائونڊ) ===ميزائل=== * هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ ميزائل: ** PL-5EII — (انفراريڊ-هومنگ شارٽ رينج ميزائل) ** PL-10E — (انفراريڊ-هومنگ شارٽ رينج ميزائل) ** R-Darter — (ريڊار-هومنگ بيونڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) ** PL-12 (SD-10A) — (ريڊار-هائيڊڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) ** PL-15/PL-15E — (ريڊار-هائيڊڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) * هوا کان مٿاڇري تي مار ڪندڙ ميزائل: ** CM-102 — (اينٽي ريڊيئيشن ميزائل) ** LD-10 — (تابڪاري مخالف ميزائل) ** MAR-1 — (تابڪاري مخالف ميزائل) ** رعد-II — (سبسونڪ زميني حملو/اينٽي شپ ڪروز ميزائل) ** CM-400AKG — (سپرسونڪ ڊگهي فاصلي وارو هوا کان مٿاڇري تي مار ڪندڙ ميزائل) * اينٽي شپ ميزائل ** C-601 — (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** سي-705 ڪي ڊي - (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** سي-802 اي ڪي - (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** رعد-II - (سبسونڪ لينڊ اٽيڪ/اينٽي شپ ڪروز ميزائل) ** سي ايم-400 اي ڪي جي - (سپرسونڪ ڊگھي فاصلي وارو اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ===بم=== * غير هدايت ٿيل بم: ** 250 ڪلوگرام - پري ٽڪڙا ٿيل بم ** ايم ڪي-82 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** ايم ڪي-83 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** ايم ڪي-84 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** HAFR-1/HAFR-2 - (اينٽي رن وي بم) ** RPB-1 - (اينٽي رن وي بم) * گائيڊ ٿيل بم: ** GBU-10 - (ليزر گائيڊ ٿيل بم) ** GBU-12 - (ليزر گائيڊ ٿيل بم) ** GBU-16 - (ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** LT-2 — (ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** H-2 SOW — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ گلائيڊ بم) ** H-4 SOW — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ گلائيڊ بم) ** GB-6 — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ اسٽيلٿ گلائيڊ بم) ** NORINCO GB-250A — (250 ڪلوگرام ايڪسٽينڊڊ رينج GPS/INS-گائيڊڊ بم) ** CS/BBF1 — (فيول ايئر ايڪسپلوسو (FAE) يا ٿرموبارڪ بم) ** SCP-5 — (بنڪر بسٽر بم) ** NORINCO GB-500 — (500 ڪلوگرام ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** LS-6 — (وڌايل رينج GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ** GIDS تڪبير — (GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ** GIDS رينج ايڪسٽينشن ڪٽ — (GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ===ايويونڪس=== * ريڊار: ** KLJ-7A ايڪٽو اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (AESA) ** فائر ڪنٽرول ريڊار (FCR) * ريڊار وارننگ رسيور (RWR): ** 1 × BM/KJ-8602A * ميزائل اپروچ وارننگ سسٽم (MAWS): ** 4 × S740 شناخت دوست يا دشمن (IFF) * سسٽم: JZ/YD 125 * ڊيٽا بس: ٽيڪٽيڪل ڊيٽا لنڪ: لنڪ-17 * ٻيا: ** ٻاهرين پوڊ: *** Aselsan ASELPOD — ايڊوانسڊ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ (اليڪٽرو-آپٽيڪل ريڪنيسنس، نگراني ۽ ٽارگيٽنگ سسٽم) WMD-7 — FLIR *** ڊي/نائيٽ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ KG600/KG700 — ايئر بورن اليڪٽرانڪ ڪائونٽر ميجر (ECM) / سيلف پروٽيڪشن **جامنگ پوڊ *** اندرا سسٽم ALQ-500P — ESM/ECM پوڊ * مقابلي جا طريقا: ** چاف/فليئر ڊسپينسر ACMI: *** SDT ACMI سسٽم ** ايجڪشن سيٽ: *** مارٽن-بيڪر PK16LE صفر-صفر ايجڪشن سيٽ ** ٻاهرين ايندھن جا ٽينڪ: *** وڌايل رينج/لوٽرنگ وقت لاءِ 3 ٻاهرين ڊراپ ٽينڪ تائين: **** 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ **** 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|پاڪستان|چين|هوائي جهاز}} * [[غوري ميزائل]] * [[رعد ميزائل]] * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جنگي جهازن جي فهرست ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Aviation|Pakistan|China}} {{aircontent |see also= |related= * [[Project Sabre II]] *[[Guizhou JL-9]] <!-- Comparable/similar aircraft section removed because of edit wars - see talk page. DISCUSS on talk page and get a consensus to restore list first. --> |lists= * [[List of active Pakistan Air Force aircraft]] * [[List of Chinese aircraft]] * [[List of fighter aircraft]] }} ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Bibliography=== * {{Cite book |last1=Medeiros |first1=Evan S |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf |title=A New Direction for China's Defense Industry |last2=Cliff |first2=Roger |last3=Crane |first3=Keith |last4=Mulvenon |first4=James C |date=2005 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] Project Air Force |isbn=978-0-8330-4079-4 |language=en |oclc=69995886}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906183937/http://www.cac.com.cn/product/product_display.aspx?id=1 Archived Factsheet FC-1 on Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) website] * [http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 Factsheet JF-17 on Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jf-17 Thunder}} [[زمرو:JF-17 ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا جنگي هٿيار]] [[زمرو:سپر سونڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سنگل انجن وارو جيٽ جهاز]] [[زمرو:چين-پاڪستان فوجي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:وچين ونگ وارا هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:چوٿين نسل جي جيٽ ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] [[زمرو:پهريون ڀيرو 2003 ۾ اڏامندڙ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس پاران تيار ڪيل ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:واپس وٺڻ واري ٽرائي سائيڪل لينڊنگ گيئر سان هوائي جهاز]] fa7oqp0jr6ofya62kylnigayblg8teq 371039 371038 2026-04-12T05:11:59Z Ibne maryam 17680 371039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sino-Pakistani multirole fighter aircraft}} {{Infobox settlement | name = جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر<br> JF-17 Thunder | image = File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg | caption = پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر بلاڪ 1 | type = سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز | national_origin = | manufacturer = | first_flight = | introduction = | retired = | status = | primary_user = | more_users = | produced = | number_built = | developed_from = |other_name=ايف سي-1 شياؤ لونگ<br> FC-1 Xiaolong|subdivision_type=قومي اصل ملڪ|subdivision_type1=ٺاهيندڙ|subdivision_type2=پيداوار|subdivision_type3=تعمير ٿيل تعداد|subdivision_type4=تعارف|subdivision_name4=12 مارچ 2007ع|subdivision_type5=پهرين پرواز|subdivision_name5=25 آگسٽ 2003ع|subdivision_type6=حالت|subdivision_name6=سروس ۾|established_title=بنيادي استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date=[[پاڪستان ائيرفورس]]|established_title1=ٻيو استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date1={{ubl |[[ميانمار ايئر فورس]] |[[نائيجيريا ايئر فورس]] |[[آذربائيجاني ايئر فورسز]] }}|established_title2=دلچسپي رکندڙ ملڪ|established_date2=[[بنگلاديش]]، [[انڊونيشيا]]، [[سعودي عرب]]|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=|established_date5=|established_title6=|established_date6=|established_title7=|established_date7=|extinct_title=|extinct_date=|subdivision_name=[[پاڪستان]] / [[چين]]|subdivision_name1=[[پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] / [[چينگڊو ايئر ڪرافٽ انڊسٽري گروپ]]|subdivision_name2=چين ۾: جون 2007ع<br />پاڪستان ۾: جنوري 2008ع|subdivision_name3=182 (اضافي 6 پروٽوٽائپ)}} '''جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر''' (JF-17 Thunder؛ اردو: جے ایف-۱۷ گرج) هڪ چين-پاڪستاني سنگل انجن وارو هلڪو وزن وارو سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز آهي جيڪو [[پاڪستان]] جي [[پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] (<small>PAC</small>) ۽ [[چين]] جي چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ ڪارپوريشن (<small>CAC</small>) پاران گڏيل طور تي تيار ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|website=www.pac.org.pk|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712224651/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|url-status=live}}</ref> اهو چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر آهي ۽ [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] (<small>PAF</small>) ۾ ٽئين نسل جي <small>'''اي-5'''</small> <small>'''سي، ايف-7 پي/پي جي'''</small>، ميراج <small>III</small> ۽ ميراج <small>5</small> جنگي جهاز جي متبادل طور تي ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. <ref name=":92">{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan|title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan|date=26 September 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|title=Pakistan's tool of war: PAF's rolling thunder|first=Ali|last=Osman|date=17 December 2015|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003037/https://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''جي ايف-17'''</small> کي ڪيترن ئي ڪردارن لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جنهن ۾ فضائي دفاع، زميني حملو، اينٽي شپ ۽ فضائي جاچ شامل آهن. پاڪستاني نالو "جي ايف-17" جو مطلب آهي "جوائنٽ فائٽر-17"، جن ۾ "جوائنٽ فائٽر" جهاز جي گڏيل پاڪستاني-چيني ترقي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو ۽ "-17" جو مطلب آهي ته اهو آمريڪي [[ايف-16 جيٽ]] جو جانشين آهي. چيني نالي "ايف سي-1" جو مطلب آهي "فائٽر چائنا-1". جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر مختلف قسم جا هٿيار استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو, جنهن ۾ هوا کان هوا، هوا کان مٿاڇري ۽ اينٽي شپ ميزائل شامل آهن. گائيڊڊ ۽ ان گائيڊڊ بم. ۽ 23-ايم ايم جي ايس ايڇ-23-2 ٽوئن بيرل آٽو ڪينن. چيني گيزو ڊبليو ايس-13 يا روسي ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 ۽ 2) يا ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 ايم اي (<small>'''جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 3'''</small>) آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين انجن ذريعي طاقتور. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار <small>'''ماخ 1.6'''</small> آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-032">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''جي ايف-17'''</small> پاڪستان ايرفورس جي ريڙهه ۽ ڪم جو هارس آهي. تقريبن اڌ قيمت تي ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن کي پورو ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002224809/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> بلاڪ II قسم جي قيمت 25 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-033">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي 2007 ۾ پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو هو.[[File:Pakistan JF-17 Thunder, Pakistan - Air Force JP7136023.jpg|thumb|انفراريڊ هومنگ - هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ - [[پي ايل-5 ميزائل|PL-5 ميزائل]] سان ليس - پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو JF-17 ]] <small>'''JF-17'''</small> ايئر فريم جو <small>'''%58'''</small>، جنهن ۾ ان جو فرنٽ فيوزليج، ونگز ۽ عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل آهن، پاڪستان ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته <small>'''42'''</small> سيڪڙو چين ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي آخري اسيمبلي ۽ سيريل پيداوار پاڪستان ۾ ٿيندي آهي.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2015ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان 16 JF-17s پيدا ڪيا.<ref name="The Express Tribune2">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، PAC وٽ هر سال 20 JF-17s پيدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت آهي. اپريل <small>2017ع</small> تائين، PAC PAF لاءِ 70 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ۽ 33 بلاڪ 2 جهاز تيار ڪيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220025305/http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="quwa.org2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex delivered 70 JF-17S to the Pakistan Air Force|url=http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609031529/http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-II production crosses 30 planes|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507071327/http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس جا JF-17 ٿنڊر <small>'''19,000'''</small> کان وڌيڪ آپريشنل پرواز گڏ ڪري چڪا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Two-Seat Variant of China-Pakistan JF-17 Fighter Jet to Fly in 2016|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060126/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016|archive-date=9 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾، پي اي سي/سي اي سي هڪ ٻٽي سيٽ واري قسم کي ترقي ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو جن کي بهتر آپريشنل صلاحيت، ڪنورشن ٽريننگ ۽ ليڊ ان فائٽر ٽريننگ لاءِ <small>'''JF-17B'''</small> جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|title=Pakistan, China jointly launch production of JF-17B fighter jets|date=28 April 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155526/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>JF-17B</small> بلاڪ 2 قسم <small>2018ع</small> ۾ پي اي سي ۾ سيريل پيداوار ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> تائين <small>'''26'''</small> جهاز پي اي ايف کي پهچايا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|title=PAC Kamra rolls out final 14 JF-17B fighters for Pakistan Air Force|website=Janes.com|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111103242/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان ايئر فورس هڪ فعال اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (<small>AESA</small>) ريڊار، هڪ وڌيڪ طاقتور روسي ڪليموف <small>RD-93MA</small> انجن، هڪ وڏو ۽ وڌيڪ ترقي يافته وائڊ اينگل هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي (<small>HUD</small>)، اليڪٽرانڪ جوابي ماپ، هڪ اضافي هارڊ پوائنٽ، ۽ بهتر هٿيارن جي صلاحيت سان جهاز جي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته بلاڪ 3 ورزن جي سيريل پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref name="auto52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 جهازن فوجي ڪارروائي ڪئي آهي، هوائي کان هوائي ۽ هوائي کان زمين تي، جنهن ۾ سال <small>2014</small>ع ۽ <small>2017ع</small> ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن دوران پاڪستان-افغانستان سرحد جي ويجهو اتر وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردن جي جڳهن تي بمباري ڪرڻ، <ref>{{cite news|title=Fighter jets bomb militant hideouts in North Waziristan after Taliban attacks|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031322/https://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA3">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> هدايت يافته ۽ غير هدايت يافته (guided) هٿيارن جو استعمال ڪرڻ، سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾ بلوچستان ۾ پاڪستان-ايران حد جي ويجهو هڪ مداخلت ڪندڙ ايراني فوجي ڊرون کي ڪيرائڻ، <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|title=Iranian drone shot down by PAF, confirms FO|date=21 June 2017|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072512/https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2019ع</small> ۾ جمو ۽ ڪشمير جي هوائي حملي ۽ هندستان ۽ پاڪستان جي وچ ۾ هوائي جهڙپن دوران آپريشن سوئفٽ ريٽورٽ ۾<ref name="auto82">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ <small>2024ع</small> ۾ آپريشن مارگ بر سرمچار دوران، جن ۾ پاڪستان ايران جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي]] اندر بلوچ عليحدگي پسند گروپن کي نشانو بڻائي هوائي ۽ توپخاني جي حملي جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو. مارچ ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2024ع</small> ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-<small>'''17'''</small> جهازن کي [[افغانستان]] اندر پاڪستاني طالبان جي ٺڪاڻن خلاف سرحد پار هوائي حملي ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Abid|title=Pakistan air strikes in Afghanistan spark Taliban warning of retaliation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/25/pakistan-air-strikes-in-afghanistan-spark-taliban-warning-of-retaliation|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> [[نائيجيريا]] جي هوائي فوج (<small>NAF</small>) جي ايف-17 جهازن نائيجيريا ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف ۽ بغاوت مخالف آپريشن ۾ فوجي ڪارروائي ڏٺي آهي.<ref name="auto22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> [[ميانمار]] جي فوج پڻ مختلف باغي گروپن خلاف پنهنجي <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي بار بار تعينات ڪيو آهي. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Anthony|date=11 January 2023|title=Myanmar Air Force fiercely gunning to win the war|url=https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/myanmar-air-force-fiercely-gunning-to-win-the-war/|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref> مئي <small>2025ع</small> جي هندستان-پاڪستان تڪرار دوران، پي اي ايف <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي هوا کان هوا ۽ هوا کان زمين تي ٻنهي ڪردارن ۾ جنگ ۾ تعينات ڪيو.<ref name="auto14">{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know | title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know }}</ref><ref name="auto16">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1w3dln352vo | title=Kashmir: How China benefited from India-Pakistan hostilities | date=19 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/09/china/china-military-tech-pakistan-india-conflict-intl-hnk | title=China has spent billions developing military tech. Conflict between India and Pakistan could be its first major test | date=9 May 2025 }}</ref> ==ترقي== === پس منظر === جي ايف-17 کي بنيادي طور تي پي اي ايف جي هڪ سستي، غير منظور ٿيل، چوٿين نسل جي، هلڪي وزن واري، گھڻ-رول جنگي جهاز جي ضرورت کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Aviation Week]]|title=Pakistan expands fighter force|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awst/2010/12/20/AW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|date=22 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105212255/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fawst%2F2010%2F12%2F20%2FAW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|archive-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> ته جيئن ٽئين نسل جي نانچانگ اي-5 سي بمبارن، چينگدو ايف-7 پي/پي جي انٽرسيپٽرز، ميراج III ملٽي-رول جنگي جهاز ۽ ميراج 5 اسٽرائڪ جهاز جي وڏي بيڙي جي متبادل طور تي، جنهن جي قيمت 500 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي جيڪا پاڪستان ۽ چين جي وچ ۾ برابر ورهايل هئي. <ref name="fighter-planes.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|title=Joint Fighter-17 (JF-17) Thunder|publisher=Fighter Planes|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901205431/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|archive-date=1 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> جهاز جو مقصد وڌيڪ مهانگو مغربي ويڙهاڪن جي قيمت-مؤثر ۽ مقابلي واري متبادل جي طور تي برآمد جي صلاحيت پڻ هئي. هن جهاز جي ترقي يانگ وي جي سربراهي ۾ هئي، جنهن کي چين جو "ايس ڊيزائنر" سمجهيو ويندو هو، جنهن چينگدو جي-20 پڻ ٺاهيو.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|journal=International Relations and Security Network|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005150/http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سال 1989ع تائين، آمريڪا جي اقتصادي پابندين جي ڪري، پاڪستان پروجيڪٽ سيبر II کي ڇڏي ڏنو هو، هڪ ڊيزائن اسٽڊي جنهن ۾ آمريڪي جهاز ٺاهيندڙ گرومن ۽ چين شامل هئا، ۽ چينگدو ايف-7 کي ٻيهر ڊزائين ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو هو. <ref name="Pakistan considers new fighter plan2">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Considers new Fighter Plan|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14–20 March 1990|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II|access-date=18 October 2009|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021154725/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II}}</ref> سال1988ع ۾، چين ۽ گرومن سپر 7 جو نو مهينن جو ابتدائي ڊيزائن مطالعو ڪيو، جيڪو چينگدو ايف-7 جو اپ گريڊ هو.<ref name="Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms2">{{cite web|title=Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|date=26 November 1988|work=Flight International|access-date=15 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021140123/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> سال 1989ع جي تيانانمن اسڪوائر احتجاج جي سياسي نتيجي کان پوءِ جڏهن چين تي پابنديون لڳايون ويون ته گرومن منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو. گرومن جي چينگدو سپر 7 منصوبي کي ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ، منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو ويو ۽، ان جي جاءِ تي، فائٽر چائنا-1 (ايف سي-1) منصوبو 1991ع ۾ شروع ڪيو ويو. سال <small>1995</small>ع ۾، پاڪستان ۽ چين هڪ نئين فائٽر جي گڏيل ڊيزائن ۽ ترقي لاءِ هڪ مفاهمت جي ياداشت (MoU) تي دستخط ڪيا ۽ ايندڙ ڪجهه سالن ۾ منصوبي جي تفصيلن تي ڪم ڪيو. جون 1995ع ۾، ميڪوئان "ڊيزائن سپورٽ" مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ منصوبي ۾ شامل ٿيو، ان ۾ سي اي سي پاران ڪيترن ئي انجنيئرن جي سيڪنڊمينٽ پڻ شامل هئي.<ref name="21 June 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Mikoyan joins Chengdu on fighter|work=[[Flight International]]|date=21 June 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212115/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> === ايف سي-1 منصوبي جو آغاز === [[File:Pakistan Air Force Pakistan JF-17 Thunder Bidini-1.jpg|thumb|left|<small>2011</small> جي ازمير ايئر شو لاءِ ازمير ترڪي ۾ هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1]] آڪٽوبر <small>1995</small> ۾ رپورٽ موجب سال جي آخر تائين پاڪستان کي ايف سي-1 جي ايويونڪس فراهم ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي ضم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ڪمپني چونڊڻي هئي جنهن جي <small>1999</small> تائين پيداوار شروع ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. چيو ويندو هو ته ايويونڪس ۾ ريڊار، انرٽيل نيويگيشن سسٽم، هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي ۽ ملٽي فنڪشن ڊسپلي شامل آهن. مقابلي واريون بوليون ٿامسن-سي ايس ايف کان ريڊار ڊاپلر ملٽي ٽارگيٽ (<small>RDY</small>) جي هڪ قسم <small>SAGEM</small> <small>ROSE</small> اپ گريڊ پروجيڪٽ ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ ساڳي ايويونڪس پيڪيج ۽ مارڪوني اليڪٽرانڪ سسٽم ان جي بليو هاڪ ريڊار سان آيون. ڪمپني جي پي اي ايف سان لاڳاپن جي ڪري <small>FIAR</small> جي (هاڻي <small>SELEX</small> گيليلو) گريفو <small>S7</small> ريڊار جي چونڊ ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. <ref name="18 October 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Pakistan nears FC-1 avionics decision|work=[[Flight International]]|date=18 October 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725044013/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> فيبروري <small>1998</small> ۾ پاڪستان ۽ چين ايئر فريم ڊولپمينٽ کي ڍڪڻ واري ارادي جي خط تي دستخط ڪيا. روس جي ڪليموف فائٽر کي طاقت ڏيڻ لاءِ <small>RD-33</small> ٽربوفين انجن جو هڪ قسم پيش ڪيو. <ref name="04/03/98 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=China/Pakistan signal intent to resume FC-1 development work|work=[[Flight International]]|date=4 March 1998|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725051043/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/|url-status=live|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> اپريل <small>1999</small> ۾ ڏکڻ آفريڪا جي ڊينيل سپر 7, اڳ ۾ رپورٽ ٿيل آر-ڊارٽر جي بدران, کي ٽي-ڊارٽر بيونڊ-ويزوئل-رينج (<small>BVR</small>) ايئر-ٽو-ايئر ميزائل (<small>AAM</small>) سان هٿياربند ڪرڻ جي آڇ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/|title=Denel proposes advanced Darter derivatives|last=Lewis|first=Paul|date=28 April 1999|work=Flight International|access-date=31 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725033628/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> اڳ ۾ <small>1987</small> ۾ پراٽ ۽ وٽني سپر-<small>7</small> منصوبي کي چين يا پاڪستان ۾ مقامي پيداوار سان ٽي انجن آپشن؛ <small>PW1212</small>، <small>F404</small> ۽ <small>PW1216</small> پيش ڪيا. رولز رائس پنهنجو <small>RB199-127/128</small> ٽربوفين انجن پيش ڪيو. هي منصوبو <small>1989</small> ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|title=FC-1 JF-17 western engine options|date=15 June 2012|work=Air Force World|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042701/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> جون <small>1999</small> ۾ چينگدو <small>FC-1/سپر 7</small> کي گڏيل طور تي ترقي ۽ پيداوار جو معاهدو دستخط ڪيو ويو. <small>GEC</small>-مارڪوني پاران هڪ مربوط ايويونڪس سوٽ فراهم ڪرڻ لاءِ بولي کي ڇڏي ڏيڻ کان پوءِ <small>FIAR</small> ۽ <small>Thomson-CSF</small> ترتيب وار <small>Grifo S7</small> ۽ <small>RC400</small> ريڊار تي ٻڌل ڪيترائي ايويونڪس سوئيٽ تجويز ڪيا. جيتوڻيڪ اڳ ۾ اميد هئي ته <small>PAF</small> جي سپر 7 کي پنهنجي نئين بليو هاڪ ريڊار لانچ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو.<ref name="14 July 1999 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=China and Pakistan agree on Super 7 fighter development work|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14 July 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526190707/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> <ref name="23 June 1999 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Marconi abandons FC-1 fighter bid|work=[[Flight International]]|date=23 July 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526184233/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> ملڪ جي <small>1998</small> جي ايٽمي هٿيارن جي تجربن کان پوءِ پاڪستان تي پابندين جي ڪري ايندڙ <small>18</small> مهينن دوران ڊيزائن جو ڪم تمام سست رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌيو. <small>PAF</small> کي مغربي ايويونڪس جي ترسيل کي روڪيو ويو. <small>2001</small> جي شروعات ۾ <small>PAF</small> جو فيصلو جهاز تي ڊيزائن جي ڪم کي جاري رکڻ جي قابل بڻايو ته ايئر فريم کي ايويونڪس کان ڌار ڪيو وڃي جيئن ته ايئر فريم ترقي ڪئي وئي <small>PAF</small> پاران ڪنهن به نئين ايويونڪس گهرجن کي ايئر فريم ۾ وڌيڪ آساني سان ضم ڪري سگهجي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20042">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> پروٽوٽائپ جي پيداوار سيپٽمبر 2002 ۾ شروع ٿي. نومبر 2002 ۾ ايئر شو چائنا ۾ FC-1/Super 7 جو هڪ مڪمل سائيز جو ميڪ اپ ڏيکاريو ويو.<ref name="12/11/02 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Airshow China&nbsp;– FC-1 mock-up revealed|work=[[Flight International]]|date=12 November 2002|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021150219/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/|url-status=live|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> ڪليموف <small>RD-93</small> ٽربوفين انجن جو پهريون بيچ جيڪو پروٽوٽائپ کي طاقت ڏيندو هو، <small>2002</small> ۾ پڻ پهچايو ويو.<ref name="Janes2">{{cite web|title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong|work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> چائنا نيشنل ايرو-ٽيڪنالاجي امپورٽ اينڊ ايڪسپورٽ ڪارپوريشن (<small>CATIC</small>) جي هڪ آفيسر جي مطابق, <small>JF-17</small> جي گهٽ قيمت ڪجهه آن بورڊ سسٽم جي ڪري آهي جيڪا چينگدو J-10 جي سسٽم مان ترتيب ڏنل آهن. آفيسر چيو ته، "ٽيڪنالاجي جي منتقلي (جي-10 کان جي ايف-17 ڏانهن هوائي جهاز جي نظام کي منتقل ڪرڻ) JF-17 کي تمام گهڻو قيمتي بڻائي ٿو".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese Jets Today at Bygone Price|url=http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1|date=23 November 2010|work=AviationWeek.com|publisher=Viadeo|access-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1|archive-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> <ref name="JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price2">{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|title=JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price|date=18 November 2010|work=[[Aviation Week]]|access-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ٺهيل ڊيزائن سافٽ ويئر جي استعمال <small>JF-17</small> جي ڊيزائن جي مرحلي کي مختصر ڪري ڇڏيو.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher|first=Richard Jr.|title=China's Aviation Sector: Building Toward World Class Capabilities|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=27 May 2010|date=20 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531214709/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=31 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> === پرواز جي جاچ ۽ ٻيهر ڊيزائننگ === پهريون پروٽوٽائپ (<small>PT-01</small>) <small>31</small> مئي <small>2003</small>ع تي رول آئوٽ ڪيو ويو<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com2">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ۽ چينگدو فلائيٽ ٽيسٽ سينٽر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو، جئين ته پهرين پرواز لاءِ تيار ڪيو وڃي. اهو شروعاتي طور تي جون ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ جو منصوبو هو. پر [[سارس ڪووي 2|سارس وائرس]] جي وبا جي خدشن جي ڪري ان ۾ دير ٿي وئي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20043">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> <ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com3">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> هن نقطي جي چوڌاري، نالي "<small>'''سپر-7'''</small>" کي "<small>'''JF-17'''</small>" (<small>جوائنٽ فائٽر-17</small>) سان تبديل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> 27 جون 2003ع تي چينگدو جي وينجيانگ ايئرپورٽ تي گهٽ رفتار واري ٽيڪسي جي آزمائش شروع ٿي.<ref name="Janes3">{{cite web|title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong|work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> پهرين پرواز آگسٽ <small>2003</small>ع جي آخر ۾، <ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com3">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> <ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter flies|work=[[Flight International]]|date=9 September 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143119/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ۽ پروٽوٽائپ جي سرڪاري پهرين پرواز سيپٽمبر جي شروعات ۾ ٿي. پروٽوٽائپ کي پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي نئين نامزدگي <small>'''JF-17'''</small> سان نشان لڳايو ويو.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20044">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> مارچ <small>2004</small>ع تائين، <small>'''سي اي سي'''</small> پهرين پروٽوٽائپ جون لڳ ڀڳ <small>20</small> ٽيسٽ پروازون ٿيون.<ref name="23 March 2004 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Flight testing the FC-1/JF-17|work=[[Flight International]]|date=23 March 2004|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102181806/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/|archive-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> 7 اپريل <small>2004</small>ع تي، پي اي ايف جي ٽيسٽ پائلٽ، راشد حبيب ۽ محمد احسان الحق پهريون ڀيرو <small>'''پي ٽي-01'''</small> پروٽوٽائپ اڏايو. ٽئين پروٽوٽائپ (<small>PT-03</small>) جي پهرين پرواز <small>9</small> اپريل <small>2004</small>ع تي ٿي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20045">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> مارچ 2004ع تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200 JF-17 جهاز شامل ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|title=PAC readies for assembly ramp up|work=Flight International|access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003434/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Model of JF-17 on display with two SD-10 and four PL-5E missiles mounted on wings.jpg|thumb|چين ۾ نمائش ۾ JF-17 ٿنڊر جو ماڊل]] ٽئين پروٽوٽائپ کان پوءِ، ڊيزائن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي بهتريون تيار ڪيون ويون ۽ وڌيڪ جهازن ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون. <small>'''RD-93'''</small> انجن پاران گهڻي دونھين جي اخراج جي ڪري، انجن ۾ هوا جي انٽيڪ کي وڌايو ويو. ٽيسٽنگ ۾ مليل ڪنٽرول مسئلن جي نتيجي ۾ ونگ ليڊنگ ايج روٽ ايڪسٽينشن (LERX) ۾ تبديليون آندي ويون. <ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com4">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> عمودي ٽيل فن کي ٽپ ۾ هڪ وڌايل اليڪٽرانڪ وارفيئر سامان رکڻ لاءِ وڌايو ويو.<ref name="Jane's Sino-Pakistani fighter improved2">{{citation|first=Robert|last=Hewson|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter improved|work=[[Jane's Information Group]]|url=http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002942/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml|archive-date=28 February 2007}}</ref> ٻيهر ڊزائين ڪيل جهاز ۾ وڌ ۾ وڌ ٽيڪ آف وزن ٿورو وڌي ويو هو ۽ چيني ذريعن کان حاصل ڪيل ايونڪس جي وڌندڙ مقدار کي شامل ڪيو ويو. تنهن هوندي به پاڪستان ايئر فورس پنهنجي جهاز لاءِ مغربي ايونڪس چونڊيو. سال <small>2005</small>ع جي آخر کان <small>2007</small>ع تائين پاڪستان ايئر فورس جهازن جي ترسيل کي ملتوي ڪيو. پاڪستان برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ اطالوي ايونڪس سوئٽس جو جائزو ورتو. جنهن جي فاتح جي 2006ع ۾ حتمي شڪل ڏيڻ جي اميد هئي.<ref name="27 September 2005 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Test flaws prompt rethink on China's FC-1 light fighter look|work=[[Flight International]]|date=27 September 2005|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624173043/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html|archive-date=24 June 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''PT-04'''</small>، چوٿون پروٽوٽائپ ۽ ڊيزائن تبديلين کي شامل ڪرڻ وارو پهريون، اپريل 2006ع ۾ رول آئوٽ ڪيو ويو ۽ 28 اپريل 2006ع تي پنهنجي پهرين پرواز ڪئي.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Graham|last=Warwick|title=Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets|work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/|url-status=live|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 20062">{{citation|title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]]|date=17 May 2006|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm|access-date=25 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm|archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref>.<ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 2006">{{citation |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm |access-date=25 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm | archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622681).jpg|thumb|JF-17 and their DSI air intakes.]] The modified air intakes replaced conventional intake ramps{{mdash}}whose function is to divert turbulent [[boundary layer]] airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the engine{{mdash}}with a [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] (DSI) design.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Graham |last=Warwick |title= Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets |work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |url-status=live | archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> The DSI uses a combination of forward-swept inlet cowls and a three-dimensional compression surface to divert the boundary layer airflow at high sub-sonic and supersonic speeds. According to [[Lockheed Martin]], the DSI design prevents most of the boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to two times the [[speed of sound]], reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms,<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Hehs |title=JSF Diverterless Supersonic Inlet |work=Code One magazine |date=July 2000 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124032509/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html | archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref> and is [[stealth technology|stealthier]] than a conventional intake.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> In 1999, developmental work on the DSI with the aim of improving aircraft performance commenced. The JF-17 design was finalised in 2001.<ref name="APP">{{cite news|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |title=50th indigenously produced JF-17 Thunder rolls-out at PAC Kamra |work=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115146/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Multiple models underwent wind tunnel tests; it was found that the DSI reduced weight, cost, and complexity while improving performance.<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI"/> For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing, PT-04 was fitted with a fourth-generation avionics suite that incorporates [[sensor fusion]], an electronic warfare suite, enhanced man-machine interface, [[FADEC|Digital Electronic Engine Control]] (DEEC) for the RD-93 turbofan engine, FBW flight controls, day/night precision surface attack capability, and multi-mode, pulse-Doppler radar for BVR air-to-air attack capability.<ref name="PakTribune1">{{citation|title=4th Prototype JF-17 'Thunder' aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |work=PakTribune (Pakistani news website) |url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> The sixth prototype, PT-06, made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006.<ref name="cnair">{{citation |first=Hui |last=Tong |title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder |url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm |access-date=2 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm | archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Following a competition in 2008, [[Martin-Baker]] was selected over a Chinese firm for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx|title=JF-17 Signing|date=September 2008|work=Escape (newsletter)|publisher=Martin-Baker|page=1|access-date=9 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403190614/http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx | archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:13-143 JF-17 PAKISTAN AIR FORCE LBG (18888092161).jpg|thumb|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 at the [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Airport]], Paris, France for the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]] ]] On 2 March 2007, the first consignment of two small-batch-production (SBP) aircraft arrived in a dismantled state in Pakistan. They flew for the first time on 10 March 2007 and took part in a public aerial demonstration during a [[Pakistan Day]] parade on 23 March 2007. The PAF intended to induct 200 JF-17 by 2015 to replace all its Chengdu F-7, Nanchang A-5, and Dassault Mirage III/5 aircraft. In preparation for the [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] of JF-17s, the PAF has upgraded several Mirage IIIs with IFR probes for training purposes.<ref name = "The News, JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief">{{citation |first=Mayed |last=Ali |title = JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief | newspaper = [[The News International]]|date= 31 March 2007 | place = [[Pakistan|PK]] |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 | access-date =23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> A dual-seat, combat-capable trainer was originally scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2009 Pakistan reportedly decided to develop the training model into a specialised attack variant.<ref name="IASC Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow">{{citation |first= Richard Jr. |last= Fisher |title= Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow |publisher= International Assessment and Strategy Center (IASC) |date= 20 January 2008 |url= http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |access-date= 6 August 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715131717/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |archive-date= 15 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |title=Avic, Pakistan Working on JF-17 Two-Seater |last=Perrett |first=Bradley |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007185528/http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |archive-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref> In November 2007, the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluations of aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology (NRIET), and the LETRI [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] active radar homing AAM.<ref name="Jane's&nbsp;— Chinese, French weapons for JF-17">{{citation |first=Reuben F. |last=Johnson |title=Pakistan considers mix of Chinese, French weapons for its JF-17s |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164219/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, PAC began manufacturing JF-17 components; production of sub-assemblies commenced on 22 January 2008.<ref name="paf.gov.pk, Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra">{{citation |title=Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra |publisher=[[Pakistan Air Force]] }}</ref><ref name="Dawn.com, Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra">{{citation|first=Yaqoob |last=Malik |title=Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra |publisher=[[Dawn News]] |date=23 January 2008 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154912/http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The PAF was to receive a further six pre-production aircraft in 2005, for a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft. [[Initial operating capability]] was to be achieved by the end of 2008.<ref name = "Jane's, January 2008, JF-17 production commences">{{citation |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |title=JF-17 production commences |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=24 January 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606051629/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |archive-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Final assembly of the JF-17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009; PAC expected to complete production of four to six aircraft that year. They planned to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and fifteen to sixteen aircraft per year from 2011; this could increase to twenty-five aircraft per year.<ref name="01/07/09 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Siva | last = Govindasamy | title= Pakistan begins domestic final assembly of JF-17 |work= [[Flight International]] | date = 1 July 2009 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |access-date=23 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103224634/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> On 29 December 2015, PAC announced the rollout of the 16th JF-17 Thunder fighter manufactured in the calendar year 2015, taking total number of manufactured aircraft to more than 66. Later, a PAF spokesperson said that in light of the interest shown by various countries, it has been decided that production capacity of JF-17 Thunder at PAC Kamra will be expanded.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia signed an agreement in August 2007 for re-export of 150 RD-93 engines from China to Pakistan for the JF-17.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian engines will fly to Pakistan|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|newspaper=Kommersant|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154851/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the PAF reported it was not fully satisfied with the RD-93 engine and that it would only power the first 50 aircraft; it was alleged that arrangements for a new engine, reportedly the [[Snecma M53#Variants|Snecma M53-P2]], may have been made.<ref name="New engine, Snecma M53 - defensenews.com">{{cite news|title=100 Countries Expected To Attend IDEAS 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=22 November 2008 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172647/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 }}</ref> [[Mikhail Pogosyan]], head of the MiG and Sukhoi design bureaus, recommended the Russian defence export agency [[Rosoboronexport]] block RD-93 engine sales to China to prevent export competition from the JF-17 against the MiG-29.<ref>{{cite news|location=RU |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |title=Russian combat aircraft makers fear competition with China |agency=RIA Novosti |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727082025/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |archive-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |title=Russia's Iconic MiG and Sukhoi Fighters Enter Competition with Chinese Clones |work=[[Pravda]] |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709180639/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the 2010 [[Farnborough Airshow]], the JF-17 was displayed internationally for the first time; aerial displays at the show were intended but were cancelled due to a late attendance decision as well as licence and insurance costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive |title=Farnborough Debut Heralds JF-17 Export Drive |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=19 July 2010 |work=Defence News |access-date=25 May 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103041128/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive }}</ref> According to a Rosoboronexport official at the Airshow China 2010, held on 16–21 November 2005 in [[Zhuhai]], China, Russia and China had signed a contract worth $238 million for 100 RD-93 engines with options for another 400 engines developed for the FC-1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia to sell additional RD-93 jet engines to China |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |date=16 November 2010 |publisher=Rianovosti |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021164151/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> According to media reports, Pakistan planned to increase production of JF-17s by 25% in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan to boost JF-17 production by 25% in '16|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010628/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Further development=== [[File:PAK Kamra JF-17 Thunder at PAris Air Show, June 2019 (2).jpg|thumb|JF 17 Thunder in [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan Flag Livery]] at [[Paris Air Show]] ]] Pakistan negotiated with British and Italian defence firms regarding avionics and radars for the JF-17 development. Radar options include the Italian Galileo Avionica's Grifo S7,<ref name="Grifo">{{Citation |url=http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | type = datasheet | title = Selex | contribution = Italian Grifo family | publisher = Sensors and Airborne Systems| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325204544/http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> the French Thomson-CSF's RC400 (a variant of the [[RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget)|RDY-2]]),<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower"/> and the British company SELEX Galileo's Vixen 500E AESA radar.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari">{{citation | last =Ansari | first = Usman | title= Thunder Storm&nbsp;– Pakistan's hopes for the JF-17 Thunder fighter | work=Combat Aircraft magazine | volume = 8 |issue= 4 |url=http://usmanansari.com/id16.html |access-date=11 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907034554/http://usmanansari.com/id16.html | archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In 2010, the PAF had reportedly selected ATE Aerospace Group to integrate French-built avionics and weapons systems over rival bids from Astrac, Finmeccanica and a [[Thales Group|Thales]]-[[Sagem]] joint venture. Fifty JF-17s were to be upgraded and an optional fifty from 2013 onwards, at a cost of up to {{USD|1.36 billion}}. The RC-400 radar, [[MICA (missile)|MICA]] AAMs, and several air-to-surface weapons are believed to be in the contract. The PAF also held talks with South Africa for the supply of Denel A-darter AAMs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |title= French-Led JF-17 Upgrade Likely To Raise Eyebrows |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |title= Will Westernized JF-17 Thunder Attract New Delhi's Ire? |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> In April 2010, after eighteen months of negotiations, the deal was reportedly suspended; reports cited French concerns about Pakistan's financial situation, the protection of sensitive French technology, and by Indian [[lobbying]], which operates many French-built aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |title=Paris bloque un contrat d'équipement français d'avions de chasse pakistanais |trans-title=Paris blocks a contract of French equipment for Pakistani fighter aircraft |last=Follorou |first=Jacques |date=2 April 2010 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406012337/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 |url-status=live }} [https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en Google English translation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313032215/http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en |date=13 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |title=France says arms sale to Pakistan held up |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215070013/http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref> France wanted the PAF to purchase several [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-9]] fighters from the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]], which would overlap with the upgraded JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris|title=Un contrat militaire avec le Pakistan bloqué par Paris |trans-title=A contract with the Pakistan military blocked by Paris | date= 3 April 2010 | publisher = Radio France Internationale | language= fr| access-date= 5 April 2010|location= France|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191726/http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, the PAF's Chief of Air Staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rao Qamar Suleman]], said such reports were false, stating: "I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government...someone was trying to cause mischief{{mdash}}to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want".<ref>{{cite journal| last= Warnes| first= Alan|date=July 2010 |title=On the edge&nbsp;– JF-17s, Tankers and AWACS|journal=Air Forces Monthly | type = magazine |location= United Kingdom |issue=July 2010|page= 54|quote=Reports in late March that the French Government was refusing to allow the sale of a Thales avionics system was denied by the CAS: 'I saw the report quoting unnamed sources or any French government official. I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government. I think someone is trying to cause mischief&nbsp;– to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want.'}}</ref> On 18 December 2013, production of Block 2 JF-17s began at PAC's Kamra facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 Thunder Block 2 Will be Ready till June 2014 |url=http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Pakistan Armed Forces News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134056/http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> These have an air-to-air refuelling capability, improved avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01"/> Block 2 construction was planned to run until 2016, after which the manufacturing of further developed Block III aircraft was planned.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|title=Production of improved version of JF-17 aircraft launched |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |date=19 December 2013 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605015123/http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |archive-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> In December 2015, it was announced that the 16th Block II aircraft had been handed over resulting in standing up of the 4th squadron.<ref name="Fourth">{{cite news|title=Fourth JF-17 Thunder squadron complete as PAC rolls out 16th aircraft|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177/|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406230211/https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 June 2015, Jane's Defence Weekly confirmed<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> that JF-17 Block III will have an AESA radar, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and possibly an internal infrared search and tracking (IRST) system.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | title = Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan | last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr. | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | archivedate=21 April 2016 | work = Jane's Defence Weekly | date = 17 June 2015 }}</ref> A two-seat version was also reportedly to be produced in Block III.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF to induct JF17 Thunder Block III in 2016|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513171122/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Unconfirmed reports claim that Block III will also have a better flight management system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder fighter jet impresses at Paris Air Show|url=http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503022238/http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Selex ES has promoted its next-generation cockpit as a possible upgrade of JF-17 Block III; this cockpit includes a new mission computer, an enhanced head-up display and contemporary multi-function displays, plus the capability for the pilot to use a single, large-area display instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Selex advances M-345 cockpit development|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530175651/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, despite Indian protests, Russian state-owned United Engine Corporation developed a new engine designated ''RD-93MA'' for the JF-17 fighter being built by Pakistan.<ref name="Russian engine">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=9 July 2020 |title=Russia confirms progress on new jet engine. Is it for Pak JF-17 fighter? |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html|url-status=live |work= TheWeek Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127072811/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html |archive-date= 27 January 2021}}</ref> ==ڊيزائن== [[File:JF-17 block 1 front view.jpg|upright|thumb|اڳيون ڏيک]] === مکيه فريم === ايئر فريم نيم مونوڪوڪ ڍانچي جو آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ايلومينيم مصر مان ٺهيل آهي. ڪجهه نازڪ علائقن ۾ اعليٰ طاقت وارو اسٽيل ۽ ٽائيٽينيم مصر جزوي طور تي اختيار ڪيا ويا آهن. ايئر فريم 4,000 فلائيٽ ڪلاڪن يا 25 سالن جي سروس لائف لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. پهرين اوور هال 1,200 فلائيٽ ڪلاڪن تي ٿيڻ وارو آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra2">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> JF-17s بلاڪ 2 وزن گهٽائڻ لاءِ ايئر فريم ۾ جامع مواد جو وڌيڪ استعمال شامل ڪري ٿو. ريٽريبل انڊر ڪيريج ۾ ٽرائي سائيڪل جو انتظام آهي. هڪ واحد اسٽيئربل نوز ويل ۽ ٻه مکيه انڊر ڪيريج سان. هائيڊولڪ بريڪ ۾ هڪ خودڪار اينٽي اسڪڊ سسٽم آهي. انليٽس جي پوزيشن ۽ شڪل حملي جي اعليٰ زاوين سان لاڳاپيل مشقن دوران جيٽ انجن کي گهربل هوا جي وهڪري ڏيڻ لاءِ ٺهيل آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra3">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> وچ ۾ لڳل ونگ ڪراپڊ ڊيلٽا ترتيب جا آهن. ونگ روٽ جي ويجهو <small>LERX</small> آهن. جيڪي هڪ وورٽيڪس پيدا ڪن ٿا. جيڪو حملي جي اعليٰ زاوين سان لاڳاپيل مشقن دوران ونگ کي اضافي لفٽ فراهم ڪري ٿو. هڪ روايتي ٽرائي-پلين ايمپينيج ترتيب شامل ڪئي وئي آهي. آل-موونگ اسٽيبليٽرز، سنگل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر، رڊر، ۽ ٽوئن وينٽرل فينز سان. فلائيٽ ڪنٽرول سسٽم (<small>FCS</small>) ۾ روايتي ڪنٽرول شامل آهن. ياو ۽ رول محور ۾ استحڪام وڌائڻ سان ۽ پچ محور ۾ هڪ ڊجيٽل فلائي بائي وائر (<small>FBW</small>) سسٽم موڙ جي ڪارڪردگي کي وڌائڻ لاءِ مينيوورنگ دوران ليڊنگ-ايج فليپس ۽ ٽريلنگ ايج فليپس خودڪار طريقي سان ترتيب ڏنل آهن.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra4">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سيريل پروڊڪشن جهاز جي FCS ۾ رپورٽ ڪئي وئي آهي ته پچ محور ۾ هڪ ڊجيٽل ڪواڊروپلڪس (ڪواڊ-ريڊنڊنٽ) FBW سسٽم آهي. ۽ رول ۽ ياو محور ۾ هڪ ڊپلڪس (ڊبل-ريڊنڊنٽ) FBW سسٽم آهي.<ref name="cnair2">{{citation|first=Hui|last=Tong|title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder|url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm|access-date=2 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm|archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> 3,400 lb (1,500 ڪلوگرام) تائين آرڊيننس، سامان، ۽ ايندھن کي هارڊ پوائنٽس جي هيٺان نصب ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جن مان ٻه ونگ-ٽپس تي آهن، چار ونگ هيٺ آهن ۽ هڪ فيوزليج هيٺ آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra5">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> === ڪاڪ پِٽ === [[File:JF-17 Block 1 cockpit.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 HUD]] The aircraft has three large Multifunction Colour Displays (MFD) and smart Heads-Up Display (HUD) with built-in symbol generation capability. A [[center stick]] is used for [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll]] control while [[Aircraft rudder|rudder pedals]] control yaw. A throttle is located to the left of the pilot. The cockpit incorporates [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on a Martin-Baker Mk-16LE [[zero-zero ejection seat]]. The cockpit incorporates an [[electronic flight instrument system]] (EFIS) and a wide-angle, holographic head-up display (HUD), which has a minimum total field of view of 25 degrees. The EFIS comprises three color multi-function displays, providing basic flight information, tactical information, and information on the engine, fuel, electrical, hydraulics, flight control, and environment control systems. The HUD and MFD can be configured to show any available information. Each MFD is {{cvt|20.3|cm|inch|1}} wide and {{cvt|30.5|cm|inch|1}} tall and is arranged side by side in [[page orientation|portrait orientation]]. The central MFD is placed lowest to accommodate a control panel between it and the HUD.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Avionics=== [[File:JF-17 cockpit.webp|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 cockpit avionics display]] The avionics software incorporates the concept of [[open architecture]]. Instead of the military-optimised [[Ada (programming language)|Ada programming language]], the software is written using the popular [[C++|C++ programming language]], enabling the use of the numerous civilian programmers available.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article">{{citation|title=Stuck in Sichuan: Pakistani JF-17 Program Grounded? No|date=January 2007|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|work=Defense Industry Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft also includes a health and usage monitoring system, and automatic test equipment.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf |title=8011-Ai760Datasheet.qxd |access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021927/http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=May 2021}} The JF-17 has a [[defensive aids system]] (DAS) composed of various integrated sub-systems. A [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) provides data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars, and an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin interferes with enemy radars. The EW suite is also linked to a [[Missile Approach Warning]] (MAW) system to defend against radar-guided missiles. The MAW system uses several optical sensors across the airframe to detect the rocket motors of missiles across a 360-degree coverage.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Data from the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is shown on cockpit displays and the HUD. A countermeasures dispensing system releases [[flare (countermeasure)|decoy flares]] and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] to help evade hostile radar and missiles. The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar-jamming pod that will be carried externally on a [[hardpoint]].<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The first forty-two PAF production aircraft are equipped with the [[KLJ-7|NRIET KLJ-7]] radar,<ref name="Milavia.net 2007 news report">{{citation |date=23 March 2007 |title=JF-17 Arrived in Pakistan |work=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |publisher=MILAVIA.net |url=http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |access-date=31 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218082338/http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=18 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7">{{citation |title=KLJ-7/10 Fire Control Radar (FCR) (China), Airborne radar systems |work=Jane's Avionics |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=19 January 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002180132/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> a variant of the KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) and also used on the Chengdu J-10. Multiple modes can manage the surveillance and engagement of up to forty air, ground, and sea targets; the [[Track while scan|track-while-scan]] mode can track up to ten targets at BVR and can engage two simultaneously with [[Air-to-air missile#Radar guidance|radar-homing AAMs]]. The operation range for targets with a [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) of {{Convert|5|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} is stated to be ≥ {{Convert|105|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-up mode and ≥ {{Convert|85|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-down mode.<ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7"/><ref name="Jane's, NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements">{{citation |title=China's NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=7 April 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html |access-date=6 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820152019/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html | archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> A [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) pod for low-level navigation and [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) system for passive targeting can also be integrated;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> the JF-17 Block 2 is believed to incorporate an IRST.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In April 2016, Air Marshal Muhammad Ashfaque Arain said that, "JF-17 needs a targeting pod, as the jets' usefulness in current operations was limited due to lack of precision targeting. To fulfill this gap the Air Force was interested in buying the Thales-made Damocles, a third-generation targeting pod; which was a priority."<ref>{{cite news|date=7 April 2016|title=Interview: Pakistan wants air force upgrade for prolonged militant fight|newspaper=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|url-status=dead|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420160318/http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[ASELSAN|Aselsans]] ASELPOD was tested and successfully integrated with the JF-17 and Pakistan has subsequently purchased at least eight [[targeting pod]]s from Aselsan.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Tests Turkish Targeting Pod|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235159/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|archive-date=6 December 2018|access-date=6 December 2018|website=defense-aerospace.com}}</ref> This integration has significantly enhanced the JF-17 platform's ability to launch precision strikes. A helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by [[Luoyang]] Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre of [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China|AVIC]] was developed in parallel with the JF-17; it was first tested on Prototype 04 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|title=图文：枭龙04飞行员新头盔_新浪军事_新浪网|work=sina.com.cn|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101520/http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=Strategycenter.net |date=30 December 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> It was dubbed as EO HMS, (Electro-Optical Helmet Mounted Sight) and was first revealed to the public in 2008 at the 7th [[Zhuhai Airshow]], where a partial mock-up was on display.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The HMS tracks the pilot's head and eye movements to guide missiles towards the pilot's visual target.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} An externally carried day/night [[laser designator]] [[targeting pod]] may be integrated with the avionics to guide [[laser-guided bomb]]s (LGBs).<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> An extra [[hardpoint]] may be added under the starboard air intake, opposite the cannon, for such pods. To reduce the numbers of targeting pods required, the aircraft's [[tactical data link]] can transmit target data to other aircraft not equipped with targeting pods.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} The communication systems comprise two [[VHF]]/[[UHF]] radios; the VHF radio has the capacity for [[VHF Data Link|data linking]] for communication with ground control centers, [[airborne early warning and control]] aircraft and combat aircraft with compatible data links for [[network-centric warfare]], and improved [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite web|title=VHF air-ground Digital Link |url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |publisher=etsi.org |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206100741/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref> The aircraft uses [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLGs]] along with [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] for navigation. The aircraft is equipped with an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] [[Transponder]] which allows it to differentiate between friendly aircraft and enemy aircraft. The [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]] aids in aerial combat for manoeuvring.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} ===Engine=== The first two blocks of JF-17 is powered by a single Russian RD-93 [[turbofan]] engine, which is a variant of the [[Klimov RD-33]] engine used on the [[MiG-29]] fighter. The engine gives more [[thrust]] and significantly [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|lower specific fuel consumption]] than [[turbojet]] engines fitted to older combat aircraft being replaced by the JF-17. The advantages of using a single engine are a reduction in maintenance time and cost when compared to twin-engined fighters. A [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] of 0.99 can be achieved with full internal fuel tanks and no external payload. The engine's air supply is provided by two bifurcated air inlets (see [[JF-17 Thunder#Airframe and cockpit|airframe]] section).<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan">[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ "Pakistan & China's JF-17 Fighter Program."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ |date=20 October 2013 }} ''Defense Industry Daily'', 14 November 2011</ref> The RD-93 is known to produce smoke trails.<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan"/> The [[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Guizhou Aero Engine Group]] has been developing a new turbofan engine, the [[Guizhou WS-13|WS-13 ''Taishan'']], since 2000 to replace the RD-93. It is based on the RD-33 and incorporates new technologies to boost performance and reliability. A thrust output of {{Convert|80 to 86.36|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}}, a lifespan of 2,200 hours, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 8.7 are expected. An improved version of the WS-13, developing a thrust of around {{Convert|100|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}} (22,450&nbsp;lb), is also reportedly under development.<ref name="October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace">{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center |date=30 December 2009 |first=Richard Jr. |last=Fisher |access-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> During the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]], it was announced that flight testing of a JF-17 equipped with the WS-13 engine had begun.<ref name="janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|title=Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan|work=Jane's|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, a representative of PAC said that Pakistan would continue to use the RD-93 engine on their fighters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |title=Pakistan to Stick With Russian Engine for JF-17 Fighter Jet |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=25 November 2015 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=IHS |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125095855/https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local media reports in January 2016 said that Russia was planning to sell engines for JF-17 directly to Pakistan.<ref>{{citation|title=Moscow makes a move when US loosens the noose|date=25 January 2016|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051408/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a PAC representative, Pakistan is looking to collaborate with Russia in developing and repairing engines.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ===Fuel system=== The fuel system comprises internal fuel tanks located in the wings and fuselage with a capacity of {{Convert|2330|kg|lb|abbr=on}}; they are refuelled through a single point pressure refuelling system (see [[Aircraft fuel system#Turbine fuel system|turbine fuel systems]]). Internal fuel storage can be supplemented by external fuel tanks. One {{convert|800|litre|impgal|adj=on}} [[drop tank]] can be mounted on the aircraft's centerline hard point under the fuselage and two 800-litre or {{convert|1110|litre|impgal|adj=on}} drop tanks can be mounted on the two inboard under-wing hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The fuel system is compatible with [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling (IFR)]], allowing tanker aircraft to refuel inflight, and increasing its range and loitering time significantly. All production aircraft for the PAF are to be fitted with IFR probes.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In June 2013, PAF Air Chief Marshal [[Tahir Rafique Butt]] said ground tests on the JF-17's refuelling probes had been successfully completed and the first mid-air refuelling operations would commence that summer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bokhari|first=Farhan|title=Pakistani JF-17 to start mid-air refuelling by end of summer|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=10 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer|access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107021555/http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer | archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622777).jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder with its weapons]] [[File:Pakistan Air Force, 12-139, Chengdu JF-17 Thunder (49579395248).jpg|thumb|Thunder with weapons]] ===Armaments=== The JF-17 can be armed with up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of air-to-air and [[air-to-ground weaponry]], and other equipment mounted externally on the aircraft's seven hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> One hardpoint is located under the fuselage between the main landing gear, two are underneath each wing, and one is at each wing-tip. All seven hardpoints communicate via a [[MIL-STD-1760]] data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System,<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> which is stated to be capable of integration with weaponry of any origin.<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower">{{citation|first=Usman |last=Ansari |title=Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower |work=[[Defense News]] |date=9 February 2009 |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3938427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230020953/http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/02/pakistan-surmounts-western-sanctions-to.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 }}</ref> Internal armament comprises one {{Convert|23|mm|inch|abbr=on}} GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon mounted under the [[port (nautical)|port side]] air intake, which can be replaced with a {{Convert|30|mm|inch|abbr=on}} [[GSh-30-2]] twin-barrel cannon.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com">{{cite web | work=Sino Defence | title= FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp |access-date=11 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp | archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|title=MILAVIA Aircraft – Chengdu FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Specifications|first=Niels | last = Hillebrand|work=milavia.net|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031225/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The wing-tip hard-points are typically occupied by short range infra-red homing AAMs. Many combinations of ordnance and equipment such as [[targeting pods]] can be carried on the under-wing and under-fuselage hard-points. Underwing hard-points can be fitted with [[Hard point#Ejector racks|multiple ejector racks]], allowing each hard-point to carry two {{Convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} unguided bombs or LGBs{{mdash}}[[Mk.82]] or [[GBU-12]].<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Active radar homing BVR AAMs can be integrated with the radar and data-link for mid-course updates. The aircraft can carry the [[PL-12|PL-12/SD-10]] along with the [[PL-5]]E and [[PL-9]]C Short range, infra-red homing missiles. The more advanced [[PL-10]]E High-Off Bore Sight missiles were integrated into the aircraft in April 2021, operated Within Visual Range using the HMD/S. With the Block 3 variant of the JF-17, the ability to fit and operate the [[PL-15]]E, the most advanced BVR missile developed by China for export with a claimed operating range of 145&nbsp;km, is also integrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's Production of Latest JF-17 Block 3 Variant Reaches 30 Units |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistans-production-of-latest-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jets-nears-30-units-2/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Unguided air-to-ground weaponry includes rocket pods, [[Unguided bomb|gravity bombs]] and [[Matra Durandal]] anti-runway munitions. [[Precision-guided munition]]s such as LGBs and [[Precision-guided munition#Satellite-guided weapons|satellite-guided bombs]] are also compatible with the JF-17, as are other guided weapons such as [[anti-ship missile]]s and [[anti-radiation missile]]s.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Pakistan planned to bring the Brazilian [[MAR-1]] anti-radiation missile into service on its JF-17 fleet in 2014.<ref name="janes mar1">{{cite journal|last=Hewson|first=Robert|date=17 April 2013|title=Mectron's MAR-1 to be operational in Pakistan next year|url=http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072717/http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> ==آپريشنل تاريخ== ===Pakistan=== [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 flies in front of the 26,660 ft high [[Nanga Parbat]]]] Small batch production of the single-seat, single-engine JF-17s began in China in June 2006. The first two small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered on 2 March 2007 and first flew in Pakistan on 10 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6854&Cat=13&dt=3/21/2007 |title=JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> They took part in an aerial display on 23 March 2007 as part of the [[Pakistan Day Parade|Pakistan Day Joint Services Parade]] in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |title=PAF to seek more Chinese aircraft, says air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509043607/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |archive-date = 9 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="PakTribune">[http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 JF-17 Thunder main focus of attention at Pak Day fly-past] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''Pak Tribune'', 24 March 2007.</ref> Another six small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered by March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\03\15\story_15-3-2008_pg7_6 |title=Six more JF-17 Thunder fighter jets inducted into PAF |date=15 March 2008 |work=Daily Times |access-date=21 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118100559/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C03%5C15%5Cstory_15-3-2008_pg7_6 | archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> These were extensively flight-tested and evaluated by the PAF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |title=PAF to start serial production of JF-17 fighter aircraft soon |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330212502/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> Two serial production aircraft were delivered from China in 2009 and the first Pakistani-manufactured aircraft was delivered to the PAF in a ceremony on 23 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |title=Pak, China unveil first JF-17 combat jet |work=Rediff.com |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301092221/http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2010, the first JF-17 squadron, [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 ''Black Spiders'']], was officially inducted into the PAF with an initial strength of 14 fighter planes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |title=First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder inducted in PAF |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163116/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/February/international_February910.xml&section=international |title=PAF Inducts First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder Jet |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110350/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2010%2FFebruary%2Finternational_February910.xml&section=international |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> These aircraft first saw service in the [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat|anti-terrorist operation in South Waziristan]], during which various types of weapons were evaluated.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zia |last=Tanouli |language=Urdu |work=Daily Express (Pakistan) |title=جے ایف-١٧ میں باقاعدہ طور پر شامل پی اے ایف |url=http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |access-date=20 February 2010 |quote=(Translated) No.26 Squadron established in Kamra with 14 aircraft initially inducted. According to top PAF sources, fourteen aircraft were evaluated thoroughly with different kinds of weapons during the anti-terror operation in Waziristan. First squadron established in Kamra due to security concerns, will be transferred to Peshawar later. With induction of first JF-17 squadron, the two A-5 squadrons will be grounded today. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005230/http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> They took part in the PAF's ''High Mark 2010'' exercise from 29 April, where they were used by the ''Blue Force'' to attack ''Red Land'' surface targets with precision air-to-surface weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |title=JF-17 Thunder comes of age at High Mark drill |date=29 March 2010 |work=Newspaper article |publisher=Awaz Today |access-date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184851/http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |title=Pakistan inducts JF-17 jets developed with China |work=Rediff.com |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528235257/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 April 2011, a re-equipment ceremony for No. 26 ''Black Spiders'' Squadron took place, during which it was stated that the JF-17 had "revolutionized the PAF's operational concepts". Then Air Chief Marshal [[Rao Qamar Suleman]] reported the re-equipping of No. 26 squadron and the addition of the JF-17 Thunder to the [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron]]. He also thanked the contribution and support of the Chinese in helping to acquire a technological breakthrough in the shape of the aircraft.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |title=PAF re-equips No 26 Squadron with JF-17 thunder aircraft |date=12 April 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times (Pakistan) |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174246/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> During [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] 2014–2016, JF-17 were deployed frequently to carry out airstrikes against [[Pakistani Taliban|TTP]] hideouts, killing hundreds of terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Dawn com {{!}} |date=19 December 2014 |title=Top Uzbek commander among 17 terrorists killed in Khyber air strikes |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151682 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/245286-Operation-ZarbeAzb-30-militants-killed-in-fresh |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=dunyanews.tv |title=Operation Zarb-e-Azb: 30 militants killed in fresh airstrikes in Dattakhel |date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> In September 2015, the No. 2 Squadron tasked with sea strikes was re-equipped with JF-17s replacing the F7s.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder inducted in Multi Role Squadron|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414020258/http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=live|date=12 April 2016}}</ref> The No. 16 Squadron "Black Panthers" has also been equipped with the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Block-2 Update from "The Thunder City|url=http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220185954/http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2017, it was reported that a JF-17 shot down an [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Iranian]] [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] operating in [[Pakistan|Pakistan's]] [[Panjgur District|Pangjur District]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|title=JF-17 shoots down Iran's spy drone|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032625/http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2019, PAF JF-17s took part in Pakistan's [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|retaliatory airstrikes]] against India during which two Thunders of the [[No. 16 Squadron PAF|No. 16 Squadron]] struck Indian ground targets with [[Mark 83|Mk. 83 REKs]].<ref name="kaiser">{{cite web|url=https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|website=PakistanPolitico.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama: Two years on|date=18 February 2021|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208104607/https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tufail">{{cite web|url=https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|website=DefenceJournal.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama-From bluster to whimper|date=10 July 2019|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028163732/https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Brad |date=4 March 2019 |title=Crisis may be easing, but nuclear threat still hangs over India and Pakistan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519161150/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Has Pakistan's JF-17 'Thunder' Block II Fighter Jet Engaged in its First Dogfight? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516080001/https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight |url-status=live }}</ref> as of March 2021, JF-17s are operational in seven fighter squadrons based at five airbases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|title=Orbats|website=www.scramble.nl|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202214748/https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, the first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF. During the [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff|May 2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the PAF publicly showcased, for the first time, a JF-17 Block 3 fighter aircraft equipped with [[PL-15#Variants|PL-15E]] long-range [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s (BVRAAMs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Update: Pakistan shows JF-17 Block III fitted with PL-15 missiles for first time |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/update-pakistan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fitted-with-pl-15-missiles-for-first-time |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Jane |language=en}}</ref> During the conflict, the PAF deployed JF-17s and [[J-10CE]]s in combat in both the air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.<ref name="auto14"/><ref name="auto16"/><ref name="auto12"/> Pakistan claimed that its JF-17 successfully targeted and destroyed an Indian [[S-400 missile system|S-400 missile defence system]] at [[Adampur Airport|Adampur Air Force Station]] in [[Punjab]] on 10 May 2025 using two [[CM-400AKG]] long-range supersonic [[air-to-surface missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1310766-how-paf-destroyed-india-s-2-s400-air-defence-systems | title=How PAF destroyed India's 2 S400 air defence systems | date=12 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/first-strike-in-the-hypersonic-era-pakistan-claims-jf-17-launched-cm-400akg-took-out-indias-s-400/ | title=(VIDEO) First Strike in the Hypersonic Era: Pakistan Claims JF-17-Launched CM-400AKG Took Out India's S-400 | date=11 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/883212-pak-jf17-thunder-strike-destroys-indian-s400-air-defence-system | title=Pak JF-17 Thunder strike destroys Indian S400 air defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/jf-17-thunder-destroys-indias-s-400-defence-system-10-05-2025/ | title=Watch: JF-17 Thunder taking off to destroy India's S-400 defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref> On 11 May, the PAF, in a press briefing said that it had targeted the 96L6E Cheese Board radar of the S-400 system, one of the units of the combined air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim |last=Ahmad |first=Zeeshan |date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] dismissed the claim, stating that all Indian S-400 squadrons are still functional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's claim of destroying India's S-400 missile systems false: Indian military|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistans-claim-of-destroying-indias-s-400-missile-systems-false-indian-military/article69560019.ece|access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Hindu|date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the Adampur Air Force Station on 13 May 2025, and posed in front of an S-400 Launcher, which the [[Indian media]] claimed to be fully operational. According to Indian media, his visit served as a rebuttal to Pakistan's claims, reinforcing that the missile system was intact and operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=PM Modi poses in front of S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Base days after Pakistan claimed it was destroyed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-poses-in-front-of-s-400-missile-system-at-adampur-air-base-days-after-pakistan-claimed-it-was-destroyed/articleshow/121134748.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Modi fact-checks Pakistan, visits Adampur, releases video & photo with S-400 in background|url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-fact-checks-pakistan-visits-adampur-releases-video-photo-with-s-400-in-background/2624167/|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Print|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at Paris Air Show 2015.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at [[Paris Air Show]] 2015]] '''Exercises'''<br> The PAF has deployed the JF-17 Thunder in a number of bilateral and multinational air exercises since the 2010s. PAF JF-17s have participated in joint air exercises with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) under the Shaheen exercise series since at least 2014, focusing on air combat training and interoperability.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 2019 and again in 2021, PAF JF-17s took part in the Turkish Air Force–hosted multinational exercise Anatolian Eagle, operating alongside aircraft from several participating air forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2019: Pakistani JF-17s among participants |url=https://theaviationist.com/2019/07/15/pakistani-jf-17-thunders-and-turkish-elint-sigint-c-160d-transall-among-the-highlights-of-anatolian-eagle-exercise/ |website=The Aviationist |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2021 exercise |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/12072021-anatolian-eagle-2021-exercise-pakistan-improving-defense-synergies-oped/ |website=Eurasia Review |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2022, PAF JF-17s participated in the Saudi-led multinational air exercise Spears of Victory at King Abdulaziz Air Base, flying alongside Royal Saudi Air Force Tornados, Typhoons and F-15s, as well as allied aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF participates in Spears of Victory exercise in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590236/pakistan |website=Arab News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> JF-17s continued participation in subsequent editions of Spears of Victory, including 2023 and 2025, with later deployments featuring the Block-III variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17 Block-III participates in Spears of Victory 2023 |url=https://www.facebook.com/ConnectedPakistan/posts/pakistan-air-forces-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jets-have-touched-down-in-az/1213837260779670/ |website=Connected Pakistan |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PAF excels in Saudi-led Spears of Victory 2025 |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/02/14/paf-excels-in-saudi-led-air-combat-drills-jf-17-block-iii-earns-global-praise/ |website=Pakistan Today |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2025, PAF JF-17 Block-III fighters were also deployed to Azerbaijan for the bilateral air exercise Indus Shield Alpha, marking one of the type’s longest overseas deployments.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17s arrive in Azerbaijan for Indus Shield Alpha |url=https://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/912872 |website=Dunya News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> '''Airshows'''<br> The JF-17 Thunder has participated in international airshows since 2010 as part of export promotion and military diplomacy efforts by the PAF.<ref name="ISPR-2010">Inter Services Public Relations, Pakistan Air Force press releases on JF-17 international exposure, 2010.</ref> Early public appearances took place at airshows in Pakistan and China, followed by displays at major international aerospace exhibitions, including the Paris Air Show in 2011 and 2015,<ref>Paris Air Show official exhibitor catalogues, 2011 & 2015.</ref> the Dubai Airshow in 2013, 2017, 2021, and 2025<ref>Dubai Airshow official exhibitor lists, 2013, 2017, 2021.</ref> and the Farnborough International Airshow in 2014 and 2016, primarily as static displays.<ref>Farnborough International Airshow exhibitor catalogues, 2014 & 2016.</ref> The aircraft has also featured at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition, including static and flying displays, with later editions showcasing the Block III variant.<ref>China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (Zhuhai) official programmes; Global Times aviation coverage.</ref> In 2019, 2022, and 2025, PAF JF-17s participated in the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT), in static and air displays.<ref>Royal International Air Tattoo aircraft participation lists, 2019 & 2022.</ref> The aircraft was also displayed at the [[World Defense Show]] in 2024.<ref>[[World Defense Show]] 2024 exhibitor directory; Saudi Ministry of Defense releases.</ref> ===Myanmar=== In July 2015, Myanmar ordered 16 Block 2 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] for approximately $560 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-06-15/jf-17-myanmar-seen-flying-china|title=JF-17 for Myanmar Seen Flying in China|first=Chen|last=Chuanren|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> In late 2015, [[Myanmar]] ordered 16 [[Klimov RD-33|RD-93]] spare engines from [[Russia]], which were received in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=SIPRI>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI Trade Register|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 December 2018, [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] disclosed that the [[Myanmar Air Force]] had received the first batch of JF-17s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters |title=Myanmar shows off Thunder fighters |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202527/https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters/ |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An official Myanmar Air Force video released on Air Force day showcased a number of JF-17s, both on static display and in the air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|title=YouTube|website=YouTube|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2021}} As per reports, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] is in possession 11 JF-17 Block 2s.[https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html] In May 2022, a PAF cargo plane supplied spare parts for the JF-17s of the Myanmar Air Force. In June 2022, it was reported that a team of 15 PAF personnel were scheduled to visit [[Meiktila Air Base]] in Myanmar to provide technical support for the Myanmar Air Force JF-17s, including setting up of a JF-17 simulator at Meiktila Air Base to train pilots of the Myanmar Air Force and to address technical issues relating to JF-17s that Myanmar Air Force was facing. However, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] has faced significant challenges with its JF-17 fleet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2022-11-25 |title=Technical Problems Ground Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Bought From China |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/technical-problems-ground-myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-bought-from-china.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref> By late 2022, the entire fleet of 11 aircraft was grounded due to severe technical malfunctions and structural issues, including cracks in the airframe (particularly wingtips and hardpoints), poor accuracy and maintenance problems with the Chinese-made KLJ-7 radar, malfunctions in the Weapon Mission Management Computer that reduced launch zones for beyond-visual-range missiles, unreliable avionics, and issues with the Russian RD-93 engines.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar raises issue of grounded JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft to Pakistan |url=https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Asia Pacific Defense Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farid |first=Ayesha |date=2025-05-18 |title=Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Grounded Amid Conflict and Maintenance Woes |url=https://www.bdmilitary.com/analysis/geopolitics-diplomacy/myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-grounded-amid-conflict-and-maintenance-woes/1082/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Bangladesh Military Forces |language=en-GB}}</ref> These problems rendered the aircraft unfit for combat operations, forcing the air force to rely on other platforms like MiG-29s, Yak-130s, and K-8s.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The grounding was exacerbated by post-2021 military coup sanctions, which restricted access to spare parts for Western-sourced components in the avionics and electronics. Myanmar lacked the local expertise to maintain or repair the complex systems, and initial attempts by Pakistani technicians in September 2022 to set up a simulator at Pathein air base and resolve issues were only partially successful.<ref name=":5" /> In September 2023, Myanmar raised the issue directly with Pakistani leadership, including Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Armed Forces chief General Asim Munir, expressing displeasure over the aircraft's performance. The Chinese government also intervened diplomatically due to its role in the JF-17's development. As a result, Myanmar reportedly decided not to accept the remaining five aircraft from the original order and explored newer JF-17 variants as a potential resolution.<ref name=":5" /> ===Nigeria=== [[File:Nigerian JF-17 fighter aircraft.png|thumb|[[Nigerian Air Force]] JF-17 Block 2]] In December 2014, during the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar]] in Karachi, Nigeria was reportedly buying between 25 and 40 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]]. [[Nigerian Air Force]] (NAF) chief [[Air Marshal]] [[Adesola Nunayon Amosu]] had visited Pakistan earlier in October 2014.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite web|title=IDEAS 2014: Nigeria 'close to signing up' for JF-17 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |date=2 December 2014 |work=Farhan Bokhari |publisher=Janes |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226110403/http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> Nigeria became the second customer in 2016 by placing an order for three planes. However, as the news reports value the deal at US$25 million, it is not clear if the item is misreported.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria to become first JF-17 export operator|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128011517/http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FG to spend N65bn on warplanes, weapons, others|url=http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106072634/http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-date=6 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A June 2016 article in [[Jane's]] re-affirmed NAF budget for 3 JF-17, 10 [[PAC Super Mushshak|Super Mushshak]], and 2 [[Mi-35M]] aircraft in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria waiting for US to approve Super Tucano sale|url=http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608130937/http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With a confirmation from the Nigerian Air Force shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|title=Official 2016 Nigerian Budget Confirms JF-17 Order|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=4 January 2017|work=quwa.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510134827/http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018 Pakistan approved of the sale and local Nigerian production of three JF-17s for US$184.3 million. The aircraft are rumoured to be of a later version than the initially agreed sale, providing more advanced systems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binnie |first1=Jeremy |title=Pakistan approves Nigerian JF-17 production |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025144735/https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |archive-date=25 October 2018 |location=London |date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamal |first1=Sana |title=Pakistan to sell three JF-17s to Nigeria for $184.3m |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |website=Gulf News |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143150/https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |location=Islamabad |date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 December 2020 the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]] rolled out the three JF-17A Block 2s for Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |work=defenceworld.net |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live }}</ref> They were delivered to Makurdi Air Base in March 2021 aboard Pakistan Air Force Ilyushin Il-78MP freighters and were formally inducted into the Nigerian Air Force on 21 May 2021.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=First of 3 Pakistani JF-17 Jets Arrive in Nigeria |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21" /> The NAF initially indicated that it might order another 35–40 aircraft if the type met its requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref> In January 2023 the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal [[Isiaka Oladayo Amao]], confirmed that the JF-17s had been used in anti-terrorism and anti-insurgency operations inside Nigeria.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> In early December 2025 the three aircraft were reportedly deployed to the [[Benin Republic]], where they conducted airstrikes against rebel forces during an attempted coup.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Nigerian Air Force deploys JF-17 jets to foil Benin coup attempt |url=https://timesofislamabad.com/08-Dec-2025/nigerian-air-force-deploys-jf-17-jets-to-foil-benin-coup-attempt |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> ===Azerbaijan=== In January 2008, Azerbaijan engaged in talks with Pakistan over JF-17's possible sale to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |title=Azerbaijan to buy JF-17 {{sic|aircra|fts|nolink=y}} from Pakistan |date=29 January 2008 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210111145843/https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |work=[[Azeri Press Agency]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]] negotiated with China for several dozen JF-17s worth approximately {{USD|16 to 18 million}} each.<ref name="news.am">{{Citation|title=China supplies FC-1 multipurpose fighters to Azerbaijan|url=http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|newspaper=News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124131/http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|place=AM|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Pakistani Armed Forces actively discussed military and defence cooperation with Azerbaijan, culminating in the latter expressing an interest in purchasing the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shahid |last=Hussain |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |title=Pakistan and Azerbaijan: Deepening a Mutually Beneficial Relationship |date=19 May 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200519204003/https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |archive-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 February 2024, Azerbaijan had signed a contract worth US$1.6 billion with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 multi-role combat aircraft for the Azerbaijani Air Forces including aircraft, training, and ordnance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan signs largest ever fighter jet sale deal with Azerbaijan |url=https://www.azernews.az/nation/222206.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Azernews.Az |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |last=AzeMedia |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan has signed the largest deal in history with Azerbaijan for the sale of fighter jets |url=https://aze.media/pakistan-has-signed-the-largest-deal-in-history-with-azerbaijan-for-the-sale-of-fighter-jets/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Aze.Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-seals-1-6-billion-deal-with-azerbaijan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets/|title=Pakistan seals $1.6 billion deal with Azerbaijan to sell JF-17 fighter jets|date=22 February 2024}}</ref> On 25 September 2024, the JF-17 Block 3 was showcased to the President of Azerbaijan on the sidelines of 2024 Azerbaijan International Defence Exhibition (AIDEX).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title=JF-17C multirole aircrafts presented to President Ilham Aliyev |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/jf_17c_multirole_aircrafts_presented_to_president_ilham_aliyev-3196886 |work=Azertac}}</ref> On 6 June 2025, the Government of Pakistan announced that it had secured a contract for the supply of 40 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft from Azerbaijan for $4.6 billion, which builds on an initial agreement signed between Pakistan and Azerbaijan in February 2024, valued at $1.6 billion, for an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 fighter jets, alongside training and armaments.<ref name="auto11">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2025/06/jf-17-thunder-breakthrough-azerbaijan.html | title=JF-17 Thunder Breakthrough Azerbaijan Secures $4.6 Billion Deal for 40 Pakistani-Chinese Block III Fighters | date=8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto18">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/06/08/how-armenia-might-respond-to-azerbaijans-jf-17-fighter-acquisition/ | title=How Armenia Might Respond to Azerbaijan's JF-17 Fighter Acquisition | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref name="auto15">{{Cite web|url=https://defence-industry.eu/azerbaijan-signs-record-4-6-billion-deal-for-40-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/|title=Azerbaijan signs $4.6 billion deal for JF-17 fighters|date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite web | url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/azerbaijan-expands-jf-17-fighter-jet-order-to-40-units-in-46b-defense-deal-3202511 | title=Azerbaijan expands JF-17 fighter jet order to 40 units in $4.6B defense deal }}</ref><ref name="auto13">{{cite web | url=https://www.turdef.com/article/pakistan-confirms-inking-of-deal-with-azerbaijan-for-jf-17 | title=Pakistan Confirms Inking of Deal with Azerbaijan for JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=7 June 2025 }}</ref> Deliveries of the initial tranche began in October 2025, with the aircraft arriving at Nasosnaya Air Base and undergoing familiarization before formal induction. On 8 November 2025, five JF-17s (four single-seat and one twin-seat), flown by Azeri fighter pilots, participated in Azerbaijan’s Victory Day parade in Baku, marking their first public appearance in Azerbaijani service. In addition, open-source images circulated showing a total of nine JF-17 Block III aircraft present in Azerbaijan around the same period without any national markings, consistent with jets observed during early post-delivery handling and marking transitions.<ref name="azeri1">{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Waldron |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/azerbaijan-confirms-jf-17-fighter-acceptance-with-baku-flypast/165245.article |title=Azerbaijan becomes fourth JF-17 operator with five appearing in Baku military parade |website=Flightglobal.com |date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/70546 |title=Military Parade dedicated to the fifth anniversary of Victory in Patriotic War was held in Baku |work=The Official Website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan |date=8 November 2025}}</ref> ===Potential customers=== ==== Bangladesh ==== In January 2025, [[Bangladesh]] announced an interest in purchasing the JF-17C Block 3.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2522416/bangladesh-shows-interest-in-jf-17 | title=Bangladesh shows interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/bangladesh-army-delegation-meets-pakistan-air-chief-expresses-interest-in-jf-17/ | title=Bangladesh army delegation meets Pakistan Air Chief, expresses interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> In January 2026, it was reported that Bangladesh was in formal talks with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17C Block 3 fighters.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/9/why-is-pakistan-selling-its-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-bangladesh-and-others</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-eyes-defence-pact-with-bangladesh-sale-jf-17-jets-2026-01-07/</ref><ref>https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/bangladesh-explores-jf-17-acquisition-to-replace-ageing-fighters/165876.article</ref> ==== Indonesia ==== ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that Pakistan is in discussion with Indonesia on selling the JF-17s to the latter. In January 2026, Indonesia’s Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin held talks in Islamabad with PAF Chief, Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu, during which a potential defence cooperation package—including the possible acquisition of around 40 JF-17 fighter aircraft, armed drones, and associated training—was discussed, though no binding agreement was announced at the time.<ref name="ReutersJF17Indonesia2026">{{cite web |first1=Saad |last1=Sayeed |first2=Ananda |last2=Teresia |first3=Ariba |last3=Shahid |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-indonesia-closing-jets-drones-defence-deal-sources-say-2026-01-12/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan and Indonesia closing in on jets and drones defence deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> ==== Iraq ==== [[Iraq]] has expressed interest in acquiring the JF-17C Thunder multirole combat aircraft from Pakistan as part of efforts to modernise the [[Iraqi Air Force]]. During an official visit to Baghdad on 10 January 2026, Pakistan’s Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu met with Lieutenant General Staff Pilot Mohanad Ghalib Mohammed Radi Al-Asadi, Commander of the Iraqi Air Force, where discussions covered bilateral air force cooperation. During the meeting, the Iraqi Air Force Commander indicated interest in the JF-17C fighter aircraft and Super Mushshak trainer aircraft in the context of training, capacity building, and defence cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan says Iraq expressed ‘keen interest’ in JF-17 jets at air chiefs meeting |work=Arab News |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628855/pakistan}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq eyes JF-17 fighter jets as Pakistani air chief visits Baghdad |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2586411/iraq-eyes-jf-17-fighter-jets-as-pakistani-air-chief-visits-baghdad}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq seeks JF-17 Thunder jets during Pakistani air chief’s visit |work=Business Recorder |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40401540/iraq-seeks-jf-17-thunder-jets}} </ref> ==== Libya ==== It was reported on 22 December 2025 that Pakistan reached a $4-4.6 billion deal with the [[Libyan National Army]], commanded by Khalifa Haftar, which controls eastern [[Libya]], for the supply of 16 JF-17s and other military equipment.<ref name="libya1">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/12/28/why-it-took-pakistan-so-long-to-sell-jf-17-fighters-to-an-arab-country/ |title=Why It Took Pakistan So Long To Sell JF-17 Fighters To An Arab Country |website=Forbes.com |date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya2">{{cite web |first=Liu |last=Zhen |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3337888/china-pakistan-warplane-deal-libyan-faction-may-help-expand-beijings-influence |title=China-Pakistan warplane deal with Libyan faction ‘may help expand Beijing’s influence’ |website=SCMP.com|date=27 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya3">{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Asif |last2=Shahzad |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-strikes-4-billion-deal-sell-weapons-libyan-force-officials-say-2025-12-22/ |title=Pakistan strikes $4 billion deal to sell weapons to Libyan force, officials say |website=Reuters.com |date=22 December 2025}}</ref> ==== Morocco ==== Morocco has shown interest in the JF-17, having invited a sales team to showcase it in the Marrakech Air Show 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 to Star in Marrakech Air Show|url=http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202010633/http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marrakech Air Show Invites Pakistan to Showcase JF −17 Thunder Fighter Jet|url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222014010/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> According to a local analyst, a potential acquisition by Morocco may be complicated by incompatible technologies; the JF-17 Block I and Block II have broadly different electronics suites and air-to-air & air-to-surface munitions than its current Western-sourced aircraft, such as the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F-1 (MF2000)]], [[Northrop F-5|F-5E/F Tiger II]] and [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to market the JF-17 Thunder to Morocco|url=http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426114618/http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Morocco has been engaged with Pakistan in January 2026 on the JF-17.<ref>https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/01/276273/morocco-shows-interest-in-pakistani-jf-17-jets-as-talks-advance/</ref> ==== Saudi Arabia ==== In January 2014, the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] was reportedly examining potential technology transfer and co-production opportunities for the JF-17. Saudi Deputy Minister of Defence Prince [[Salman bin Sultan]] toured the JF-17 project during a visit to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 January 2014|title=Saudi eyeing Pakistan's JF-17 fighter jet, modeled from U.S. F-16|work=World Tribune|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706041729/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2014|title=Saudi Arabia May Buy Pakistani-Chinese Fighter Jets|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726081849/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=8 November 2016|title=Saudi Arabia Reportedly Interested in the JF-17 Thunder|url=http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084500/http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=9 November 2016|website=Quwa Defence News & Analysis Group}}</ref> However, by 2023, this interest seems to have fallen through, with Saudi Arabia now interested in joining the Anglo-Italian-Japanese [[Global Combat Air Programme]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2023|title=Saudi Arabia pushes to join fighter jet project with UK, Italy and Japan|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/80e9bda9-f415-4076-9037-bd6b96e1169f|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported in January 2026 that Pakistan are in discussion with Saudi Arabia to convert around US$ 2 billion of Saudi loans to Pakistan into a provision of JF-17s.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Saad |last2=Sayeed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-saudi-talks-jf-17-jets-for-loans-deal-sources-say-2026-01-07/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan, Saudi in talks on JF-17 jets-for-loans deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>However It is reported that the US government has discouraged Saudi Arabia from aquisition of both JF-17's and [[TAI TF Kaan|TF Kaan's]], instead proposing sale of [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]'s to the Saudi Arabian Air Force. <ref name=":9">{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan | title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref> ==== Other countries ==== Countries including [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Bilal|date=7 August 2016|title=Pakistan offers JF-17 & Super Mushshak to Kuwait|url=https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422190117/https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|archive-date=22 April 2020|website=Quwa - Defence News & Analysis}}</ref> [[Peru]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Pakistan's JF-17 Is A Viable Alternative To The American F-16|url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|website=Wonderful Engineering|date=21 March 2019|quote=As of right now, Saudi Arabia, Albania, Morocco, Bulgaria, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Oman, Lebanon, Argentina, Algeria, Jordan, and Peru are evaluating the JF-17 Block III|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723081234/https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|title=Pakistan, South Africa sign agreements to increase defense cooperation|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|website=Dawn|date=27 March 2017|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023533/https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Uruguay]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demerly |first=Tom |date=9 November 2017 |title=Shopping for Fighters: Is the Chinese/Pakistani JF-17 Thunder the Real "Joint Strike Fighter"? |url=https://theaviationist.com/2017/11/09/shopping-for-fighters-is-the-chinesepakistani-jf-17-thunder-the-real-joint-strike-fighter/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Confirmed: Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet Has its First Buyer |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/confirmed-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jet-has-its-first-buyer/#:~:text=Numerous%20air%20forces%20are%20toying,the%20Philippines,%20Venezuela%20and%20Zimbabwe. |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> have shown interest in the JF-17.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article" /><ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2008|title=PAF gets six JF-17 Thunder aircraft|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045150/http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> In February 2026, reports appeared that the [[Somali Air Force]] was in talks to acquire 24 Block III JF-17s.<ref>https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalia-in-talks-to-buy-24-jf-17-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/; {{cite news|title=Somalia in High-Level Talks to Acquire 24 JF-17 Thunder Block III Fighter Jets from Pakistan in US$900 Million Air Power Revival|work=Defence Security Asia|date=19 February 2026 |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/somalia-jf17-thunder-block-iii-pakistan-us900-million-air-force-revival/|access-date=22 February 2026}}; {{cite news |title=Soomaaliya oo diyaarado casri ah kasoo iibsanaysa Pakistan |work=Hiiraan Online |date=10 February 2026 |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2026/Feb/wararka_maanta09-192820.htm |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> Somalia's air force has been inactive for many years. ===Former interests=== ==== Argentina ==== At the 2013 [[Paris Air Show]], officials from Argentine aerospace conglomerate [[Fábrica Argentina de Aviones]] (FAdeA) revealed that the firm had held multiple discussions with Chinese officials over a potential co-production of the FC-1/JF-17, for the [[Argentine Air Force]] (FAA); this was regarded as the first formal effort by Argentina to possibly procure, or co-produce the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter - IHS Jane's 360 |website=www.janes.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> FAdeA officials said that the co-produced FC-1 could be classified as the "Pulqui-III", with regard to FAdeA's [[Pulqui II|Pulqui-II]] fighter.<ref name="ja23j13">{{cite news|author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter|newspaper=Jane's|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 2015, following a three-day visit by [[President of Argentina|Argentine president]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] to [[China]], Argentina announced that it would consider purchasing around 20 JF-17s from [[Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group|CAIG]]; however the deal did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |title=China to Supply 20 Thunder Fighter Jets to Argentina |website=www.defenseworld.net |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216210452/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |archive-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nikkei|title=Argentina turns to China for arms supply|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|access-date=1 March 2022|date=9 April 2015|first=Kamilia|last=Lahrichi|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210140006/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|url-status=live}}</ref> The primary reason for Argentine interest was reportedly the aircraft's lesser requirement for parts of British origin, as the United Kingdom had barred any sale of military equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina since the [[Falklands War|1982 Falklands War]].<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url = https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2021/09/28/could-britain-stop-argentina-from-buying-the-jf-17-warplane/|title = Could Britain stop Argentina from buying the JF-17 warplane?|date = 28 September 2021|access-date = 11 January 2022|archive-date = 30 September 2021|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210930015257/https://www.defensenews.com/global/the%2Damericas/2021/09/28/could%2Dbritain%2Dstop%2Dargentina%2Dfrom%2Dbuying%2Dthe%2Djf%2D17%2Dwarplane/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |title=No KAI FA-50 for Argentina under the post-1982 embargo |website=aircosmosinternational.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129073505/https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Likewise, Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other aircraft, namely, the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to diplomatic pressure from the United Kingdom, given the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain British-origin parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|publisher=Flightglobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|date=3 November 2020|access-date=1 March 2022|first=Greg|last=Waldron|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{cite web|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|access-date=1 March 2022|date=21 June 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="defensenews.com"/> In September 2021, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] presented a draft budget for the fiscal year of 2022, which contained a request of USD $664 million for the acquisition of future fighter aircraft for the FAA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Gastón |date=21 September 2021 |title=The Argentine Ministry of Defense clarifies about the JF-17 Thunder |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Aviacionline.com |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015136/https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, multiple media outlets misinterpreted this action, erroneously reporting that the request for funds were for acquiring the JF-17 Block-III.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|title=Argentina hasn't selected JF-17 fighter? Govt clarifies budget request|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=1 March 2022|date=22 September 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015142/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]] (''Ministerio de Defensa'') later clarified that the JF-17 had not been selected, asserting that the FAA was still evaluating five other aircraft as possible options.<ref name=":3" /> In May 2022, a delegation of the FAA evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dubois |first1=Gastón |title=Argentine Air Force delegation evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |website=Aviacionline |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011548/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in October 2023, the United States approved the transfer of 24 second-hand [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16 Block-15 MLU]] fighters previously owned by the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] to Argentina, countering the Chinese offer; reportedly, the deal did not necessitate an approval from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/us-approves-proposed-f-16-transfer-argentina|title=U.S. Approves Proposed F-16 Transfer To Argentina|website=aviationweek.com|date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Following the inauguration of the [[Javier Milei|Javier Milei administration]] in Argentina in 2023, the decision to select the F-16 had reportedly materialised, leaving the JF-17 out of the contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airdatanews.com/argentina-chose-the-f-16-fighter-for-its-air-force-reports/|title=Argentina chose the F-16 fighter for its Air Force – reports|website=www.airdatanews.com|date=30 January 2024}}</ref> ==== Bolivia ==== The JF-17 was a candidate for the replacement of retired [[Lockheed T-33]] aircraft of the [[Bolivian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|title=Bolivia Air Force is looking for fighter jets|work=Air Data News |date=29 May 2021|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054044/https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Congo ==== In March 2023, it was reported that China was pitching the JF-17 to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |title=Congo is considering buying JF-17 Thunder fighter jets from China |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |title=DRC: China offers Kinshasa its fighter planes |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |title=China Offers JF-17 Jet to Congo-Kinshasa, Competing with Russian Su-27 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |title=DRC : Kinshasa eyes Chinese fighter jets after buying Beijing's drones - 14/03/2023 |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162519/https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Malaysia ==== [[Malaysia]] had periodically indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the JF-17 for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its efforts to replace its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MIG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in the JF-17 emerged in 2015, although this was later denied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=21 December 2015 |title=Malaysia Denies Interest in JF-17, But Export Hopes Remain |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2015/12/21/malaysia-denies-interest-in-jf-17-but-export-hopes-remain/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Defense News |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Benjamin David |title=The Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Might Have Another Buyer in Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121257/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2019, then-visiting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian PM]] [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohammad]] was accorded an aerial-display of the JF-17's at the 2019 [[Pakistan Day Parade]]; he was also briefed about the fighter by the PAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahathir Mohamad receives briefing on JF-17 before leaving Islamabad |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=23 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121254/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Malaysian PM Mahathir shows interest in JF-17 Thunder as he concludes Pakistan visit |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701072047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft — dubbed as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainer-aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/None |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender |url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=MilitaryLeak |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF later issued a [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|date=18 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17 was widely regarded to be a leading contender in the FLIT/LCA procurement initiative, along with the [[HAL Tejas]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|title=Malaysia formally launches tender for new trainer, light combat aircraft|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in October 2021, the JF-17 was revealed to have abstained from participating in the FLIT/LCA tender; later reports confirmed that only six companies had responded to the RFP issued by the RMAF - the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] ([[Korea Aerospace Industries]]), the [[HAL Tejas]] ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]), the [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]] ([[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]]), the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]] ([[Leonardo S.p.A.]]), the [[TAI Hürjet]] ([[Turkish Aerospace Industries]]) and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35]] ([[Rosoboronexport]]).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> The JF-17's unprecedented absence from the FLIT/LCA essentially ended all speculations regarding its participation in Malaysia.<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia begins evaluating proposals to replace fleet of Hawk Mk 108/208s |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Janes.com |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121256/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Socka |first=Sherman |date=1 December 2021 |title=LETTER {{!}} RMAF purchase of Light Combat Aircraft to bolster defence industry |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.aerotime.aero |date=20 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518000844/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, the JF-17 was reportedly re-offered to the RMAF, with an estimated price-discount of about 30%; however, these reports remain unconfirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumelar |first=Tri Agung |title=Saingi HAL Tejas di Malaysia, China Turunkan Harga Jet Tempur JF-17 Thunder hingga 30 Persen - Zona Jakarta |url=https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com |language=id |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110124301/https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF eventually declined to purchase the JF-17 and proceeded instead to order 18 FA-50 Block 20 jets in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|title=Malaysia buys South Korea fighter jets as ASEAN arms market grows|website=asia.nikkei.com|date=7 March 2023|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324012111/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Qatar ==== [[Qatar]] has shown interest in the JF-17 since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|title=Qatar Plans To Buy Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet, Super Mushshak Trainer|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=27 October 2016 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506212945/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, at Qatar's invitation, PAF JF-17s participated in Qatar's National Day Flypast in Doha alongside [[Qatar Air Force]] [[Rafale]]s and [[Mirage 2000-5]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|title=Flypast during Qatar National Day Hints at Doha's Interest in Pakistani JF-17|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192401/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the offer seems to have fallen through, with Qatar ordering a mix of [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]s and [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F15E]]s. ==== Sri Lanka ==== In June 2015, Pakistani media suggested that an export order had been confirmed with the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]; claims were made that the JF-17's first sales contract had been signed with the Sri Lanka Air Force at the 51st Paris Air Show.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka revealed as first foreign buyer of JF-17|newspaper=Want China Times|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623183730/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Wasim|date=22 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka purchasing JF-17 Thunder Jets|newspaper=Business Recorder|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623170033/http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Other sources claimed that Myanmar is the first buyer of Pakistani JF-17s.<ref name="Myanmar2">{{cite news|date=9 July 2015|title=Myanmar first country to purchase JF-17 Thunder from Pakistan|newspaper=Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|url-status=live}}</ref> Reportedly, the order would cover around 18–24 aircraft and deliveries set to begin in 2017. During a state visit by [[Nawaz Sharif]] in January 2016, Sri Lanka reportedly signed an agreement to buy eight JF-17s from Pakistan;<ref>{{cite web|first=Franz-Stefan | last = Gady|title=Sri Lanka to Buy 8 Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jets|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213252/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2016|access-date=7 January 2016|work=The Diplomat}}</ref> however, the Sri Lankan government has issued denials.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2016|title=Government says no JF-17 deal with Pakistan|work=Columbo Gazette|url=http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126211056/http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The alleged deal was said to involve 10–12 aircraft, each valued at US$35 million, for a total of US$400 million<ref>{{cite news|title=Following Myanmar, Pakistan is Eager to Sell More JF-17s|url=http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213105004/http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> Reportedly, any such sale was scuppered by Indian diplomatic pressure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian pressure stalls Pakistani JF-17 sale to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213040939/http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revealed: Why Sri Lanka Backed Off the Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215193957/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 October 2013|title=Pakistan to sell JF-17 fighter jets to SL-report|work=The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523103143/http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> However, in 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=9 January 2021|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref> ==== Zimbabwe ==== The [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] reportedly planned to purchase twelve JF-17s in 2004, as part of a $240 million deal with China. No such sales have materialised.<ref name="Rotberg2009">{{cite book|first=Robert I. | last = Rotberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|title=China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0175-0|page=174|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Africa and China's Global Activism|url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616192046/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|publisher=Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> In 2010, China was reportedly in talks about the JF-17 with five or six countries, some of which had sent pilots to China to undergo test flights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian fighter requirements continue to grow|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185036/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-date=21 October 2014|access-date=21 March 2010|work=Flight International}}</ref> ==مختلف قسمون== ===Prototypes=== In chronological production order: *'''PT-01''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plates]] on intakes. Rolled out on 31 May 2003. First flight on 25 August 2003.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/> *'''PT-02''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. *'''PT-03''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. First flight in April 2004. *'''PT-04''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with [[Diverterless supersonic inlet|Diverterless Supersonic Inlets (DSI)]] and modified vertical stabiliser. First flight on 10 May 2006. PT-04 incorporated modifications such as DSI, wider LERX, extended ventral fins, and a taller, less swept vertical stabiliser with a rectangular fairing at the tip containing electronic warfare equipment and small blister fairings at the base containing Missile Approach Warning sensors. The PT-04 prototype was primarily used for avionics and weapon qualification tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |title=4th Prototype JF-17 Thunder aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |date=11 May 2006 |work=Pakistan Tribune |access-date=21 May 2011 |location=Islamabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="APP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |title=JF-17 Thunder arrives in Pakistan |date=12 March 2007 |work=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022192508/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref> *'''PT-05''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. *'''PT-06''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. ===Production variants=== In chronological production order: *'''JF-17 Block 1''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production in China began in June 2006<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com" /> and in Pakistan in 2007. The first three Chinese weapons to be integrated are the [[PL-5|PL-5E II]] AAM, the [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] AAM, and the [[C-802A|C-802AK]] anti-ship missile. Block 1 aircraft had performed "better than expected" according to PAF [[Air Commodore]] Junaid. Production of Block 1 was completed on 18 December 2013 when the fiftieth aircraft{{mdash}}58% of which was produced in Pakistan{{mdash}}was delivered.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Dave | last1 = Allport | first2 = Alan | last2 = Warnes|date=September 2010|title= JF-17 Thunders in First Public Static Display | journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue= 269|page= 8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Rolls Out 50th JF-17, Block II Production To Commence |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |date=18 December 2013 |work=Defense News |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220054215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> A Block 1 JF-17 costs approximately US$15&nbsp;million per unit.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra" /> *'''JF-17 Block 2''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production began on 18 December 2013 and initial testing began on 9 February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|work=janes.com|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119230215/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Block 2 aircraft make use of composites in the airframe for reduced weight, air-to-air refuelling capability,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Roblin|first=Sebastien|date=10 August 2019|title=Meet the JF-17 Block III Fighter: The Jet China is Helping Pakistan Build to Fight India|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|access-date=23 July 2021|website=The National Interest|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002901/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|url-status=live}}</ref> improved radar and avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |title=Pakistan Begins Producing Block-II JF-17 Aircraft |last1=Panda |first1=Ankit |date=27 December 2013 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726080602/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="dawn" /> Chairman of PAC, Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed said: "We will hand over 16 Block 2 JF-17s to the PAF every year", and that the manufacturing plant has the capacity to produce 25 units in a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to boost military export with revamped JF-17 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |date=7 December 2014 |work=Pakistan Today |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172819/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> According to local media, PAC rolled out the 16th Block 2 aircraft in December 2015 enabling the JF-17's 4th squadron formation.<ref name="Fourth" /> A Block 2 JF-17 costs approximately US$25 million per unit.<ref name="SkyWars">{{citation | url = http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | title = Sky Wars: Pakistan, India and China | first = Adnan | last = Rehmat | date = 24 May 2011 | work = Dawn | access-date = 29 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122325/http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | archive-date = 14 July 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> *'''JF-17B Block 2''' {{mdash}} Dual-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 27 April 2017.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|title=Military Flight Training MENA 2021|website=www.arabianaerospace.aero|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154514/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JF-17B">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Naveed|title=JF-17B fighter jet takes maiden test flight|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|access-date=28 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142207/https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Serial production in China and Pakistan from 2018 to 2020. A total of 26 aircraft built - first four at Chengdu and remaining 22 at Kamra.<ref name="auto4" /> Its multi-roles include use as a (i) JF-17 conversion trainer; (ii) Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT); (iii) ground-attack aircraft; and (iv) reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|title=PAF to induct dual-seater JF-17B fighter jet in April 2017|date=28 April 2016|work=[[Express Tribune]]|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503202439/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the dual-seat, larger dorsal spine, and a more swept-back tail, another difference between the JF-17B and the JF-17 is that the JF-17B carries fuel in its vertical stabiliser, which the JF-17 does not.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|title=Pride of Pakistan|website=www.airinternational.com|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310041201/https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17B houses integral fuel tanks like the F-16. Each wing houses 550 Ib while the vertical tail houses 210 lb, which, together with the internal fuel load, totals 4,910 Ib of fuel. Together with the three external fuel drop-tanks, the aircraft can carry a total 10,000 Ib fuel load.<ref name="auto" /> The JF-17B Block 2s will be retrofitted with the NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra).<ref name="auto" /> *'''JF-17C Block 3'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/adex-2024-azerbaijani-jf-17-delivery-announced | title=ADEX 2024: Azerbaijani JF-17 delivery announced | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://quwa.org/pakistan-defence-industry/pakistan-promotes-the-jf-17c-thunder-to-bangladesh-01-20-2025/ | title=Pakistan Promotes the JF-17C Thunder to Bangladesh - Quwa | date=20 January 2025 }}</ref> {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 15 December 2019. Two prototypes underwent flight tests as of December 2020, one in China and the other in Pakistan. Went into serial production at PAC Kamra on 30 December 2020.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> Projected to feature further advancements such as a NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra),<ref name="auto" /> a three-axis digital fly-by-wire flight control system,<ref name="auto" /> an infrared search and track (IRST) system,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |title=2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |format=JPG |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221746/http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Rolling Thunder|url=https://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=Asian Military Review|date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208182445/http://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system produced jointly by Pakistan and China,<ref name="auto" /> a missile approach warning system (MAWS) similar to the one used on the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]]C, [[J-16]], and [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]], a new, larger, and thinner holographic wide-angle head-up display (HUD) similar to the one used on the J-10C and J-20, an enhanced electronic warfare management system,<ref name="auto" /> a chin-mounted hardpoint,<ref name="auto" /> use of more composites for further weight reduction, eventual replacement of the [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] [[afterburning turbofan]] by the [[Guizhou WS-13]]<ref name=":2" /> with an increased thrust, and a better thrust-to-weight ratio.<ref name="dawn" /><ref name="Nigeria" /><ref name="AW17March2015">{{cite journal|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=17 March 2015|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|access-date=24 March 2015|location=Kamra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322152346/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=22 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> The KLJ-7A can simultaneously track 15 targets and engage 4 targets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=KLJ-7A: Proposed AESA Radar for the JF-17 Block-III|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507114147/http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> PAF officials have described the JF-17 Block 3 as a "fourth generation plus" fighter jet. The first PAC-produced JF-17 Block 3 aircraft are expected to roll out of the production line in late 2021.<ref name="auto" /> The PAF has placed an order for 50 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft, deliveries of which were expected to start from early 2022.<ref name="paknikkei">{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|title=Pakistan to boost air strike power with 50 enhanced fighter jets|access-date=1 March 2022|date=6 February 2022|publisher=Nikkei|first=Adnan|last=Aamir|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084243/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Pakistan to Order 50 More Fighter Jets in 2017|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054055/https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 JF-17 Block 3 production aircraft were photographed after their rollout at PAC Kamra in early January 2022. The first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF in March 2023. '''Under-Development''' *'''JF-17 Block 4 or (PFX-Alpha)''' {{mdash}} The JF-17 Block 4 or JF-17 (PFX Alpha) is an under-development 4.5+ generation version of the JF-17 Thunder under the PAF "PFX" program, where "PFX" stands for "Pakistan Fighter Experimental." Also known as the JF-17 Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU), the project aims to enhance the JF-17 beyond the capabilities of the current JF-17C Block 3, which is the most advanced variant of the fighter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/pakistan-unveils-jf-17-pfx-fighter | title=Pakistan unveils JF-17 PFX fighter | date=26 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Reveals 'JF-17 PFX' Program |url=https://quwa.org/daily-news/pakistan-reveals-jf-17-pfx-program-2/ |publisher=Quwa |date=2 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Development Program for JF-17 PFX (Pakistan Fighter Experimental) Unveiled |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/development-program-for-jf-17-pfx-pakistan-fighter-experimental-unveiled/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The PFX-Alpha focuses on improving the radar, avionics, and integrating new air-to-air and air-to-surface munitions, including indigenous weapons. It will feature an indigenously-developed passive Infrared Search and Track (IRST) sensor and an electronic warfare (EW) suite with AESA radar-jamming capability. The overall goal of the PFX program is to provide the PAF with a next-generation fighter, with the PFX-Alpha serving as a key step toward indigenization and reducing external dependence. While no official timeline has been announced, a PAF official stated in an interview with [[Geo News]] at IDEAS 2024 that the jet is expected to fly within the next 4 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wec3sH9WMQ8 |title=JF-17 PFX: Upcoming Innovation & New Chapter in Pakistan Air Force - IDEAS 2024 {{!}} Breaking News |date=21 November 2024 |last=Geo News |access-date=23 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> At the [[Royal International Air Tattoo|RIAT]] 2025 air show, Pakistan showcased a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130H Hercules]] with a custom paint job featuring artwork of various PAF aircraft; notably, the PFX was depicted highest on the tail, symbolising the Air Force’s strong commitment to the program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=PAF Showcases JF-17, C-130 at RIAT 2025 in the UK |url=https://theneutral.pk/paf-to-display-jf-17-thunder-c-130-hercules-at-riat-2025/ |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=theneutral.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> ==آپريٽرز== <!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--> [[File:JF-17 operators.png|thumb|400px|موجوده JF-17 آپريٽر ملڪن (نيري رنگ ۾) سان نقشو]] === موجوده آپريٽر === '''{{AZE}}'''<br> * آذربائيجاني ايئر فورس: 5 پهچايا ويا، 35 آرڊر تي<ref name="azeri1" /> <ref name="azeri2">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/11/17/from-azerbaijan-to-uae-iran-is-surrounded-by-more-advanced-air-forces/ |title=From Azerbaijan To UAE, Iran Is Surrounded By More Advanced Air Forces |website=Forbes.com |date=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/azerbaijan-inducts-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan |title=Azerbaijan inducts JF-17 fighters from Pakistan |website=Janes.com |date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.defcros.com/azerbaijan-receives-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan/ |title=Azerbaijan Receives JF-17 Fighters from Pakistan |website=news.defcros.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> 35 on order<ref name="azeri2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://turdef.com/article/azerbaijan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fighters-in-inventory |title=Azerbaijan Shows JF-17 Block III Fighters in Inventory |website=turdef.com |date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aze.media/jf-17-and-a-new-axis-of-partnership-the-largest-ever-defense-deal-between-pakistan-and-azerbaijan/ |title=JF-17 and a new axis of partnership: The largest-ever defense deal between Pakistan and Azerbaijan |website=aze.media |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya1" /> '''{{flag|Myanmar}}''' [[ميانمار]] * ميانمار جي ايئر فورس: 13 پهچايا ويا، 3 آرڊر تي<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |title=2021 World Air Forces |format=PDF |editor-last=Hoyle |editor-first=Craig |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208041355/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-team-sent-to-myanmar-to-repair-combat-aircraft/articleshow/98640757.cms | title=Pakistan team sent to Myanmar to repair combat aircraft | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=15 March 2023 | last1=Chaudhury | first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** ميڪٽيلا ايئر فورس بيس<ref name="ReferenceB"/> '''{{NGA}}''' * نائيجيريا جي ايئر فورس: 3 پهچايا ويا<ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21">{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17s as it awaits Super Tucanos |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=21 May 2021 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191831/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** اين اي ايف بيس ماڪرودي<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |title=Nigeria gears up to receive JF-17s |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=13 November 2020 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121054653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17 fighters |website=Janes.com |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191832/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |url-status=live }}</ref> '''{{PAK}}''' * پاڪستان ايئر فورس: 161 پهچايا ويا، 27 آرڊر تي ** پي اي ايف بيس ڀولاري ([[ڄامشورو]]) *** نمبر 18 اسڪواڊرن شارپ شوٽرز (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref name="SHEPHARD"> {{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/pakistan-receives-chinese-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-reports/ |title=Pakistan receives Chinese JF-17 Block III fighter jets, reports say| access-date=10 March 2023|work=SHEPHARD |date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141819/https://timesofislamabad.com/03-Feb-2018/six-paf-squadrons-with-over-100-jf-17-fighter-jets-become-operational-fully |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|title=The JF-17 Is No F-35 Stealth Jet, But It's Good Enough For Pakistan|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=2 January 2020|website=The National Interest|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|title=Janes {{!}} Latest defence and security news|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Janes.com|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906153101/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="paknikkei" /> ** [[PAF Base Bholari]] (Jamshoro)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** No. 18 Squadron ''Sharp Shooters'' (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|title=Pakistan inducts 14 JF-17Bs and starts Block III JF-17 Thunder production|first=Hans van|last=Herk|website=www.scramble.nl|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231094256/https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Delivers New JF-17B Batch|date=2 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119112738/https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس مسرور ([[ڪراچي]]) *** نمبر 2 اسڪواڊرن منهاسين (2015)<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |title=Pakistan's PAF Re-equip Squadron No 2 Minhas With JF-17 |work=Asian Defence |date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121101129/http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 }}</ref> *** نمبر 8 اسڪواڊرن حيدرز (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-jf17-fighter-aircrafts/ | title=Pakistan Establishes Second Squadron of JF-17 "Thunder" Block 3 Fighters | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Scramble.nl">{{cite web | url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force | title=Orbats }}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس منہاس (ڪامرا) *** JF-17 TEF (ٽيسٽ ۽ تشخيص پرواز) (2007-2010)<ref name="AFM, July 2011, JF-17 - Thunder from the East">{{cite journal|last=Warnes|first=Alan|date=July 2011|title=JF-17&nbsp;– Thunder from the East|journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue=#280|pages=47–70}}</ref> *** نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن بليڪ پينٿرز (2011)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan" /> ** پي اي ايف بيس مصحف ([[سرگوڌا]]) *** CCS JF-17 اسڪواڊرن ڊيشنگ<ref name="Scramble.nl" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|title=JF-17 Thunder aircraft inducted in PAF Combat Commanders' School|work=Business Recorder|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223224329/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس [[پشاور]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/?q=node/16871 |title=Peshawar Base to station JF-17 Thunder Aircraft Squadron: Pak Air Chief |work=Asian Tribune |date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010004/http://asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F16871 |archive-date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> *** نمبر 26 اسڪواڊرن بليڪ اسپائڊرز (2010)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan" /> ** پي اي ايف بيس رفيقي ([[شورڪوٽ]])<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** نمبر 14 اسڪواڊرن ٽيل چوپرز (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|date=16 February 2017|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132631/https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس سمنگلي ([[ڪوئيٽا]]) *** نمبر 28 اسڪواڊرن فينڪس (2018)<ref> {{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|title=Pakistan inaugurates new fighter squadron – No. 28 "Phoenix"|date=28 February 2018|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123005402/https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|title=PAF raises new multirole squadron equipped with JF-17 Thunder aircraft|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025709/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|url-status=live}}</ref> ======موجوده آپريٽر====== '''{{flag|Libya}}''' * ليبيا ايئر فورس: آرڊر تي 16<ref name="libya1" /><ref name="libya2" /><ref name="libya3" /> ==حادثا ۽ واقعا== سال 2003ع ۾ پنهنجي پهرين اڏام کان وٺي ۽ سال 2007ع ۾ آپريشنل ٿيڻ کان وٺي، پنج JF-17 جهاز حادثن ۾ تباهه ٿيا آهن: * '''14''' نومبر 2011ع: هڪ JF-17 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ضلعي [[اٽڪ ضلعو|اٽڪ]]، [[پنجاب، پاڪستان|پنجاب]] جي جبلن ۾ ملا منصور علائقي ۾ معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران تباهه ٿي ويو، جڏهن پي ائ ايف بيس منهاس کان اڏام ڪري رهيو هو. پي ائ ايف جي سرڪاري رپورٽ موجب، حادثو هڪ ٽيڪنيڪل خرابي جي ڪري ٿيو. خبرن ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته پائلٽ ٻاهر نڪري ويو پر پيراشوٽ نه کُلڻ سبب مرجي ويو ۽ زمين تي ڪو به شهري جاني نقصان نه ٿيو. پائلٽ جو لاش حادثي واري هنڌ کان ٻه ڪلوميٽر پري دريافت ٿيو. هي JF-17 جو پهريون ڄاتل سڃاتل حادثو هو.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=DUBAI: JF-17 crashes in Pakistan's Kamra |date=15 November 2011 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=FlightGlobal |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054649/https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2011|title=PAF pilot dies as a plane crashed in Attock {{!}} Pakistan {{!}} News {{!}} Newspaper {{!}} Daily {{!}} English {{!}} Online|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/14-Nov-2011/pilot-dies-in-paf-aircraft-crash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216040156/https://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/14-Nov-2011/Pilot-dies-in-PAF-aircraft-crash|archive-date=16 December 2011|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Military Flair Up Between India and Pakistan See Both Sides Blaming One Another|url=http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Paktribune|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182541/http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pti|date=14 November 2011|title=Pakistan Air Force {{!}} Jet Crashes {{!}} Pilot {{!}} Punjab|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=oneindia.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182658/https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=18 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> * <small>27</small> سيپٽمبر <small>2016</small>ع: هڪ <small>'''JF-17'''</small> جهاز [[عربي سمنڊ]] ۾ مشق "هاءِ مارڪ" دوران کري تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو ۽ کيس سمنڊ مان بچايو ويو. مارٽن-بيڪر، جي ايف-17 جي ايجيڪشن سيٽن جو ٺاهيندڙ، پوء ٽوئيٽ ڪيو ته 15 سيپٽمبر 2020ع جو حادثو جي ايف-17 مان پهريون ايجيڪشن هو.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2016|title=JF-17 crashes into Arabian Sea|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162416/https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * 15 سيپٽمبر 2020ع: هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 جهاز پنڊي گهيب، ضلعي اٽڪ، پنجاب جي ويجهو معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=15 September 2020|title=PAF aircraft crashes in Attock during routine training, pilot ejects safely|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|access-date=15 September 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916183607/https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ زمين تي به ڪنهن جاني نقصان جي اطلاع نه ملي. جڏهن ته پي اي ايف جهاز جي سڃاڻپ نه ڪئي، مارٽن-بيڪر، جن جون سيٽون جي ايف-17 ۾ نصب ٿيل آهن، هڪ ٽوئيٽر پوسٽ ۾ چيو ته، "پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو هڪ جي ايف-17 جهاز اڄ صبح معمول جي تربيتي مشن دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Jet Crashes, Pilot Ejects|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|access-date=15 September 2020|website=defenseworld.net|date=15 September 2020|archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917084418/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref>.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * 6 آگسٽ 2021ع: هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بي بلاڪ 2 جهاز ضلعي اٽڪ، پنجاب ۾ معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. ٻئي پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويا ۽ زمين تي ڪنهن به جاني نقصان جي اطلاع نه ملي.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=6 August 2021|title=PAF jet crashes during routine training mission near Attock|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|access-date=9 August 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145129/https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin-Baker|date=9 August 2021|title=A Pakistan Air Force JF-17B aircraft crashed late last week on a training mission near Attock. Both aircrew ejected successfully from the twin seat aircraft using PK16LE Ejection Seats.|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811113709/https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News & Events|url=https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815093830/https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|archive-date=15 August 2021|access-date=15 August 2021|website=Martin-Baker|language=en-US}}</ref> * 5 جون 2024ع: پنجاب جي ضلعي جهنگ ۾ هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 2 جهاز معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. ٻڌايو پيو وڃي ته اهو جنگي جهاز نمبر 14 اسڪواڊرن "ٽيل چوپرز" جو حصو هو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو. حادثي جي رپورٽ جهاز جي ايجيڪشن سيٽ ٺاهيندڙ، مارٽن بيڪر پاران ڏني وئي هئي.<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/389360</ref> ==بيان ڪيل خاصيتون== پاڪستان ايروونٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس مارڪيٽنگ بروشر ۽ سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ مان ڊيٽا. ===عام خاصيتون=== * عملو: 1 (سنگل سيٽ JF-17A/C) يا 2 (ڊبل سيٽ JF-17B) * ڊگھائي: 14.326 ميٽر (47 فوٽ 0 انچ) * پرن جو دائرو: 9.44 ميٽر (31 فوٽ 0 انچ) * اوچائي: 4.57 ميٽر (15 فوٽ 0 انچ) * پرن جو علائقو: 24.43 چورس ميٽر (263.0 چورس فوٽ) * خالي وزن: 7,965 ڪلوگرام (17,560 پائونڊ) * وڌ ۾ وڌ ٽيڪ آف وزن: 13,500 ڪلوگرام (29,762 پائونڊ) * ايندھن جي گنجائش: ** اندروني: 3,000 ليٽر (2,449 ڪلوگرام)؛ ** ٻاهرين (3 ڊراپ ٽينڪ): 1 × 800 ليٽر (180 امپ گيل) *** پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ؛ 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) *** انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ * پاور پلانٽ: 1 × ڪليموف RD-93MA آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين (91.2 kN (20,500 lbf) ٿرسٽ آفٽر برنر سان) FDEEC سان (پوئين انجن: 1 x ڪليموف RD-93 آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين (84.4 kN (18,974 lbf) ٿرسٽ آفٽر برنر سان) # ===ڪارڪردگي=== * وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار: 1,910 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (1,190 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 1,030 kn) * وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار: ماخ 1.8 (Mach 1.8) * ڪروز جي رفتار: 1,359 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (844 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 734 kn) * اسٽال جي رفتار: 150 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (93 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 81 kn) * جنگي رينج: ** اندروني ايندھن تي 900 ڪلوميٽر (560 ميل، 490 ناٽيڪل ميل) ** ڊراپ ٽينڪن سان 1,741 ڪلوميٽر (1,082 ميل، 940 ناٽيڪل ميل) * فيري رينج: ** اندروني ايندھن تي 1,800 ڪلوميٽر (1,100 ميل، 970 ناٽيڪل ميل). ** ڊراپ ٽينڪن سان 3,482 ڪلوميٽر (2,163 ميل، 1,880 ناٽيڪل ميل) * سروس جي حد: 16,916 ميٽر (55,500 فوٽ) * ڪشش ثقل g حدون: +8/-3 (فلائيٽ ڪنٽرول سسٽم پاران محدود) * چڙهڻ جي شرح: 300 ميٽر/سيڪنڊ (59,000 فوٽ/منٽ) * زور: RD-93 سان 1.07. # ===هٿيار=== * توپون: 1 × 23 ملي ميٽر GSh-23 ٽوئن بيرل توپ * هارڊ پوائنٽس: 8 (2 × ونگ ٽِپ، 4 × انڊر-ونگ، 1 × انڊر-فيوزليج، 1 × چن) هر انڊر-ونگ هارڊ پوائنٽ تي ڊبل ايجيڪٽر ريڪ جي گنجائش سان. * پي لوڊ: 3,400 ڪلوگرام (7,500 پائونڊ) ===ميزائل=== * هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ ميزائل: ** PL-5EII — (انفراريڊ-هومنگ شارٽ رينج ميزائل) ** PL-10E — (انفراريڊ-هومنگ شارٽ رينج ميزائل) ** R-Darter — (ريڊار-هومنگ بيونڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) ** PL-12 (SD-10A) — (ريڊار-هائيڊڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) ** PL-15/PL-15E — (ريڊار-هائيڊڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) * هوا کان مٿاڇري تي مار ڪندڙ ميزائل: ** CM-102 — (اينٽي ريڊيئيشن ميزائل) ** LD-10 — (تابڪاري مخالف ميزائل) ** MAR-1 — (تابڪاري مخالف ميزائل) ** رعد-II — (سبسونڪ زميني حملو/اينٽي شپ ڪروز ميزائل) ** CM-400AKG — (سپرسونڪ ڊگهي فاصلي وارو هوا کان مٿاڇري تي مار ڪندڙ ميزائل) * اينٽي شپ ميزائل ** C-601 — (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** سي-705 ڪي ڊي - (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** سي-802 اي ڪي - (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** رعد-II - (سبسونڪ لينڊ اٽيڪ/اينٽي شپ ڪروز ميزائل) ** سي ايم-400 اي ڪي جي - (سپرسونڪ ڊگھي فاصلي وارو اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ===بم=== * غير هدايت ٿيل بم: ** 250 ڪلوگرام - پري ٽڪڙا ٿيل بم ** ايم ڪي-82 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** ايم ڪي-83 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** ايم ڪي-84 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** HAFR-1/HAFR-2 - (اينٽي رن وي بم) ** RPB-1 - (اينٽي رن وي بم) * گائيڊ ٿيل بم: ** GBU-10 - (ليزر گائيڊ ٿيل بم) ** GBU-12 - (ليزر گائيڊ ٿيل بم) ** GBU-16 - (ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** LT-2 — (ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** H-2 SOW — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ گلائيڊ بم) ** H-4 SOW — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ گلائيڊ بم) ** GB-6 — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ اسٽيلٿ گلائيڊ بم) ** NORINCO GB-250A — (250 ڪلوگرام ايڪسٽينڊڊ رينج GPS/INS-گائيڊڊ بم) ** CS/BBF1 — (فيول ايئر ايڪسپلوسو (FAE) يا ٿرموبارڪ بم) ** SCP-5 — (بنڪر بسٽر بم) ** NORINCO GB-500 — (500 ڪلوگرام ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** LS-6 — (وڌايل رينج GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ** GIDS تڪبير — (GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ** GIDS رينج ايڪسٽينشن ڪٽ — (GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ===ايويونڪس=== * ريڊار: ** KLJ-7A ايڪٽو اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (AESA) ** فائر ڪنٽرول ريڊار (FCR) * ريڊار وارننگ رسيور (RWR): ** 1 × BM/KJ-8602A * ميزائل اپروچ وارننگ سسٽم (MAWS): ** 4 × S740 شناخت دوست يا دشمن (IFF) * سسٽم: JZ/YD 125 * ڊيٽا بس: ٽيڪٽيڪل ڊيٽا لنڪ: لنڪ-17 * ٻيا: ** ٻاهرين پوڊ: *** Aselsan ASELPOD — ايڊوانسڊ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ (اليڪٽرو-آپٽيڪل ريڪنيسنس، نگراني ۽ ٽارگيٽنگ سسٽم) WMD-7 — FLIR *** ڊي/نائيٽ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ KG600/KG700 — ايئر بورن اليڪٽرانڪ ڪائونٽر ميجر (ECM) / سيلف پروٽيڪشن **جامنگ پوڊ *** اندرا سسٽم ALQ-500P — ESM/ECM پوڊ * مقابلي جا طريقا: ** چاف/فليئر ڊسپينسر ACMI: *** SDT ACMI سسٽم ** ايجڪشن سيٽ: *** مارٽن-بيڪر PK16LE صفر-صفر ايجڪشن سيٽ ** ٻاهرين ايندھن جا ٽينڪ: *** وڌايل رينج/لوٽرنگ وقت لاءِ 3 ٻاهرين ڊراپ ٽينڪ تائين: **** 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ **** 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|پاڪستان|چين|هوائي جهاز}} * [[غوري ميزائل]] * [[رعد ميزائل]] * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جنگي جهازن جي فهرست ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Aviation|Pakistan|China}} {{aircontent |see also= |related= * [[Project Sabre II]] *[[Guizhou JL-9]] <!-- Comparable/similar aircraft section removed because of edit wars - see talk page. DISCUSS on talk page and get a consensus to restore list first. --> |lists= * [[List of active Pakistan Air Force aircraft]] * [[List of Chinese aircraft]] * [[List of fighter aircraft]] }} ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Bibliography=== * {{Cite book |last1=Medeiros |first1=Evan S |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf |title=A New Direction for China's Defense Industry |last2=Cliff |first2=Roger |last3=Crane |first3=Keith |last4=Mulvenon |first4=James C |date=2005 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] Project Air Force |isbn=978-0-8330-4079-4 |language=en |oclc=69995886}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906183937/http://www.cac.com.cn/product/product_display.aspx?id=1 Archived Factsheet FC-1 on Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) website] * [http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 Factsheet JF-17 on Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jf-17 Thunder}} [[زمرو:JF-17 ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا جنگي هٿيار]] [[زمرو:سپر سونڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سنگل انجن وارو جيٽ جهاز]] [[زمرو:چين-پاڪستان فوجي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:وچين ونگ وارا هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:چوٿين نسل جي جيٽ ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] [[زمرو:پهريون ڀيرو 2003 ۾ اڏامندڙ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس پاران تيار ڪيل ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:واپس وٺڻ واري ٽرائي سائيڪل لينڊنگ گيئر سان هوائي جهاز]] j44voxdual28rfy0x9z2wg25xpcd8hw 371040 371039 2026-04-12T05:13:28Z Ibne maryam 17680 371040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sino-Pakistani multirole fighter aircraft}} {{Infobox settlement | name = جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر<br> JF-17 Thunder | image = File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg | caption = پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر بلاڪ 1 | type = سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز | national_origin = | manufacturer = | first_flight = | introduction = | retired = | status = | primary_user = | more_users = | produced = | number_built = | developed_from = |other_name=ايف سي-1 شياؤ لونگ<br> FC-1 Xiaolong|subdivision_type=قومي اصل ملڪ|subdivision_type1=ٺاهيندڙ|subdivision_type2=پيداوار|subdivision_type3=تعمير ٿيل تعداد|subdivision_type4=تعارف|subdivision_name4=12 مارچ 2007ع|subdivision_type5=پهرين پرواز|subdivision_name5=25 آگسٽ 2003ع|subdivision_type6=حالت|subdivision_name6=سروس ۾|established_title=بنيادي استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date=[[پاڪستان ائيرفورس]]|established_title1=ٻيو استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date1={{ubl |[[ميانمار ايئر فورس]] |[[نائيجيريا ايئر فورس]] |[[آذربائيجاني ايئر فورسز]] }}|established_title2=دلچسپي رکندڙ ملڪ|established_date2=[[بنگلاديش]]، [[انڊونيشيا]]، [[سعودي عرب]]|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=|established_date5=|established_title6=|established_date6=|established_title7=|established_date7=|extinct_title=|extinct_date=|subdivision_name=[[پاڪستان]] / [[چين]]|subdivision_name1=[[پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] / [[چينگڊو ايئر ڪرافٽ انڊسٽري گروپ]]|subdivision_name2=چين ۾: جون 2007ع<br />پاڪستان ۾: جنوري 2008ع|subdivision_name3=182 (اضافي 6 پروٽوٽائپ)}} '''جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر''' (JF-17 Thunder؛ اردو: جے ایف-۱۷ گرج) هڪ چين-پاڪستاني سنگل انجن وارو هلڪو وزن وارو سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز آهي جيڪو [[پاڪستان]] جي [[پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] (<small>PAC</small>) ۽ [[چين]] جي چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ ڪارپوريشن (<small>CAC</small>) پاران گڏيل طور تي تيار ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|website=www.pac.org.pk|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712224651/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|url-status=live}}</ref> اهو چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر آهي ۽ [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] (<small>PAF</small>) ۾ ٽئين نسل جي <small>'''اي-5'''</small> <small>'''سي، ايف-7 پي/پي جي'''</small>، ميراج <small>III</small> ۽ ميراج <small>5</small> جنگي جهاز جي متبادل طور تي ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. <ref name=":92">{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan|title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan|date=26 September 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|title=Pakistan's tool of war: PAF's rolling thunder|first=Ali|last=Osman|date=17 December 2015|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003037/https://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''جي ايف-17'''</small> کي ڪيترن ئي ڪردارن لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جنهن ۾ فضائي دفاع، زميني حملو، اينٽي شپ ۽ فضائي جاچ شامل آهن. پاڪستاني نالو "جي ايف-17" جو مطلب آهي "جوائنٽ فائٽر-17"، جن ۾ "جوائنٽ فائٽر" جهاز جي گڏيل پاڪستاني-چيني ترقي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو ۽ "-17" جو مطلب آهي ته اهو آمريڪي [[ايف-16 جيٽ]] جو جانشين آهي. چيني نالي "ايف سي-1" جو مطلب آهي "فائٽر چائنا-1". جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر مختلف قسم جا هٿيار استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو, جنهن ۾ هوا کان هوا، هوا کان مٿاڇري ۽ اينٽي شپ ميزائل شامل آهن. گائيڊڊ ۽ ان گائيڊڊ بم. ۽ 23-ايم ايم جي ايس ايڇ-23-2 ٽوئن بيرل آٽو ڪينن. چيني گيزو ڊبليو ايس-13 يا روسي ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 ۽ 2) يا ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 ايم اي (<small>'''جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 3'''</small>) آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين انجن ذريعي طاقتور. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار <small>'''ماخ 1.6'''</small> آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-032">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''جي ايف-17'''</small> پاڪستان ايرفورس جي ريڙهه ۽ ڪم جو هارس آهي. تقريبن اڌ قيمت تي ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن کي پورو ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002224809/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> بلاڪ II قسم جي قيمت 25 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-033">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي 2007 ۾ پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو هو.[[File:Pakistan JF-17 Thunder, Pakistan - Air Force JP7136023.jpg|thumb|انفراريڊ هومنگ - هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ - [[پي ايل-5 ميزائل|PL-5 ميزائل]] سان ليس - پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو JF-17 ]] <small>'''JF-17'''</small> ايئر فريم جو <small>'''%58'''</small>، جنهن ۾ ان جو فرنٽ فيوزليج، ونگز ۽ عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل آهن، پاڪستان ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته <small>'''42'''</small> سيڪڙو چين ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي آخري اسيمبلي ۽ سيريل پيداوار پاڪستان ۾ ٿيندي آهي.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2015ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان 16 JF-17s پيدا ڪيا.<ref name="The Express Tribune2">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، PAC وٽ هر سال 20 JF-17s پيدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت آهي. اپريل <small>2017ع</small> تائين، PAC PAF لاءِ 70 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ۽ 33 بلاڪ 2 جهاز تيار ڪيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220025305/http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="quwa.org2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex delivered 70 JF-17S to the Pakistan Air Force|url=http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609031529/http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-II production crosses 30 planes|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507071327/http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس جا JF-17 ٿنڊر <small>'''19,000'''</small> کان وڌيڪ آپريشنل پرواز گڏ ڪري چڪا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Two-Seat Variant of China-Pakistan JF-17 Fighter Jet to Fly in 2016|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060126/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016|archive-date=9 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾، پي اي سي/سي اي سي هڪ ٻٽي سيٽ واري قسم کي ترقي ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو جن کي بهتر آپريشنل صلاحيت، ڪنورشن ٽريننگ ۽ ليڊ ان فائٽر ٽريننگ لاءِ <small>'''JF-17B'''</small> جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|title=Pakistan, China jointly launch production of JF-17B fighter jets|date=28 April 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155526/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>JF-17B</small> بلاڪ 2 قسم <small>2018ع</small> ۾ پي اي سي ۾ سيريل پيداوار ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> تائين <small>'''26'''</small> جهاز پي اي ايف کي پهچايا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|title=PAC Kamra rolls out final 14 JF-17B fighters for Pakistan Air Force|website=Janes.com|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111103242/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان ايئر فورس هڪ فعال اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (<small>AESA</small>) ريڊار، هڪ وڌيڪ طاقتور روسي ڪليموف <small>RD-93MA</small> انجن، هڪ وڏو ۽ وڌيڪ ترقي يافته وائڊ اينگل هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي (<small>HUD</small>)، اليڪٽرانڪ جوابي ماپ، هڪ اضافي هارڊ پوائنٽ، ۽ بهتر هٿيارن جي صلاحيت سان جهاز جي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته بلاڪ 3 ورزن جي سيريل پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref name="auto52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 جهازن فوجي ڪارروائي ڪئي آهي، هوائي کان هوائي ۽ هوائي کان زمين تي، جنهن ۾ سال <small>2014</small>ع ۽ <small>2017ع</small> ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن دوران پاڪستان-افغانستان سرحد جي ويجهو اتر وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردن جي جڳهن تي بمباري ڪرڻ، <ref>{{cite news|title=Fighter jets bomb militant hideouts in North Waziristan after Taliban attacks|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031322/https://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA3">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> هدايت يافته ۽ غير هدايت يافته (guided) هٿيارن جو استعمال ڪرڻ، سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾ بلوچستان ۾ پاڪستان-ايران حد جي ويجهو هڪ مداخلت ڪندڙ ايراني فوجي ڊرون کي ڪيرائڻ، <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|title=Iranian drone shot down by PAF, confirms FO|date=21 June 2017|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072512/https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2019ع</small> ۾ جمو ۽ ڪشمير جي هوائي حملي ۽ هندستان ۽ پاڪستان جي وچ ۾ هوائي جهڙپن دوران آپريشن سوئفٽ ريٽورٽ ۾<ref name="auto82">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ <small>2024ع</small> ۾ آپريشن مارگ بر سرمچار دوران، جن ۾ پاڪستان ايران جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي]] اندر بلوچ عليحدگي پسند گروپن کي نشانو بڻائي هوائي ۽ توپخاني جي حملي جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو. مارچ ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2024ع</small> ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-<small>'''17'''</small> جهازن کي [[افغانستان]] اندر پاڪستاني طالبان جي ٺڪاڻن خلاف سرحد پار هوائي حملي ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Abid|title=Pakistan air strikes in Afghanistan spark Taliban warning of retaliation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/25/pakistan-air-strikes-in-afghanistan-spark-taliban-warning-of-retaliation|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> [[نائيجيريا]] جي هوائي فوج (<small>NAF</small>) جي ايف-17 جهازن نائيجيريا ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف ۽ بغاوت مخالف آپريشن ۾ فوجي ڪارروائي ڏٺي آهي.<ref name="auto22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> [[ميانمار]] جي فوج پڻ مختلف باغي گروپن خلاف پنهنجي <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي بار بار تعينات ڪيو آهي. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Anthony|date=11 January 2023|title=Myanmar Air Force fiercely gunning to win the war|url=https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/myanmar-air-force-fiercely-gunning-to-win-the-war/|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref> مئي <small>2025ع</small> جي هندستان-پاڪستان تڪرار دوران، پي اي ايف <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي هوا کان هوا ۽ هوا کان زمين تي ٻنهي ڪردارن ۾ جنگ ۾ تعينات ڪيو.<ref name="auto14">{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know | title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know }}</ref><ref name="auto16">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1w3dln352vo | title=Kashmir: How China benefited from India-Pakistan hostilities | date=19 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/09/china/china-military-tech-pakistan-india-conflict-intl-hnk | title=China has spent billions developing military tech. Conflict between India and Pakistan could be its first major test | date=9 May 2025 }}</ref> ==ترقي== === پس منظر === جي ايف-17 کي بنيادي طور تي پي اي ايف جي هڪ سستي، غير منظور ٿيل، چوٿين نسل جي، هلڪي وزن واري، گھڻ-رول جنگي جهاز جي ضرورت کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Aviation Week]]|title=Pakistan expands fighter force|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awst/2010/12/20/AW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|date=22 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105212255/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fawst%2F2010%2F12%2F20%2FAW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|archive-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> ته جيئن ٽئين نسل جي نانچانگ اي-5 سي بمبارن، چينگدو ايف-7 پي/پي جي انٽرسيپٽرز، ميراج III ملٽي-رول جنگي جهاز ۽ ميراج 5 اسٽرائڪ جهاز جي وڏي بيڙي جي متبادل طور تي، جنهن جي قيمت 500 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي جيڪا پاڪستان ۽ چين جي وچ ۾ برابر ورهايل هئي. <ref name="fighter-planes.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|title=Joint Fighter-17 (JF-17) Thunder|publisher=Fighter Planes|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901205431/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|archive-date=1 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> جهاز جو مقصد وڌيڪ مهانگو مغربي ويڙهاڪن جي قيمت-مؤثر ۽ مقابلي واري متبادل جي طور تي برآمد جي صلاحيت پڻ هئي. هن جهاز جي ترقي يانگ وي جي سربراهي ۾ هئي، جنهن کي چين جو "ايس ڊيزائنر" سمجهيو ويندو هو، جنهن چينگدو جي-20 پڻ ٺاهيو.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|journal=International Relations and Security Network|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005150/http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سال 1989ع تائين، آمريڪا جي اقتصادي پابندين جي ڪري، پاڪستان پروجيڪٽ سيبر II کي ڇڏي ڏنو هو، هڪ ڊيزائن اسٽڊي جنهن ۾ آمريڪي جهاز ٺاهيندڙ گرومن ۽ چين شامل هئا، ۽ چينگدو ايف-7 کي ٻيهر ڊزائين ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو هو. <ref name="Pakistan considers new fighter plan2">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Considers new Fighter Plan|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14–20 March 1990|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II|access-date=18 October 2009|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021154725/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II}}</ref> سال1988ع ۾، چين ۽ گرومن سپر 7 جو نو مهينن جو ابتدائي ڊيزائن مطالعو ڪيو، جيڪو چينگدو ايف-7 جو اپ گريڊ هو.<ref name="Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms2">{{cite web|title=Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|date=26 November 1988|work=Flight International|access-date=15 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021140123/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> سال 1989ع جي تيانانمن اسڪوائر احتجاج جي سياسي نتيجي کان پوءِ جڏهن چين تي پابنديون لڳايون ويون ته گرومن منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو. گرومن جي چينگدو سپر 7 منصوبي کي ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ، منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو ويو ۽، ان جي جاءِ تي، فائٽر چائنا-1 (ايف سي-1) منصوبو 1991ع ۾ شروع ڪيو ويو. سال <small>1995</small>ع ۾، پاڪستان ۽ چين هڪ نئين فائٽر جي گڏيل ڊيزائن ۽ ترقي لاءِ هڪ مفاهمت جي ياداشت (MoU) تي دستخط ڪيا ۽ ايندڙ ڪجهه سالن ۾ منصوبي جي تفصيلن تي ڪم ڪيو. جون 1995ع ۾، ميڪوئان "ڊيزائن سپورٽ" مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ منصوبي ۾ شامل ٿيو، ان ۾ سي اي سي پاران ڪيترن ئي انجنيئرن جي سيڪنڊمينٽ پڻ شامل هئي.<ref name="21 June 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Mikoyan joins Chengdu on fighter|work=[[Flight International]]|date=21 June 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212115/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> === ايف سي-1 منصوبي جو آغاز === [[File:Pakistan Air Force Pakistan JF-17 Thunder Bidini-1.jpg|thumb|left|<small>2011</small> جي ازمير ايئر شو لاءِ ازمير ترڪي ۾ هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1]] آڪٽوبر <small>1995</small> ۾ رپورٽ موجب سال جي آخر تائين پاڪستان کي ايف سي-1 جي ايويونڪس فراهم ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي ضم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ڪمپني چونڊڻي هئي جنهن جي <small>1999</small> تائين پيداوار شروع ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. چيو ويندو هو ته ايويونڪس ۾ ريڊار، انرٽيل نيويگيشن سسٽم، هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي ۽ ملٽي فنڪشن ڊسپلي شامل آهن. مقابلي واريون بوليون ٿامسن-سي ايس ايف کان ريڊار ڊاپلر ملٽي ٽارگيٽ (<small>RDY</small>) جي هڪ قسم <small>SAGEM</small> <small>ROSE</small> اپ گريڊ پروجيڪٽ ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ ساڳي ايويونڪس پيڪيج ۽ مارڪوني اليڪٽرانڪ سسٽم ان جي بليو هاڪ ريڊار سان آيون. ڪمپني جي پي اي ايف سان لاڳاپن جي ڪري <small>FIAR</small> جي (هاڻي <small>SELEX</small> گيليلو) گريفو <small>S7</small> ريڊار جي چونڊ ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. <ref name="18 October 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Pakistan nears FC-1 avionics decision|work=[[Flight International]]|date=18 October 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725044013/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> فيبروري <small>1998</small> ۾ پاڪستان ۽ چين ايئر فريم ڊولپمينٽ کي ڍڪڻ واري ارادي جي خط تي دستخط ڪيا. روس جي ڪليموف فائٽر کي طاقت ڏيڻ لاءِ <small>RD-33</small> ٽربوفين انجن جو هڪ قسم پيش ڪيو. <ref name="04/03/98 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=China/Pakistan signal intent to resume FC-1 development work|work=[[Flight International]]|date=4 March 1998|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725051043/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/|url-status=live|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> اپريل <small>1999</small> ۾ ڏکڻ آفريڪا جي ڊينيل سپر 7, اڳ ۾ رپورٽ ٿيل آر-ڊارٽر جي بدران, کي ٽي-ڊارٽر بيونڊ-ويزوئل-رينج (<small>BVR</small>) ايئر-ٽو-ايئر ميزائل (<small>AAM</small>) سان هٿياربند ڪرڻ جي آڇ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/|title=Denel proposes advanced Darter derivatives|last=Lewis|first=Paul|date=28 April 1999|work=Flight International|access-date=31 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725033628/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> اڳ ۾ <small>1987</small> ۾ پراٽ ۽ وٽني سپر-<small>7</small> منصوبي کي چين يا پاڪستان ۾ مقامي پيداوار سان ٽي انجن آپشن؛ <small>PW1212</small>، <small>F404</small> ۽ <small>PW1216</small> پيش ڪيا. رولز رائس پنهنجو <small>RB199-127/128</small> ٽربوفين انجن پيش ڪيو. هي منصوبو <small>1989</small> ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|title=FC-1 JF-17 western engine options|date=15 June 2012|work=Air Force World|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042701/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> جون <small>1999</small> ۾ چينگدو <small>FC-1/سپر 7</small> کي گڏيل طور تي ترقي ۽ پيداوار جو معاهدو دستخط ڪيو ويو. <small>GEC</small>-مارڪوني پاران هڪ مربوط ايويونڪس سوٽ فراهم ڪرڻ لاءِ بولي کي ڇڏي ڏيڻ کان پوءِ <small>FIAR</small> ۽ <small>Thomson-CSF</small> ترتيب وار <small>Grifo S7</small> ۽ <small>RC400</small> ريڊار تي ٻڌل ڪيترائي ايويونڪس سوئيٽ تجويز ڪيا. جيتوڻيڪ اڳ ۾ اميد هئي ته <small>PAF</small> جي سپر 7 کي پنهنجي نئين بليو هاڪ ريڊار لانچ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو.<ref name="14 July 1999 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=China and Pakistan agree on Super 7 fighter development work|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14 July 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526190707/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> <ref name="23 June 1999 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Marconi abandons FC-1 fighter bid|work=[[Flight International]]|date=23 July 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526184233/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> ملڪ جي <small>1998</small> جي ايٽمي هٿيارن جي تجربن کان پوءِ پاڪستان تي پابندين جي ڪري ايندڙ <small>18</small> مهينن دوران ڊيزائن جو ڪم تمام سست رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌيو. <small>PAF</small> کي مغربي ايويونڪس جي ترسيل کي روڪيو ويو. <small>2001</small> جي شروعات ۾ <small>PAF</small> جو فيصلو جهاز تي ڊيزائن جي ڪم کي جاري رکڻ جي قابل بڻايو ته ايئر فريم کي ايويونڪس کان ڌار ڪيو وڃي جيئن ته ايئر فريم ترقي ڪئي وئي <small>PAF</small> پاران ڪنهن به نئين ايويونڪس گهرجن کي ايئر فريم ۾ وڌيڪ آساني سان ضم ڪري سگهجي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20042">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> پروٽوٽائپ جي پيداوار سيپٽمبر 2002 ۾ شروع ٿي. نومبر 2002 ۾ ايئر شو چائنا ۾ FC-1/Super 7 جو هڪ مڪمل سائيز جو ميڪ اپ ڏيکاريو ويو.<ref name="12/11/02 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Airshow China&nbsp;– FC-1 mock-up revealed|work=[[Flight International]]|date=12 November 2002|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021150219/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/|url-status=live|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> ڪليموف <small>RD-93</small> ٽربوفين انجن جو پهريون بيچ جيڪو پروٽوٽائپ کي طاقت ڏيندو هو، <small>2002</small> ۾ پڻ پهچايو ويو.<ref name="Janes2">{{cite web|title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong|work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> چائنا نيشنل ايرو-ٽيڪنالاجي امپورٽ اينڊ ايڪسپورٽ ڪارپوريشن (<small>CATIC</small>) جي هڪ آفيسر جي مطابق, <small>JF-17</small> جي گهٽ قيمت ڪجهه آن بورڊ سسٽم جي ڪري آهي جيڪا چينگدو J-10 جي سسٽم مان ترتيب ڏنل آهن. آفيسر چيو ته، "ٽيڪنالاجي جي منتقلي (جي-10 کان جي ايف-17 ڏانهن هوائي جهاز جي نظام کي منتقل ڪرڻ) JF-17 کي تمام گهڻو قيمتي بڻائي ٿو".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese Jets Today at Bygone Price|url=http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1|date=23 November 2010|work=AviationWeek.com|publisher=Viadeo|access-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1|archive-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> <ref name="JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price2">{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|title=JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price|date=18 November 2010|work=[[Aviation Week]]|access-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ٺهيل ڊيزائن سافٽ ويئر جي استعمال <small>JF-17</small> جي ڊيزائن جي مرحلي کي مختصر ڪري ڇڏيو.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher|first=Richard Jr.|title=China's Aviation Sector: Building Toward World Class Capabilities|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=27 May 2010|date=20 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531214709/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=31 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> === پرواز جي جاچ ۽ ٻيهر ڊيزائننگ === پهريون پروٽوٽائپ (<small>PT-01</small>) <small>31</small> مئي <small>2003</small>ع تي رول آئوٽ ڪيو ويو<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com2">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ۽ چينگدو فلائيٽ ٽيسٽ سينٽر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو، جئين ته پهرين پرواز لاءِ تيار ڪيو وڃي. اهو شروعاتي طور تي جون ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ جو منصوبو هو. پر [[سارس ڪووي 2|سارس وائرس]] جي وبا جي خدشن جي ڪري ان ۾ دير ٿي وئي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20043">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> <ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com3">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> هن نقطي جي چوڌاري، نالي "<small>'''سپر-7'''</small>" کي "<small>'''JF-17'''</small>" (<small>جوائنٽ فائٽر-17</small>) سان تبديل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> 27 جون 2003ع تي چينگدو جي وينجيانگ ايئرپورٽ تي گهٽ رفتار واري ٽيڪسي جي آزمائش شروع ٿي.<ref name="Janes3">{{cite web|title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong|work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> پهرين پرواز آگسٽ <small>2003</small>ع جي آخر ۾، <ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com3">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> <ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter flies|work=[[Flight International]]|date=9 September 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143119/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ۽ پروٽوٽائپ جي سرڪاري پهرين پرواز سيپٽمبر جي شروعات ۾ ٿي. پروٽوٽائپ کي پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي نئين نامزدگي <small>'''JF-17'''</small> سان نشان لڳايو ويو.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20044">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> مارچ <small>2004</small>ع تائين، <small>'''سي اي سي'''</small> پهرين پروٽوٽائپ جون لڳ ڀڳ <small>20</small> ٽيسٽ پروازون ٿيون.<ref name="23 March 2004 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Flight testing the FC-1/JF-17|work=[[Flight International]]|date=23 March 2004|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102181806/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/|archive-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> 7 اپريل <small>2004</small>ع تي، پي اي ايف جي ٽيسٽ پائلٽ، راشد حبيب ۽ محمد احسان الحق پهريون ڀيرو <small>'''پي ٽي-01'''</small> پروٽوٽائپ اڏايو. ٽئين پروٽوٽائپ (<small>PT-03</small>) جي پهرين پرواز <small>9</small> اپريل <small>2004</small>ع تي ٿي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20045">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> مارچ 2004ع تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200 JF-17 جهاز شامل ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|title=PAC readies for assembly ramp up|work=Flight International|access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003434/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Model of JF-17 on display with two SD-10 and four PL-5E missiles mounted on wings.jpg|thumb|چين ۾ نمائش ۾ JF-17 ٿنڊر جو ماڊل]] ٽئين پروٽوٽائپ کان پوءِ، ڊيزائن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي بهتريون تيار ڪيون ويون ۽ وڌيڪ جهازن ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون. <small>'''RD-93'''</small> انجن پاران گهڻي دونھين جي اخراج جي ڪري، انجن ۾ هوا جي انٽيڪ کي وڌايو ويو. ٽيسٽنگ ۾ مليل ڪنٽرول مسئلن جي نتيجي ۾ ونگ ليڊنگ ايج روٽ ايڪسٽينشن (LERX) ۾ تبديليون آندي ويون. <ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com4">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> عمودي ٽيل فن کي ٽپ ۾ هڪ وڌايل اليڪٽرانڪ وارفيئر سامان رکڻ لاءِ وڌايو ويو.<ref name="Jane's Sino-Pakistani fighter improved2">{{citation|first=Robert|last=Hewson|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter improved|work=[[Jane's Information Group]]|url=http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002942/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml|archive-date=28 February 2007}}</ref> ٻيهر ڊزائين ڪيل جهاز ۾ وڌ ۾ وڌ ٽيڪ آف وزن ٿورو وڌي ويو هو ۽ چيني ذريعن کان حاصل ڪيل ايونڪس جي وڌندڙ مقدار کي شامل ڪيو ويو. تنهن هوندي به پاڪستان ايئر فورس پنهنجي جهاز لاءِ مغربي ايونڪس چونڊيو. سال <small>2005</small>ع جي آخر کان <small>2007</small>ع تائين پاڪستان ايئر فورس جهازن جي ترسيل کي ملتوي ڪيو. پاڪستان برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ اطالوي ايونڪس سوئٽس جو جائزو ورتو. جنهن جي فاتح جي 2006ع ۾ حتمي شڪل ڏيڻ جي اميد هئي.<ref name="27 September 2005 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Test flaws prompt rethink on China's FC-1 light fighter look|work=[[Flight International]]|date=27 September 2005|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624173043/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html|archive-date=24 June 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''PT-04'''</small>، چوٿون پروٽوٽائپ ۽ ڊيزائن تبديلين کي شامل ڪرڻ وارو پهريون، اپريل 2006ع ۾ رول آئوٽ ڪيو ويو ۽ 28 اپريل 2006ع تي پنهنجي پهرين پرواز ڪئي.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Graham|last=Warwick|title=Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets|work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/|url-status=live|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 20062">{{citation|title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]]|date=17 May 2006|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm|access-date=25 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm|archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref>.<ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 2006">{{citation |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm |access-date=25 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm | archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622681).jpg|thumb|JF-17 and their DSI air intakes.]] The modified air intakes replaced conventional intake ramps{{mdash}}whose function is to divert turbulent [[boundary layer]] airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the engine{{mdash}}with a [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] (DSI) design.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Graham |last=Warwick |title= Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets |work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |url-status=live | archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> The DSI uses a combination of forward-swept inlet cowls and a three-dimensional compression surface to divert the boundary layer airflow at high sub-sonic and supersonic speeds. According to [[Lockheed Martin]], the DSI design prevents most of the boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to two times the [[speed of sound]], reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms,<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Hehs |title=JSF Diverterless Supersonic Inlet |work=Code One magazine |date=July 2000 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124032509/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html | archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref> and is [[stealth technology|stealthier]] than a conventional intake.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> In 1999, developmental work on the DSI with the aim of improving aircraft performance commenced. The JF-17 design was finalised in 2001.<ref name="APP">{{cite news|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |title=50th indigenously produced JF-17 Thunder rolls-out at PAC Kamra |work=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115146/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Multiple models underwent wind tunnel tests; it was found that the DSI reduced weight, cost, and complexity while improving performance.<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI"/> For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing, PT-04 was fitted with a fourth-generation avionics suite that incorporates [[sensor fusion]], an electronic warfare suite, enhanced man-machine interface, [[FADEC|Digital Electronic Engine Control]] (DEEC) for the RD-93 turbofan engine, FBW flight controls, day/night precision surface attack capability, and multi-mode, pulse-Doppler radar for BVR air-to-air attack capability.<ref name="PakTribune1">{{citation|title=4th Prototype JF-17 'Thunder' aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |work=PakTribune (Pakistani news website) |url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> The sixth prototype, PT-06, made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006.<ref name="cnair">{{citation |first=Hui |last=Tong |title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder |url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm |access-date=2 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm | archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Following a competition in 2008, [[Martin-Baker]] was selected over a Chinese firm for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx|title=JF-17 Signing|date=September 2008|work=Escape (newsletter)|publisher=Martin-Baker|page=1|access-date=9 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403190614/http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx | archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:13-143 JF-17 PAKISTAN AIR FORCE LBG (18888092161).jpg|thumb|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 at the [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Airport]], Paris, France for the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]] ]] On 2 March 2007, the first consignment of two small-batch-production (SBP) aircraft arrived in a dismantled state in Pakistan. They flew for the first time on 10 March 2007 and took part in a public aerial demonstration during a [[Pakistan Day]] parade on 23 March 2007. The PAF intended to induct 200 JF-17 by 2015 to replace all its Chengdu F-7, Nanchang A-5, and Dassault Mirage III/5 aircraft. In preparation for the [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] of JF-17s, the PAF has upgraded several Mirage IIIs with IFR probes for training purposes.<ref name = "The News, JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief">{{citation |first=Mayed |last=Ali |title = JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief | newspaper = [[The News International]]|date= 31 March 2007 | place = [[Pakistan|PK]] |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 | access-date =23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> A dual-seat, combat-capable trainer was originally scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2009 Pakistan reportedly decided to develop the training model into a specialised attack variant.<ref name="IASC Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow">{{citation |first= Richard Jr. |last= Fisher |title= Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow |publisher= International Assessment and Strategy Center (IASC) |date= 20 January 2008 |url= http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |access-date= 6 August 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715131717/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |archive-date= 15 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |title=Avic, Pakistan Working on JF-17 Two-Seater |last=Perrett |first=Bradley |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007185528/http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |archive-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref> In November 2007, the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluations of aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology (NRIET), and the LETRI [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] active radar homing AAM.<ref name="Jane's&nbsp;— Chinese, French weapons for JF-17">{{citation |first=Reuben F. |last=Johnson |title=Pakistan considers mix of Chinese, French weapons for its JF-17s |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164219/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, PAC began manufacturing JF-17 components; production of sub-assemblies commenced on 22 January 2008.<ref name="paf.gov.pk, Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra">{{citation |title=Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra |publisher=[[Pakistan Air Force]] }}</ref><ref name="Dawn.com, Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra">{{citation|first=Yaqoob |last=Malik |title=Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra |publisher=[[Dawn News]] |date=23 January 2008 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154912/http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The PAF was to receive a further six pre-production aircraft in 2005, for a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft. [[Initial operating capability]] was to be achieved by the end of 2008.<ref name = "Jane's, January 2008, JF-17 production commences">{{citation |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |title=JF-17 production commences |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=24 January 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606051629/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |archive-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Final assembly of the JF-17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009; PAC expected to complete production of four to six aircraft that year. They planned to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and fifteen to sixteen aircraft per year from 2011; this could increase to twenty-five aircraft per year.<ref name="01/07/09 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Siva | last = Govindasamy | title= Pakistan begins domestic final assembly of JF-17 |work= [[Flight International]] | date = 1 July 2009 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |access-date=23 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103224634/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> On 29 December 2015, PAC announced the rollout of the 16th JF-17 Thunder fighter manufactured in the calendar year 2015, taking total number of manufactured aircraft to more than 66. Later, a PAF spokesperson said that in light of the interest shown by various countries, it has been decided that production capacity of JF-17 Thunder at PAC Kamra will be expanded.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia signed an agreement in August 2007 for re-export of 150 RD-93 engines from China to Pakistan for the JF-17.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian engines will fly to Pakistan|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|newspaper=Kommersant|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154851/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the PAF reported it was not fully satisfied with the RD-93 engine and that it would only power the first 50 aircraft; it was alleged that arrangements for a new engine, reportedly the [[Snecma M53#Variants|Snecma M53-P2]], may have been made.<ref name="New engine, Snecma M53 - defensenews.com">{{cite news|title=100 Countries Expected To Attend IDEAS 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=22 November 2008 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172647/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 }}</ref> [[Mikhail Pogosyan]], head of the MiG and Sukhoi design bureaus, recommended the Russian defence export agency [[Rosoboronexport]] block RD-93 engine sales to China to prevent export competition from the JF-17 against the MiG-29.<ref>{{cite news|location=RU |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |title=Russian combat aircraft makers fear competition with China |agency=RIA Novosti |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727082025/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |archive-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |title=Russia's Iconic MiG and Sukhoi Fighters Enter Competition with Chinese Clones |work=[[Pravda]] |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709180639/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the 2010 [[Farnborough Airshow]], the JF-17 was displayed internationally for the first time; aerial displays at the show were intended but were cancelled due to a late attendance decision as well as licence and insurance costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive |title=Farnborough Debut Heralds JF-17 Export Drive |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=19 July 2010 |work=Defence News |access-date=25 May 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103041128/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive }}</ref> According to a Rosoboronexport official at the Airshow China 2010, held on 16–21 November 2005 in [[Zhuhai]], China, Russia and China had signed a contract worth $238 million for 100 RD-93 engines with options for another 400 engines developed for the FC-1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia to sell additional RD-93 jet engines to China |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |date=16 November 2010 |publisher=Rianovosti |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021164151/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> According to media reports, Pakistan planned to increase production of JF-17s by 25% in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan to boost JF-17 production by 25% in '16|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010628/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Further development=== [[File:PAK Kamra JF-17 Thunder at PAris Air Show, June 2019 (2).jpg|thumb|JF 17 Thunder in [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan Flag Livery]] at [[Paris Air Show]] ]] Pakistan negotiated with British and Italian defence firms regarding avionics and radars for the JF-17 development. Radar options include the Italian Galileo Avionica's Grifo S7,<ref name="Grifo">{{Citation |url=http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | type = datasheet | title = Selex | contribution = Italian Grifo family | publisher = Sensors and Airborne Systems| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325204544/http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> the French Thomson-CSF's RC400 (a variant of the [[RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget)|RDY-2]]),<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower"/> and the British company SELEX Galileo's Vixen 500E AESA radar.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari">{{citation | last =Ansari | first = Usman | title= Thunder Storm&nbsp;– Pakistan's hopes for the JF-17 Thunder fighter | work=Combat Aircraft magazine | volume = 8 |issue= 4 |url=http://usmanansari.com/id16.html |access-date=11 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907034554/http://usmanansari.com/id16.html | archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In 2010, the PAF had reportedly selected ATE Aerospace Group to integrate French-built avionics and weapons systems over rival bids from Astrac, Finmeccanica and a [[Thales Group|Thales]]-[[Sagem]] joint venture. Fifty JF-17s were to be upgraded and an optional fifty from 2013 onwards, at a cost of up to {{USD|1.36 billion}}. The RC-400 radar, [[MICA (missile)|MICA]] AAMs, and several air-to-surface weapons are believed to be in the contract. The PAF also held talks with South Africa for the supply of Denel A-darter AAMs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |title= French-Led JF-17 Upgrade Likely To Raise Eyebrows |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |title= Will Westernized JF-17 Thunder Attract New Delhi's Ire? |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> In April 2010, after eighteen months of negotiations, the deal was reportedly suspended; reports cited French concerns about Pakistan's financial situation, the protection of sensitive French technology, and by Indian [[lobbying]], which operates many French-built aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |title=Paris bloque un contrat d'équipement français d'avions de chasse pakistanais |trans-title=Paris blocks a contract of French equipment for Pakistani fighter aircraft |last=Follorou |first=Jacques |date=2 April 2010 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406012337/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 |url-status=live }} [https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en Google English translation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313032215/http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en |date=13 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |title=France says arms sale to Pakistan held up |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215070013/http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref> France wanted the PAF to purchase several [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-9]] fighters from the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]], which would overlap with the upgraded JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris|title=Un contrat militaire avec le Pakistan bloqué par Paris |trans-title=A contract with the Pakistan military blocked by Paris | date= 3 April 2010 | publisher = Radio France Internationale | language= fr| access-date= 5 April 2010|location= France|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191726/http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, the PAF's Chief of Air Staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rao Qamar Suleman]], said such reports were false, stating: "I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government...someone was trying to cause mischief{{mdash}}to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want".<ref>{{cite journal| last= Warnes| first= Alan|date=July 2010 |title=On the edge&nbsp;– JF-17s, Tankers and AWACS|journal=Air Forces Monthly | type = magazine |location= United Kingdom |issue=July 2010|page= 54|quote=Reports in late March that the French Government was refusing to allow the sale of a Thales avionics system was denied by the CAS: 'I saw the report quoting unnamed sources or any French government official. I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government. I think someone is trying to cause mischief&nbsp;– to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want.'}}</ref> On 18 December 2013, production of Block 2 JF-17s began at PAC's Kamra facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 Thunder Block 2 Will be Ready till June 2014 |url=http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Pakistan Armed Forces News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134056/http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> These have an air-to-air refuelling capability, improved avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01"/> Block 2 construction was planned to run until 2016, after which the manufacturing of further developed Block III aircraft was planned.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|title=Production of improved version of JF-17 aircraft launched |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |date=19 December 2013 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605015123/http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |archive-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> In December 2015, it was announced that the 16th Block II aircraft had been handed over resulting in standing up of the 4th squadron.<ref name="Fourth">{{cite news|title=Fourth JF-17 Thunder squadron complete as PAC rolls out 16th aircraft|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177/|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406230211/https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 June 2015, Jane's Defence Weekly confirmed<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> that JF-17 Block III will have an AESA radar, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and possibly an internal infrared search and tracking (IRST) system.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | title = Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan | last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr. | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | archivedate=21 April 2016 | work = Jane's Defence Weekly | date = 17 June 2015 }}</ref> A two-seat version was also reportedly to be produced in Block III.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF to induct JF17 Thunder Block III in 2016|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513171122/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Unconfirmed reports claim that Block III will also have a better flight management system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder fighter jet impresses at Paris Air Show|url=http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503022238/http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Selex ES has promoted its next-generation cockpit as a possible upgrade of JF-17 Block III; this cockpit includes a new mission computer, an enhanced head-up display and contemporary multi-function displays, plus the capability for the pilot to use a single, large-area display instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Selex advances M-345 cockpit development|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530175651/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, despite Indian protests, Russian state-owned United Engine Corporation developed a new engine designated ''RD-93MA'' for the JF-17 fighter being built by Pakistan.<ref name="Russian engine">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=9 July 2020 |title=Russia confirms progress on new jet engine. Is it for Pak JF-17 fighter? |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html|url-status=live |work= TheWeek Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127072811/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html |archive-date= 27 January 2021}}</ref> ==ڊيزائن== [[File:JF-17 block 1 front view.jpg|upright|thumb|اڳيون ڏيک]] === مکيه فريم === ايئر فريم نيم مونوڪوڪ ڍانچي جو آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ايلومينيم مصر مان ٺهيل آهي. ڪجهه نازڪ علائقن ۾ اعليٰ طاقت وارو اسٽيل ۽ ٽائيٽينيم مصر جزوي طور تي اختيار ڪيا ويا آهن. ايئر فريم 4,000 فلائيٽ ڪلاڪن يا 25 سالن جي سروس لائف لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. پهرين اوور هال 1,200 فلائيٽ ڪلاڪن تي ٿيڻ وارو آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra2">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> JF-17s بلاڪ 2 وزن گهٽائڻ لاءِ ايئر فريم ۾ جامع مواد جو وڌيڪ استعمال شامل ڪري ٿو. ريٽريبل انڊر ڪيريج ۾ ٽرائي سائيڪل جو انتظام آهي. هڪ واحد اسٽيئربل نوز ويل ۽ ٻه مکيه انڊر ڪيريج سان. هائيڊولڪ بريڪ ۾ هڪ خودڪار اينٽي اسڪڊ سسٽم آهي. انليٽس جي پوزيشن ۽ شڪل حملي جي اعليٰ زاوين سان لاڳاپيل مشقن دوران جيٽ انجن کي گهربل هوا جي وهڪري ڏيڻ لاءِ ٺهيل آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra3">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> وچ ۾ لڳل ونگ ڪراپڊ ڊيلٽا ترتيب جا آهن. ونگ روٽ جي ويجهو <small>LERX</small> آهن. جيڪي هڪ وورٽيڪس پيدا ڪن ٿا. جيڪو حملي جي اعليٰ زاوين سان لاڳاپيل مشقن دوران ونگ کي اضافي لفٽ فراهم ڪري ٿو. هڪ روايتي ٽرائي-پلين ايمپينيج ترتيب شامل ڪئي وئي آهي. آل-موونگ اسٽيبليٽرز، سنگل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر، رڊر، ۽ ٽوئن وينٽرل فينز سان. فلائيٽ ڪنٽرول سسٽم (<small>FCS</small>) ۾ روايتي ڪنٽرول شامل آهن. ياو ۽ رول محور ۾ استحڪام وڌائڻ سان ۽ پچ محور ۾ هڪ ڊجيٽل فلائي بائي وائر (<small>FBW</small>) سسٽم موڙ جي ڪارڪردگي کي وڌائڻ لاءِ مينيوورنگ دوران ليڊنگ-ايج فليپس ۽ ٽريلنگ ايج فليپس خودڪار طريقي سان ترتيب ڏنل آهن.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra4">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سيريل پروڊڪشن جهاز جي FCS ۾ رپورٽ ڪئي وئي آهي ته پچ محور ۾ هڪ ڊجيٽل ڪواڊروپلڪس (ڪواڊ-ريڊنڊنٽ) FBW سسٽم آهي. ۽ رول ۽ ياو محور ۾ هڪ ڊپلڪس (ڊبل-ريڊنڊنٽ) FBW سسٽم آهي.<ref name="cnair2">{{citation|first=Hui|last=Tong|title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder|url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm|access-date=2 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm|archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> 3,400 lb (1,500 ڪلوگرام) تائين آرڊيننس، سامان، ۽ ايندھن کي هارڊ پوائنٽس جي هيٺان نصب ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جن مان ٻه ونگ-ٽپس تي آهن، چار ونگ هيٺ آهن ۽ هڪ فيوزليج هيٺ آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra5">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> === ڪاڪ پِٽ === [[File:JF-17 Block 1 cockpit.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 HUD]] The aircraft has three large Multifunction Colour Displays (MFD) and smart Heads-Up Display (HUD) with built-in symbol generation capability. A [[center stick]] is used for [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll]] control while [[Aircraft rudder|rudder pedals]] control yaw. A throttle is located to the left of the pilot. The cockpit incorporates [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on a Martin-Baker Mk-16LE [[zero-zero ejection seat]]. The cockpit incorporates an [[electronic flight instrument system]] (EFIS) and a wide-angle, holographic head-up display (HUD), which has a minimum total field of view of 25 degrees. The EFIS comprises three color multi-function displays, providing basic flight information, tactical information, and information on the engine, fuel, electrical, hydraulics, flight control, and environment control systems. The HUD and MFD can be configured to show any available information. Each MFD is {{cvt|20.3|cm|inch|1}} wide and {{cvt|30.5|cm|inch|1}} tall and is arranged side by side in [[page orientation|portrait orientation]]. The central MFD is placed lowest to accommodate a control panel between it and the HUD.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Avionics=== [[File:JF-17 cockpit.webp|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 cockpit avionics display]] The avionics software incorporates the concept of [[open architecture]]. Instead of the military-optimised [[Ada (programming language)|Ada programming language]], the software is written using the popular [[C++|C++ programming language]], enabling the use of the numerous civilian programmers available.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article">{{citation|title=Stuck in Sichuan: Pakistani JF-17 Program Grounded? No|date=January 2007|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|work=Defense Industry Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft also includes a health and usage monitoring system, and automatic test equipment.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf |title=8011-Ai760Datasheet.qxd |access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021927/http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=May 2021}} The JF-17 has a [[defensive aids system]] (DAS) composed of various integrated sub-systems. A [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) provides data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars, and an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin interferes with enemy radars. The EW suite is also linked to a [[Missile Approach Warning]] (MAW) system to defend against radar-guided missiles. The MAW system uses several optical sensors across the airframe to detect the rocket motors of missiles across a 360-degree coverage.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Data from the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is shown on cockpit displays and the HUD. A countermeasures dispensing system releases [[flare (countermeasure)|decoy flares]] and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] to help evade hostile radar and missiles. The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar-jamming pod that will be carried externally on a [[hardpoint]].<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The first forty-two PAF production aircraft are equipped with the [[KLJ-7|NRIET KLJ-7]] radar,<ref name="Milavia.net 2007 news report">{{citation |date=23 March 2007 |title=JF-17 Arrived in Pakistan |work=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |publisher=MILAVIA.net |url=http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |access-date=31 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218082338/http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=18 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7">{{citation |title=KLJ-7/10 Fire Control Radar (FCR) (China), Airborne radar systems |work=Jane's Avionics |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=19 January 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002180132/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> a variant of the KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) and also used on the Chengdu J-10. Multiple modes can manage the surveillance and engagement of up to forty air, ground, and sea targets; the [[Track while scan|track-while-scan]] mode can track up to ten targets at BVR and can engage two simultaneously with [[Air-to-air missile#Radar guidance|radar-homing AAMs]]. The operation range for targets with a [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) of {{Convert|5|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} is stated to be ≥ {{Convert|105|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-up mode and ≥ {{Convert|85|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-down mode.<ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7"/><ref name="Jane's, NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements">{{citation |title=China's NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=7 April 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html |access-date=6 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820152019/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html | archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> A [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) pod for low-level navigation and [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) system for passive targeting can also be integrated;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> the JF-17 Block 2 is believed to incorporate an IRST.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In April 2016, Air Marshal Muhammad Ashfaque Arain said that, "JF-17 needs a targeting pod, as the jets' usefulness in current operations was limited due to lack of precision targeting. To fulfill this gap the Air Force was interested in buying the Thales-made Damocles, a third-generation targeting pod; which was a priority."<ref>{{cite news|date=7 April 2016|title=Interview: Pakistan wants air force upgrade for prolonged militant fight|newspaper=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|url-status=dead|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420160318/http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[ASELSAN|Aselsans]] ASELPOD was tested and successfully integrated with the JF-17 and Pakistan has subsequently purchased at least eight [[targeting pod]]s from Aselsan.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Tests Turkish Targeting Pod|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235159/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|archive-date=6 December 2018|access-date=6 December 2018|website=defense-aerospace.com}}</ref> This integration has significantly enhanced the JF-17 platform's ability to launch precision strikes. A helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by [[Luoyang]] Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre of [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China|AVIC]] was developed in parallel with the JF-17; it was first tested on Prototype 04 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|title=图文：枭龙04飞行员新头盔_新浪军事_新浪网|work=sina.com.cn|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101520/http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=Strategycenter.net |date=30 December 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> It was dubbed as EO HMS, (Electro-Optical Helmet Mounted Sight) and was first revealed to the public in 2008 at the 7th [[Zhuhai Airshow]], where a partial mock-up was on display.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The HMS tracks the pilot's head and eye movements to guide missiles towards the pilot's visual target.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} An externally carried day/night [[laser designator]] [[targeting pod]] may be integrated with the avionics to guide [[laser-guided bomb]]s (LGBs).<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> An extra [[hardpoint]] may be added under the starboard air intake, opposite the cannon, for such pods. To reduce the numbers of targeting pods required, the aircraft's [[tactical data link]] can transmit target data to other aircraft not equipped with targeting pods.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} The communication systems comprise two [[VHF]]/[[UHF]] radios; the VHF radio has the capacity for [[VHF Data Link|data linking]] for communication with ground control centers, [[airborne early warning and control]] aircraft and combat aircraft with compatible data links for [[network-centric warfare]], and improved [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite web|title=VHF air-ground Digital Link |url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |publisher=etsi.org |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206100741/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref> The aircraft uses [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLGs]] along with [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] for navigation. The aircraft is equipped with an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] [[Transponder]] which allows it to differentiate between friendly aircraft and enemy aircraft. The [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]] aids in aerial combat for manoeuvring.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} ===Engine=== The first two blocks of JF-17 is powered by a single Russian RD-93 [[turbofan]] engine, which is a variant of the [[Klimov RD-33]] engine used on the [[MiG-29]] fighter. The engine gives more [[thrust]] and significantly [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|lower specific fuel consumption]] than [[turbojet]] engines fitted to older combat aircraft being replaced by the JF-17. The advantages of using a single engine are a reduction in maintenance time and cost when compared to twin-engined fighters. A [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] of 0.99 can be achieved with full internal fuel tanks and no external payload. The engine's air supply is provided by two bifurcated air inlets (see [[JF-17 Thunder#Airframe and cockpit|airframe]] section).<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan">[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ "Pakistan & China's JF-17 Fighter Program."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ |date=20 October 2013 }} ''Defense Industry Daily'', 14 November 2011</ref> The RD-93 is known to produce smoke trails.<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan"/> The [[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Guizhou Aero Engine Group]] has been developing a new turbofan engine, the [[Guizhou WS-13|WS-13 ''Taishan'']], since 2000 to replace the RD-93. It is based on the RD-33 and incorporates new technologies to boost performance and reliability. A thrust output of {{Convert|80 to 86.36|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}}, a lifespan of 2,200 hours, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 8.7 are expected. An improved version of the WS-13, developing a thrust of around {{Convert|100|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}} (22,450&nbsp;lb), is also reportedly under development.<ref name="October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace">{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center |date=30 December 2009 |first=Richard Jr. |last=Fisher |access-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> During the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]], it was announced that flight testing of a JF-17 equipped with the WS-13 engine had begun.<ref name="janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|title=Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan|work=Jane's|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, a representative of PAC said that Pakistan would continue to use the RD-93 engine on their fighters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |title=Pakistan to Stick With Russian Engine for JF-17 Fighter Jet |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=25 November 2015 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=IHS |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125095855/https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local media reports in January 2016 said that Russia was planning to sell engines for JF-17 directly to Pakistan.<ref>{{citation|title=Moscow makes a move when US loosens the noose|date=25 January 2016|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051408/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a PAC representative, Pakistan is looking to collaborate with Russia in developing and repairing engines.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ===Fuel system=== The fuel system comprises internal fuel tanks located in the wings and fuselage with a capacity of {{Convert|2330|kg|lb|abbr=on}}; they are refuelled through a single point pressure refuelling system (see [[Aircraft fuel system#Turbine fuel system|turbine fuel systems]]). Internal fuel storage can be supplemented by external fuel tanks. One {{convert|800|litre|impgal|adj=on}} [[drop tank]] can be mounted on the aircraft's centerline hard point under the fuselage and two 800-litre or {{convert|1110|litre|impgal|adj=on}} drop tanks can be mounted on the two inboard under-wing hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The fuel system is compatible with [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling (IFR)]], allowing tanker aircraft to refuel inflight, and increasing its range and loitering time significantly. All production aircraft for the PAF are to be fitted with IFR probes.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In June 2013, PAF Air Chief Marshal [[Tahir Rafique Butt]] said ground tests on the JF-17's refuelling probes had been successfully completed and the first mid-air refuelling operations would commence that summer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bokhari|first=Farhan|title=Pakistani JF-17 to start mid-air refuelling by end of summer|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=10 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer|access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107021555/http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer | archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622777).jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder with its weapons]] [[File:Pakistan Air Force, 12-139, Chengdu JF-17 Thunder (49579395248).jpg|thumb|Thunder with weapons]] ===Armaments=== The JF-17 can be armed with up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of air-to-air and [[air-to-ground weaponry]], and other equipment mounted externally on the aircraft's seven hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> One hardpoint is located under the fuselage between the main landing gear, two are underneath each wing, and one is at each wing-tip. All seven hardpoints communicate via a [[MIL-STD-1760]] data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System,<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> which is stated to be capable of integration with weaponry of any origin.<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower">{{citation|first=Usman |last=Ansari |title=Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower |work=[[Defense News]] |date=9 February 2009 |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3938427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230020953/http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/02/pakistan-surmounts-western-sanctions-to.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 }}</ref> Internal armament comprises one {{Convert|23|mm|inch|abbr=on}} GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon mounted under the [[port (nautical)|port side]] air intake, which can be replaced with a {{Convert|30|mm|inch|abbr=on}} [[GSh-30-2]] twin-barrel cannon.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com">{{cite web | work=Sino Defence | title= FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp |access-date=11 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp | archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|title=MILAVIA Aircraft – Chengdu FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Specifications|first=Niels | last = Hillebrand|work=milavia.net|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031225/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The wing-tip hard-points are typically occupied by short range infra-red homing AAMs. Many combinations of ordnance and equipment such as [[targeting pods]] can be carried on the under-wing and under-fuselage hard-points. Underwing hard-points can be fitted with [[Hard point#Ejector racks|multiple ejector racks]], allowing each hard-point to carry two {{Convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} unguided bombs or LGBs{{mdash}}[[Mk.82]] or [[GBU-12]].<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Active radar homing BVR AAMs can be integrated with the radar and data-link for mid-course updates. The aircraft can carry the [[PL-12|PL-12/SD-10]] along with the [[PL-5]]E and [[PL-9]]C Short range, infra-red homing missiles. The more advanced [[PL-10]]E High-Off Bore Sight missiles were integrated into the aircraft in April 2021, operated Within Visual Range using the HMD/S. With the Block 3 variant of the JF-17, the ability to fit and operate the [[PL-15]]E, the most advanced BVR missile developed by China for export with a claimed operating range of 145&nbsp;km, is also integrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's Production of Latest JF-17 Block 3 Variant Reaches 30 Units |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistans-production-of-latest-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jets-nears-30-units-2/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Unguided air-to-ground weaponry includes rocket pods, [[Unguided bomb|gravity bombs]] and [[Matra Durandal]] anti-runway munitions. [[Precision-guided munition]]s such as LGBs and [[Precision-guided munition#Satellite-guided weapons|satellite-guided bombs]] are also compatible with the JF-17, as are other guided weapons such as [[anti-ship missile]]s and [[anti-radiation missile]]s.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Pakistan planned to bring the Brazilian [[MAR-1]] anti-radiation missile into service on its JF-17 fleet in 2014.<ref name="janes mar1">{{cite journal|last=Hewson|first=Robert|date=17 April 2013|title=Mectron's MAR-1 to be operational in Pakistan next year|url=http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072717/http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> ==آپريشنل تاريخ== ===Pakistan=== [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 flies in front of the 26,660 ft high [[Nanga Parbat]]]] Small batch production of the single-seat, single-engine JF-17s began in China in June 2006. The first two small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered on 2 March 2007 and first flew in Pakistan on 10 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6854&Cat=13&dt=3/21/2007 |title=JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> They took part in an aerial display on 23 March 2007 as part of the [[Pakistan Day Parade|Pakistan Day Joint Services Parade]] in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |title=PAF to seek more Chinese aircraft, says air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509043607/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |archive-date = 9 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="PakTribune">[http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 JF-17 Thunder main focus of attention at Pak Day fly-past] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''Pak Tribune'', 24 March 2007.</ref> Another six small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered by March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\03\15\story_15-3-2008_pg7_6 |title=Six more JF-17 Thunder fighter jets inducted into PAF |date=15 March 2008 |work=Daily Times |access-date=21 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118100559/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C03%5C15%5Cstory_15-3-2008_pg7_6 | archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> These were extensively flight-tested and evaluated by the PAF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |title=PAF to start serial production of JF-17 fighter aircraft soon |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330212502/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> Two serial production aircraft were delivered from China in 2009 and the first Pakistani-manufactured aircraft was delivered to the PAF in a ceremony on 23 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |title=Pak, China unveil first JF-17 combat jet |work=Rediff.com |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301092221/http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2010, the first JF-17 squadron, [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 ''Black Spiders'']], was officially inducted into the PAF with an initial strength of 14 fighter planes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |title=First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder inducted in PAF |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163116/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/February/international_February910.xml&section=international |title=PAF Inducts First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder Jet |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110350/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2010%2FFebruary%2Finternational_February910.xml&section=international |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> These aircraft first saw service in the [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat|anti-terrorist operation in South Waziristan]], during which various types of weapons were evaluated.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zia |last=Tanouli |language=Urdu |work=Daily Express (Pakistan) |title=جے ایف-١٧ میں باقاعدہ طور پر شامل پی اے ایف |url=http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |access-date=20 February 2010 |quote=(Translated) No.26 Squadron established in Kamra with 14 aircraft initially inducted. According to top PAF sources, fourteen aircraft were evaluated thoroughly with different kinds of weapons during the anti-terror operation in Waziristan. First squadron established in Kamra due to security concerns, will be transferred to Peshawar later. With induction of first JF-17 squadron, the two A-5 squadrons will be grounded today. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005230/http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> They took part in the PAF's ''High Mark 2010'' exercise from 29 April, where they were used by the ''Blue Force'' to attack ''Red Land'' surface targets with precision air-to-surface weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |title=JF-17 Thunder comes of age at High Mark drill |date=29 March 2010 |work=Newspaper article |publisher=Awaz Today |access-date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184851/http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |title=Pakistan inducts JF-17 jets developed with China |work=Rediff.com |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528235257/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 April 2011, a re-equipment ceremony for No. 26 ''Black Spiders'' Squadron took place, during which it was stated that the JF-17 had "revolutionized the PAF's operational concepts". Then Air Chief Marshal [[Rao Qamar Suleman]] reported the re-equipping of No. 26 squadron and the addition of the JF-17 Thunder to the [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron]]. He also thanked the contribution and support of the Chinese in helping to acquire a technological breakthrough in the shape of the aircraft.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |title=PAF re-equips No 26 Squadron with JF-17 thunder aircraft |date=12 April 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times (Pakistan) |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174246/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> During [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] 2014–2016, JF-17 were deployed frequently to carry out airstrikes against [[Pakistani Taliban|TTP]] hideouts, killing hundreds of terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Dawn com {{!}} |date=19 December 2014 |title=Top Uzbek commander among 17 terrorists killed in Khyber air strikes |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151682 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/245286-Operation-ZarbeAzb-30-militants-killed-in-fresh |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=dunyanews.tv |title=Operation Zarb-e-Azb: 30 militants killed in fresh airstrikes in Dattakhel |date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> In September 2015, the No. 2 Squadron tasked with sea strikes was re-equipped with JF-17s replacing the F7s.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder inducted in Multi Role Squadron|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414020258/http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=live|date=12 April 2016}}</ref> The No. 16 Squadron "Black Panthers" has also been equipped with the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Block-2 Update from "The Thunder City|url=http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220185954/http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2017, it was reported that a JF-17 shot down an [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Iranian]] [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] operating in [[Pakistan|Pakistan's]] [[Panjgur District|Pangjur District]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|title=JF-17 shoots down Iran's spy drone|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032625/http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2019, PAF JF-17s took part in Pakistan's [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|retaliatory airstrikes]] against India during which two Thunders of the [[No. 16 Squadron PAF|No. 16 Squadron]] struck Indian ground targets with [[Mark 83|Mk. 83 REKs]].<ref name="kaiser">{{cite web|url=https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|website=PakistanPolitico.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama: Two years on|date=18 February 2021|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208104607/https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tufail">{{cite web|url=https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|website=DefenceJournal.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama-From bluster to whimper|date=10 July 2019|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028163732/https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Brad |date=4 March 2019 |title=Crisis may be easing, but nuclear threat still hangs over India and Pakistan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519161150/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Has Pakistan's JF-17 'Thunder' Block II Fighter Jet Engaged in its First Dogfight? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516080001/https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight |url-status=live }}</ref> as of March 2021, JF-17s are operational in seven fighter squadrons based at five airbases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|title=Orbats|website=www.scramble.nl|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202214748/https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, the first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF. During the [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff|May 2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the PAF publicly showcased, for the first time, a JF-17 Block 3 fighter aircraft equipped with [[PL-15#Variants|PL-15E]] long-range [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s (BVRAAMs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Update: Pakistan shows JF-17 Block III fitted with PL-15 missiles for first time |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/update-pakistan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fitted-with-pl-15-missiles-for-first-time |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Jane |language=en}}</ref> During the conflict, the PAF deployed JF-17s and [[J-10CE]]s in combat in both the air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.<ref name="auto14"/><ref name="auto16"/><ref name="auto12"/> Pakistan claimed that its JF-17 successfully targeted and destroyed an Indian [[S-400 missile system|S-400 missile defence system]] at [[Adampur Airport|Adampur Air Force Station]] in [[Punjab]] on 10 May 2025 using two [[CM-400AKG]] long-range supersonic [[air-to-surface missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1310766-how-paf-destroyed-india-s-2-s400-air-defence-systems | title=How PAF destroyed India's 2 S400 air defence systems | date=12 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/first-strike-in-the-hypersonic-era-pakistan-claims-jf-17-launched-cm-400akg-took-out-indias-s-400/ | title=(VIDEO) First Strike in the Hypersonic Era: Pakistan Claims JF-17-Launched CM-400AKG Took Out India's S-400 | date=11 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/883212-pak-jf17-thunder-strike-destroys-indian-s400-air-defence-system | title=Pak JF-17 Thunder strike destroys Indian S400 air defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/jf-17-thunder-destroys-indias-s-400-defence-system-10-05-2025/ | title=Watch: JF-17 Thunder taking off to destroy India's S-400 defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref> On 11 May, the PAF, in a press briefing said that it had targeted the 96L6E Cheese Board radar of the S-400 system, one of the units of the combined air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim |last=Ahmad |first=Zeeshan |date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] dismissed the claim, stating that all Indian S-400 squadrons are still functional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's claim of destroying India's S-400 missile systems false: Indian military|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistans-claim-of-destroying-indias-s-400-missile-systems-false-indian-military/article69560019.ece|access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Hindu|date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the Adampur Air Force Station on 13 May 2025, and posed in front of an S-400 Launcher, which the [[Indian media]] claimed to be fully operational. According to Indian media, his visit served as a rebuttal to Pakistan's claims, reinforcing that the missile system was intact and operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=PM Modi poses in front of S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Base days after Pakistan claimed it was destroyed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-poses-in-front-of-s-400-missile-system-at-adampur-air-base-days-after-pakistan-claimed-it-was-destroyed/articleshow/121134748.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Modi fact-checks Pakistan, visits Adampur, releases video & photo with S-400 in background|url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-fact-checks-pakistan-visits-adampur-releases-video-photo-with-s-400-in-background/2624167/|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Print|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at Paris Air Show 2015.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at [[Paris Air Show]] 2015]] '''Exercises'''<br> The PAF has deployed the JF-17 Thunder in a number of bilateral and multinational air exercises since the 2010s. PAF JF-17s have participated in joint air exercises with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) under the Shaheen exercise series since at least 2014, focusing on air combat training and interoperability.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 2019 and again in 2021, PAF JF-17s took part in the Turkish Air Force–hosted multinational exercise Anatolian Eagle, operating alongside aircraft from several participating air forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2019: Pakistani JF-17s among participants |url=https://theaviationist.com/2019/07/15/pakistani-jf-17-thunders-and-turkish-elint-sigint-c-160d-transall-among-the-highlights-of-anatolian-eagle-exercise/ |website=The Aviationist |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2021 exercise |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/12072021-anatolian-eagle-2021-exercise-pakistan-improving-defense-synergies-oped/ |website=Eurasia Review |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2022, PAF JF-17s participated in the Saudi-led multinational air exercise Spears of Victory at King Abdulaziz Air Base, flying alongside Royal Saudi Air Force Tornados, Typhoons and F-15s, as well as allied aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF participates in Spears of Victory exercise in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590236/pakistan |website=Arab News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> JF-17s continued participation in subsequent editions of Spears of Victory, including 2023 and 2025, with later deployments featuring the Block-III variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17 Block-III participates in Spears of Victory 2023 |url=https://www.facebook.com/ConnectedPakistan/posts/pakistan-air-forces-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jets-have-touched-down-in-az/1213837260779670/ |website=Connected Pakistan |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PAF excels in Saudi-led Spears of Victory 2025 |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/02/14/paf-excels-in-saudi-led-air-combat-drills-jf-17-block-iii-earns-global-praise/ |website=Pakistan Today |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2025, PAF JF-17 Block-III fighters were also deployed to Azerbaijan for the bilateral air exercise Indus Shield Alpha, marking one of the type’s longest overseas deployments.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17s arrive in Azerbaijan for Indus Shield Alpha |url=https://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/912872 |website=Dunya News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> '''Airshows'''<br> The JF-17 Thunder has participated in international airshows since 2010 as part of export promotion and military diplomacy efforts by the PAF.<ref name="ISPR-2010">Inter Services Public Relations, Pakistan Air Force press releases on JF-17 international exposure, 2010.</ref> Early public appearances took place at airshows in Pakistan and China, followed by displays at major international aerospace exhibitions, including the Paris Air Show in 2011 and 2015,<ref>Paris Air Show official exhibitor catalogues, 2011 & 2015.</ref> the Dubai Airshow in 2013, 2017, 2021, and 2025<ref>Dubai Airshow official exhibitor lists, 2013, 2017, 2021.</ref> and the Farnborough International Airshow in 2014 and 2016, primarily as static displays.<ref>Farnborough International Airshow exhibitor catalogues, 2014 & 2016.</ref> The aircraft has also featured at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition, including static and flying displays, with later editions showcasing the Block III variant.<ref>China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (Zhuhai) official programmes; Global Times aviation coverage.</ref> In 2019, 2022, and 2025, PAF JF-17s participated in the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT), in static and air displays.<ref>Royal International Air Tattoo aircraft participation lists, 2019 & 2022.</ref> The aircraft was also displayed at the [[World Defense Show]] in 2024.<ref>[[World Defense Show]] 2024 exhibitor directory; Saudi Ministry of Defense releases.</ref> ===Myanmar=== In July 2015, Myanmar ordered 16 Block 2 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] for approximately $560 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-06-15/jf-17-myanmar-seen-flying-china|title=JF-17 for Myanmar Seen Flying in China|first=Chen|last=Chuanren|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> In late 2015, [[Myanmar]] ordered 16 [[Klimov RD-33|RD-93]] spare engines from [[Russia]], which were received in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=SIPRI>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI Trade Register|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 December 2018, [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] disclosed that the [[Myanmar Air Force]] had received the first batch of JF-17s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters |title=Myanmar shows off Thunder fighters |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202527/https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters/ |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An official Myanmar Air Force video released on Air Force day showcased a number of JF-17s, both on static display and in the air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|title=YouTube|website=YouTube|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2021}} As per reports, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] is in possession 11 JF-17 Block 2s.[https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html] In May 2022, a PAF cargo plane supplied spare parts for the JF-17s of the Myanmar Air Force. In June 2022, it was reported that a team of 15 PAF personnel were scheduled to visit [[Meiktila Air Base]] in Myanmar to provide technical support for the Myanmar Air Force JF-17s, including setting up of a JF-17 simulator at Meiktila Air Base to train pilots of the Myanmar Air Force and to address technical issues relating to JF-17s that Myanmar Air Force was facing. However, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] has faced significant challenges with its JF-17 fleet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2022-11-25 |title=Technical Problems Ground Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Bought From China |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/technical-problems-ground-myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-bought-from-china.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref> By late 2022, the entire fleet of 11 aircraft was grounded due to severe technical malfunctions and structural issues, including cracks in the airframe (particularly wingtips and hardpoints), poor accuracy and maintenance problems with the Chinese-made KLJ-7 radar, malfunctions in the Weapon Mission Management Computer that reduced launch zones for beyond-visual-range missiles, unreliable avionics, and issues with the Russian RD-93 engines.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar raises issue of grounded JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft to Pakistan |url=https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Asia Pacific Defense Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farid |first=Ayesha |date=2025-05-18 |title=Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Grounded Amid Conflict and Maintenance Woes |url=https://www.bdmilitary.com/analysis/geopolitics-diplomacy/myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-grounded-amid-conflict-and-maintenance-woes/1082/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Bangladesh Military Forces |language=en-GB}}</ref> These problems rendered the aircraft unfit for combat operations, forcing the air force to rely on other platforms like MiG-29s, Yak-130s, and K-8s.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The grounding was exacerbated by post-2021 military coup sanctions, which restricted access to spare parts for Western-sourced components in the avionics and electronics. Myanmar lacked the local expertise to maintain or repair the complex systems, and initial attempts by Pakistani technicians in September 2022 to set up a simulator at Pathein air base and resolve issues were only partially successful.<ref name=":5" /> In September 2023, Myanmar raised the issue directly with Pakistani leadership, including Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Armed Forces chief General Asim Munir, expressing displeasure over the aircraft's performance. The Chinese government also intervened diplomatically due to its role in the JF-17's development. As a result, Myanmar reportedly decided not to accept the remaining five aircraft from the original order and explored newer JF-17 variants as a potential resolution.<ref name=":5" /> ===Nigeria=== [[File:Nigerian JF-17 fighter aircraft.png|thumb|[[Nigerian Air Force]] JF-17 Block 2]] In December 2014, during the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar]] in Karachi, Nigeria was reportedly buying between 25 and 40 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]]. [[Nigerian Air Force]] (NAF) chief [[Air Marshal]] [[Adesola Nunayon Amosu]] had visited Pakistan earlier in October 2014.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite web|title=IDEAS 2014: Nigeria 'close to signing up' for JF-17 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |date=2 December 2014 |work=Farhan Bokhari |publisher=Janes |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226110403/http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> Nigeria became the second customer in 2016 by placing an order for three planes. However, as the news reports value the deal at US$25 million, it is not clear if the item is misreported.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria to become first JF-17 export operator|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128011517/http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FG to spend N65bn on warplanes, weapons, others|url=http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106072634/http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-date=6 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A June 2016 article in [[Jane's]] re-affirmed NAF budget for 3 JF-17, 10 [[PAC Super Mushshak|Super Mushshak]], and 2 [[Mi-35M]] aircraft in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria waiting for US to approve Super Tucano sale|url=http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608130937/http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With a confirmation from the Nigerian Air Force shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|title=Official 2016 Nigerian Budget Confirms JF-17 Order|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=4 January 2017|work=quwa.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510134827/http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018 Pakistan approved of the sale and local Nigerian production of three JF-17s for US$184.3 million. The aircraft are rumoured to be of a later version than the initially agreed sale, providing more advanced systems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binnie |first1=Jeremy |title=Pakistan approves Nigerian JF-17 production |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025144735/https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |archive-date=25 October 2018 |location=London |date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamal |first1=Sana |title=Pakistan to sell three JF-17s to Nigeria for $184.3m |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |website=Gulf News |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143150/https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |location=Islamabad |date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 December 2020 the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]] rolled out the three JF-17A Block 2s for Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |work=defenceworld.net |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live }}</ref> They were delivered to Makurdi Air Base in March 2021 aboard Pakistan Air Force Ilyushin Il-78MP freighters and were formally inducted into the Nigerian Air Force on 21 May 2021.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=First of 3 Pakistani JF-17 Jets Arrive in Nigeria |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21" /> The NAF initially indicated that it might order another 35–40 aircraft if the type met its requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref> In January 2023 the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal [[Isiaka Oladayo Amao]], confirmed that the JF-17s had been used in anti-terrorism and anti-insurgency operations inside Nigeria.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> In early December 2025 the three aircraft were reportedly deployed to the [[Benin Republic]], where they conducted airstrikes against rebel forces during an attempted coup.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Nigerian Air Force deploys JF-17 jets to foil Benin coup attempt |url=https://timesofislamabad.com/08-Dec-2025/nigerian-air-force-deploys-jf-17-jets-to-foil-benin-coup-attempt |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> ===Azerbaijan=== In January 2008, Azerbaijan engaged in talks with Pakistan over JF-17's possible sale to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |title=Azerbaijan to buy JF-17 {{sic|aircra|fts|nolink=y}} from Pakistan |date=29 January 2008 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210111145843/https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |work=[[Azeri Press Agency]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]] negotiated with China for several dozen JF-17s worth approximately {{USD|16 to 18 million}} each.<ref name="news.am">{{Citation|title=China supplies FC-1 multipurpose fighters to Azerbaijan|url=http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|newspaper=News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124131/http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|place=AM|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Pakistani Armed Forces actively discussed military and defence cooperation with Azerbaijan, culminating in the latter expressing an interest in purchasing the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shahid |last=Hussain |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |title=Pakistan and Azerbaijan: Deepening a Mutually Beneficial Relationship |date=19 May 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200519204003/https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |archive-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 February 2024, Azerbaijan had signed a contract worth US$1.6 billion with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 multi-role combat aircraft for the Azerbaijani Air Forces including aircraft, training, and ordnance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan signs largest ever fighter jet sale deal with Azerbaijan |url=https://www.azernews.az/nation/222206.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Azernews.Az |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |last=AzeMedia |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan has signed the largest deal in history with Azerbaijan for the sale of fighter jets |url=https://aze.media/pakistan-has-signed-the-largest-deal-in-history-with-azerbaijan-for-the-sale-of-fighter-jets/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Aze.Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-seals-1-6-billion-deal-with-azerbaijan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets/|title=Pakistan seals $1.6 billion deal with Azerbaijan to sell JF-17 fighter jets|date=22 February 2024}}</ref> On 25 September 2024, the JF-17 Block 3 was showcased to the President of Azerbaijan on the sidelines of 2024 Azerbaijan International Defence Exhibition (AIDEX).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title=JF-17C multirole aircrafts presented to President Ilham Aliyev |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/jf_17c_multirole_aircrafts_presented_to_president_ilham_aliyev-3196886 |work=Azertac}}</ref> On 6 June 2025, the Government of Pakistan announced that it had secured a contract for the supply of 40 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft from Azerbaijan for $4.6 billion, which builds on an initial agreement signed between Pakistan and Azerbaijan in February 2024, valued at $1.6 billion, for an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 fighter jets, alongside training and armaments.<ref name="auto11">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2025/06/jf-17-thunder-breakthrough-azerbaijan.html | title=JF-17 Thunder Breakthrough Azerbaijan Secures $4.6 Billion Deal for 40 Pakistani-Chinese Block III Fighters | date=8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto18">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/06/08/how-armenia-might-respond-to-azerbaijans-jf-17-fighter-acquisition/ | title=How Armenia Might Respond to Azerbaijan's JF-17 Fighter Acquisition | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref name="auto15">{{Cite web|url=https://defence-industry.eu/azerbaijan-signs-record-4-6-billion-deal-for-40-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/|title=Azerbaijan signs $4.6 billion deal for JF-17 fighters|date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite web | url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/azerbaijan-expands-jf-17-fighter-jet-order-to-40-units-in-46b-defense-deal-3202511 | title=Azerbaijan expands JF-17 fighter jet order to 40 units in $4.6B defense deal }}</ref><ref name="auto13">{{cite web | url=https://www.turdef.com/article/pakistan-confirms-inking-of-deal-with-azerbaijan-for-jf-17 | title=Pakistan Confirms Inking of Deal with Azerbaijan for JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=7 June 2025 }}</ref> Deliveries of the initial tranche began in October 2025, with the aircraft arriving at Nasosnaya Air Base and undergoing familiarization before formal induction. On 8 November 2025, five JF-17s (four single-seat and one twin-seat), flown by Azeri fighter pilots, participated in Azerbaijan’s Victory Day parade in Baku, marking their first public appearance in Azerbaijani service. In addition, open-source images circulated showing a total of nine JF-17 Block III aircraft present in Azerbaijan around the same period without any national markings, consistent with jets observed during early post-delivery handling and marking transitions.<ref name="azeri1">{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Waldron |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/azerbaijan-confirms-jf-17-fighter-acceptance-with-baku-flypast/165245.article |title=Azerbaijan becomes fourth JF-17 operator with five appearing in Baku military parade |website=Flightglobal.com |date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/70546 |title=Military Parade dedicated to the fifth anniversary of Victory in Patriotic War was held in Baku |work=The Official Website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan |date=8 November 2025}}</ref> ===Potential customers=== ==== Bangladesh ==== In January 2025, [[Bangladesh]] announced an interest in purchasing the JF-17C Block 3.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2522416/bangladesh-shows-interest-in-jf-17 | title=Bangladesh shows interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/bangladesh-army-delegation-meets-pakistan-air-chief-expresses-interest-in-jf-17/ | title=Bangladesh army delegation meets Pakistan Air Chief, expresses interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> In January 2026, it was reported that Bangladesh was in formal talks with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17C Block 3 fighters.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/9/why-is-pakistan-selling-its-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-bangladesh-and-others</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-eyes-defence-pact-with-bangladesh-sale-jf-17-jets-2026-01-07/</ref><ref>https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/bangladesh-explores-jf-17-acquisition-to-replace-ageing-fighters/165876.article</ref> ==== Indonesia ==== ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that Pakistan is in discussion with Indonesia on selling the JF-17s to the latter. In January 2026, Indonesia’s Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin held talks in Islamabad with PAF Chief, Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu, during which a potential defence cooperation package—including the possible acquisition of around 40 JF-17 fighter aircraft, armed drones, and associated training—was discussed, though no binding agreement was announced at the time.<ref name="ReutersJF17Indonesia2026">{{cite web |first1=Saad |last1=Sayeed |first2=Ananda |last2=Teresia |first3=Ariba |last3=Shahid |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-indonesia-closing-jets-drones-defence-deal-sources-say-2026-01-12/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan and Indonesia closing in on jets and drones defence deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> ==== Iraq ==== [[Iraq]] has expressed interest in acquiring the JF-17C Thunder multirole combat aircraft from Pakistan as part of efforts to modernise the [[Iraqi Air Force]]. During an official visit to Baghdad on 10 January 2026, Pakistan’s Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu met with Lieutenant General Staff Pilot Mohanad Ghalib Mohammed Radi Al-Asadi, Commander of the Iraqi Air Force, where discussions covered bilateral air force cooperation. During the meeting, the Iraqi Air Force Commander indicated interest in the JF-17C fighter aircraft and Super Mushshak trainer aircraft in the context of training, capacity building, and defence cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan says Iraq expressed ‘keen interest’ in JF-17 jets at air chiefs meeting |work=Arab News |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628855/pakistan}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq eyes JF-17 fighter jets as Pakistani air chief visits Baghdad |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2586411/iraq-eyes-jf-17-fighter-jets-as-pakistani-air-chief-visits-baghdad}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq seeks JF-17 Thunder jets during Pakistani air chief’s visit |work=Business Recorder |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40401540/iraq-seeks-jf-17-thunder-jets}} </ref> ==== Libya ==== It was reported on 22 December 2025 that Pakistan reached a $4-4.6 billion deal with the [[Libyan National Army]], commanded by Khalifa Haftar, which controls eastern [[Libya]], for the supply of 16 JF-17s and other military equipment.<ref name="libya1">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/12/28/why-it-took-pakistan-so-long-to-sell-jf-17-fighters-to-an-arab-country/ |title=Why It Took Pakistan So Long To Sell JF-17 Fighters To An Arab Country |website=Forbes.com |date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya2">{{cite web |first=Liu |last=Zhen |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3337888/china-pakistan-warplane-deal-libyan-faction-may-help-expand-beijings-influence |title=China-Pakistan warplane deal with Libyan faction ‘may help expand Beijing’s influence’ |website=SCMP.com|date=27 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya3">{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Asif |last2=Shahzad |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-strikes-4-billion-deal-sell-weapons-libyan-force-officials-say-2025-12-22/ |title=Pakistan strikes $4 billion deal to sell weapons to Libyan force, officials say |website=Reuters.com |date=22 December 2025}}</ref> ==== Morocco ==== Morocco has shown interest in the JF-17, having invited a sales team to showcase it in the Marrakech Air Show 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 to Star in Marrakech Air Show|url=http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202010633/http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marrakech Air Show Invites Pakistan to Showcase JF −17 Thunder Fighter Jet|url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222014010/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> According to a local analyst, a potential acquisition by Morocco may be complicated by incompatible technologies; the JF-17 Block I and Block II have broadly different electronics suites and air-to-air & air-to-surface munitions than its current Western-sourced aircraft, such as the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F-1 (MF2000)]], [[Northrop F-5|F-5E/F Tiger II]] and [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to market the JF-17 Thunder to Morocco|url=http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426114618/http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Morocco has been engaged with Pakistan in January 2026 on the JF-17.<ref>https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/01/276273/morocco-shows-interest-in-pakistani-jf-17-jets-as-talks-advance/</ref> ==== Saudi Arabia ==== In January 2014, the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] was reportedly examining potential technology transfer and co-production opportunities for the JF-17. Saudi Deputy Minister of Defence Prince [[Salman bin Sultan]] toured the JF-17 project during a visit to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 January 2014|title=Saudi eyeing Pakistan's JF-17 fighter jet, modeled from U.S. F-16|work=World Tribune|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706041729/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2014|title=Saudi Arabia May Buy Pakistani-Chinese Fighter Jets|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726081849/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=8 November 2016|title=Saudi Arabia Reportedly Interested in the JF-17 Thunder|url=http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084500/http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=9 November 2016|website=Quwa Defence News & Analysis Group}}</ref> However, by 2023, this interest seems to have fallen through, with Saudi Arabia now interested in joining the Anglo-Italian-Japanese [[Global Combat Air Programme]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2023|title=Saudi Arabia pushes to join fighter jet project with UK, Italy and Japan|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/80e9bda9-f415-4076-9037-bd6b96e1169f|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported in January 2026 that Pakistan are in discussion with Saudi Arabia to convert around US$ 2 billion of Saudi loans to Pakistan into a provision of JF-17s.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Saad |last2=Sayeed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-saudi-talks-jf-17-jets-for-loans-deal-sources-say-2026-01-07/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan, Saudi in talks on JF-17 jets-for-loans deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>However It is reported that the US government has discouraged Saudi Arabia from aquisition of both JF-17's and [[TAI TF Kaan|TF Kaan's]], instead proposing sale of [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]'s to the Saudi Arabian Air Force. <ref name=":9">{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan | title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref> ==== Other countries ==== Countries including [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Bilal|date=7 August 2016|title=Pakistan offers JF-17 & Super Mushshak to Kuwait|url=https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422190117/https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|archive-date=22 April 2020|website=Quwa - Defence News & Analysis}}</ref> [[Peru]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Pakistan's JF-17 Is A Viable Alternative To The American F-16|url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|website=Wonderful Engineering|date=21 March 2019|quote=As of right now, Saudi Arabia, Albania, Morocco, Bulgaria, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Oman, Lebanon, Argentina, Algeria, Jordan, and Peru are evaluating the JF-17 Block III|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723081234/https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|title=Pakistan, South Africa sign agreements to increase defense cooperation|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|website=Dawn|date=27 March 2017|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023533/https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Uruguay]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demerly |first=Tom |date=9 November 2017 |title=Shopping for Fighters: Is the Chinese/Pakistani JF-17 Thunder the Real "Joint Strike Fighter"? |url=https://theaviationist.com/2017/11/09/shopping-for-fighters-is-the-chinesepakistani-jf-17-thunder-the-real-joint-strike-fighter/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Confirmed: Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet Has its First Buyer |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/confirmed-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jet-has-its-first-buyer/#:~:text=Numerous%20air%20forces%20are%20toying,the%20Philippines,%20Venezuela%20and%20Zimbabwe. |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> have shown interest in the JF-17.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article" /><ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2008|title=PAF gets six JF-17 Thunder aircraft|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045150/http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> In February 2026, reports appeared that the [[Somali Air Force]] was in talks to acquire 24 Block III JF-17s.<ref>https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalia-in-talks-to-buy-24-jf-17-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/; {{cite news|title=Somalia in High-Level Talks to Acquire 24 JF-17 Thunder Block III Fighter Jets from Pakistan in US$900 Million Air Power Revival|work=Defence Security Asia|date=19 February 2026 |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/somalia-jf17-thunder-block-iii-pakistan-us900-million-air-force-revival/|access-date=22 February 2026}}; {{cite news |title=Soomaaliya oo diyaarado casri ah kasoo iibsanaysa Pakistan |work=Hiiraan Online |date=10 February 2026 |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2026/Feb/wararka_maanta09-192820.htm |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> Somalia's air force has been inactive for many years. ===Former interests=== ==== Argentina ==== At the 2013 [[Paris Air Show]], officials from Argentine aerospace conglomerate [[Fábrica Argentina de Aviones]] (FAdeA) revealed that the firm had held multiple discussions with Chinese officials over a potential co-production of the FC-1/JF-17, for the [[Argentine Air Force]] (FAA); this was regarded as the first formal effort by Argentina to possibly procure, or co-produce the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter - IHS Jane's 360 |website=www.janes.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> FAdeA officials said that the co-produced FC-1 could be classified as the "Pulqui-III", with regard to FAdeA's [[Pulqui II|Pulqui-II]] fighter.<ref name="ja23j13">{{cite news|author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter|newspaper=Jane's|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 2015, following a three-day visit by [[President of Argentina|Argentine president]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] to [[China]], Argentina announced that it would consider purchasing around 20 JF-17s from [[Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group|CAIG]]; however the deal did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |title=China to Supply 20 Thunder Fighter Jets to Argentina |website=www.defenseworld.net |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216210452/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |archive-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nikkei|title=Argentina turns to China for arms supply|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|access-date=1 March 2022|date=9 April 2015|first=Kamilia|last=Lahrichi|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210140006/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|url-status=live}}</ref> The primary reason for Argentine interest was reportedly the aircraft's lesser requirement for parts of British origin, as the United Kingdom had barred any sale of military equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina since the [[Falklands War|1982 Falklands War]].<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url = https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2021/09/28/could-britain-stop-argentina-from-buying-the-jf-17-warplane/|title = Could Britain stop Argentina from buying the JF-17 warplane?|date = 28 September 2021|access-date = 11 January 2022|archive-date = 30 September 2021|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210930015257/https://www.defensenews.com/global/the%2Damericas/2021/09/28/could%2Dbritain%2Dstop%2Dargentina%2Dfrom%2Dbuying%2Dthe%2Djf%2D17%2Dwarplane/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |title=No KAI FA-50 for Argentina under the post-1982 embargo |website=aircosmosinternational.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129073505/https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Likewise, Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other aircraft, namely, the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to diplomatic pressure from the United Kingdom, given the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain British-origin parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|publisher=Flightglobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|date=3 November 2020|access-date=1 March 2022|first=Greg|last=Waldron|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{cite web|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|access-date=1 March 2022|date=21 June 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="defensenews.com"/> In September 2021, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] presented a draft budget for the fiscal year of 2022, which contained a request of USD $664 million for the acquisition of future fighter aircraft for the FAA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Gastón |date=21 September 2021 |title=The Argentine Ministry of Defense clarifies about the JF-17 Thunder |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Aviacionline.com |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015136/https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, multiple media outlets misinterpreted this action, erroneously reporting that the request for funds were for acquiring the JF-17 Block-III.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|title=Argentina hasn't selected JF-17 fighter? Govt clarifies budget request|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=1 March 2022|date=22 September 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015142/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]] (''Ministerio de Defensa'') later clarified that the JF-17 had not been selected, asserting that the FAA was still evaluating five other aircraft as possible options.<ref name=":3" /> In May 2022, a delegation of the FAA evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dubois |first1=Gastón |title=Argentine Air Force delegation evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |website=Aviacionline |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011548/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in October 2023, the United States approved the transfer of 24 second-hand [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16 Block-15 MLU]] fighters previously owned by the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] to Argentina, countering the Chinese offer; reportedly, the deal did not necessitate an approval from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/us-approves-proposed-f-16-transfer-argentina|title=U.S. Approves Proposed F-16 Transfer To Argentina|website=aviationweek.com|date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Following the inauguration of the [[Javier Milei|Javier Milei administration]] in Argentina in 2023, the decision to select the F-16 had reportedly materialised, leaving the JF-17 out of the contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airdatanews.com/argentina-chose-the-f-16-fighter-for-its-air-force-reports/|title=Argentina chose the F-16 fighter for its Air Force – reports|website=www.airdatanews.com|date=30 January 2024}}</ref> ==== Bolivia ==== The JF-17 was a candidate for the replacement of retired [[Lockheed T-33]] aircraft of the [[Bolivian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|title=Bolivia Air Force is looking for fighter jets|work=Air Data News |date=29 May 2021|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054044/https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Congo ==== In March 2023, it was reported that China was pitching the JF-17 to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |title=Congo is considering buying JF-17 Thunder fighter jets from China |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |title=DRC: China offers Kinshasa its fighter planes |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |title=China Offers JF-17 Jet to Congo-Kinshasa, Competing with Russian Su-27 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |title=DRC : Kinshasa eyes Chinese fighter jets after buying Beijing's drones - 14/03/2023 |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162519/https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Malaysia ==== [[Malaysia]] had periodically indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the JF-17 for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its efforts to replace its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MIG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in the JF-17 emerged in 2015, although this was later denied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=21 December 2015 |title=Malaysia Denies Interest in JF-17, But Export Hopes Remain |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2015/12/21/malaysia-denies-interest-in-jf-17-but-export-hopes-remain/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Defense News |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Benjamin David |title=The Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Might Have Another Buyer in Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121257/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2019, then-visiting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian PM]] [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohammad]] was accorded an aerial-display of the JF-17's at the 2019 [[Pakistan Day Parade]]; he was also briefed about the fighter by the PAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahathir Mohamad receives briefing on JF-17 before leaving Islamabad |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=23 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121254/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Malaysian PM Mahathir shows interest in JF-17 Thunder as he concludes Pakistan visit |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701072047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft — dubbed as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainer-aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/None |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender |url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=MilitaryLeak |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF later issued a [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|date=18 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17 was widely regarded to be a leading contender in the FLIT/LCA procurement initiative, along with the [[HAL Tejas]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|title=Malaysia formally launches tender for new trainer, light combat aircraft|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in October 2021, the JF-17 was revealed to have abstained from participating in the FLIT/LCA tender; later reports confirmed that only six companies had responded to the RFP issued by the RMAF - the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] ([[Korea Aerospace Industries]]), the [[HAL Tejas]] ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]), the [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]] ([[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]]), the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]] ([[Leonardo S.p.A.]]), the [[TAI Hürjet]] ([[Turkish Aerospace Industries]]) and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35]] ([[Rosoboronexport]]).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> The JF-17's unprecedented absence from the FLIT/LCA essentially ended all speculations regarding its participation in Malaysia.<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia begins evaluating proposals to replace fleet of Hawk Mk 108/208s |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Janes.com |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121256/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Socka |first=Sherman |date=1 December 2021 |title=LETTER {{!}} RMAF purchase of Light Combat Aircraft to bolster defence industry |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.aerotime.aero |date=20 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518000844/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, the JF-17 was reportedly re-offered to the RMAF, with an estimated price-discount of about 30%; however, these reports remain unconfirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumelar |first=Tri Agung |title=Saingi HAL Tejas di Malaysia, China Turunkan Harga Jet Tempur JF-17 Thunder hingga 30 Persen - Zona Jakarta |url=https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com |language=id |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110124301/https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF eventually declined to purchase the JF-17 and proceeded instead to order 18 FA-50 Block 20 jets in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|title=Malaysia buys South Korea fighter jets as ASEAN arms market grows|website=asia.nikkei.com|date=7 March 2023|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324012111/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Qatar ==== [[Qatar]] has shown interest in the JF-17 since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|title=Qatar Plans To Buy Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet, Super Mushshak Trainer|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=27 October 2016 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506212945/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, at Qatar's invitation, PAF JF-17s participated in Qatar's National Day Flypast in Doha alongside [[Qatar Air Force]] [[Rafale]]s and [[Mirage 2000-5]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|title=Flypast during Qatar National Day Hints at Doha's Interest in Pakistani JF-17|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192401/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the offer seems to have fallen through, with Qatar ordering a mix of [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]s and [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F15E]]s. ==== Sri Lanka ==== In June 2015, Pakistani media suggested that an export order had been confirmed with the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]; claims were made that the JF-17's first sales contract had been signed with the Sri Lanka Air Force at the 51st Paris Air Show.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka revealed as first foreign buyer of JF-17|newspaper=Want China Times|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623183730/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Wasim|date=22 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka purchasing JF-17 Thunder Jets|newspaper=Business Recorder|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623170033/http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Other sources claimed that Myanmar is the first buyer of Pakistani JF-17s.<ref name="Myanmar2">{{cite news|date=9 July 2015|title=Myanmar first country to purchase JF-17 Thunder from Pakistan|newspaper=Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|url-status=live}}</ref> Reportedly, the order would cover around 18–24 aircraft and deliveries set to begin in 2017. During a state visit by [[Nawaz Sharif]] in January 2016, Sri Lanka reportedly signed an agreement to buy eight JF-17s from Pakistan;<ref>{{cite web|first=Franz-Stefan | last = Gady|title=Sri Lanka to Buy 8 Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jets|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213252/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2016|access-date=7 January 2016|work=The Diplomat}}</ref> however, the Sri Lankan government has issued denials.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2016|title=Government says no JF-17 deal with Pakistan|work=Columbo Gazette|url=http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126211056/http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The alleged deal was said to involve 10–12 aircraft, each valued at US$35 million, for a total of US$400 million<ref>{{cite news|title=Following Myanmar, Pakistan is Eager to Sell More JF-17s|url=http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213105004/http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> Reportedly, any such sale was scuppered by Indian diplomatic pressure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian pressure stalls Pakistani JF-17 sale to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213040939/http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revealed: Why Sri Lanka Backed Off the Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215193957/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 October 2013|title=Pakistan to sell JF-17 fighter jets to SL-report|work=The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523103143/http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> However, in 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=9 January 2021|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref> ==== Zimbabwe ==== The [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] reportedly planned to purchase twelve JF-17s in 2004, as part of a $240 million deal with China. No such sales have materialised.<ref name="Rotberg2009">{{cite book|first=Robert I. | last = Rotberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|title=China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0175-0|page=174|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Africa and China's Global Activism|url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616192046/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|publisher=Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> In 2010, China was reportedly in talks about the JF-17 with five or six countries, some of which had sent pilots to China to undergo test flights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian fighter requirements continue to grow|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185036/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-date=21 October 2014|access-date=21 March 2010|work=Flight International}}</ref> ==مختلف قسمون== ===Prototypes=== In chronological production order: *'''PT-01''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plates]] on intakes. Rolled out on 31 May 2003. First flight on 25 August 2003.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/> *'''PT-02''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. *'''PT-03''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. First flight in April 2004. *'''PT-04''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with [[Diverterless supersonic inlet|Diverterless Supersonic Inlets (DSI)]] and modified vertical stabiliser. First flight on 10 May 2006. PT-04 incorporated modifications such as DSI, wider LERX, extended ventral fins, and a taller, less swept vertical stabiliser with a rectangular fairing at the tip containing electronic warfare equipment and small blister fairings at the base containing Missile Approach Warning sensors. The PT-04 prototype was primarily used for avionics and weapon qualification tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |title=4th Prototype JF-17 Thunder aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |date=11 May 2006 |work=Pakistan Tribune |access-date=21 May 2011 |location=Islamabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="APP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |title=JF-17 Thunder arrives in Pakistan |date=12 March 2007 |work=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022192508/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref> *'''PT-05''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. *'''PT-06''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. ===Production variants=== In chronological production order: *'''JF-17 Block 1''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production in China began in June 2006<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com" /> and in Pakistan in 2007. The first three Chinese weapons to be integrated are the [[PL-5|PL-5E II]] AAM, the [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] AAM, and the [[C-802A|C-802AK]] anti-ship missile. Block 1 aircraft had performed "better than expected" according to PAF [[Air Commodore]] Junaid. Production of Block 1 was completed on 18 December 2013 when the fiftieth aircraft{{mdash}}58% of which was produced in Pakistan{{mdash}}was delivered.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Dave | last1 = Allport | first2 = Alan | last2 = Warnes|date=September 2010|title= JF-17 Thunders in First Public Static Display | journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue= 269|page= 8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Rolls Out 50th JF-17, Block II Production To Commence |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |date=18 December 2013 |work=Defense News |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220054215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> A Block 1 JF-17 costs approximately US$15&nbsp;million per unit.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra" /> *'''JF-17 Block 2''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production began on 18 December 2013 and initial testing began on 9 February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|work=janes.com|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119230215/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Block 2 aircraft make use of composites in the airframe for reduced weight, air-to-air refuelling capability,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Roblin|first=Sebastien|date=10 August 2019|title=Meet the JF-17 Block III Fighter: The Jet China is Helping Pakistan Build to Fight India|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|access-date=23 July 2021|website=The National Interest|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002901/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|url-status=live}}</ref> improved radar and avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |title=Pakistan Begins Producing Block-II JF-17 Aircraft |last1=Panda |first1=Ankit |date=27 December 2013 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726080602/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="dawn" /> Chairman of PAC, Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed said: "We will hand over 16 Block 2 JF-17s to the PAF every year", and that the manufacturing plant has the capacity to produce 25 units in a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to boost military export with revamped JF-17 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |date=7 December 2014 |work=Pakistan Today |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172819/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> According to local media, PAC rolled out the 16th Block 2 aircraft in December 2015 enabling the JF-17's 4th squadron formation.<ref name="Fourth" /> A Block 2 JF-17 costs approximately US$25 million per unit.<ref name="SkyWars">{{citation | url = http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | title = Sky Wars: Pakistan, India and China | first = Adnan | last = Rehmat | date = 24 May 2011 | work = Dawn | access-date = 29 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122325/http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | archive-date = 14 July 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> *'''JF-17B Block 2''' {{mdash}} Dual-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 27 April 2017.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|title=Military Flight Training MENA 2021|website=www.arabianaerospace.aero|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154514/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JF-17B">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Naveed|title=JF-17B fighter jet takes maiden test flight|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|access-date=28 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142207/https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Serial production in China and Pakistan from 2018 to 2020. A total of 26 aircraft built - first four at Chengdu and remaining 22 at Kamra.<ref name="auto4" /> Its multi-roles include use as a (i) JF-17 conversion trainer; (ii) Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT); (iii) ground-attack aircraft; and (iv) reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|title=PAF to induct dual-seater JF-17B fighter jet in April 2017|date=28 April 2016|work=[[Express Tribune]]|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503202439/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the dual-seat, larger dorsal spine, and a more swept-back tail, another difference between the JF-17B and the JF-17 is that the JF-17B carries fuel in its vertical stabiliser, which the JF-17 does not.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|title=Pride of Pakistan|website=www.airinternational.com|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310041201/https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17B houses integral fuel tanks like the F-16. Each wing houses 550 Ib while the vertical tail houses 210 lb, which, together with the internal fuel load, totals 4,910 Ib of fuel. Together with the three external fuel drop-tanks, the aircraft can carry a total 10,000 Ib fuel load.<ref name="auto" /> The JF-17B Block 2s will be retrofitted with the NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra).<ref name="auto" /> *'''JF-17C Block 3'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/adex-2024-azerbaijani-jf-17-delivery-announced | title=ADEX 2024: Azerbaijani JF-17 delivery announced | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://quwa.org/pakistan-defence-industry/pakistan-promotes-the-jf-17c-thunder-to-bangladesh-01-20-2025/ | title=Pakistan Promotes the JF-17C Thunder to Bangladesh - Quwa | date=20 January 2025 }}</ref> {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 15 December 2019. Two prototypes underwent flight tests as of December 2020, one in China and the other in Pakistan. Went into serial production at PAC Kamra on 30 December 2020.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> Projected to feature further advancements such as a NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra),<ref name="auto" /> a three-axis digital fly-by-wire flight control system,<ref name="auto" /> an infrared search and track (IRST) system,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |title=2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |format=JPG |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221746/http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Rolling Thunder|url=https://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=Asian Military Review|date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208182445/http://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system produced jointly by Pakistan and China,<ref name="auto" /> a missile approach warning system (MAWS) similar to the one used on the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]]C, [[J-16]], and [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]], a new, larger, and thinner holographic wide-angle head-up display (HUD) similar to the one used on the J-10C and J-20, an enhanced electronic warfare management system,<ref name="auto" /> a chin-mounted hardpoint,<ref name="auto" /> use of more composites for further weight reduction, eventual replacement of the [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] [[afterburning turbofan]] by the [[Guizhou WS-13]]<ref name=":2" /> with an increased thrust, and a better thrust-to-weight ratio.<ref name="dawn" /><ref name="Nigeria" /><ref name="AW17March2015">{{cite journal|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=17 March 2015|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|access-date=24 March 2015|location=Kamra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322152346/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=22 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> The KLJ-7A can simultaneously track 15 targets and engage 4 targets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=KLJ-7A: Proposed AESA Radar for the JF-17 Block-III|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507114147/http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> PAF officials have described the JF-17 Block 3 as a "fourth generation plus" fighter jet. The first PAC-produced JF-17 Block 3 aircraft are expected to roll out of the production line in late 2021.<ref name="auto" /> The PAF has placed an order for 50 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft, deliveries of which were expected to start from early 2022.<ref name="paknikkei">{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|title=Pakistan to boost air strike power with 50 enhanced fighter jets|access-date=1 March 2022|date=6 February 2022|publisher=Nikkei|first=Adnan|last=Aamir|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084243/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Pakistan to Order 50 More Fighter Jets in 2017|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054055/https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 JF-17 Block 3 production aircraft were photographed after their rollout at PAC Kamra in early January 2022. The first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF in March 2023. '''Under-Development''' *'''JF-17 Block 4 or (PFX-Alpha)''' {{mdash}} The JF-17 Block 4 or JF-17 (PFX Alpha) is an under-development 4.5+ generation version of the JF-17 Thunder under the PAF "PFX" program, where "PFX" stands for "Pakistan Fighter Experimental." Also known as the JF-17 Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU), the project aims to enhance the JF-17 beyond the capabilities of the current JF-17C Block 3, which is the most advanced variant of the fighter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/pakistan-unveils-jf-17-pfx-fighter | title=Pakistan unveils JF-17 PFX fighter | date=26 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Reveals 'JF-17 PFX' Program |url=https://quwa.org/daily-news/pakistan-reveals-jf-17-pfx-program-2/ |publisher=Quwa |date=2 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Development Program for JF-17 PFX (Pakistan Fighter Experimental) Unveiled |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/development-program-for-jf-17-pfx-pakistan-fighter-experimental-unveiled/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The PFX-Alpha focuses on improving the radar, avionics, and integrating new air-to-air and air-to-surface munitions, including indigenous weapons. It will feature an indigenously-developed passive Infrared Search and Track (IRST) sensor and an electronic warfare (EW) suite with AESA radar-jamming capability. The overall goal of the PFX program is to provide the PAF with a next-generation fighter, with the PFX-Alpha serving as a key step toward indigenization and reducing external dependence. While no official timeline has been announced, a PAF official stated in an interview with [[Geo News]] at IDEAS 2024 that the jet is expected to fly within the next 4 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wec3sH9WMQ8 |title=JF-17 PFX: Upcoming Innovation & New Chapter in Pakistan Air Force - IDEAS 2024 {{!}} Breaking News |date=21 November 2024 |last=Geo News |access-date=23 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> At the [[Royal International Air Tattoo|RIAT]] 2025 air show, Pakistan showcased a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130H Hercules]] with a custom paint job featuring artwork of various PAF aircraft; notably, the PFX was depicted highest on the tail, symbolising the Air Force’s strong commitment to the program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=PAF Showcases JF-17, C-130 at RIAT 2025 in the UK |url=https://theneutral.pk/paf-to-display-jf-17-thunder-c-130-hercules-at-riat-2025/ |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=theneutral.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> ==آپريٽرز== <!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--> [[File:JF-17 operators.png|thumb|400px|موجوده JF-17 آپريٽر ملڪن (نيري رنگ ۾) سان نقشو]] === موجوده آپريٽر === '''{{AZE}}'''<br> * آذربائيجاني ايئر فورس: 5 پهچايا ويا، 35 آرڊر تي<ref name="azeri1" /> <ref name="azeri2">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/11/17/from-azerbaijan-to-uae-iran-is-surrounded-by-more-advanced-air-forces/ |title=From Azerbaijan To UAE, Iran Is Surrounded By More Advanced Air Forces |website=Forbes.com |date=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/azerbaijan-inducts-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan |title=Azerbaijan inducts JF-17 fighters from Pakistan |website=Janes.com |date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.defcros.com/azerbaijan-receives-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan/ |title=Azerbaijan Receives JF-17 Fighters from Pakistan |website=news.defcros.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> 35 on order<ref name="azeri2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://turdef.com/article/azerbaijan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fighters-in-inventory |title=Azerbaijan Shows JF-17 Block III Fighters in Inventory |website=turdef.com |date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aze.media/jf-17-and-a-new-axis-of-partnership-the-largest-ever-defense-deal-between-pakistan-and-azerbaijan/ |title=JF-17 and a new axis of partnership: The largest-ever defense deal between Pakistan and Azerbaijan |website=aze.media |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya1" /> '''{{flag|Myanmar}}''' [[ميانمار]] * ميانمار جي ايئر فورس: 13 پهچايا ويا، 3 آرڊر تي<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |title=2021 World Air Forces |format=PDF |editor-last=Hoyle |editor-first=Craig |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208041355/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-team-sent-to-myanmar-to-repair-combat-aircraft/articleshow/98640757.cms | title=Pakistan team sent to Myanmar to repair combat aircraft | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=15 March 2023 | last1=Chaudhury | first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** ميڪٽيلا ايئر فورس بيس<ref name="ReferenceB"/> '''{{NGA}}''' * نائيجيريا جي ايئر فورس: 3 پهچايا ويا<ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21">{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17s as it awaits Super Tucanos |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=21 May 2021 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191831/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** اين اي ايف بيس ماڪرودي<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |title=Nigeria gears up to receive JF-17s |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=13 November 2020 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121054653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17 fighters |website=Janes.com |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191832/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |url-status=live }}</ref> '''{{PAK}}''' * پاڪستان ايئر فورس: 161 پهچايا ويا، 27 آرڊر تي ** پي اي ايف بيس ڀولاري ([[ڄامشورو]]) *** نمبر 18 اسڪواڊرن شارپ شوٽرز (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref name="SHEPHARD"> {{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/pakistan-receives-chinese-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-reports/ |title=Pakistan receives Chinese JF-17 Block III fighter jets, reports say| access-date=10 March 2023|work=SHEPHARD |date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141819/https://timesofislamabad.com/03-Feb-2018/six-paf-squadrons-with-over-100-jf-17-fighter-jets-become-operational-fully |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|title=The JF-17 Is No F-35 Stealth Jet, But It's Good Enough For Pakistan|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=2 January 2020|website=The National Interest|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|title=Janes {{!}} Latest defence and security news|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Janes.com|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906153101/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="paknikkei" /> ** [[PAF Base Bholari]] (Jamshoro)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** No. 18 Squadron ''Sharp Shooters'' (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|title=Pakistan inducts 14 JF-17Bs and starts Block III JF-17 Thunder production|first=Hans van|last=Herk|website=www.scramble.nl|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231094256/https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Delivers New JF-17B Batch|date=2 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119112738/https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس مسرور ([[ڪراچي]]) *** نمبر 2 اسڪواڊرن منهاسين (2015)<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |title=Pakistan's PAF Re-equip Squadron No 2 Minhas With JF-17 |work=Asian Defence |date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121101129/http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 }}</ref> *** نمبر 8 اسڪواڊرن حيدرز (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-jf17-fighter-aircrafts/ | title=Pakistan Establishes Second Squadron of JF-17 "Thunder" Block 3 Fighters | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Scramble.nl">{{cite web | url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force | title=Orbats }}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس منہاس (ڪامرا) *** JF-17 TEF (ٽيسٽ ۽ تشخيص پرواز) (2007-2010)<ref name="AFM, July 2011, JF-17 - Thunder from the East">{{cite journal|last=Warnes|first=Alan|date=July 2011|title=JF-17&nbsp;– Thunder from the East|journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue=#280|pages=47–70}}</ref> *** نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن بليڪ پينٿرز (2011)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan" /> ** پي اي ايف بيس مصحف ([[سرگوڌا]]) *** CCS JF-17 اسڪواڊرن ڊيشنگ<ref name="Scramble.nl" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|title=JF-17 Thunder aircraft inducted in PAF Combat Commanders' School|work=Business Recorder|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223224329/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس [[پشاور]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/?q=node/16871 |title=Peshawar Base to station JF-17 Thunder Aircraft Squadron: Pak Air Chief |work=Asian Tribune |date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010004/http://asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F16871 |archive-date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> *** نمبر 26 اسڪواڊرن بليڪ اسپائڊرز (2010)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan" /> ** پي اي ايف بيس رفيقي ([[شورڪوٽ]])<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** نمبر 14 اسڪواڊرن ٽيل چوپرز (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|date=16 February 2017|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132631/https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس سمنگلي ([[ڪوئيٽا]]) *** نمبر 28 اسڪواڊرن فينڪس (2018)<ref> {{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|title=Pakistan inaugurates new fighter squadron – No. 28 "Phoenix"|date=28 February 2018|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123005402/https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|title=PAF raises new multirole squadron equipped with JF-17 Thunder aircraft|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025709/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|url-status=live}}</ref> ======موجوده آپريٽر====== '''{{flag|Libya}}''' * ليبيا ايئر فورس: آرڊر تي 16<ref name="libya1" /><ref name="libya2" /><ref name="libya3" /> ==حادثا ۽ واقعا== سال 2003ع ۾ پنهنجي پهرين اڏام کان وٺي ۽ سال 2007ع ۾ آپريشنل ٿيڻ کان وٺي، پنج JF-17 جهاز حادثن ۾ تباهه ٿيا آهن: * '''14''' نومبر 2011ع: هڪ JF-17 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ضلعي [[اٽڪ ضلعو|اٽڪ]]، [[پنجاب، پاڪستان|پنجاب]] جي جبلن ۾ ملا منصور علائقي ۾ معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران تباهه ٿي ويو، جڏهن پي ائ ايف بيس منهاس کان اڏام ڪري رهيو هو. پي ائ ايف جي سرڪاري رپورٽ موجب، حادثو هڪ ٽيڪنيڪل خرابي جي ڪري ٿيو. خبرن ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته پائلٽ ٻاهر نڪري ويو پر پيراشوٽ نه کُلڻ سبب مرجي ويو ۽ زمين تي ڪو به شهري جاني نقصان نه ٿيو. پائلٽ جو لاش حادثي واري هنڌ کان ٻه ڪلوميٽر پري دريافت ٿيو. هي JF-17 جو پهريون ڄاتل سڃاتل حادثو هو.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=DUBAI: JF-17 crashes in Pakistan's Kamra |date=15 November 2011 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=FlightGlobal |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054649/https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2011|title=PAF pilot dies as a plane crashed in Attock {{!}} Pakistan {{!}} News {{!}} Newspaper {{!}} Daily {{!}} English {{!}} Online|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/14-Nov-2011/pilot-dies-in-paf-aircraft-crash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216040156/https://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/14-Nov-2011/Pilot-dies-in-PAF-aircraft-crash|archive-date=16 December 2011|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Military Flair Up Between India and Pakistan See Both Sides Blaming One Another|url=http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Paktribune|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182541/http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pti|date=14 November 2011|title=Pakistan Air Force {{!}} Jet Crashes {{!}} Pilot {{!}} Punjab|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=oneindia.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182658/https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=18 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> * <small>27</small> سيپٽمبر <small>2016</small>ع: هڪ <small>'''JF-17'''</small> جهاز [[عربي سمنڊ]] ۾ مشق "هاءِ مارڪ" دوران کري تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو ۽ کيس سمنڊ مان بچايو ويو. مارٽن-بيڪر، جي ايف-17 جي ايجيڪشن سيٽن جو ٺاهيندڙ، پوء ٽوئيٽ ڪيو ته 15 سيپٽمبر 2020ع جو حادثو جي ايف-17 مان پهريون ايجيڪشن هو.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2016|title=JF-17 crashes into Arabian Sea|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162416/https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * 15 سيپٽمبر 2020ع: هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 جهاز پنڊي گهيب، ضلعي اٽڪ، پنجاب جي ويجهو معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=15 September 2020|title=PAF aircraft crashes in Attock during routine training, pilot ejects safely|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|access-date=15 September 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916183607/https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ زمين تي به ڪنهن جاني نقصان جي اطلاع نه ملي. جڏهن ته پي اي ايف جهاز جي سڃاڻپ نه ڪئي، مارٽن-بيڪر، جن جون سيٽون جي ايف-17 ۾ نصب ٿيل آهن، هڪ ٽوئيٽر پوسٽ ۾ چيو ته، "پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو هڪ جي ايف-17 جهاز اڄ صبح معمول جي تربيتي مشن دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Jet Crashes, Pilot Ejects|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|access-date=15 September 2020|website=defenseworld.net|date=15 September 2020|archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917084418/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref>.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * 6 آگسٽ 2021ع: هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بي بلاڪ 2 جهاز ضلعي اٽڪ، پنجاب ۾ معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. ٻئي پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويا ۽ زمين تي ڪنهن به جاني نقصان جي اطلاع نه ملي.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=6 August 2021|title=PAF jet crashes during routine training mission near Attock|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|access-date=9 August 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145129/https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin-Baker|date=9 August 2021|title=A Pakistan Air Force JF-17B aircraft crashed late last week on a training mission near Attock. Both aircrew ejected successfully from the twin seat aircraft using PK16LE Ejection Seats.|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811113709/https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News & Events|url=https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815093830/https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|archive-date=15 August 2021|access-date=15 August 2021|website=Martin-Baker|language=en-US}}</ref> * 5 جون 2024ع: پنجاب جي ضلعي جهنگ ۾ هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 2 جهاز معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. ٻڌايو پيو وڃي ته اهو جنگي جهاز نمبر 14 اسڪواڊرن "ٽيل چوپرز" جو حصو هو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو. حادثي جي رپورٽ جهاز جي ايجيڪشن سيٽ ٺاهيندڙ، مارٽن بيڪر پاران ڏني وئي هئي.<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/389360</ref> ==بيان ڪيل خاصيتون== پاڪستان ايروونٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس مارڪيٽنگ بروشر ۽ سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ مان ڊيٽا. ===عام خاصيتون=== * عملو: 1 (سنگل سيٽ JF-17A/C) يا 2 (ڊبل سيٽ JF-17B) * ڊگھائي: 14.326 ميٽر (47 فوٽ 0 انچ) * پرن جو دائرو: 9.44 ميٽر (31 فوٽ 0 انچ) * اوچائي: 4.57 ميٽر (15 فوٽ 0 انچ) * پرن جو علائقو: 24.43 چورس ميٽر (263.0 چورس فوٽ) * خالي وزن: 7,965 ڪلوگرام (17,560 پائونڊ) * وڌ ۾ وڌ ٽيڪ آف وزن: 13,500 ڪلوگرام (29,762 پائونڊ) * ايندھن جي گنجائش: ** اندروني: 3,000 ليٽر (2,449 ڪلوگرام)؛ ** ٻاهرين (3 ڊراپ ٽينڪ): 1 × 800 ليٽر (180 امپ گيل) *** پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ؛ 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) *** انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ * پاور پلانٽ: 1 × ڪليموف RD-93MA آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين (91.2 kN (20,500 lbf) ٿرسٽ آفٽر برنر سان) FDEEC سان (پوئين انجن: 1 x ڪليموف RD-93 آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين (84.4 kN (18,974 lbf) ٿرسٽ آفٽر برنر سان) # ===ڪارڪردگي=== * وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار: 1,910 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (1,190 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 1,030 kn) * وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار: ماخ 1.8 (Mach 1.8) * ڪروز جي رفتار: 1,359 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (844 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 734 kn) * اسٽال جي رفتار: 150 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (93 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 81 kn) * جنگي رينج: ** اندروني ايندھن تي 900 ڪلوميٽر (560 ميل، 490 ناٽيڪل ميل) ** ڊراپ ٽينڪن سان 1,741 ڪلوميٽر (1,082 ميل، 940 ناٽيڪل ميل) * فيري رينج: ** اندروني ايندھن تي 1,800 ڪلوميٽر (1,100 ميل، 970 ناٽيڪل ميل). ** ڊراپ ٽينڪن سان 3,482 ڪلوميٽر (2,163 ميل، 1,880 ناٽيڪل ميل) * سروس جي حد: 16,916 ميٽر (55,500 فوٽ) * ڪشش ثقل g حدون: +8/-3 (فلائيٽ ڪنٽرول سسٽم پاران محدود) * چڙهڻ جي شرح: 300 ميٽر/سيڪنڊ (59,000 فوٽ/منٽ) * زور: RD-93 سان 1.07. # ===هٿيار=== * توپون: 1 × 23 ملي ميٽر GSh-23 ٽوئن بيرل توپ * هارڊ پوائنٽس: 8 (2 × ونگ ٽِپ، 4 × انڊر-ونگ، 1 × انڊر-فيوزليج، 1 × چن) هر انڊر-ونگ هارڊ پوائنٽ تي ڊبل ايجيڪٽر ريڪ جي گنجائش سان. * پي لوڊ: 3,400 ڪلوگرام (7,500 پائونڊ) ===ميزائل=== * هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ ميزائل: ** PL-5EII — (انفراريڊ-هومنگ شارٽ رينج ميزائل) ** PL-10E — (انفراريڊ-هومنگ شارٽ رينج ميزائل) ** R-Darter — (ريڊار-هومنگ بيونڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) ** PL-12 (SD-10A) — (ريڊار-هائيڊڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) ** PL-15/PL-15E — (ريڊار-هائيڊڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) * هوا کان مٿاڇري تي مار ڪندڙ ميزائل: ** CM-102 — (اينٽي ريڊيئيشن ميزائل) ** LD-10 — (تابڪاري مخالف ميزائل) ** MAR-1 — (تابڪاري مخالف ميزائل) ** رعد-II — (سبسونڪ زميني حملو/اينٽي شپ ڪروز ميزائل) ** CM-400AKG — (سپرسونڪ ڊگهي فاصلي وارو هوا کان مٿاڇري تي مار ڪندڙ ميزائل) * اينٽي شپ ميزائل ** C-601 — (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** سي-705 ڪي ڊي - (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** سي-802 اي ڪي - (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** رعد-II - (سبسونڪ لينڊ اٽيڪ/اينٽي شپ ڪروز ميزائل) ** سي ايم-400 اي ڪي جي - (سپرسونڪ ڊگھي فاصلي وارو اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ===بم=== * غير هدايت ٿيل بم: ** 250 ڪلوگرام - پري ٽڪڙا ٿيل بم ** ايم ڪي-82 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** ايم ڪي-83 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** ايم ڪي-84 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** HAFR-1/HAFR-2 - (اينٽي رن وي بم) ** RPB-1 - (اينٽي رن وي بم) * گائيڊ ٿيل بم: ** GBU-10 - (ليزر گائيڊ ٿيل بم) ** GBU-12 - (ليزر گائيڊ ٿيل بم) ** GBU-16 - (ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** LT-2 — (ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** H-2 SOW — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ گلائيڊ بم) ** H-4 SOW — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ گلائيڊ بم) ** GB-6 — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ اسٽيلٿ گلائيڊ بم) ** NORINCO GB-250A — (250 ڪلوگرام ايڪسٽينڊڊ رينج GPS/INS-گائيڊڊ بم) ** CS/BBF1 — (فيول ايئر ايڪسپلوسو (FAE) يا ٿرموبارڪ بم) ** SCP-5 — (بنڪر بسٽر بم) ** NORINCO GB-500 — (500 ڪلوگرام ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** LS-6 — (وڌايل رينج GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ** GIDS تڪبير — (GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ** GIDS رينج ايڪسٽينشن ڪٽ — (GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ===ايويونڪس=== * ريڊار: ** KLJ-7A ايڪٽو اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (AESA) ** فائر ڪنٽرول ريڊار (FCR) * ريڊار وارننگ رسيور (RWR): ** 1 × BM/KJ-8602A * ميزائل اپروچ وارننگ سسٽم (MAWS): ** 4 × S740 شناخت دوست يا دشمن (IFF) * سسٽم: JZ/YD 125 * ڊيٽا بس: ٽيڪٽيڪل ڊيٽا لنڪ: لنڪ-17 * ٻيا: ** ٻاهرين پوڊ: *** Aselsan ASELPOD — ايڊوانسڊ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ (اليڪٽرو-آپٽيڪل ريڪنيسنس، نگراني ۽ ٽارگيٽنگ سسٽم) WMD-7 — FLIR *** ڊي/نائيٽ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ KG600/KG700 — ايئر بورن اليڪٽرانڪ ڪائونٽر ميجر (ECM) / سيلف پروٽيڪشن **جامنگ پوڊ *** اندرا سسٽم ALQ-500P — ESM/ECM پوڊ * مقابلي جا طريقا: ** چاف/فليئر ڊسپينسر ACMI: *** SDT ACMI سسٽم ** ايجڪشن سيٽ: *** مارٽن-بيڪر PK16LE صفر-صفر ايجڪشن سيٽ ** ٻاهرين ايندھن جا ٽينڪ: *** وڌايل رينج/لوٽرنگ وقت لاءِ 3 ٻاهرين ڊراپ ٽينڪ تائين: **** 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ **** 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|پاڪستان|چين|هوائي جهاز}} * [[غوري ميزائل]] * [[رعد ميزائل]] * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جنگي جهازن جي فهرست {{Portal|Aviation|Pakistan|China}} ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Bibliography=== * {{Cite book |last1=Medeiros |first1=Evan S |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf |title=A New Direction for China's Defense Industry |last2=Cliff |first2=Roger |last3=Crane |first3=Keith |last4=Mulvenon |first4=James C |date=2005 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] Project Air Force |isbn=978-0-8330-4079-4 |language=en |oclc=69995886}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906183937/http://www.cac.com.cn/product/product_display.aspx?id=1 Archived Factsheet FC-1 on Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) website] * [http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 Factsheet JF-17 on Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jf-17 Thunder}} [[زمرو:JF-17 ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا جنگي هٿيار]] [[زمرو:سپر سونڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سنگل انجن وارو جيٽ جهاز]] [[زمرو:چين-پاڪستان فوجي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:وچين ونگ وارا هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:چوٿين نسل جي جيٽ ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] [[زمرو:پهريون ڀيرو 2003 ۾ اڏامندڙ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس پاران تيار ڪيل ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:واپس وٺڻ واري ٽرائي سائيڪل لينڊنگ گيئر سان هوائي جهاز]] a0s03wnjkman04umld1e704ihh46w7h 371041 371040 2026-04-12T05:14:52Z Ibne maryam 17680 371041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sino-Pakistani multirole fighter aircraft}} {{Infobox settlement | name = جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر<br> JF-17 Thunder | image = File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg | caption = پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر بلاڪ 1 | type = سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز | national_origin = | manufacturer = | first_flight = | introduction = | retired = | status = | primary_user = | more_users = | produced = | number_built = | developed_from = |other_name=ايف سي-1 شياؤ لونگ<br> FC-1 Xiaolong|subdivision_type=قومي اصل ملڪ|subdivision_type1=ٺاهيندڙ|subdivision_type2=پيداوار|subdivision_type3=تعمير ٿيل تعداد|subdivision_type4=تعارف|subdivision_name4=12 مارچ 2007ع|subdivision_type5=پهرين پرواز|subdivision_name5=25 آگسٽ 2003ع|subdivision_type6=حالت|subdivision_name6=سروس ۾|established_title=بنيادي استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date=[[پاڪستان ائيرفورس]]|established_title1=ٻيو استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date1={{ubl |[[ميانمار ايئر فورس]] |[[نائيجيريا ايئر فورس]] |[[آذربائيجاني ايئر فورسز]] }}|established_title2=دلچسپي رکندڙ ملڪ|established_date2=[[بنگلاديش]]، [[انڊونيشيا]]، [[سعودي عرب]]|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=|established_date5=|established_title6=|established_date6=|established_title7=|established_date7=|extinct_title=|extinct_date=|subdivision_name=[[پاڪستان]] / [[چين]]|subdivision_name1=[[پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] / [[چينگڊو ايئر ڪرافٽ انڊسٽري گروپ]]|subdivision_name2=چين ۾: جون 2007ع<br />پاڪستان ۾: جنوري 2008ع|subdivision_name3=182 (اضافي 6 پروٽوٽائپ)}} '''جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر''' (JF-17 Thunder؛ اردو: جے ایف-۱۷ گرج) هڪ چين-پاڪستاني سنگل انجن وارو هلڪو وزن وارو سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز آهي جيڪو [[پاڪستان]] جي [[پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] (<small>PAC</small>) ۽ [[چين]] جي چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ ڪارپوريشن (<small>CAC</small>) پاران گڏيل طور تي تيار ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|website=www.pac.org.pk|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712224651/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|url-status=live}}</ref> اهو چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر آهي ۽ [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] (<small>PAF</small>) ۾ ٽئين نسل جي <small>'''اي-5'''</small> <small>'''سي، ايف-7 پي/پي جي'''</small>، ميراج <small>III</small> ۽ ميراج <small>5</small> جنگي جهاز جي متبادل طور تي ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. <ref name=":92">{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan|title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan|date=26 September 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|title=Pakistan's tool of war: PAF's rolling thunder|first=Ali|last=Osman|date=17 December 2015|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003037/https://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''جي ايف-17'''</small> کي ڪيترن ئي ڪردارن لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جنهن ۾ فضائي دفاع، زميني حملو، اينٽي شپ ۽ فضائي جاچ شامل آهن. پاڪستاني نالو "جي ايف-17" جو مطلب آهي "جوائنٽ فائٽر-17"، جن ۾ "جوائنٽ فائٽر" جهاز جي گڏيل پاڪستاني-چيني ترقي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو ۽ "-17" جو مطلب آهي ته اهو آمريڪي [[ايف-16 جيٽ]] جو جانشين آهي. چيني نالي "ايف سي-1" جو مطلب آهي "فائٽر چائنا-1". جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر مختلف قسم جا هٿيار استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو, جنهن ۾ هوا کان هوا، هوا کان مٿاڇري ۽ اينٽي شپ ميزائل شامل آهن. گائيڊڊ ۽ ان گائيڊڊ بم. ۽ 23-ايم ايم جي ايس ايڇ-23-2 ٽوئن بيرل آٽو ڪينن. چيني گيزو ڊبليو ايس-13 يا روسي ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 ۽ 2) يا ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 ايم اي (<small>'''جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 3'''</small>) آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين انجن ذريعي طاقتور. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار <small>'''ماخ 1.6'''</small> آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-032">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''جي ايف-17'''</small> پاڪستان ايرفورس جي ريڙهه ۽ ڪم جو هارس آهي. تقريبن اڌ قيمت تي ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن کي پورو ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002224809/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> بلاڪ II قسم جي قيمت 25 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-033">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي 2007 ۾ پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو هو.[[File:Pakistan JF-17 Thunder, Pakistan - Air Force JP7136023.jpg|thumb|انفراريڊ هومنگ - هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ - [[پي ايل-5 ميزائل|PL-5 ميزائل]] سان ليس - پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو JF-17 ]] <small>'''JF-17'''</small> ايئر فريم جو <small>'''%58'''</small>، جنهن ۾ ان جو فرنٽ فيوزليج، ونگز ۽ عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل آهن، پاڪستان ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته <small>'''42'''</small> سيڪڙو چين ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي آخري اسيمبلي ۽ سيريل پيداوار پاڪستان ۾ ٿيندي آهي.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2015ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان 16 JF-17s پيدا ڪيا.<ref name="The Express Tribune2">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، PAC وٽ هر سال 20 JF-17s پيدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت آهي. اپريل <small>2017ع</small> تائين، PAC PAF لاءِ 70 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ۽ 33 بلاڪ 2 جهاز تيار ڪيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220025305/http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="quwa.org2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex delivered 70 JF-17S to the Pakistan Air Force|url=http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609031529/http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-II production crosses 30 planes|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507071327/http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس جا JF-17 ٿنڊر <small>'''19,000'''</small> کان وڌيڪ آپريشنل پرواز گڏ ڪري چڪا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Two-Seat Variant of China-Pakistan JF-17 Fighter Jet to Fly in 2016|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060126/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016|archive-date=9 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾، پي اي سي/سي اي سي هڪ ٻٽي سيٽ واري قسم کي ترقي ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو جن کي بهتر آپريشنل صلاحيت، ڪنورشن ٽريننگ ۽ ليڊ ان فائٽر ٽريننگ لاءِ <small>'''JF-17B'''</small> جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|title=Pakistan, China jointly launch production of JF-17B fighter jets|date=28 April 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155526/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>JF-17B</small> بلاڪ 2 قسم <small>2018ع</small> ۾ پي اي سي ۾ سيريل پيداوار ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> تائين <small>'''26'''</small> جهاز پي اي ايف کي پهچايا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|title=PAC Kamra rolls out final 14 JF-17B fighters for Pakistan Air Force|website=Janes.com|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111103242/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان ايئر فورس هڪ فعال اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (<small>AESA</small>) ريڊار، هڪ وڌيڪ طاقتور روسي ڪليموف <small>RD-93MA</small> انجن، هڪ وڏو ۽ وڌيڪ ترقي يافته وائڊ اينگل هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي (<small>HUD</small>)، اليڪٽرانڪ جوابي ماپ، هڪ اضافي هارڊ پوائنٽ، ۽ بهتر هٿيارن جي صلاحيت سان جهاز جي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته بلاڪ 3 ورزن جي سيريل پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref name="auto52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 جهازن فوجي ڪارروائي ڪئي آهي، هوائي کان هوائي ۽ هوائي کان زمين تي، جنهن ۾ سال <small>2014</small>ع ۽ <small>2017ع</small> ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن دوران پاڪستان-افغانستان سرحد جي ويجهو اتر وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردن جي جڳهن تي بمباري ڪرڻ، <ref>{{cite news|title=Fighter jets bomb militant hideouts in North Waziristan after Taliban attacks|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031322/https://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA3">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> هدايت يافته ۽ غير هدايت يافته (guided) هٿيارن جو استعمال ڪرڻ، سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾ بلوچستان ۾ پاڪستان-ايران حد جي ويجهو هڪ مداخلت ڪندڙ ايراني فوجي ڊرون کي ڪيرائڻ، <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|title=Iranian drone shot down by PAF, confirms FO|date=21 June 2017|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072512/https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2019ع</small> ۾ جمو ۽ ڪشمير جي هوائي حملي ۽ هندستان ۽ پاڪستان جي وچ ۾ هوائي جهڙپن دوران آپريشن سوئفٽ ريٽورٽ ۾<ref name="auto82">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ <small>2024ع</small> ۾ آپريشن مارگ بر سرمچار دوران، جن ۾ پاڪستان ايران جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي]] اندر بلوچ عليحدگي پسند گروپن کي نشانو بڻائي هوائي ۽ توپخاني جي حملي جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو. مارچ ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2024ع</small> ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-<small>'''17'''</small> جهازن کي [[افغانستان]] اندر پاڪستاني طالبان جي ٺڪاڻن خلاف سرحد پار هوائي حملي ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Abid|title=Pakistan air strikes in Afghanistan spark Taliban warning of retaliation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/25/pakistan-air-strikes-in-afghanistan-spark-taliban-warning-of-retaliation|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> [[نائيجيريا]] جي هوائي فوج (<small>NAF</small>) جي ايف-17 جهازن نائيجيريا ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف ۽ بغاوت مخالف آپريشن ۾ فوجي ڪارروائي ڏٺي آهي.<ref name="auto22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> [[ميانمار]] جي فوج پڻ مختلف باغي گروپن خلاف پنهنجي <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي بار بار تعينات ڪيو آهي. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Anthony|date=11 January 2023|title=Myanmar Air Force fiercely gunning to win the war|url=https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/myanmar-air-force-fiercely-gunning-to-win-the-war/|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref> مئي <small>2025ع</small> جي هندستان-پاڪستان تڪرار دوران، پي اي ايف <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي هوا کان هوا ۽ هوا کان زمين تي ٻنهي ڪردارن ۾ جنگ ۾ تعينات ڪيو.<ref name="auto14">{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know | title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know }}</ref><ref name="auto16">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1w3dln352vo | title=Kashmir: How China benefited from India-Pakistan hostilities | date=19 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/09/china/china-military-tech-pakistan-india-conflict-intl-hnk | title=China has spent billions developing military tech. Conflict between India and Pakistan could be its first major test | date=9 May 2025 }}</ref> ==ترقي== === پس منظر === جي ايف-17 کي بنيادي طور تي پي اي ايف جي هڪ سستي، غير منظور ٿيل، چوٿين نسل جي، هلڪي وزن واري، گھڻ-رول جنگي جهاز جي ضرورت کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Aviation Week]]|title=Pakistan expands fighter force|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awst/2010/12/20/AW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|date=22 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105212255/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fawst%2F2010%2F12%2F20%2FAW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|archive-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> ته جيئن ٽئين نسل جي نانچانگ اي-5 سي بمبارن، چينگدو ايف-7 پي/پي جي انٽرسيپٽرز، ميراج III ملٽي-رول جنگي جهاز ۽ ميراج 5 اسٽرائڪ جهاز جي وڏي بيڙي جي متبادل طور تي، جنهن جي قيمت 500 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي جيڪا پاڪستان ۽ چين جي وچ ۾ برابر ورهايل هئي. <ref name="fighter-planes.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|title=Joint Fighter-17 (JF-17) Thunder|publisher=Fighter Planes|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901205431/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|archive-date=1 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> جهاز جو مقصد وڌيڪ مهانگو مغربي ويڙهاڪن جي قيمت-مؤثر ۽ مقابلي واري متبادل جي طور تي برآمد جي صلاحيت پڻ هئي. هن جهاز جي ترقي يانگ وي جي سربراهي ۾ هئي، جنهن کي چين جو "ايس ڊيزائنر" سمجهيو ويندو هو، جنهن چينگدو جي-20 پڻ ٺاهيو.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|journal=International Relations and Security Network|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005150/http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سال 1989ع تائين، آمريڪا جي اقتصادي پابندين جي ڪري، پاڪستان پروجيڪٽ سيبر II کي ڇڏي ڏنو هو، هڪ ڊيزائن اسٽڊي جنهن ۾ آمريڪي جهاز ٺاهيندڙ گرومن ۽ چين شامل هئا، ۽ چينگدو ايف-7 کي ٻيهر ڊزائين ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو هو. <ref name="Pakistan considers new fighter plan2">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Considers new Fighter Plan|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14–20 March 1990|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II|access-date=18 October 2009|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021154725/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II}}</ref> سال1988ع ۾، چين ۽ گرومن سپر 7 جو نو مهينن جو ابتدائي ڊيزائن مطالعو ڪيو، جيڪو چينگدو ايف-7 جو اپ گريڊ هو.<ref name="Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms2">{{cite web|title=Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|date=26 November 1988|work=Flight International|access-date=15 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021140123/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> سال 1989ع جي تيانانمن اسڪوائر احتجاج جي سياسي نتيجي کان پوءِ جڏهن چين تي پابنديون لڳايون ويون ته گرومن منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو. گرومن جي چينگدو سپر 7 منصوبي کي ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ، منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو ويو ۽، ان جي جاءِ تي، فائٽر چائنا-1 (ايف سي-1) منصوبو 1991ع ۾ شروع ڪيو ويو. سال <small>1995</small>ع ۾، پاڪستان ۽ چين هڪ نئين فائٽر جي گڏيل ڊيزائن ۽ ترقي لاءِ هڪ مفاهمت جي ياداشت (MoU) تي دستخط ڪيا ۽ ايندڙ ڪجهه سالن ۾ منصوبي جي تفصيلن تي ڪم ڪيو. جون 1995ع ۾، ميڪوئان "ڊيزائن سپورٽ" مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ منصوبي ۾ شامل ٿيو، ان ۾ سي اي سي پاران ڪيترن ئي انجنيئرن جي سيڪنڊمينٽ پڻ شامل هئي.<ref name="21 June 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Mikoyan joins Chengdu on fighter|work=[[Flight International]]|date=21 June 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212115/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> === ايف سي-1 منصوبي جو آغاز === [[File:Pakistan Air Force Pakistan JF-17 Thunder Bidini-1.jpg|thumb|left|<small>2011</small> جي ازمير ايئر شو لاءِ ازمير ترڪي ۾ هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1]] آڪٽوبر <small>1995</small> ۾ رپورٽ موجب سال جي آخر تائين پاڪستان کي ايف سي-1 جي ايويونڪس فراهم ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي ضم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ڪمپني چونڊڻي هئي جنهن جي <small>1999</small> تائين پيداوار شروع ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. چيو ويندو هو ته ايويونڪس ۾ ريڊار، انرٽيل نيويگيشن سسٽم، هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي ۽ ملٽي فنڪشن ڊسپلي شامل آهن. مقابلي واريون بوليون ٿامسن-سي ايس ايف کان ريڊار ڊاپلر ملٽي ٽارگيٽ (<small>RDY</small>) جي هڪ قسم <small>SAGEM</small> <small>ROSE</small> اپ گريڊ پروجيڪٽ ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ ساڳي ايويونڪس پيڪيج ۽ مارڪوني اليڪٽرانڪ سسٽم ان جي بليو هاڪ ريڊار سان آيون. ڪمپني جي پي اي ايف سان لاڳاپن جي ڪري <small>FIAR</small> جي (هاڻي <small>SELEX</small> گيليلو) گريفو <small>S7</small> ريڊار جي چونڊ ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. <ref name="18 October 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Pakistan nears FC-1 avionics decision|work=[[Flight International]]|date=18 October 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725044013/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> فيبروري <small>1998</small> ۾ پاڪستان ۽ چين ايئر فريم ڊولپمينٽ کي ڍڪڻ واري ارادي جي خط تي دستخط ڪيا. روس جي ڪليموف فائٽر کي طاقت ڏيڻ لاءِ <small>RD-33</small> ٽربوفين انجن جو هڪ قسم پيش ڪيو. <ref name="04/03/98 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=China/Pakistan signal intent to resume FC-1 development work|work=[[Flight International]]|date=4 March 1998|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725051043/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/|url-status=live|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> اپريل <small>1999</small> ۾ ڏکڻ آفريڪا جي ڊينيل سپر 7, اڳ ۾ رپورٽ ٿيل آر-ڊارٽر جي بدران, کي ٽي-ڊارٽر بيونڊ-ويزوئل-رينج (<small>BVR</small>) ايئر-ٽو-ايئر ميزائل (<small>AAM</small>) سان هٿياربند ڪرڻ جي آڇ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/|title=Denel proposes advanced Darter derivatives|last=Lewis|first=Paul|date=28 April 1999|work=Flight International|access-date=31 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725033628/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> اڳ ۾ <small>1987</small> ۾ پراٽ ۽ وٽني سپر-<small>7</small> منصوبي کي چين يا پاڪستان ۾ مقامي پيداوار سان ٽي انجن آپشن؛ <small>PW1212</small>، <small>F404</small> ۽ <small>PW1216</small> پيش ڪيا. رولز رائس پنهنجو <small>RB199-127/128</small> ٽربوفين انجن پيش ڪيو. هي منصوبو <small>1989</small> ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|title=FC-1 JF-17 western engine options|date=15 June 2012|work=Air Force World|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042701/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> جون <small>1999</small> ۾ چينگدو <small>FC-1/سپر 7</small> کي گڏيل طور تي ترقي ۽ پيداوار جو معاهدو دستخط ڪيو ويو. <small>GEC</small>-مارڪوني پاران هڪ مربوط ايويونڪس سوٽ فراهم ڪرڻ لاءِ بولي کي ڇڏي ڏيڻ کان پوءِ <small>FIAR</small> ۽ <small>Thomson-CSF</small> ترتيب وار <small>Grifo S7</small> ۽ <small>RC400</small> ريڊار تي ٻڌل ڪيترائي ايويونڪس سوئيٽ تجويز ڪيا. جيتوڻيڪ اڳ ۾ اميد هئي ته <small>PAF</small> جي سپر 7 کي پنهنجي نئين بليو هاڪ ريڊار لانچ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو.<ref name="14 July 1999 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=China and Pakistan agree on Super 7 fighter development work|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14 July 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526190707/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> <ref name="23 June 1999 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Marconi abandons FC-1 fighter bid|work=[[Flight International]]|date=23 July 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526184233/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> ملڪ جي <small>1998</small> جي ايٽمي هٿيارن جي تجربن کان پوءِ پاڪستان تي پابندين جي ڪري ايندڙ <small>18</small> مهينن دوران ڊيزائن جو ڪم تمام سست رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌيو. <small>PAF</small> کي مغربي ايويونڪس جي ترسيل کي روڪيو ويو. <small>2001</small> جي شروعات ۾ <small>PAF</small> جو فيصلو جهاز تي ڊيزائن جي ڪم کي جاري رکڻ جي قابل بڻايو ته ايئر فريم کي ايويونڪس کان ڌار ڪيو وڃي جيئن ته ايئر فريم ترقي ڪئي وئي <small>PAF</small> پاران ڪنهن به نئين ايويونڪس گهرجن کي ايئر فريم ۾ وڌيڪ آساني سان ضم ڪري سگهجي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20042">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> پروٽوٽائپ جي پيداوار سيپٽمبر 2002 ۾ شروع ٿي. نومبر 2002 ۾ ايئر شو چائنا ۾ FC-1/Super 7 جو هڪ مڪمل سائيز جو ميڪ اپ ڏيکاريو ويو.<ref name="12/11/02 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Airshow China&nbsp;– FC-1 mock-up revealed|work=[[Flight International]]|date=12 November 2002|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021150219/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/|url-status=live|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> ڪليموف <small>RD-93</small> ٽربوفين انجن جو پهريون بيچ جيڪو پروٽوٽائپ کي طاقت ڏيندو هو، <small>2002</small> ۾ پڻ پهچايو ويو.<ref name="Janes2">{{cite web|title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong|work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> چائنا نيشنل ايرو-ٽيڪنالاجي امپورٽ اينڊ ايڪسپورٽ ڪارپوريشن (<small>CATIC</small>) جي هڪ آفيسر جي مطابق, <small>JF-17</small> جي گهٽ قيمت ڪجهه آن بورڊ سسٽم جي ڪري آهي جيڪا چينگدو J-10 جي سسٽم مان ترتيب ڏنل آهن. آفيسر چيو ته، "ٽيڪنالاجي جي منتقلي (جي-10 کان جي ايف-17 ڏانهن هوائي جهاز جي نظام کي منتقل ڪرڻ) JF-17 کي تمام گهڻو قيمتي بڻائي ٿو".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese Jets Today at Bygone Price|url=http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1|date=23 November 2010|work=AviationWeek.com|publisher=Viadeo|access-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1|archive-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> <ref name="JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price2">{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|title=JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price|date=18 November 2010|work=[[Aviation Week]]|access-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ٺهيل ڊيزائن سافٽ ويئر جي استعمال <small>JF-17</small> جي ڊيزائن جي مرحلي کي مختصر ڪري ڇڏيو.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher|first=Richard Jr.|title=China's Aviation Sector: Building Toward World Class Capabilities|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=27 May 2010|date=20 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531214709/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=31 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> === پرواز جي جاچ ۽ ٻيهر ڊيزائننگ === پهريون پروٽوٽائپ (<small>PT-01</small>) <small>31</small> مئي <small>2003</small>ع تي رول آئوٽ ڪيو ويو<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com2">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ۽ چينگدو فلائيٽ ٽيسٽ سينٽر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو، جئين ته پهرين پرواز لاءِ تيار ڪيو وڃي. اهو شروعاتي طور تي جون ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ جو منصوبو هو. پر [[سارس ڪووي 2|سارس وائرس]] جي وبا جي خدشن جي ڪري ان ۾ دير ٿي وئي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20043">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> <ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com3">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> هن نقطي جي چوڌاري، نالي "<small>'''سپر-7'''</small>" کي "<small>'''JF-17'''</small>" (<small>جوائنٽ فائٽر-17</small>) سان تبديل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> 27 جون 2003ع تي چينگدو جي وينجيانگ ايئرپورٽ تي گهٽ رفتار واري ٽيڪسي جي آزمائش شروع ٿي.<ref name="Janes3">{{cite web|title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong|work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> پهرين پرواز آگسٽ <small>2003</small>ع جي آخر ۾، <ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com3">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> <ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter flies|work=[[Flight International]]|date=9 September 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143119/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ۽ پروٽوٽائپ جي سرڪاري پهرين پرواز سيپٽمبر جي شروعات ۾ ٿي. پروٽوٽائپ کي پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي نئين نامزدگي <small>'''JF-17'''</small> سان نشان لڳايو ويو.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20044">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> مارچ <small>2004</small>ع تائين، <small>'''سي اي سي'''</small> پهرين پروٽوٽائپ جون لڳ ڀڳ <small>20</small> ٽيسٽ پروازون ٿيون.<ref name="23 March 2004 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Flight testing the FC-1/JF-17|work=[[Flight International]]|date=23 March 2004|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102181806/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/|archive-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> 7 اپريل <small>2004</small>ع تي، پي اي ايف جي ٽيسٽ پائلٽ، راشد حبيب ۽ محمد احسان الحق پهريون ڀيرو <small>'''پي ٽي-01'''</small> پروٽوٽائپ اڏايو. ٽئين پروٽوٽائپ (<small>PT-03</small>) جي پهرين پرواز <small>9</small> اپريل <small>2004</small>ع تي ٿي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20045">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> مارچ 2004ع تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200 JF-17 جهاز شامل ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|title=PAC readies for assembly ramp up|work=Flight International|access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003434/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Model of JF-17 on display with two SD-10 and four PL-5E missiles mounted on wings.jpg|thumb|چين ۾ نمائش ۾ JF-17 ٿنڊر جو ماڊل]] ٽئين پروٽوٽائپ کان پوءِ، ڊيزائن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي بهتريون تيار ڪيون ويون ۽ وڌيڪ جهازن ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون. <small>'''RD-93'''</small> انجن پاران گهڻي دونھين جي اخراج جي ڪري، انجن ۾ هوا جي انٽيڪ کي وڌايو ويو. ٽيسٽنگ ۾ مليل ڪنٽرول مسئلن جي نتيجي ۾ ونگ ليڊنگ ايج روٽ ايڪسٽينشن (LERX) ۾ تبديليون آندي ويون. <ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com4">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> عمودي ٽيل فن کي ٽپ ۾ هڪ وڌايل اليڪٽرانڪ وارفيئر سامان رکڻ لاءِ وڌايو ويو.<ref name="Jane's Sino-Pakistani fighter improved2">{{citation|first=Robert|last=Hewson|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter improved|work=[[Jane's Information Group]]|url=http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002942/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml|archive-date=28 February 2007}}</ref> ٻيهر ڊزائين ڪيل جهاز ۾ وڌ ۾ وڌ ٽيڪ آف وزن ٿورو وڌي ويو هو ۽ چيني ذريعن کان حاصل ڪيل ايونڪس جي وڌندڙ مقدار کي شامل ڪيو ويو. تنهن هوندي به پاڪستان ايئر فورس پنهنجي جهاز لاءِ مغربي ايونڪس چونڊيو. سال <small>2005</small>ع جي آخر کان <small>2007</small>ع تائين پاڪستان ايئر فورس جهازن جي ترسيل کي ملتوي ڪيو. پاڪستان برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ اطالوي ايونڪس سوئٽس جو جائزو ورتو. جنهن جي فاتح جي 2006ع ۾ حتمي شڪل ڏيڻ جي اميد هئي.<ref name="27 September 2005 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Test flaws prompt rethink on China's FC-1 light fighter look|work=[[Flight International]]|date=27 September 2005|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624173043/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html|archive-date=24 June 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''PT-04'''</small>، چوٿون پروٽوٽائپ ۽ ڊيزائن تبديلين کي شامل ڪرڻ وارو پهريون، اپريل 2006ع ۾ رول آئوٽ ڪيو ويو ۽ 28 اپريل 2006ع تي پنهنجي پهرين پرواز ڪئي.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Graham|last=Warwick|title=Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets|work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/|url-status=live|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 20062">{{citation|title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]]|date=17 May 2006|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm|access-date=25 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm|archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref>.<ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 2006">{{citation |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm |access-date=25 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm | archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622681).jpg|thumb|JF-17 and their DSI air intakes.]] The modified air intakes replaced conventional intake ramps{{mdash}}whose function is to divert turbulent [[boundary layer]] airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the engine{{mdash}}with a [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] (DSI) design.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Graham |last=Warwick |title= Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets |work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |url-status=live | archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> The DSI uses a combination of forward-swept inlet cowls and a three-dimensional compression surface to divert the boundary layer airflow at high sub-sonic and supersonic speeds. According to [[Lockheed Martin]], the DSI design prevents most of the boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to two times the [[speed of sound]], reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms,<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Hehs |title=JSF Diverterless Supersonic Inlet |work=Code One magazine |date=July 2000 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124032509/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html | archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref> and is [[stealth technology|stealthier]] than a conventional intake.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> In 1999, developmental work on the DSI with the aim of improving aircraft performance commenced. The JF-17 design was finalised in 2001.<ref name="APP">{{cite news|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |title=50th indigenously produced JF-17 Thunder rolls-out at PAC Kamra |work=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115146/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Multiple models underwent wind tunnel tests; it was found that the DSI reduced weight, cost, and complexity while improving performance.<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI"/> For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing, PT-04 was fitted with a fourth-generation avionics suite that incorporates [[sensor fusion]], an electronic warfare suite, enhanced man-machine interface, [[FADEC|Digital Electronic Engine Control]] (DEEC) for the RD-93 turbofan engine, FBW flight controls, day/night precision surface attack capability, and multi-mode, pulse-Doppler radar for BVR air-to-air attack capability.<ref name="PakTribune1">{{citation|title=4th Prototype JF-17 'Thunder' aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |work=PakTribune (Pakistani news website) |url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> The sixth prototype, PT-06, made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006.<ref name="cnair">{{citation |first=Hui |last=Tong |title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder |url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm |access-date=2 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm | archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Following a competition in 2008, [[Martin-Baker]] was selected over a Chinese firm for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx|title=JF-17 Signing|date=September 2008|work=Escape (newsletter)|publisher=Martin-Baker|page=1|access-date=9 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403190614/http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx | archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:13-143 JF-17 PAKISTAN AIR FORCE LBG (18888092161).jpg|thumb|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 at the [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Airport]], Paris, France for the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]] ]] On 2 March 2007, the first consignment of two small-batch-production (SBP) aircraft arrived in a dismantled state in Pakistan. They flew for the first time on 10 March 2007 and took part in a public aerial demonstration during a [[Pakistan Day]] parade on 23 March 2007. The PAF intended to induct 200 JF-17 by 2015 to replace all its Chengdu F-7, Nanchang A-5, and Dassault Mirage III/5 aircraft. In preparation for the [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] of JF-17s, the PAF has upgraded several Mirage IIIs with IFR probes for training purposes.<ref name = "The News, JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief">{{citation |first=Mayed |last=Ali |title = JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief | newspaper = [[The News International]]|date= 31 March 2007 | place = [[Pakistan|PK]] |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 | access-date =23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> A dual-seat, combat-capable trainer was originally scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2009 Pakistan reportedly decided to develop the training model into a specialised attack variant.<ref name="IASC Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow">{{citation |first= Richard Jr. |last= Fisher |title= Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow |publisher= International Assessment and Strategy Center (IASC) |date= 20 January 2008 |url= http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |access-date= 6 August 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715131717/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |archive-date= 15 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |title=Avic, Pakistan Working on JF-17 Two-Seater |last=Perrett |first=Bradley |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007185528/http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |archive-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref> In November 2007, the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluations of aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology (NRIET), and the LETRI [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] active radar homing AAM.<ref name="Jane's&nbsp;— Chinese, French weapons for JF-17">{{citation |first=Reuben F. |last=Johnson |title=Pakistan considers mix of Chinese, French weapons for its JF-17s |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164219/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, PAC began manufacturing JF-17 components; production of sub-assemblies commenced on 22 January 2008.<ref name="paf.gov.pk, Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra">{{citation |title=Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra |publisher=[[Pakistan Air Force]] }}</ref><ref name="Dawn.com, Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra">{{citation|first=Yaqoob |last=Malik |title=Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra |publisher=[[Dawn News]] |date=23 January 2008 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154912/http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The PAF was to receive a further six pre-production aircraft in 2005, for a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft. [[Initial operating capability]] was to be achieved by the end of 2008.<ref name = "Jane's, January 2008, JF-17 production commences">{{citation |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |title=JF-17 production commences |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=24 January 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606051629/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |archive-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Final assembly of the JF-17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009; PAC expected to complete production of four to six aircraft that year. They planned to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and fifteen to sixteen aircraft per year from 2011; this could increase to twenty-five aircraft per year.<ref name="01/07/09 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Siva | last = Govindasamy | title= Pakistan begins domestic final assembly of JF-17 |work= [[Flight International]] | date = 1 July 2009 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |access-date=23 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103224634/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> On 29 December 2015, PAC announced the rollout of the 16th JF-17 Thunder fighter manufactured in the calendar year 2015, taking total number of manufactured aircraft to more than 66. Later, a PAF spokesperson said that in light of the interest shown by various countries, it has been decided that production capacity of JF-17 Thunder at PAC Kamra will be expanded.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia signed an agreement in August 2007 for re-export of 150 RD-93 engines from China to Pakistan for the JF-17.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian engines will fly to Pakistan|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|newspaper=Kommersant|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154851/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the PAF reported it was not fully satisfied with the RD-93 engine and that it would only power the first 50 aircraft; it was alleged that arrangements for a new engine, reportedly the [[Snecma M53#Variants|Snecma M53-P2]], may have been made.<ref name="New engine, Snecma M53 - defensenews.com">{{cite news|title=100 Countries Expected To Attend IDEAS 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=22 November 2008 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172647/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 }}</ref> [[Mikhail Pogosyan]], head of the MiG and Sukhoi design bureaus, recommended the Russian defence export agency [[Rosoboronexport]] block RD-93 engine sales to China to prevent export competition from the JF-17 against the MiG-29.<ref>{{cite news|location=RU |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |title=Russian combat aircraft makers fear competition with China |agency=RIA Novosti |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727082025/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |archive-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |title=Russia's Iconic MiG and Sukhoi Fighters Enter Competition with Chinese Clones |work=[[Pravda]] |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709180639/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the 2010 [[Farnborough Airshow]], the JF-17 was displayed internationally for the first time; aerial displays at the show were intended but were cancelled due to a late attendance decision as well as licence and insurance costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive |title=Farnborough Debut Heralds JF-17 Export Drive |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=19 July 2010 |work=Defence News |access-date=25 May 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103041128/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive }}</ref> According to a Rosoboronexport official at the Airshow China 2010, held on 16–21 November 2005 in [[Zhuhai]], China, Russia and China had signed a contract worth $238 million for 100 RD-93 engines with options for another 400 engines developed for the FC-1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia to sell additional RD-93 jet engines to China |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |date=16 November 2010 |publisher=Rianovosti |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021164151/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> According to media reports, Pakistan planned to increase production of JF-17s by 25% in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan to boost JF-17 production by 25% in '16|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010628/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Further development=== [[File:PAK Kamra JF-17 Thunder at PAris Air Show, June 2019 (2).jpg|thumb|JF 17 Thunder in [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan Flag Livery]] at [[Paris Air Show]] ]] Pakistan negotiated with British and Italian defence firms regarding avionics and radars for the JF-17 development. Radar options include the Italian Galileo Avionica's Grifo S7,<ref name="Grifo">{{Citation |url=http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | type = datasheet | title = Selex | contribution = Italian Grifo family | publisher = Sensors and Airborne Systems| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325204544/http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> the French Thomson-CSF's RC400 (a variant of the [[RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget)|RDY-2]]),<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower"/> and the British company SELEX Galileo's Vixen 500E AESA radar.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari">{{citation | last =Ansari | first = Usman | title= Thunder Storm&nbsp;– Pakistan's hopes for the JF-17 Thunder fighter | work=Combat Aircraft magazine | volume = 8 |issue= 4 |url=http://usmanansari.com/id16.html |access-date=11 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907034554/http://usmanansari.com/id16.html | archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In 2010, the PAF had reportedly selected ATE Aerospace Group to integrate French-built avionics and weapons systems over rival bids from Astrac, Finmeccanica and a [[Thales Group|Thales]]-[[Sagem]] joint venture. Fifty JF-17s were to be upgraded and an optional fifty from 2013 onwards, at a cost of up to {{USD|1.36 billion}}. The RC-400 radar, [[MICA (missile)|MICA]] AAMs, and several air-to-surface weapons are believed to be in the contract. The PAF also held talks with South Africa for the supply of Denel A-darter AAMs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |title= French-Led JF-17 Upgrade Likely To Raise Eyebrows |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |title= Will Westernized JF-17 Thunder Attract New Delhi's Ire? |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> In April 2010, after eighteen months of negotiations, the deal was reportedly suspended; reports cited French concerns about Pakistan's financial situation, the protection of sensitive French technology, and by Indian [[lobbying]], which operates many French-built aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |title=Paris bloque un contrat d'équipement français d'avions de chasse pakistanais |trans-title=Paris blocks a contract of French equipment for Pakistani fighter aircraft |last=Follorou |first=Jacques |date=2 April 2010 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406012337/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 |url-status=live }} [https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en Google English translation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313032215/http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en |date=13 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |title=France says arms sale to Pakistan held up |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215070013/http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref> France wanted the PAF to purchase several [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-9]] fighters from the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]], which would overlap with the upgraded JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris|title=Un contrat militaire avec le Pakistan bloqué par Paris |trans-title=A contract with the Pakistan military blocked by Paris | date= 3 April 2010 | publisher = Radio France Internationale | language= fr| access-date= 5 April 2010|location= France|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191726/http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, the PAF's Chief of Air Staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rao Qamar Suleman]], said such reports were false, stating: "I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government...someone was trying to cause mischief{{mdash}}to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want".<ref>{{cite journal| last= Warnes| first= Alan|date=July 2010 |title=On the edge&nbsp;– JF-17s, Tankers and AWACS|journal=Air Forces Monthly | type = magazine |location= United Kingdom |issue=July 2010|page= 54|quote=Reports in late March that the French Government was refusing to allow the sale of a Thales avionics system was denied by the CAS: 'I saw the report quoting unnamed sources or any French government official. I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government. I think someone is trying to cause mischief&nbsp;– to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want.'}}</ref> On 18 December 2013, production of Block 2 JF-17s began at PAC's Kamra facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 Thunder Block 2 Will be Ready till June 2014 |url=http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Pakistan Armed Forces News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134056/http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> These have an air-to-air refuelling capability, improved avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01"/> Block 2 construction was planned to run until 2016, after which the manufacturing of further developed Block III aircraft was planned.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|title=Production of improved version of JF-17 aircraft launched |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |date=19 December 2013 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605015123/http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |archive-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> In December 2015, it was announced that the 16th Block II aircraft had been handed over resulting in standing up of the 4th squadron.<ref name="Fourth">{{cite news|title=Fourth JF-17 Thunder squadron complete as PAC rolls out 16th aircraft|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177/|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406230211/https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 June 2015, Jane's Defence Weekly confirmed<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> that JF-17 Block III will have an AESA radar, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and possibly an internal infrared search and tracking (IRST) system.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | title = Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan | last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr. | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | archivedate=21 April 2016 | work = Jane's Defence Weekly | date = 17 June 2015 }}</ref> A two-seat version was also reportedly to be produced in Block III.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF to induct JF17 Thunder Block III in 2016|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513171122/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Unconfirmed reports claim that Block III will also have a better flight management system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder fighter jet impresses at Paris Air Show|url=http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503022238/http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Selex ES has promoted its next-generation cockpit as a possible upgrade of JF-17 Block III; this cockpit includes a new mission computer, an enhanced head-up display and contemporary multi-function displays, plus the capability for the pilot to use a single, large-area display instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Selex advances M-345 cockpit development|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530175651/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, despite Indian protests, Russian state-owned United Engine Corporation developed a new engine designated ''RD-93MA'' for the JF-17 fighter being built by Pakistan.<ref name="Russian engine">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=9 July 2020 |title=Russia confirms progress on new jet engine. Is it for Pak JF-17 fighter? |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html|url-status=live |work= TheWeek Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127072811/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html |archive-date= 27 January 2021}}</ref> ==ڊيزائن== [[File:JF-17 block 1 front view.jpg|upright|thumb|اڳيون ڏيک]] === مکيه فريم === ايئر فريم نيم مونوڪوڪ ڍانچي جو آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ايلومينيم مصر مان ٺهيل آهي. ڪجهه نازڪ علائقن ۾ اعليٰ طاقت وارو اسٽيل ۽ ٽائيٽينيم مصر جزوي طور تي اختيار ڪيا ويا آهن. ايئر فريم 4,000 فلائيٽ ڪلاڪن يا 25 سالن جي سروس لائف لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. پهرين اوور هال 1,200 فلائيٽ ڪلاڪن تي ٿيڻ وارو آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra2">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> JF-17s بلاڪ 2 وزن گهٽائڻ لاءِ ايئر فريم ۾ جامع مواد جو وڌيڪ استعمال شامل ڪري ٿو. ريٽريبل انڊر ڪيريج ۾ ٽرائي سائيڪل جو انتظام آهي. هڪ واحد اسٽيئربل نوز ويل ۽ ٻه مکيه انڊر ڪيريج سان. هائيڊولڪ بريڪ ۾ هڪ خودڪار اينٽي اسڪڊ سسٽم آهي. انليٽس جي پوزيشن ۽ شڪل حملي جي اعليٰ زاوين سان لاڳاپيل مشقن دوران جيٽ انجن کي گهربل هوا جي وهڪري ڏيڻ لاءِ ٺهيل آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra3">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> وچ ۾ لڳل ونگ ڪراپڊ ڊيلٽا ترتيب جا آهن. ونگ روٽ جي ويجهو <small>LERX</small> آهن. جيڪي هڪ وورٽيڪس پيدا ڪن ٿا. جيڪو حملي جي اعليٰ زاوين سان لاڳاپيل مشقن دوران ونگ کي اضافي لفٽ فراهم ڪري ٿو. هڪ روايتي ٽرائي-پلين ايمپينيج ترتيب شامل ڪئي وئي آهي. آل-موونگ اسٽيبليٽرز، سنگل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر، رڊر، ۽ ٽوئن وينٽرل فينز سان. فلائيٽ ڪنٽرول سسٽم (<small>FCS</small>) ۾ روايتي ڪنٽرول شامل آهن. ياو ۽ رول محور ۾ استحڪام وڌائڻ سان ۽ پچ محور ۾ هڪ ڊجيٽل فلائي بائي وائر (<small>FBW</small>) سسٽم موڙ جي ڪارڪردگي کي وڌائڻ لاءِ مينيوورنگ دوران ليڊنگ-ايج فليپس ۽ ٽريلنگ ايج فليپس خودڪار طريقي سان ترتيب ڏنل آهن.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra4">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سيريل پروڊڪشن جهاز جي FCS ۾ رپورٽ ڪئي وئي آهي ته پچ محور ۾ هڪ ڊجيٽل ڪواڊروپلڪس (ڪواڊ-ريڊنڊنٽ) FBW سسٽم آهي. ۽ رول ۽ ياو محور ۾ هڪ ڊپلڪس (ڊبل-ريڊنڊنٽ) FBW سسٽم آهي.<ref name="cnair2">{{citation|first=Hui|last=Tong|title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder|url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm|access-date=2 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm|archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> 3,400 lb (1,500 ڪلوگرام) تائين آرڊيننس، سامان، ۽ ايندھن کي هارڊ پوائنٽس جي هيٺان نصب ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جن مان ٻه ونگ-ٽپس تي آهن، چار ونگ هيٺ آهن ۽ هڪ فيوزليج هيٺ آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra5">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> === ڪاڪ پِٽ === [[File:JF-17 Block 1 cockpit.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 HUD]] The aircraft has three large Multifunction Colour Displays (MFD) and smart Heads-Up Display (HUD) with built-in symbol generation capability. A [[center stick]] is used for [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll]] control while [[Aircraft rudder|rudder pedals]] control yaw. A throttle is located to the left of the pilot. The cockpit incorporates [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on a Martin-Baker Mk-16LE [[zero-zero ejection seat]]. The cockpit incorporates an [[electronic flight instrument system]] (EFIS) and a wide-angle, holographic head-up display (HUD), which has a minimum total field of view of 25 degrees. The EFIS comprises three color multi-function displays, providing basic flight information, tactical information, and information on the engine, fuel, electrical, hydraulics, flight control, and environment control systems. The HUD and MFD can be configured to show any available information. Each MFD is {{cvt|20.3|cm|inch|1}} wide and {{cvt|30.5|cm|inch|1}} tall and is arranged side by side in [[page orientation|portrait orientation]]. The central MFD is placed lowest to accommodate a control panel between it and the HUD.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Avionics=== [[File:JF-17 cockpit.webp|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 cockpit avionics display]] The avionics software incorporates the concept of [[open architecture]]. Instead of the military-optimised [[Ada (programming language)|Ada programming language]], the software is written using the popular [[C++|C++ programming language]], enabling the use of the numerous civilian programmers available.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article">{{citation|title=Stuck in Sichuan: Pakistani JF-17 Program Grounded? No|date=January 2007|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|work=Defense Industry Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft also includes a health and usage monitoring system, and automatic test equipment.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf |title=8011-Ai760Datasheet.qxd |access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021927/http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=May 2021}} The JF-17 has a [[defensive aids system]] (DAS) composed of various integrated sub-systems. A [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) provides data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars, and an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin interferes with enemy radars. The EW suite is also linked to a [[Missile Approach Warning]] (MAW) system to defend against radar-guided missiles. The MAW system uses several optical sensors across the airframe to detect the rocket motors of missiles across a 360-degree coverage.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Data from the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is shown on cockpit displays and the HUD. A countermeasures dispensing system releases [[flare (countermeasure)|decoy flares]] and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] to help evade hostile radar and missiles. The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar-jamming pod that will be carried externally on a [[hardpoint]].<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The first forty-two PAF production aircraft are equipped with the [[KLJ-7|NRIET KLJ-7]] radar,<ref name="Milavia.net 2007 news report">{{citation |date=23 March 2007 |title=JF-17 Arrived in Pakistan |work=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |publisher=MILAVIA.net |url=http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |access-date=31 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218082338/http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=18 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7">{{citation |title=KLJ-7/10 Fire Control Radar (FCR) (China), Airborne radar systems |work=Jane's Avionics |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=19 January 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002180132/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> a variant of the KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) and also used on the Chengdu J-10. Multiple modes can manage the surveillance and engagement of up to forty air, ground, and sea targets; the [[Track while scan|track-while-scan]] mode can track up to ten targets at BVR and can engage two simultaneously with [[Air-to-air missile#Radar guidance|radar-homing AAMs]]. The operation range for targets with a [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) of {{Convert|5|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} is stated to be ≥ {{Convert|105|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-up mode and ≥ {{Convert|85|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-down mode.<ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7"/><ref name="Jane's, NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements">{{citation |title=China's NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=7 April 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html |access-date=6 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820152019/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html | archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> A [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) pod for low-level navigation and [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) system for passive targeting can also be integrated;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> the JF-17 Block 2 is believed to incorporate an IRST.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In April 2016, Air Marshal Muhammad Ashfaque Arain said that, "JF-17 needs a targeting pod, as the jets' usefulness in current operations was limited due to lack of precision targeting. To fulfill this gap the Air Force was interested in buying the Thales-made Damocles, a third-generation targeting pod; which was a priority."<ref>{{cite news|date=7 April 2016|title=Interview: Pakistan wants air force upgrade for prolonged militant fight|newspaper=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|url-status=dead|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420160318/http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[ASELSAN|Aselsans]] ASELPOD was tested and successfully integrated with the JF-17 and Pakistan has subsequently purchased at least eight [[targeting pod]]s from Aselsan.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Tests Turkish Targeting Pod|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235159/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|archive-date=6 December 2018|access-date=6 December 2018|website=defense-aerospace.com}}</ref> This integration has significantly enhanced the JF-17 platform's ability to launch precision strikes. A helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by [[Luoyang]] Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre of [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China|AVIC]] was developed in parallel with the JF-17; it was first tested on Prototype 04 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|title=图文：枭龙04飞行员新头盔_新浪军事_新浪网|work=sina.com.cn|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101520/http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=Strategycenter.net |date=30 December 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> It was dubbed as EO HMS, (Electro-Optical Helmet Mounted Sight) and was first revealed to the public in 2008 at the 7th [[Zhuhai Airshow]], where a partial mock-up was on display.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The HMS tracks the pilot's head and eye movements to guide missiles towards the pilot's visual target.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} An externally carried day/night [[laser designator]] [[targeting pod]] may be integrated with the avionics to guide [[laser-guided bomb]]s (LGBs).<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> An extra [[hardpoint]] may be added under the starboard air intake, opposite the cannon, for such pods. To reduce the numbers of targeting pods required, the aircraft's [[tactical data link]] can transmit target data to other aircraft not equipped with targeting pods.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} The communication systems comprise two [[VHF]]/[[UHF]] radios; the VHF radio has the capacity for [[VHF Data Link|data linking]] for communication with ground control centers, [[airborne early warning and control]] aircraft and combat aircraft with compatible data links for [[network-centric warfare]], and improved [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite web|title=VHF air-ground Digital Link |url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |publisher=etsi.org |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206100741/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref> The aircraft uses [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLGs]] along with [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] for navigation. The aircraft is equipped with an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] [[Transponder]] which allows it to differentiate between friendly aircraft and enemy aircraft. The [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]] aids in aerial combat for manoeuvring.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} ===Engine=== The first two blocks of JF-17 is powered by a single Russian RD-93 [[turbofan]] engine, which is a variant of the [[Klimov RD-33]] engine used on the [[MiG-29]] fighter. The engine gives more [[thrust]] and significantly [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|lower specific fuel consumption]] than [[turbojet]] engines fitted to older combat aircraft being replaced by the JF-17. The advantages of using a single engine are a reduction in maintenance time and cost when compared to twin-engined fighters. A [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] of 0.99 can be achieved with full internal fuel tanks and no external payload. The engine's air supply is provided by two bifurcated air inlets (see [[JF-17 Thunder#Airframe and cockpit|airframe]] section).<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan">[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ "Pakistan & China's JF-17 Fighter Program."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ |date=20 October 2013 }} ''Defense Industry Daily'', 14 November 2011</ref> The RD-93 is known to produce smoke trails.<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan"/> The [[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Guizhou Aero Engine Group]] has been developing a new turbofan engine, the [[Guizhou WS-13|WS-13 ''Taishan'']], since 2000 to replace the RD-93. It is based on the RD-33 and incorporates new technologies to boost performance and reliability. A thrust output of {{Convert|80 to 86.36|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}}, a lifespan of 2,200 hours, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 8.7 are expected. An improved version of the WS-13, developing a thrust of around {{Convert|100|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}} (22,450&nbsp;lb), is also reportedly under development.<ref name="October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace">{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center |date=30 December 2009 |first=Richard Jr. |last=Fisher |access-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> During the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]], it was announced that flight testing of a JF-17 equipped with the WS-13 engine had begun.<ref name="janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|title=Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan|work=Jane's|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, a representative of PAC said that Pakistan would continue to use the RD-93 engine on their fighters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |title=Pakistan to Stick With Russian Engine for JF-17 Fighter Jet |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=25 November 2015 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=IHS |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125095855/https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local media reports in January 2016 said that Russia was planning to sell engines for JF-17 directly to Pakistan.<ref>{{citation|title=Moscow makes a move when US loosens the noose|date=25 January 2016|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051408/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a PAC representative, Pakistan is looking to collaborate with Russia in developing and repairing engines.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ===Fuel system=== The fuel system comprises internal fuel tanks located in the wings and fuselage with a capacity of {{Convert|2330|kg|lb|abbr=on}}; they are refuelled through a single point pressure refuelling system (see [[Aircraft fuel system#Turbine fuel system|turbine fuel systems]]). Internal fuel storage can be supplemented by external fuel tanks. One {{convert|800|litre|impgal|adj=on}} [[drop tank]] can be mounted on the aircraft's centerline hard point under the fuselage and two 800-litre or {{convert|1110|litre|impgal|adj=on}} drop tanks can be mounted on the two inboard under-wing hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The fuel system is compatible with [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling (IFR)]], allowing tanker aircraft to refuel inflight, and increasing its range and loitering time significantly. All production aircraft for the PAF are to be fitted with IFR probes.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In June 2013, PAF Air Chief Marshal [[Tahir Rafique Butt]] said ground tests on the JF-17's refuelling probes had been successfully completed and the first mid-air refuelling operations would commence that summer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bokhari|first=Farhan|title=Pakistani JF-17 to start mid-air refuelling by end of summer|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=10 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer|access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107021555/http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer | archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622777).jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder with its weapons]] [[File:Pakistan Air Force, 12-139, Chengdu JF-17 Thunder (49579395248).jpg|thumb|Thunder with weapons]] ===Armaments=== The JF-17 can be armed with up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of air-to-air and [[air-to-ground weaponry]], and other equipment mounted externally on the aircraft's seven hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> One hardpoint is located under the fuselage between the main landing gear, two are underneath each wing, and one is at each wing-tip. All seven hardpoints communicate via a [[MIL-STD-1760]] data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System,<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> which is stated to be capable of integration with weaponry of any origin.<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower">{{citation|first=Usman |last=Ansari |title=Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower |work=[[Defense News]] |date=9 February 2009 |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3938427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230020953/http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/02/pakistan-surmounts-western-sanctions-to.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 }}</ref> Internal armament comprises one {{Convert|23|mm|inch|abbr=on}} GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon mounted under the [[port (nautical)|port side]] air intake, which can be replaced with a {{Convert|30|mm|inch|abbr=on}} [[GSh-30-2]] twin-barrel cannon.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com">{{cite web | work=Sino Defence | title= FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp |access-date=11 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp | archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|title=MILAVIA Aircraft – Chengdu FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Specifications|first=Niels | last = Hillebrand|work=milavia.net|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031225/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The wing-tip hard-points are typically occupied by short range infra-red homing AAMs. Many combinations of ordnance and equipment such as [[targeting pods]] can be carried on the under-wing and under-fuselage hard-points. Underwing hard-points can be fitted with [[Hard point#Ejector racks|multiple ejector racks]], allowing each hard-point to carry two {{Convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} unguided bombs or LGBs{{mdash}}[[Mk.82]] or [[GBU-12]].<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Active radar homing BVR AAMs can be integrated with the radar and data-link for mid-course updates. The aircraft can carry the [[PL-12|PL-12/SD-10]] along with the [[PL-5]]E and [[PL-9]]C Short range, infra-red homing missiles. The more advanced [[PL-10]]E High-Off Bore Sight missiles were integrated into the aircraft in April 2021, operated Within Visual Range using the HMD/S. With the Block 3 variant of the JF-17, the ability to fit and operate the [[PL-15]]E, the most advanced BVR missile developed by China for export with a claimed operating range of 145&nbsp;km, is also integrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's Production of Latest JF-17 Block 3 Variant Reaches 30 Units |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistans-production-of-latest-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jets-nears-30-units-2/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Unguided air-to-ground weaponry includes rocket pods, [[Unguided bomb|gravity bombs]] and [[Matra Durandal]] anti-runway munitions. [[Precision-guided munition]]s such as LGBs and [[Precision-guided munition#Satellite-guided weapons|satellite-guided bombs]] are also compatible with the JF-17, as are other guided weapons such as [[anti-ship missile]]s and [[anti-radiation missile]]s.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Pakistan planned to bring the Brazilian [[MAR-1]] anti-radiation missile into service on its JF-17 fleet in 2014.<ref name="janes mar1">{{cite journal|last=Hewson|first=Robert|date=17 April 2013|title=Mectron's MAR-1 to be operational in Pakistan next year|url=http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072717/http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> ==آپريشنل تاريخ== ===Pakistan=== [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 flies in front of the 26,660 ft high [[Nanga Parbat]]]] Small batch production of the single-seat, single-engine JF-17s began in China in June 2006. The first two small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered on 2 March 2007 and first flew in Pakistan on 10 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6854&Cat=13&dt=3/21/2007 |title=JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> They took part in an aerial display on 23 March 2007 as part of the [[Pakistan Day Parade|Pakistan Day Joint Services Parade]] in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |title=PAF to seek more Chinese aircraft, says air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509043607/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |archive-date = 9 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="PakTribune">[http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 JF-17 Thunder main focus of attention at Pak Day fly-past] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''Pak Tribune'', 24 March 2007.</ref> Another six small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered by March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\03\15\story_15-3-2008_pg7_6 |title=Six more JF-17 Thunder fighter jets inducted into PAF |date=15 March 2008 |work=Daily Times |access-date=21 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118100559/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C03%5C15%5Cstory_15-3-2008_pg7_6 | archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> These were extensively flight-tested and evaluated by the PAF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |title=PAF to start serial production of JF-17 fighter aircraft soon |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330212502/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> Two serial production aircraft were delivered from China in 2009 and the first Pakistani-manufactured aircraft was delivered to the PAF in a ceremony on 23 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |title=Pak, China unveil first JF-17 combat jet |work=Rediff.com |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301092221/http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2010, the first JF-17 squadron, [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 ''Black Spiders'']], was officially inducted into the PAF with an initial strength of 14 fighter planes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |title=First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder inducted in PAF |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163116/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/February/international_February910.xml&section=international |title=PAF Inducts First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder Jet |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110350/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2010%2FFebruary%2Finternational_February910.xml&section=international |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> These aircraft first saw service in the [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat|anti-terrorist operation in South Waziristan]], during which various types of weapons were evaluated.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zia |last=Tanouli |language=Urdu |work=Daily Express (Pakistan) |title=جے ایف-١٧ میں باقاعدہ طور پر شامل پی اے ایف |url=http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |access-date=20 February 2010 |quote=(Translated) No.26 Squadron established in Kamra with 14 aircraft initially inducted. According to top PAF sources, fourteen aircraft were evaluated thoroughly with different kinds of weapons during the anti-terror operation in Waziristan. First squadron established in Kamra due to security concerns, will be transferred to Peshawar later. With induction of first JF-17 squadron, the two A-5 squadrons will be grounded today. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005230/http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> They took part in the PAF's ''High Mark 2010'' exercise from 29 April, where they were used by the ''Blue Force'' to attack ''Red Land'' surface targets with precision air-to-surface weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |title=JF-17 Thunder comes of age at High Mark drill |date=29 March 2010 |work=Newspaper article |publisher=Awaz Today |access-date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184851/http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |title=Pakistan inducts JF-17 jets developed with China |work=Rediff.com |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528235257/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 April 2011, a re-equipment ceremony for No. 26 ''Black Spiders'' Squadron took place, during which it was stated that the JF-17 had "revolutionized the PAF's operational concepts". Then Air Chief Marshal [[Rao Qamar Suleman]] reported the re-equipping of No. 26 squadron and the addition of the JF-17 Thunder to the [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron]]. He also thanked the contribution and support of the Chinese in helping to acquire a technological breakthrough in the shape of the aircraft.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |title=PAF re-equips No 26 Squadron with JF-17 thunder aircraft |date=12 April 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times (Pakistan) |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174246/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> During [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] 2014–2016, JF-17 were deployed frequently to carry out airstrikes against [[Pakistani Taliban|TTP]] hideouts, killing hundreds of terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Dawn com {{!}} |date=19 December 2014 |title=Top Uzbek commander among 17 terrorists killed in Khyber air strikes |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151682 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/245286-Operation-ZarbeAzb-30-militants-killed-in-fresh |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=dunyanews.tv |title=Operation Zarb-e-Azb: 30 militants killed in fresh airstrikes in Dattakhel |date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> In September 2015, the No. 2 Squadron tasked with sea strikes was re-equipped with JF-17s replacing the F7s.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder inducted in Multi Role Squadron|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414020258/http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=live|date=12 April 2016}}</ref> The No. 16 Squadron "Black Panthers" has also been equipped with the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Block-2 Update from "The Thunder City|url=http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220185954/http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2017, it was reported that a JF-17 shot down an [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Iranian]] [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] operating in [[Pakistan|Pakistan's]] [[Panjgur District|Pangjur District]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|title=JF-17 shoots down Iran's spy drone|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032625/http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2019, PAF JF-17s took part in Pakistan's [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|retaliatory airstrikes]] against India during which two Thunders of the [[No. 16 Squadron PAF|No. 16 Squadron]] struck Indian ground targets with [[Mark 83|Mk. 83 REKs]].<ref name="kaiser">{{cite web|url=https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|website=PakistanPolitico.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama: Two years on|date=18 February 2021|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208104607/https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tufail">{{cite web|url=https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|website=DefenceJournal.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama-From bluster to whimper|date=10 July 2019|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028163732/https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Brad |date=4 March 2019 |title=Crisis may be easing, but nuclear threat still hangs over India and Pakistan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519161150/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Has Pakistan's JF-17 'Thunder' Block II Fighter Jet Engaged in its First Dogfight? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516080001/https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight |url-status=live }}</ref> as of March 2021, JF-17s are operational in seven fighter squadrons based at five airbases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|title=Orbats|website=www.scramble.nl|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202214748/https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, the first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF. During the [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff|May 2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the PAF publicly showcased, for the first time, a JF-17 Block 3 fighter aircraft equipped with [[PL-15#Variants|PL-15E]] long-range [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s (BVRAAMs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Update: Pakistan shows JF-17 Block III fitted with PL-15 missiles for first time |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/update-pakistan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fitted-with-pl-15-missiles-for-first-time |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Jane |language=en}}</ref> During the conflict, the PAF deployed JF-17s and [[J-10CE]]s in combat in both the air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.<ref name="auto14"/><ref name="auto16"/><ref name="auto12"/> Pakistan claimed that its JF-17 successfully targeted and destroyed an Indian [[S-400 missile system|S-400 missile defence system]] at [[Adampur Airport|Adampur Air Force Station]] in [[Punjab]] on 10 May 2025 using two [[CM-400AKG]] long-range supersonic [[air-to-surface missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1310766-how-paf-destroyed-india-s-2-s400-air-defence-systems | title=How PAF destroyed India's 2 S400 air defence systems | date=12 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/first-strike-in-the-hypersonic-era-pakistan-claims-jf-17-launched-cm-400akg-took-out-indias-s-400/ | title=(VIDEO) First Strike in the Hypersonic Era: Pakistan Claims JF-17-Launched CM-400AKG Took Out India's S-400 | date=11 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/883212-pak-jf17-thunder-strike-destroys-indian-s400-air-defence-system | title=Pak JF-17 Thunder strike destroys Indian S400 air defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/jf-17-thunder-destroys-indias-s-400-defence-system-10-05-2025/ | title=Watch: JF-17 Thunder taking off to destroy India's S-400 defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref> On 11 May, the PAF, in a press briefing said that it had targeted the 96L6E Cheese Board radar of the S-400 system, one of the units of the combined air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim |last=Ahmad |first=Zeeshan |date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] dismissed the claim, stating that all Indian S-400 squadrons are still functional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's claim of destroying India's S-400 missile systems false: Indian military|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistans-claim-of-destroying-indias-s-400-missile-systems-false-indian-military/article69560019.ece|access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Hindu|date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the Adampur Air Force Station on 13 May 2025, and posed in front of an S-400 Launcher, which the [[Indian media]] claimed to be fully operational. According to Indian media, his visit served as a rebuttal to Pakistan's claims, reinforcing that the missile system was intact and operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=PM Modi poses in front of S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Base days after Pakistan claimed it was destroyed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-poses-in-front-of-s-400-missile-system-at-adampur-air-base-days-after-pakistan-claimed-it-was-destroyed/articleshow/121134748.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Modi fact-checks Pakistan, visits Adampur, releases video & photo with S-400 in background|url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-fact-checks-pakistan-visits-adampur-releases-video-photo-with-s-400-in-background/2624167/|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Print|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at Paris Air Show 2015.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at [[Paris Air Show]] 2015]] '''Exercises'''<br> The PAF has deployed the JF-17 Thunder in a number of bilateral and multinational air exercises since the 2010s. PAF JF-17s have participated in joint air exercises with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) under the Shaheen exercise series since at least 2014, focusing on air combat training and interoperability.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 2019 and again in 2021, PAF JF-17s took part in the Turkish Air Force–hosted multinational exercise Anatolian Eagle, operating alongside aircraft from several participating air forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2019: Pakistani JF-17s among participants |url=https://theaviationist.com/2019/07/15/pakistani-jf-17-thunders-and-turkish-elint-sigint-c-160d-transall-among-the-highlights-of-anatolian-eagle-exercise/ |website=The Aviationist |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2021 exercise |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/12072021-anatolian-eagle-2021-exercise-pakistan-improving-defense-synergies-oped/ |website=Eurasia Review |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2022, PAF JF-17s participated in the Saudi-led multinational air exercise Spears of Victory at King Abdulaziz Air Base, flying alongside Royal Saudi Air Force Tornados, Typhoons and F-15s, as well as allied aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF participates in Spears of Victory exercise in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590236/pakistan |website=Arab News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> JF-17s continued participation in subsequent editions of Spears of Victory, including 2023 and 2025, with later deployments featuring the Block-III variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17 Block-III participates in Spears of Victory 2023 |url=https://www.facebook.com/ConnectedPakistan/posts/pakistan-air-forces-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jets-have-touched-down-in-az/1213837260779670/ |website=Connected Pakistan |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PAF excels in Saudi-led Spears of Victory 2025 |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/02/14/paf-excels-in-saudi-led-air-combat-drills-jf-17-block-iii-earns-global-praise/ |website=Pakistan Today |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2025, PAF JF-17 Block-III fighters were also deployed to Azerbaijan for the bilateral air exercise Indus Shield Alpha, marking one of the type’s longest overseas deployments.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17s arrive in Azerbaijan for Indus Shield Alpha |url=https://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/912872 |website=Dunya News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> '''Airshows'''<br> The JF-17 Thunder has participated in international airshows since 2010 as part of export promotion and military diplomacy efforts by the PAF.<ref name="ISPR-2010">Inter Services Public Relations, Pakistan Air Force press releases on JF-17 international exposure, 2010.</ref> Early public appearances took place at airshows in Pakistan and China, followed by displays at major international aerospace exhibitions, including the Paris Air Show in 2011 and 2015,<ref>Paris Air Show official exhibitor catalogues, 2011 & 2015.</ref> the Dubai Airshow in 2013, 2017, 2021, and 2025<ref>Dubai Airshow official exhibitor lists, 2013, 2017, 2021.</ref> and the Farnborough International Airshow in 2014 and 2016, primarily as static displays.<ref>Farnborough International Airshow exhibitor catalogues, 2014 & 2016.</ref> The aircraft has also featured at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition, including static and flying displays, with later editions showcasing the Block III variant.<ref>China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (Zhuhai) official programmes; Global Times aviation coverage.</ref> In 2019, 2022, and 2025, PAF JF-17s participated in the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT), in static and air displays.<ref>Royal International Air Tattoo aircraft participation lists, 2019 & 2022.</ref> The aircraft was also displayed at the [[World Defense Show]] in 2024.<ref>[[World Defense Show]] 2024 exhibitor directory; Saudi Ministry of Defense releases.</ref> ===Myanmar=== In July 2015, Myanmar ordered 16 Block 2 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] for approximately $560 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-06-15/jf-17-myanmar-seen-flying-china|title=JF-17 for Myanmar Seen Flying in China|first=Chen|last=Chuanren|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> In late 2015, [[Myanmar]] ordered 16 [[Klimov RD-33|RD-93]] spare engines from [[Russia]], which were received in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=SIPRI>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI Trade Register|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 December 2018, [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] disclosed that the [[Myanmar Air Force]] had received the first batch of JF-17s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters |title=Myanmar shows off Thunder fighters |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202527/https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters/ |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An official Myanmar Air Force video released on Air Force day showcased a number of JF-17s, both on static display and in the air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|title=YouTube|website=YouTube|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2021}} As per reports, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] is in possession 11 JF-17 Block 2s.[https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html] In May 2022, a PAF cargo plane supplied spare parts for the JF-17s of the Myanmar Air Force. In June 2022, it was reported that a team of 15 PAF personnel were scheduled to visit [[Meiktila Air Base]] in Myanmar to provide technical support for the Myanmar Air Force JF-17s, including setting up of a JF-17 simulator at Meiktila Air Base to train pilots of the Myanmar Air Force and to address technical issues relating to JF-17s that Myanmar Air Force was facing. However, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] has faced significant challenges with its JF-17 fleet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2022-11-25 |title=Technical Problems Ground Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Bought From China |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/technical-problems-ground-myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-bought-from-china.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref> By late 2022, the entire fleet of 11 aircraft was grounded due to severe technical malfunctions and structural issues, including cracks in the airframe (particularly wingtips and hardpoints), poor accuracy and maintenance problems with the Chinese-made KLJ-7 radar, malfunctions in the Weapon Mission Management Computer that reduced launch zones for beyond-visual-range missiles, unreliable avionics, and issues with the Russian RD-93 engines.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar raises issue of grounded JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft to Pakistan |url=https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Asia Pacific Defense Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farid |first=Ayesha |date=2025-05-18 |title=Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Grounded Amid Conflict and Maintenance Woes |url=https://www.bdmilitary.com/analysis/geopolitics-diplomacy/myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-grounded-amid-conflict-and-maintenance-woes/1082/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Bangladesh Military Forces |language=en-GB}}</ref> These problems rendered the aircraft unfit for combat operations, forcing the air force to rely on other platforms like MiG-29s, Yak-130s, and K-8s.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The grounding was exacerbated by post-2021 military coup sanctions, which restricted access to spare parts for Western-sourced components in the avionics and electronics. Myanmar lacked the local expertise to maintain or repair the complex systems, and initial attempts by Pakistani technicians in September 2022 to set up a simulator at Pathein air base and resolve issues were only partially successful.<ref name=":5" /> In September 2023, Myanmar raised the issue directly with Pakistani leadership, including Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Armed Forces chief General Asim Munir, expressing displeasure over the aircraft's performance. The Chinese government also intervened diplomatically due to its role in the JF-17's development. As a result, Myanmar reportedly decided not to accept the remaining five aircraft from the original order and explored newer JF-17 variants as a potential resolution.<ref name=":5" /> ===Nigeria=== [[File:Nigerian JF-17 fighter aircraft.png|thumb|[[Nigerian Air Force]] JF-17 Block 2]] In December 2014, during the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar]] in Karachi, Nigeria was reportedly buying between 25 and 40 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]]. [[Nigerian Air Force]] (NAF) chief [[Air Marshal]] [[Adesola Nunayon Amosu]] had visited Pakistan earlier in October 2014.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite web|title=IDEAS 2014: Nigeria 'close to signing up' for JF-17 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |date=2 December 2014 |work=Farhan Bokhari |publisher=Janes |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226110403/http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> Nigeria became the second customer in 2016 by placing an order for three planes. However, as the news reports value the deal at US$25 million, it is not clear if the item is misreported.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria to become first JF-17 export operator|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128011517/http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FG to spend N65bn on warplanes, weapons, others|url=http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106072634/http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-date=6 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A June 2016 article in [[Jane's]] re-affirmed NAF budget for 3 JF-17, 10 [[PAC Super Mushshak|Super Mushshak]], and 2 [[Mi-35M]] aircraft in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria waiting for US to approve Super Tucano sale|url=http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608130937/http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With a confirmation from the Nigerian Air Force shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|title=Official 2016 Nigerian Budget Confirms JF-17 Order|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=4 January 2017|work=quwa.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510134827/http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018 Pakistan approved of the sale and local Nigerian production of three JF-17s for US$184.3 million. The aircraft are rumoured to be of a later version than the initially agreed sale, providing more advanced systems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binnie |first1=Jeremy |title=Pakistan approves Nigerian JF-17 production |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025144735/https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |archive-date=25 October 2018 |location=London |date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamal |first1=Sana |title=Pakistan to sell three JF-17s to Nigeria for $184.3m |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |website=Gulf News |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143150/https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |location=Islamabad |date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 December 2020 the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]] rolled out the three JF-17A Block 2s for Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |work=defenceworld.net |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live }}</ref> They were delivered to Makurdi Air Base in March 2021 aboard Pakistan Air Force Ilyushin Il-78MP freighters and were formally inducted into the Nigerian Air Force on 21 May 2021.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=First of 3 Pakistani JF-17 Jets Arrive in Nigeria |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21" /> The NAF initially indicated that it might order another 35–40 aircraft if the type met its requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref> In January 2023 the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal [[Isiaka Oladayo Amao]], confirmed that the JF-17s had been used in anti-terrorism and anti-insurgency operations inside Nigeria.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> In early December 2025 the three aircraft were reportedly deployed to the [[Benin Republic]], where they conducted airstrikes against rebel forces during an attempted coup.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Nigerian Air Force deploys JF-17 jets to foil Benin coup attempt |url=https://timesofislamabad.com/08-Dec-2025/nigerian-air-force-deploys-jf-17-jets-to-foil-benin-coup-attempt |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> ===Azerbaijan=== In January 2008, Azerbaijan engaged in talks with Pakistan over JF-17's possible sale to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |title=Azerbaijan to buy JF-17 {{sic|aircra|fts|nolink=y}} from Pakistan |date=29 January 2008 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210111145843/https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |work=[[Azeri Press Agency]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]] negotiated with China for several dozen JF-17s worth approximately {{USD|16 to 18 million}} each.<ref name="news.am">{{Citation|title=China supplies FC-1 multipurpose fighters to Azerbaijan|url=http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|newspaper=News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124131/http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|place=AM|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Pakistani Armed Forces actively discussed military and defence cooperation with Azerbaijan, culminating in the latter expressing an interest in purchasing the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shahid |last=Hussain |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |title=Pakistan and Azerbaijan: Deepening a Mutually Beneficial Relationship |date=19 May 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200519204003/https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |archive-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 February 2024, Azerbaijan had signed a contract worth US$1.6 billion with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 multi-role combat aircraft for the Azerbaijani Air Forces including aircraft, training, and ordnance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan signs largest ever fighter jet sale deal with Azerbaijan |url=https://www.azernews.az/nation/222206.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Azernews.Az |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |last=AzeMedia |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan has signed the largest deal in history with Azerbaijan for the sale of fighter jets |url=https://aze.media/pakistan-has-signed-the-largest-deal-in-history-with-azerbaijan-for-the-sale-of-fighter-jets/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Aze.Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-seals-1-6-billion-deal-with-azerbaijan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets/|title=Pakistan seals $1.6 billion deal with Azerbaijan to sell JF-17 fighter jets|date=22 February 2024}}</ref> On 25 September 2024, the JF-17 Block 3 was showcased to the President of Azerbaijan on the sidelines of 2024 Azerbaijan International Defence Exhibition (AIDEX).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title=JF-17C multirole aircrafts presented to President Ilham Aliyev |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/jf_17c_multirole_aircrafts_presented_to_president_ilham_aliyev-3196886 |work=Azertac}}</ref> On 6 June 2025, the Government of Pakistan announced that it had secured a contract for the supply of 40 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft from Azerbaijan for $4.6 billion, which builds on an initial agreement signed between Pakistan and Azerbaijan in February 2024, valued at $1.6 billion, for an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 fighter jets, alongside training and armaments.<ref name="auto11">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2025/06/jf-17-thunder-breakthrough-azerbaijan.html | title=JF-17 Thunder Breakthrough Azerbaijan Secures $4.6 Billion Deal for 40 Pakistani-Chinese Block III Fighters | date=8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto18">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/06/08/how-armenia-might-respond-to-azerbaijans-jf-17-fighter-acquisition/ | title=How Armenia Might Respond to Azerbaijan's JF-17 Fighter Acquisition | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref name="auto15">{{Cite web|url=https://defence-industry.eu/azerbaijan-signs-record-4-6-billion-deal-for-40-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/|title=Azerbaijan signs $4.6 billion deal for JF-17 fighters|date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite web | url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/azerbaijan-expands-jf-17-fighter-jet-order-to-40-units-in-46b-defense-deal-3202511 | title=Azerbaijan expands JF-17 fighter jet order to 40 units in $4.6B defense deal }}</ref><ref name="auto13">{{cite web | url=https://www.turdef.com/article/pakistan-confirms-inking-of-deal-with-azerbaijan-for-jf-17 | title=Pakistan Confirms Inking of Deal with Azerbaijan for JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=7 June 2025 }}</ref> Deliveries of the initial tranche began in October 2025, with the aircraft arriving at Nasosnaya Air Base and undergoing familiarization before formal induction. On 8 November 2025, five JF-17s (four single-seat and one twin-seat), flown by Azeri fighter pilots, participated in Azerbaijan’s Victory Day parade in Baku, marking their first public appearance in Azerbaijani service. In addition, open-source images circulated showing a total of nine JF-17 Block III aircraft present in Azerbaijan around the same period without any national markings, consistent with jets observed during early post-delivery handling and marking transitions.<ref name="azeri1">{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Waldron |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/azerbaijan-confirms-jf-17-fighter-acceptance-with-baku-flypast/165245.article |title=Azerbaijan becomes fourth JF-17 operator with five appearing in Baku military parade |website=Flightglobal.com |date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/70546 |title=Military Parade dedicated to the fifth anniversary of Victory in Patriotic War was held in Baku |work=The Official Website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan |date=8 November 2025}}</ref> ===Potential customers=== ==== Bangladesh ==== In January 2025, [[Bangladesh]] announced an interest in purchasing the JF-17C Block 3.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2522416/bangladesh-shows-interest-in-jf-17 | title=Bangladesh shows interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/bangladesh-army-delegation-meets-pakistan-air-chief-expresses-interest-in-jf-17/ | title=Bangladesh army delegation meets Pakistan Air Chief, expresses interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> In January 2026, it was reported that Bangladesh was in formal talks with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17C Block 3 fighters.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/9/why-is-pakistan-selling-its-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-bangladesh-and-others</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-eyes-defence-pact-with-bangladesh-sale-jf-17-jets-2026-01-07/</ref><ref>https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/bangladesh-explores-jf-17-acquisition-to-replace-ageing-fighters/165876.article</ref> ==== Indonesia ==== ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that Pakistan is in discussion with Indonesia on selling the JF-17s to the latter. In January 2026, Indonesia’s Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin held talks in Islamabad with PAF Chief, Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu, during which a potential defence cooperation package—including the possible acquisition of around 40 JF-17 fighter aircraft, armed drones, and associated training—was discussed, though no binding agreement was announced at the time.<ref name="ReutersJF17Indonesia2026">{{cite web |first1=Saad |last1=Sayeed |first2=Ananda |last2=Teresia |first3=Ariba |last3=Shahid |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-indonesia-closing-jets-drones-defence-deal-sources-say-2026-01-12/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan and Indonesia closing in on jets and drones defence deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> ==== Iraq ==== [[Iraq]] has expressed interest in acquiring the JF-17C Thunder multirole combat aircraft from Pakistan as part of efforts to modernise the [[Iraqi Air Force]]. During an official visit to Baghdad on 10 January 2026, Pakistan’s Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu met with Lieutenant General Staff Pilot Mohanad Ghalib Mohammed Radi Al-Asadi, Commander of the Iraqi Air Force, where discussions covered bilateral air force cooperation. During the meeting, the Iraqi Air Force Commander indicated interest in the JF-17C fighter aircraft and Super Mushshak trainer aircraft in the context of training, capacity building, and defence cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan says Iraq expressed ‘keen interest’ in JF-17 jets at air chiefs meeting |work=Arab News |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628855/pakistan}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq eyes JF-17 fighter jets as Pakistani air chief visits Baghdad |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2586411/iraq-eyes-jf-17-fighter-jets-as-pakistani-air-chief-visits-baghdad}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq seeks JF-17 Thunder jets during Pakistani air chief’s visit |work=Business Recorder |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40401540/iraq-seeks-jf-17-thunder-jets}} </ref> ==== Libya ==== It was reported on 22 December 2025 that Pakistan reached a $4-4.6 billion deal with the [[Libyan National Army]], commanded by Khalifa Haftar, which controls eastern [[Libya]], for the supply of 16 JF-17s and other military equipment.<ref name="libya1">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/12/28/why-it-took-pakistan-so-long-to-sell-jf-17-fighters-to-an-arab-country/ |title=Why It Took Pakistan So Long To Sell JF-17 Fighters To An Arab Country |website=Forbes.com |date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya2">{{cite web |first=Liu |last=Zhen |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3337888/china-pakistan-warplane-deal-libyan-faction-may-help-expand-beijings-influence |title=China-Pakistan warplane deal with Libyan faction ‘may help expand Beijing’s influence’ |website=SCMP.com|date=27 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya3">{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Asif |last2=Shahzad |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-strikes-4-billion-deal-sell-weapons-libyan-force-officials-say-2025-12-22/ |title=Pakistan strikes $4 billion deal to sell weapons to Libyan force, officials say |website=Reuters.com |date=22 December 2025}}</ref> ==== Morocco ==== Morocco has shown interest in the JF-17, having invited a sales team to showcase it in the Marrakech Air Show 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 to Star in Marrakech Air Show|url=http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202010633/http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marrakech Air Show Invites Pakistan to Showcase JF −17 Thunder Fighter Jet|url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222014010/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> According to a local analyst, a potential acquisition by Morocco may be complicated by incompatible technologies; the JF-17 Block I and Block II have broadly different electronics suites and air-to-air & air-to-surface munitions than its current Western-sourced aircraft, such as the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F-1 (MF2000)]], [[Northrop F-5|F-5E/F Tiger II]] and [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to market the JF-17 Thunder to Morocco|url=http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426114618/http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Morocco has been engaged with Pakistan in January 2026 on the JF-17.<ref>https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/01/276273/morocco-shows-interest-in-pakistani-jf-17-jets-as-talks-advance/</ref> ==== Saudi Arabia ==== In January 2014, the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] was reportedly examining potential technology transfer and co-production opportunities for the JF-17. Saudi Deputy Minister of Defence Prince [[Salman bin Sultan]] toured the JF-17 project during a visit to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 January 2014|title=Saudi eyeing Pakistan's JF-17 fighter jet, modeled from U.S. F-16|work=World Tribune|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706041729/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2014|title=Saudi Arabia May Buy Pakistani-Chinese Fighter Jets|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726081849/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=8 November 2016|title=Saudi Arabia Reportedly Interested in the JF-17 Thunder|url=http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084500/http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=9 November 2016|website=Quwa Defence News & Analysis Group}}</ref> However, by 2023, this interest seems to have fallen through, with Saudi Arabia now interested in joining the Anglo-Italian-Japanese [[Global Combat Air Programme]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2023|title=Saudi Arabia pushes to join fighter jet project with UK, Italy and Japan|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/80e9bda9-f415-4076-9037-bd6b96e1169f|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported in January 2026 that Pakistan are in discussion with Saudi Arabia to convert around US$ 2 billion of Saudi loans to Pakistan into a provision of JF-17s.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Saad |last2=Sayeed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-saudi-talks-jf-17-jets-for-loans-deal-sources-say-2026-01-07/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan, Saudi in talks on JF-17 jets-for-loans deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>However It is reported that the US government has discouraged Saudi Arabia from aquisition of both JF-17's and [[TAI TF Kaan|TF Kaan's]], instead proposing sale of [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]'s to the Saudi Arabian Air Force. <ref name=":9">{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan | title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref> ==== Other countries ==== Countries including [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Bilal|date=7 August 2016|title=Pakistan offers JF-17 & Super Mushshak to Kuwait|url=https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422190117/https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|archive-date=22 April 2020|website=Quwa - Defence News & Analysis}}</ref> [[Peru]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Pakistan's JF-17 Is A Viable Alternative To The American F-16|url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|website=Wonderful Engineering|date=21 March 2019|quote=As of right now, Saudi Arabia, Albania, Morocco, Bulgaria, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Oman, Lebanon, Argentina, Algeria, Jordan, and Peru are evaluating the JF-17 Block III|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723081234/https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|title=Pakistan, South Africa sign agreements to increase defense cooperation|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|website=Dawn|date=27 March 2017|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023533/https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Uruguay]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demerly |first=Tom |date=9 November 2017 |title=Shopping for Fighters: Is the Chinese/Pakistani JF-17 Thunder the Real "Joint Strike Fighter"? |url=https://theaviationist.com/2017/11/09/shopping-for-fighters-is-the-chinesepakistani-jf-17-thunder-the-real-joint-strike-fighter/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Confirmed: Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet Has its First Buyer |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/confirmed-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jet-has-its-first-buyer/#:~:text=Numerous%20air%20forces%20are%20toying,the%20Philippines,%20Venezuela%20and%20Zimbabwe. |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> have shown interest in the JF-17.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article" /><ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2008|title=PAF gets six JF-17 Thunder aircraft|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045150/http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> In February 2026, reports appeared that the [[Somali Air Force]] was in talks to acquire 24 Block III JF-17s.<ref>https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalia-in-talks-to-buy-24-jf-17-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/; {{cite news|title=Somalia in High-Level Talks to Acquire 24 JF-17 Thunder Block III Fighter Jets from Pakistan in US$900 Million Air Power Revival|work=Defence Security Asia|date=19 February 2026 |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/somalia-jf17-thunder-block-iii-pakistan-us900-million-air-force-revival/|access-date=22 February 2026}}; {{cite news |title=Soomaaliya oo diyaarado casri ah kasoo iibsanaysa Pakistan |work=Hiiraan Online |date=10 February 2026 |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2026/Feb/wararka_maanta09-192820.htm |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> Somalia's air force has been inactive for many years. ===Former interests=== ==== Argentina ==== At the 2013 [[Paris Air Show]], officials from Argentine aerospace conglomerate [[Fábrica Argentina de Aviones]] (FAdeA) revealed that the firm had held multiple discussions with Chinese officials over a potential co-production of the FC-1/JF-17, for the [[Argentine Air Force]] (FAA); this was regarded as the first formal effort by Argentina to possibly procure, or co-produce the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter - IHS Jane's 360 |website=www.janes.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> FAdeA officials said that the co-produced FC-1 could be classified as the "Pulqui-III", with regard to FAdeA's [[Pulqui II|Pulqui-II]] fighter.<ref name="ja23j13">{{cite news|author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter|newspaper=Jane's|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 2015, following a three-day visit by [[President of Argentina|Argentine president]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] to [[China]], Argentina announced that it would consider purchasing around 20 JF-17s from [[Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group|CAIG]]; however the deal did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |title=China to Supply 20 Thunder Fighter Jets to Argentina |website=www.defenseworld.net |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216210452/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |archive-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nikkei|title=Argentina turns to China for arms supply|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|access-date=1 March 2022|date=9 April 2015|first=Kamilia|last=Lahrichi|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210140006/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|url-status=live}}</ref> The primary reason for Argentine interest was reportedly the aircraft's lesser requirement for parts of British origin, as the United Kingdom had barred any sale of military equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina since the [[Falklands War|1982 Falklands War]].<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url = https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2021/09/28/could-britain-stop-argentina-from-buying-the-jf-17-warplane/|title = Could Britain stop Argentina from buying the JF-17 warplane?|date = 28 September 2021|access-date = 11 January 2022|archive-date = 30 September 2021|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210930015257/https://www.defensenews.com/global/the%2Damericas/2021/09/28/could%2Dbritain%2Dstop%2Dargentina%2Dfrom%2Dbuying%2Dthe%2Djf%2D17%2Dwarplane/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |title=No KAI FA-50 for Argentina under the post-1982 embargo |website=aircosmosinternational.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129073505/https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Likewise, Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other aircraft, namely, the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to diplomatic pressure from the United Kingdom, given the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain British-origin parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|publisher=Flightglobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|date=3 November 2020|access-date=1 March 2022|first=Greg|last=Waldron|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{cite web|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|access-date=1 March 2022|date=21 June 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="defensenews.com"/> In September 2021, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] presented a draft budget for the fiscal year of 2022, which contained a request of USD $664 million for the acquisition of future fighter aircraft for the FAA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Gastón |date=21 September 2021 |title=The Argentine Ministry of Defense clarifies about the JF-17 Thunder |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Aviacionline.com |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015136/https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, multiple media outlets misinterpreted this action, erroneously reporting that the request for funds were for acquiring the JF-17 Block-III.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|title=Argentina hasn't selected JF-17 fighter? Govt clarifies budget request|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=1 March 2022|date=22 September 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015142/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]] (''Ministerio de Defensa'') later clarified that the JF-17 had not been selected, asserting that the FAA was still evaluating five other aircraft as possible options.<ref name=":3" /> In May 2022, a delegation of the FAA evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dubois |first1=Gastón |title=Argentine Air Force delegation evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |website=Aviacionline |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011548/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in October 2023, the United States approved the transfer of 24 second-hand [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16 Block-15 MLU]] fighters previously owned by the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] to Argentina, countering the Chinese offer; reportedly, the deal did not necessitate an approval from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/us-approves-proposed-f-16-transfer-argentina|title=U.S. Approves Proposed F-16 Transfer To Argentina|website=aviationweek.com|date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Following the inauguration of the [[Javier Milei|Javier Milei administration]] in Argentina in 2023, the decision to select the F-16 had reportedly materialised, leaving the JF-17 out of the contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airdatanews.com/argentina-chose-the-f-16-fighter-for-its-air-force-reports/|title=Argentina chose the F-16 fighter for its Air Force – reports|website=www.airdatanews.com|date=30 January 2024}}</ref> ==== Bolivia ==== The JF-17 was a candidate for the replacement of retired [[Lockheed T-33]] aircraft of the [[Bolivian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|title=Bolivia Air Force is looking for fighter jets|work=Air Data News |date=29 May 2021|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054044/https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Congo ==== In March 2023, it was reported that China was pitching the JF-17 to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |title=Congo is considering buying JF-17 Thunder fighter jets from China |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |title=DRC: China offers Kinshasa its fighter planes |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |title=China Offers JF-17 Jet to Congo-Kinshasa, Competing with Russian Su-27 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |title=DRC : Kinshasa eyes Chinese fighter jets after buying Beijing's drones - 14/03/2023 |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162519/https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Malaysia ==== [[Malaysia]] had periodically indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the JF-17 for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its efforts to replace its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MIG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in the JF-17 emerged in 2015, although this was later denied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=21 December 2015 |title=Malaysia Denies Interest in JF-17, But Export Hopes Remain |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2015/12/21/malaysia-denies-interest-in-jf-17-but-export-hopes-remain/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Defense News |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Benjamin David |title=The Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Might Have Another Buyer in Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121257/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2019, then-visiting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian PM]] [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohammad]] was accorded an aerial-display of the JF-17's at the 2019 [[Pakistan Day Parade]]; he was also briefed about the fighter by the PAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahathir Mohamad receives briefing on JF-17 before leaving Islamabad |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=23 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121254/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Malaysian PM Mahathir shows interest in JF-17 Thunder as he concludes Pakistan visit |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701072047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft — dubbed as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainer-aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/None |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender |url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=MilitaryLeak |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF later issued a [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|date=18 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17 was widely regarded to be a leading contender in the FLIT/LCA procurement initiative, along with the [[HAL Tejas]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|title=Malaysia formally launches tender for new trainer, light combat aircraft|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in October 2021, the JF-17 was revealed to have abstained from participating in the FLIT/LCA tender; later reports confirmed that only six companies had responded to the RFP issued by the RMAF - the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] ([[Korea Aerospace Industries]]), the [[HAL Tejas]] ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]), the [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]] ([[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]]), the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]] ([[Leonardo S.p.A.]]), the [[TAI Hürjet]] ([[Turkish Aerospace Industries]]) and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35]] ([[Rosoboronexport]]).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> The JF-17's unprecedented absence from the FLIT/LCA essentially ended all speculations regarding its participation in Malaysia.<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia begins evaluating proposals to replace fleet of Hawk Mk 108/208s |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Janes.com |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121256/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Socka |first=Sherman |date=1 December 2021 |title=LETTER {{!}} RMAF purchase of Light Combat Aircraft to bolster defence industry |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.aerotime.aero |date=20 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518000844/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, the JF-17 was reportedly re-offered to the RMAF, with an estimated price-discount of about 30%; however, these reports remain unconfirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumelar |first=Tri Agung |title=Saingi HAL Tejas di Malaysia, China Turunkan Harga Jet Tempur JF-17 Thunder hingga 30 Persen - Zona Jakarta |url=https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com |language=id |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110124301/https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF eventually declined to purchase the JF-17 and proceeded instead to order 18 FA-50 Block 20 jets in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|title=Malaysia buys South Korea fighter jets as ASEAN arms market grows|website=asia.nikkei.com|date=7 March 2023|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324012111/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Qatar ==== [[Qatar]] has shown interest in the JF-17 since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|title=Qatar Plans To Buy Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet, Super Mushshak Trainer|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=27 October 2016 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506212945/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, at Qatar's invitation, PAF JF-17s participated in Qatar's National Day Flypast in Doha alongside [[Qatar Air Force]] [[Rafale]]s and [[Mirage 2000-5]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|title=Flypast during Qatar National Day Hints at Doha's Interest in Pakistani JF-17|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192401/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the offer seems to have fallen through, with Qatar ordering a mix of [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]s and [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F15E]]s. ==== Sri Lanka ==== In June 2015, Pakistani media suggested that an export order had been confirmed with the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]; claims were made that the JF-17's first sales contract had been signed with the Sri Lanka Air Force at the 51st Paris Air Show.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka revealed as first foreign buyer of JF-17|newspaper=Want China Times|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623183730/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Wasim|date=22 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka purchasing JF-17 Thunder Jets|newspaper=Business Recorder|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623170033/http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Other sources claimed that Myanmar is the first buyer of Pakistani JF-17s.<ref name="Myanmar2">{{cite news|date=9 July 2015|title=Myanmar first country to purchase JF-17 Thunder from Pakistan|newspaper=Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|url-status=live}}</ref> Reportedly, the order would cover around 18–24 aircraft and deliveries set to begin in 2017. During a state visit by [[Nawaz Sharif]] in January 2016, Sri Lanka reportedly signed an agreement to buy eight JF-17s from Pakistan;<ref>{{cite web|first=Franz-Stefan | last = Gady|title=Sri Lanka to Buy 8 Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jets|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213252/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2016|access-date=7 January 2016|work=The Diplomat}}</ref> however, the Sri Lankan government has issued denials.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2016|title=Government says no JF-17 deal with Pakistan|work=Columbo Gazette|url=http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126211056/http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The alleged deal was said to involve 10–12 aircraft, each valued at US$35 million, for a total of US$400 million<ref>{{cite news|title=Following Myanmar, Pakistan is Eager to Sell More JF-17s|url=http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213105004/http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> Reportedly, any such sale was scuppered by Indian diplomatic pressure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian pressure stalls Pakistani JF-17 sale to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213040939/http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revealed: Why Sri Lanka Backed Off the Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215193957/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 October 2013|title=Pakistan to sell JF-17 fighter jets to SL-report|work=The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523103143/http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> However, in 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=9 January 2021|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref> ==== Zimbabwe ==== The [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] reportedly planned to purchase twelve JF-17s in 2004, as part of a $240 million deal with China. No such sales have materialised.<ref name="Rotberg2009">{{cite book|first=Robert I. | last = Rotberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|title=China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0175-0|page=174|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Africa and China's Global Activism|url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616192046/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|publisher=Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> In 2010, China was reportedly in talks about the JF-17 with five or six countries, some of which had sent pilots to China to undergo test flights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian fighter requirements continue to grow|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185036/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-date=21 October 2014|access-date=21 March 2010|work=Flight International}}</ref> ==مختلف قسمون== ===Prototypes=== In chronological production order: *'''PT-01''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plates]] on intakes. Rolled out on 31 May 2003. First flight on 25 August 2003.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/> *'''PT-02''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. *'''PT-03''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. First flight in April 2004. *'''PT-04''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with [[Diverterless supersonic inlet|Diverterless Supersonic Inlets (DSI)]] and modified vertical stabiliser. First flight on 10 May 2006. PT-04 incorporated modifications such as DSI, wider LERX, extended ventral fins, and a taller, less swept vertical stabiliser with a rectangular fairing at the tip containing electronic warfare equipment and small blister fairings at the base containing Missile Approach Warning sensors. The PT-04 prototype was primarily used for avionics and weapon qualification tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |title=4th Prototype JF-17 Thunder aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |date=11 May 2006 |work=Pakistan Tribune |access-date=21 May 2011 |location=Islamabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="APP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |title=JF-17 Thunder arrives in Pakistan |date=12 March 2007 |work=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022192508/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref> *'''PT-05''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. *'''PT-06''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. ===Production variants=== In chronological production order: *'''JF-17 Block 1''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production in China began in June 2006<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com" /> and in Pakistan in 2007. The first three Chinese weapons to be integrated are the [[PL-5|PL-5E II]] AAM, the [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] AAM, and the [[C-802A|C-802AK]] anti-ship missile. Block 1 aircraft had performed "better than expected" according to PAF [[Air Commodore]] Junaid. Production of Block 1 was completed on 18 December 2013 when the fiftieth aircraft{{mdash}}58% of which was produced in Pakistan{{mdash}}was delivered.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Dave | last1 = Allport | first2 = Alan | last2 = Warnes|date=September 2010|title= JF-17 Thunders in First Public Static Display | journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue= 269|page= 8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Rolls Out 50th JF-17, Block II Production To Commence |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |date=18 December 2013 |work=Defense News |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220054215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> A Block 1 JF-17 costs approximately US$15&nbsp;million per unit.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra" /> *'''JF-17 Block 2''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production began on 18 December 2013 and initial testing began on 9 February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|work=janes.com|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119230215/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Block 2 aircraft make use of composites in the airframe for reduced weight, air-to-air refuelling capability,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Roblin|first=Sebastien|date=10 August 2019|title=Meet the JF-17 Block III Fighter: The Jet China is Helping Pakistan Build to Fight India|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|access-date=23 July 2021|website=The National Interest|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002901/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|url-status=live}}</ref> improved radar and avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |title=Pakistan Begins Producing Block-II JF-17 Aircraft |last1=Panda |first1=Ankit |date=27 December 2013 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726080602/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="dawn" /> Chairman of PAC, Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed said: "We will hand over 16 Block 2 JF-17s to the PAF every year", and that the manufacturing plant has the capacity to produce 25 units in a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to boost military export with revamped JF-17 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |date=7 December 2014 |work=Pakistan Today |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172819/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> According to local media, PAC rolled out the 16th Block 2 aircraft in December 2015 enabling the JF-17's 4th squadron formation.<ref name="Fourth" /> A Block 2 JF-17 costs approximately US$25 million per unit.<ref name="SkyWars">{{citation | url = http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | title = Sky Wars: Pakistan, India and China | first = Adnan | last = Rehmat | date = 24 May 2011 | work = Dawn | access-date = 29 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122325/http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | archive-date = 14 July 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> *'''JF-17B Block 2''' {{mdash}} Dual-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 27 April 2017.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|title=Military Flight Training MENA 2021|website=www.arabianaerospace.aero|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154514/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JF-17B">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Naveed|title=JF-17B fighter jet takes maiden test flight|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|access-date=28 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142207/https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Serial production in China and Pakistan from 2018 to 2020. A total of 26 aircraft built - first four at Chengdu and remaining 22 at Kamra.<ref name="auto4" /> Its multi-roles include use as a (i) JF-17 conversion trainer; (ii) Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT); (iii) ground-attack aircraft; and (iv) reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|title=PAF to induct dual-seater JF-17B fighter jet in April 2017|date=28 April 2016|work=[[Express Tribune]]|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503202439/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the dual-seat, larger dorsal spine, and a more swept-back tail, another difference between the JF-17B and the JF-17 is that the JF-17B carries fuel in its vertical stabiliser, which the JF-17 does not.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|title=Pride of Pakistan|website=www.airinternational.com|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310041201/https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17B houses integral fuel tanks like the F-16. Each wing houses 550 Ib while the vertical tail houses 210 lb, which, together with the internal fuel load, totals 4,910 Ib of fuel. Together with the three external fuel drop-tanks, the aircraft can carry a total 10,000 Ib fuel load.<ref name="auto" /> The JF-17B Block 2s will be retrofitted with the NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra).<ref name="auto" /> *'''JF-17C Block 3'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/adex-2024-azerbaijani-jf-17-delivery-announced | title=ADEX 2024: Azerbaijani JF-17 delivery announced | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://quwa.org/pakistan-defence-industry/pakistan-promotes-the-jf-17c-thunder-to-bangladesh-01-20-2025/ | title=Pakistan Promotes the JF-17C Thunder to Bangladesh - Quwa | date=20 January 2025 }}</ref> {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 15 December 2019. Two prototypes underwent flight tests as of December 2020, one in China and the other in Pakistan. Went into serial production at PAC Kamra on 30 December 2020.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> Projected to feature further advancements such as a NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra),<ref name="auto" /> a three-axis digital fly-by-wire flight control system,<ref name="auto" /> an infrared search and track (IRST) system,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |title=2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |format=JPG |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221746/http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Rolling Thunder|url=https://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=Asian Military Review|date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208182445/http://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system produced jointly by Pakistan and China,<ref name="auto" /> a missile approach warning system (MAWS) similar to the one used on the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]]C, [[J-16]], and [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]], a new, larger, and thinner holographic wide-angle head-up display (HUD) similar to the one used on the J-10C and J-20, an enhanced electronic warfare management system,<ref name="auto" /> a chin-mounted hardpoint,<ref name="auto" /> use of more composites for further weight reduction, eventual replacement of the [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] [[afterburning turbofan]] by the [[Guizhou WS-13]]<ref name=":2" /> with an increased thrust, and a better thrust-to-weight ratio.<ref name="dawn" /><ref name="Nigeria" /><ref name="AW17March2015">{{cite journal|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=17 March 2015|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|access-date=24 March 2015|location=Kamra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322152346/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=22 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> The KLJ-7A can simultaneously track 15 targets and engage 4 targets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=KLJ-7A: Proposed AESA Radar for the JF-17 Block-III|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507114147/http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> PAF officials have described the JF-17 Block 3 as a "fourth generation plus" fighter jet. The first PAC-produced JF-17 Block 3 aircraft are expected to roll out of the production line in late 2021.<ref name="auto" /> The PAF has placed an order for 50 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft, deliveries of which were expected to start from early 2022.<ref name="paknikkei">{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|title=Pakistan to boost air strike power with 50 enhanced fighter jets|access-date=1 March 2022|date=6 February 2022|publisher=Nikkei|first=Adnan|last=Aamir|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084243/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Pakistan to Order 50 More Fighter Jets in 2017|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054055/https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 JF-17 Block 3 production aircraft were photographed after their rollout at PAC Kamra in early January 2022. The first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF in March 2023. '''Under-Development''' *'''JF-17 Block 4 or (PFX-Alpha)''' {{mdash}} The JF-17 Block 4 or JF-17 (PFX Alpha) is an under-development 4.5+ generation version of the JF-17 Thunder under the PAF "PFX" program, where "PFX" stands for "Pakistan Fighter Experimental." Also known as the JF-17 Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU), the project aims to enhance the JF-17 beyond the capabilities of the current JF-17C Block 3, which is the most advanced variant of the fighter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/pakistan-unveils-jf-17-pfx-fighter | title=Pakistan unveils JF-17 PFX fighter | date=26 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Reveals 'JF-17 PFX' Program |url=https://quwa.org/daily-news/pakistan-reveals-jf-17-pfx-program-2/ |publisher=Quwa |date=2 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Development Program for JF-17 PFX (Pakistan Fighter Experimental) Unveiled |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/development-program-for-jf-17-pfx-pakistan-fighter-experimental-unveiled/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The PFX-Alpha focuses on improving the radar, avionics, and integrating new air-to-air and air-to-surface munitions, including indigenous weapons. It will feature an indigenously-developed passive Infrared Search and Track (IRST) sensor and an electronic warfare (EW) suite with AESA radar-jamming capability. The overall goal of the PFX program is to provide the PAF with a next-generation fighter, with the PFX-Alpha serving as a key step toward indigenization and reducing external dependence. While no official timeline has been announced, a PAF official stated in an interview with [[Geo News]] at IDEAS 2024 that the jet is expected to fly within the next 4 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wec3sH9WMQ8 |title=JF-17 PFX: Upcoming Innovation & New Chapter in Pakistan Air Force - IDEAS 2024 {{!}} Breaking News |date=21 November 2024 |last=Geo News |access-date=23 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> At the [[Royal International Air Tattoo|RIAT]] 2025 air show, Pakistan showcased a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130H Hercules]] with a custom paint job featuring artwork of various PAF aircraft; notably, the PFX was depicted highest on the tail, symbolising the Air Force’s strong commitment to the program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=PAF Showcases JF-17, C-130 at RIAT 2025 in the UK |url=https://theneutral.pk/paf-to-display-jf-17-thunder-c-130-hercules-at-riat-2025/ |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=theneutral.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> ==آپريٽرز== <!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--> [[File:JF-17 operators.png|thumb|400px|موجوده JF-17 آپريٽر ملڪن (نيري رنگ ۾) سان نقشو]] === موجوده آپريٽر === '''{{AZE}}'''<br> * آذربائيجاني ايئر فورس: 5 پهچايا ويا، 35 آرڊر تي<ref name="azeri1" /> <ref name="azeri2">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/11/17/from-azerbaijan-to-uae-iran-is-surrounded-by-more-advanced-air-forces/ |title=From Azerbaijan To UAE, Iran Is Surrounded By More Advanced Air Forces |website=Forbes.com |date=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/azerbaijan-inducts-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan |title=Azerbaijan inducts JF-17 fighters from Pakistan |website=Janes.com |date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.defcros.com/azerbaijan-receives-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan/ |title=Azerbaijan Receives JF-17 Fighters from Pakistan |website=news.defcros.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> 35 on order<ref name="azeri2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://turdef.com/article/azerbaijan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fighters-in-inventory |title=Azerbaijan Shows JF-17 Block III Fighters in Inventory |website=turdef.com |date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aze.media/jf-17-and-a-new-axis-of-partnership-the-largest-ever-defense-deal-between-pakistan-and-azerbaijan/ |title=JF-17 and a new axis of partnership: The largest-ever defense deal between Pakistan and Azerbaijan |website=aze.media |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya1" /> '''{{flag|Myanmar}}''' [[ميانمار]] * ميانمار جي ايئر فورس: 13 پهچايا ويا، 3 آرڊر تي<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |title=2021 World Air Forces |format=PDF |editor-last=Hoyle |editor-first=Craig |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208041355/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-team-sent-to-myanmar-to-repair-combat-aircraft/articleshow/98640757.cms | title=Pakistan team sent to Myanmar to repair combat aircraft | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=15 March 2023 | last1=Chaudhury | first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** ميڪٽيلا ايئر فورس بيس<ref name="ReferenceB"/> '''{{NGA}}''' * نائيجيريا جي ايئر فورس: 3 پهچايا ويا<ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21">{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17s as it awaits Super Tucanos |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=21 May 2021 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191831/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** اين اي ايف بيس ماڪرودي<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |title=Nigeria gears up to receive JF-17s |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=13 November 2020 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121054653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17 fighters |website=Janes.com |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191832/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |url-status=live }}</ref> '''{{PAK}}''' * پاڪستان ايئر فورس: 161 پهچايا ويا، 27 آرڊر تي ** پي اي ايف بيس ڀولاري ([[ڄامشورو]]) *** نمبر 18 اسڪواڊرن شارپ شوٽرز (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref name="SHEPHARD"> {{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/pakistan-receives-chinese-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-reports/ |title=Pakistan receives Chinese JF-17 Block III fighter jets, reports say| access-date=10 March 2023|work=SHEPHARD |date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141819/https://timesofislamabad.com/03-Feb-2018/six-paf-squadrons-with-over-100-jf-17-fighter-jets-become-operational-fully |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|title=The JF-17 Is No F-35 Stealth Jet, But It's Good Enough For Pakistan|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=2 January 2020|website=The National Interest|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|title=Janes {{!}} Latest defence and security news|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Janes.com|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906153101/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="paknikkei" /> ** [[PAF Base Bholari]] (Jamshoro)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** No. 18 Squadron ''Sharp Shooters'' (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|title=Pakistan inducts 14 JF-17Bs and starts Block III JF-17 Thunder production|first=Hans van|last=Herk|website=www.scramble.nl|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231094256/https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Delivers New JF-17B Batch|date=2 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119112738/https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس مسرور ([[ڪراچي]]) *** نمبر 2 اسڪواڊرن منهاسين (2015)<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |title=Pakistan's PAF Re-equip Squadron No 2 Minhas With JF-17 |work=Asian Defence |date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121101129/http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 }}</ref> *** نمبر 8 اسڪواڊرن حيدرز (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-jf17-fighter-aircrafts/ | title=Pakistan Establishes Second Squadron of JF-17 "Thunder" Block 3 Fighters | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Scramble.nl">{{cite web | url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force | title=Orbats }}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس منہاس (ڪامرا) *** JF-17 TEF (ٽيسٽ ۽ تشخيص پرواز) (2007-2010)<ref name="AFM, July 2011, JF-17 - Thunder from the East">{{cite journal|last=Warnes|first=Alan|date=July 2011|title=JF-17&nbsp;– Thunder from the East|journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue=#280|pages=47–70}}</ref> *** نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن بليڪ پينٿرز (2011)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan" /> ** پي اي ايف بيس مصحف ([[سرگوڌا]]) *** CCS JF-17 اسڪواڊرن ڊيشنگ<ref name="Scramble.nl" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|title=JF-17 Thunder aircraft inducted in PAF Combat Commanders' School|work=Business Recorder|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223224329/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس [[پشاور]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/?q=node/16871 |title=Peshawar Base to station JF-17 Thunder Aircraft Squadron: Pak Air Chief |work=Asian Tribune |date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010004/http://asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F16871 |archive-date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> *** نمبر 26 اسڪواڊرن بليڪ اسپائڊرز (2010)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan" /> ** پي اي ايف بيس رفيقي ([[شورڪوٽ]])<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** نمبر 14 اسڪواڊرن ٽيل چوپرز (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|date=16 February 2017|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132631/https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس سمنگلي ([[ڪوئيٽا]]) *** نمبر 28 اسڪواڊرن فينڪس (2018)<ref> {{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|title=Pakistan inaugurates new fighter squadron – No. 28 "Phoenix"|date=28 February 2018|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123005402/https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|title=PAF raises new multirole squadron equipped with JF-17 Thunder aircraft|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025709/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|url-status=live}}</ref> ======موجوده آپريٽر====== '''{{flag|Libya}}''' * ليبيا ايئر فورس: آرڊر تي 16<ref name="libya1" /><ref name="libya2" /><ref name="libya3" /> ==حادثا ۽ واقعا== سال 2003ع ۾ پنهنجي پهرين اڏام کان وٺي ۽ سال 2007ع ۾ آپريشنل ٿيڻ کان وٺي، پنج JF-17 جهاز حادثن ۾ تباهه ٿيا آهن: * '''14''' نومبر 2011ع: هڪ JF-17 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ضلعي [[اٽڪ ضلعو|اٽڪ]]، [[پنجاب، پاڪستان|پنجاب]] جي جبلن ۾ ملا منصور علائقي ۾ معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران تباهه ٿي ويو، جڏهن پي ائ ايف بيس منهاس کان اڏام ڪري رهيو هو. پي ائ ايف جي سرڪاري رپورٽ موجب، حادثو هڪ ٽيڪنيڪل خرابي جي ڪري ٿيو. خبرن ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته پائلٽ ٻاهر نڪري ويو پر پيراشوٽ نه کُلڻ سبب مرجي ويو ۽ زمين تي ڪو به شهري جاني نقصان نه ٿيو. پائلٽ جو لاش حادثي واري هنڌ کان ٻه ڪلوميٽر پري دريافت ٿيو. هي JF-17 جو پهريون ڄاتل سڃاتل حادثو هو.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=DUBAI: JF-17 crashes in Pakistan's Kamra |date=15 November 2011 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=FlightGlobal |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054649/https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2011|title=PAF pilot dies as a plane crashed in Attock {{!}} Pakistan {{!}} News {{!}} Newspaper {{!}} Daily {{!}} English {{!}} Online|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/14-Nov-2011/pilot-dies-in-paf-aircraft-crash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216040156/https://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/14-Nov-2011/Pilot-dies-in-PAF-aircraft-crash|archive-date=16 December 2011|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Military Flair Up Between India and Pakistan See Both Sides Blaming One Another|url=http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Paktribune|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182541/http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pti|date=14 November 2011|title=Pakistan Air Force {{!}} Jet Crashes {{!}} Pilot {{!}} Punjab|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=oneindia.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182658/https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=18 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> * <small>27</small> سيپٽمبر <small>2016</small>ع: هڪ <small>'''JF-17'''</small> جهاز [[عربي سمنڊ]] ۾ مشق "هاءِ مارڪ" دوران کري تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو ۽ کيس سمنڊ مان بچايو ويو. مارٽن-بيڪر، جي ايف-17 جي ايجيڪشن سيٽن جو ٺاهيندڙ، پوء ٽوئيٽ ڪيو ته 15 سيپٽمبر 2020ع جو حادثو جي ايف-17 مان پهريون ايجيڪشن هو.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2016|title=JF-17 crashes into Arabian Sea|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162416/https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * 15 سيپٽمبر 2020ع: هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 جهاز پنڊي گهيب، ضلعي اٽڪ، پنجاب جي ويجهو معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=15 September 2020|title=PAF aircraft crashes in Attock during routine training, pilot ejects safely|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|access-date=15 September 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916183607/https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ زمين تي به ڪنهن جاني نقصان جي اطلاع نه ملي. جڏهن ته پي اي ايف جهاز جي سڃاڻپ نه ڪئي، مارٽن-بيڪر، جن جون سيٽون جي ايف-17 ۾ نصب ٿيل آهن، هڪ ٽوئيٽر پوسٽ ۾ چيو ته، "پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو هڪ جي ايف-17 جهاز اڄ صبح معمول جي تربيتي مشن دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Jet Crashes, Pilot Ejects|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|access-date=15 September 2020|website=defenseworld.net|date=15 September 2020|archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917084418/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref>.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * 6 آگسٽ 2021ع: هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بي بلاڪ 2 جهاز ضلعي اٽڪ، پنجاب ۾ معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. ٻئي پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويا ۽ زمين تي ڪنهن به جاني نقصان جي اطلاع نه ملي.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=6 August 2021|title=PAF jet crashes during routine training mission near Attock|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|access-date=9 August 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145129/https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin-Baker|date=9 August 2021|title=A Pakistan Air Force JF-17B aircraft crashed late last week on a training mission near Attock. Both aircrew ejected successfully from the twin seat aircraft using PK16LE Ejection Seats.|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811113709/https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News & Events|url=https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815093830/https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|archive-date=15 August 2021|access-date=15 August 2021|website=Martin-Baker|language=en-US}}</ref> * 5 جون 2024ع: پنجاب جي ضلعي جهنگ ۾ هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 2 جهاز معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. ٻڌايو پيو وڃي ته اهو جنگي جهاز نمبر 14 اسڪواڊرن "ٽيل چوپرز" جو حصو هو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو. حادثي جي رپورٽ جهاز جي ايجيڪشن سيٽ ٺاهيندڙ، مارٽن بيڪر پاران ڏني وئي هئي.<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/389360</ref> ==بيان ڪيل خاصيتون== پاڪستان ايروونٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس مارڪيٽنگ بروشر ۽ سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ مان ڊيٽا. ===عام خاصيتون=== * عملو: 1 (سنگل سيٽ JF-17A/C) يا 2 (ڊبل سيٽ JF-17B) * ڊگھائي: 14.326 ميٽر (47 فوٽ 0 انچ) * پرن جو دائرو: 9.44 ميٽر (31 فوٽ 0 انچ) * اوچائي: 4.57 ميٽر (15 فوٽ 0 انچ) * پرن جو علائقو: 24.43 چورس ميٽر (263.0 چورس فوٽ) * خالي وزن: 7,965 ڪلوگرام (17,560 پائونڊ) * وڌ ۾ وڌ ٽيڪ آف وزن: 13,500 ڪلوگرام (29,762 پائونڊ) * ايندھن جي گنجائش: ** اندروني: 3,000 ليٽر (2,449 ڪلوگرام)؛ ** ٻاهرين (3 ڊراپ ٽينڪ): 1 × 800 ليٽر (180 امپ گيل) *** پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ؛ 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) *** انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ * پاور پلانٽ: 1 × ڪليموف RD-93MA آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين (91.2 kN (20,500 lbf) ٿرسٽ آفٽر برنر سان) FDEEC سان (پوئين انجن: 1 x ڪليموف RD-93 آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين (84.4 kN (18,974 lbf) ٿرسٽ آفٽر برنر سان) # ===ڪارڪردگي=== * وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار: 1,910 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (1,190 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 1,030 kn) * وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار: ماخ 1.8 (Mach 1.8) * ڪروز جي رفتار: 1,359 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (844 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 734 kn) * اسٽال جي رفتار: 150 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (93 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 81 kn) * جنگي رينج: ** اندروني ايندھن تي 900 ڪلوميٽر (560 ميل، 490 ناٽيڪل ميل) ** ڊراپ ٽينڪن سان 1,741 ڪلوميٽر (1,082 ميل، 940 ناٽيڪل ميل) * فيري رينج: ** اندروني ايندھن تي 1,800 ڪلوميٽر (1,100 ميل، 970 ناٽيڪل ميل). ** ڊراپ ٽينڪن سان 3,482 ڪلوميٽر (2,163 ميل، 1,880 ناٽيڪل ميل) * سروس جي حد: 16,916 ميٽر (55,500 فوٽ) * ڪشش ثقل g حدون: +8/-3 (فلائيٽ ڪنٽرول سسٽم پاران محدود) * چڙهڻ جي شرح: 300 ميٽر/سيڪنڊ (59,000 فوٽ/منٽ) * زور: RD-93 سان 1.07. # ===هٿيار=== * توپون: 1 × 23 ملي ميٽر GSh-23 ٽوئن بيرل توپ * هارڊ پوائنٽس: 8 (2 × ونگ ٽِپ، 4 × انڊر-ونگ، 1 × انڊر-فيوزليج، 1 × چن) هر انڊر-ونگ هارڊ پوائنٽ تي ڊبل ايجيڪٽر ريڪ جي گنجائش سان. * پي لوڊ: 3,400 ڪلوگرام (7,500 پائونڊ) ===ميزائل=== * هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ ميزائل: ** PL-5EII — (انفراريڊ-هومنگ شارٽ رينج ميزائل) ** PL-10E — (انفراريڊ-هومنگ شارٽ رينج ميزائل) ** R-Darter — (ريڊار-هومنگ بيونڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) ** PL-12 (SD-10A) — (ريڊار-هائيڊڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) ** PL-15/PL-15E — (ريڊار-هائيڊڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) * هوا کان مٿاڇري تي مار ڪندڙ ميزائل: ** CM-102 — (اينٽي ريڊيئيشن ميزائل) ** LD-10 — (تابڪاري مخالف ميزائل) ** MAR-1 — (تابڪاري مخالف ميزائل) ** رعد-II — (سبسونڪ زميني حملو/اينٽي شپ ڪروز ميزائل) ** CM-400AKG — (سپرسونڪ ڊگهي فاصلي وارو هوا کان مٿاڇري تي مار ڪندڙ ميزائل) * اينٽي شپ ميزائل ** C-601 — (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** سي-705 ڪي ڊي - (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** سي-802 اي ڪي - (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** رعد-II - (سبسونڪ لينڊ اٽيڪ/اينٽي شپ ڪروز ميزائل) ** سي ايم-400 اي ڪي جي - (سپرسونڪ ڊگھي فاصلي وارو اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ===بم=== * غير هدايت ٿيل بم: ** 250 ڪلوگرام - پري ٽڪڙا ٿيل بم ** ايم ڪي-82 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** ايم ڪي-83 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** ايم ڪي-84 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** HAFR-1/HAFR-2 - (اينٽي رن وي بم) ** RPB-1 - (اينٽي رن وي بم) * گائيڊ ٿيل بم: ** GBU-10 - (ليزر گائيڊ ٿيل بم) ** GBU-12 - (ليزر گائيڊ ٿيل بم) ** GBU-16 - (ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** LT-2 — (ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** H-2 SOW — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ گلائيڊ بم) ** H-4 SOW — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ گلائيڊ بم) ** GB-6 — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ اسٽيلٿ گلائيڊ بم) ** NORINCO GB-250A — (250 ڪلوگرام ايڪسٽينڊڊ رينج GPS/INS-گائيڊڊ بم) ** CS/BBF1 — (فيول ايئر ايڪسپلوسو (FAE) يا ٿرموبارڪ بم) ** SCP-5 — (بنڪر بسٽر بم) ** NORINCO GB-500 — (500 ڪلوگرام ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** LS-6 — (وڌايل رينج GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ** GIDS تڪبير — (GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ** GIDS رينج ايڪسٽينشن ڪٽ — (GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ===ايويونڪس=== * ريڊار: ** KLJ-7A ايڪٽو اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (AESA) ** فائر ڪنٽرول ريڊار (FCR) * ريڊار وارننگ رسيور (RWR): ** 1 × BM/KJ-8602A * ميزائل اپروچ وارننگ سسٽم (MAWS): ** 4 × S740 شناخت دوست يا دشمن (IFF) * سسٽم: JZ/YD 125 * ڊيٽا بس: ٽيڪٽيڪل ڊيٽا لنڪ: لنڪ-17 * ٻيا: ** ٻاهرين پوڊ: *** Aselsan ASELPOD — ايڊوانسڊ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ (اليڪٽرو-آپٽيڪل ريڪنيسنس، نگراني ۽ ٽارگيٽنگ سسٽم) WMD-7 — FLIR *** ڊي/نائيٽ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ KG600/KG700 — ايئر بورن اليڪٽرانڪ ڪائونٽر ميجر (ECM) / سيلف پروٽيڪشن **جامنگ پوڊ *** اندرا سسٽم ALQ-500P — ESM/ECM پوڊ * مقابلي جا طريقا: ** چاف/فليئر ڊسپينسر ACMI: *** SDT ACMI سسٽم ** ايجڪشن سيٽ: *** مارٽن-بيڪر PK16LE صفر-صفر ايجڪشن سيٽ ** ٻاهرين ايندھن جا ٽينڪ: *** وڌايل رينج/لوٽرنگ وقت لاءِ 3 ٻاهرين ڊراپ ٽينڪ تائين: **** 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ **** 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|پاڪستان|چين|هوائي جهاز}} * [[غوري ميزائل]] * [[رعد ميزائل]] * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جنگي جهازن جي فهرست {{Portal|Aviation|Pakistan|China}} {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Bibliography=== * {{Cite book |last1=Medeiros |first1=Evan S |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf |title=A New Direction for China's Defense Industry |last2=Cliff |first2=Roger |last3=Crane |first3=Keith |last4=Mulvenon |first4=James C |date=2005 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] Project Air Force |isbn=978-0-8330-4079-4 |language=en |oclc=69995886}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906183937/http://www.cac.com.cn/product/product_display.aspx?id=1 Archived Factsheet FC-1 on Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) website] * [http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 Factsheet JF-17 on Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jf-17 Thunder}} [[زمرو:JF-17 ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا جنگي هٿيار]] [[زمرو:سپر سونڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سنگل انجن وارو جيٽ جهاز]] [[زمرو:چين-پاڪستان فوجي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:وچين ونگ وارا هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:چوٿين نسل جي جيٽ ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] [[زمرو:پهريون ڀيرو 2003 ۾ اڏامندڙ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس پاران تيار ڪيل ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:واپس وٺڻ واري ٽرائي سائيڪل لينڊنگ گيئر سان هوائي جهاز]] o9ojo3s2145l23w37ivecoyu9g1rpfg 371042 371041 2026-04-12T05:16:34Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* پڻ ڏسو */ 371042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sino-Pakistani multirole fighter aircraft}} {{Infobox settlement | name = جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر<br> JF-17 Thunder | image = File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg | caption = پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر بلاڪ 1 | type = سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز | national_origin = | manufacturer = | first_flight = | introduction = | retired = | status = | primary_user = | more_users = | produced = | number_built = | developed_from = |other_name=ايف سي-1 شياؤ لونگ<br> FC-1 Xiaolong|subdivision_type=قومي اصل ملڪ|subdivision_type1=ٺاهيندڙ|subdivision_type2=پيداوار|subdivision_type3=تعمير ٿيل تعداد|subdivision_type4=تعارف|subdivision_name4=12 مارچ 2007ع|subdivision_type5=پهرين پرواز|subdivision_name5=25 آگسٽ 2003ع|subdivision_type6=حالت|subdivision_name6=سروس ۾|established_title=بنيادي استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date=[[پاڪستان ائيرفورس]]|established_title1=ٻيو استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date1={{ubl |[[ميانمار ايئر فورس]] |[[نائيجيريا ايئر فورس]] |[[آذربائيجاني ايئر فورسز]] }}|established_title2=دلچسپي رکندڙ ملڪ|established_date2=[[بنگلاديش]]، [[انڊونيشيا]]، [[سعودي عرب]]|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=|established_date5=|established_title6=|established_date6=|established_title7=|established_date7=|extinct_title=|extinct_date=|subdivision_name=[[پاڪستان]] / [[چين]]|subdivision_name1=[[پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] / [[چينگڊو ايئر ڪرافٽ انڊسٽري گروپ]]|subdivision_name2=چين ۾: جون 2007ع<br />پاڪستان ۾: جنوري 2008ع|subdivision_name3=182 (اضافي 6 پروٽوٽائپ)}} '''جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر''' (JF-17 Thunder؛ اردو: جے ایف-۱۷ گرج) هڪ چين-پاڪستاني سنگل انجن وارو هلڪو وزن وارو سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز آهي جيڪو [[پاڪستان]] جي [[پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] (<small>PAC</small>) ۽ [[چين]] جي چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ ڪارپوريشن (<small>CAC</small>) پاران گڏيل طور تي تيار ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|website=www.pac.org.pk|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712224651/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|url-status=live}}</ref> اهو چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر آهي ۽ [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] (<small>PAF</small>) ۾ ٽئين نسل جي <small>'''اي-5'''</small> <small>'''سي، ايف-7 پي/پي جي'''</small>، ميراج <small>III</small> ۽ ميراج <small>5</small> جنگي جهاز جي متبادل طور تي ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. <ref name=":92">{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan|title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan|date=26 September 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|title=Pakistan's tool of war: PAF's rolling thunder|first=Ali|last=Osman|date=17 December 2015|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003037/https://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''جي ايف-17'''</small> کي ڪيترن ئي ڪردارن لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جنهن ۾ فضائي دفاع، زميني حملو، اينٽي شپ ۽ فضائي جاچ شامل آهن. پاڪستاني نالو "جي ايف-17" جو مطلب آهي "جوائنٽ فائٽر-17"، جن ۾ "جوائنٽ فائٽر" جهاز جي گڏيل پاڪستاني-چيني ترقي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو ۽ "-17" جو مطلب آهي ته اهو آمريڪي [[ايف-16 جيٽ]] جو جانشين آهي. چيني نالي "ايف سي-1" جو مطلب آهي "فائٽر چائنا-1". جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر مختلف قسم جا هٿيار استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو, جنهن ۾ هوا کان هوا، هوا کان مٿاڇري ۽ اينٽي شپ ميزائل شامل آهن. گائيڊڊ ۽ ان گائيڊڊ بم. ۽ 23-ايم ايم جي ايس ايڇ-23-2 ٽوئن بيرل آٽو ڪينن. چيني گيزو ڊبليو ايس-13 يا روسي ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 ۽ 2) يا ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 ايم اي (<small>'''جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 3'''</small>) آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين انجن ذريعي طاقتور. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار <small>'''ماخ 1.6'''</small> آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-032">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''جي ايف-17'''</small> پاڪستان ايرفورس جي ريڙهه ۽ ڪم جو هارس آهي. تقريبن اڌ قيمت تي ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن کي پورو ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002224809/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> بلاڪ II قسم جي قيمت 25 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-033">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي 2007 ۾ پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو هو.[[File:Pakistan JF-17 Thunder, Pakistan - Air Force JP7136023.jpg|thumb|انفراريڊ هومنگ - هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ - [[پي ايل-5 ميزائل|PL-5 ميزائل]] سان ليس - پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو JF-17 ]] <small>'''JF-17'''</small> ايئر فريم جو <small>'''%58'''</small>، جنهن ۾ ان جو فرنٽ فيوزليج، ونگز ۽ عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل آهن، پاڪستان ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته <small>'''42'''</small> سيڪڙو چين ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي آخري اسيمبلي ۽ سيريل پيداوار پاڪستان ۾ ٿيندي آهي.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2015ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان 16 JF-17s پيدا ڪيا.<ref name="The Express Tribune2">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، PAC وٽ هر سال 20 JF-17s پيدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت آهي. اپريل <small>2017ع</small> تائين، PAC PAF لاءِ 70 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ۽ 33 بلاڪ 2 جهاز تيار ڪيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220025305/http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="quwa.org2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex delivered 70 JF-17S to the Pakistan Air Force|url=http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609031529/http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-II production crosses 30 planes|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507071327/http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس جا JF-17 ٿنڊر <small>'''19,000'''</small> کان وڌيڪ آپريشنل پرواز گڏ ڪري چڪا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Two-Seat Variant of China-Pakistan JF-17 Fighter Jet to Fly in 2016|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060126/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016|archive-date=9 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾، پي اي سي/سي اي سي هڪ ٻٽي سيٽ واري قسم کي ترقي ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو جن کي بهتر آپريشنل صلاحيت، ڪنورشن ٽريننگ ۽ ليڊ ان فائٽر ٽريننگ لاءِ <small>'''JF-17B'''</small> جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|title=Pakistan, China jointly launch production of JF-17B fighter jets|date=28 April 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155526/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>JF-17B</small> بلاڪ 2 قسم <small>2018ع</small> ۾ پي اي سي ۾ سيريل پيداوار ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> تائين <small>'''26'''</small> جهاز پي اي ايف کي پهچايا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|title=PAC Kamra rolls out final 14 JF-17B fighters for Pakistan Air Force|website=Janes.com|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111103242/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان ايئر فورس هڪ فعال اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (<small>AESA</small>) ريڊار، هڪ وڌيڪ طاقتور روسي ڪليموف <small>RD-93MA</small> انجن، هڪ وڏو ۽ وڌيڪ ترقي يافته وائڊ اينگل هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي (<small>HUD</small>)، اليڪٽرانڪ جوابي ماپ، هڪ اضافي هارڊ پوائنٽ، ۽ بهتر هٿيارن جي صلاحيت سان جهاز جي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته بلاڪ 3 ورزن جي سيريل پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref name="auto52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 جهازن فوجي ڪارروائي ڪئي آهي، هوائي کان هوائي ۽ هوائي کان زمين تي، جنهن ۾ سال <small>2014</small>ع ۽ <small>2017ع</small> ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن دوران پاڪستان-افغانستان سرحد جي ويجهو اتر وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردن جي جڳهن تي بمباري ڪرڻ، <ref>{{cite news|title=Fighter jets bomb militant hideouts in North Waziristan after Taliban attacks|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031322/https://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA3">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> هدايت يافته ۽ غير هدايت يافته (guided) هٿيارن جو استعمال ڪرڻ، سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾ بلوچستان ۾ پاڪستان-ايران حد جي ويجهو هڪ مداخلت ڪندڙ ايراني فوجي ڊرون کي ڪيرائڻ، <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|title=Iranian drone shot down by PAF, confirms FO|date=21 June 2017|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072512/https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2019ع</small> ۾ جمو ۽ ڪشمير جي هوائي حملي ۽ هندستان ۽ پاڪستان جي وچ ۾ هوائي جهڙپن دوران آپريشن سوئفٽ ريٽورٽ ۾<ref name="auto82">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ <small>2024ع</small> ۾ آپريشن مارگ بر سرمچار دوران، جن ۾ پاڪستان ايران جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي]] اندر بلوچ عليحدگي پسند گروپن کي نشانو بڻائي هوائي ۽ توپخاني جي حملي جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو. مارچ ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2024ع</small> ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-<small>'''17'''</small> جهازن کي [[افغانستان]] اندر پاڪستاني طالبان جي ٺڪاڻن خلاف سرحد پار هوائي حملي ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Abid|title=Pakistan air strikes in Afghanistan spark Taliban warning of retaliation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/25/pakistan-air-strikes-in-afghanistan-spark-taliban-warning-of-retaliation|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> [[نائيجيريا]] جي هوائي فوج (<small>NAF</small>) جي ايف-17 جهازن نائيجيريا ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف ۽ بغاوت مخالف آپريشن ۾ فوجي ڪارروائي ڏٺي آهي.<ref name="auto22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> [[ميانمار]] جي فوج پڻ مختلف باغي گروپن خلاف پنهنجي <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي بار بار تعينات ڪيو آهي. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Anthony|date=11 January 2023|title=Myanmar Air Force fiercely gunning to win the war|url=https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/myanmar-air-force-fiercely-gunning-to-win-the-war/|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref> مئي <small>2025ع</small> جي هندستان-پاڪستان تڪرار دوران، پي اي ايف <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي هوا کان هوا ۽ هوا کان زمين تي ٻنهي ڪردارن ۾ جنگ ۾ تعينات ڪيو.<ref name="auto14">{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know | title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know }}</ref><ref name="auto16">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1w3dln352vo | title=Kashmir: How China benefited from India-Pakistan hostilities | date=19 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/09/china/china-military-tech-pakistan-india-conflict-intl-hnk | title=China has spent billions developing military tech. Conflict between India and Pakistan could be its first major test | date=9 May 2025 }}</ref> ==ترقي== === پس منظر === جي ايف-17 کي بنيادي طور تي پي اي ايف جي هڪ سستي، غير منظور ٿيل، چوٿين نسل جي، هلڪي وزن واري، گھڻ-رول جنگي جهاز جي ضرورت کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Aviation Week]]|title=Pakistan expands fighter force|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awst/2010/12/20/AW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|date=22 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105212255/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fawst%2F2010%2F12%2F20%2FAW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|archive-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> ته جيئن ٽئين نسل جي نانچانگ اي-5 سي بمبارن، چينگدو ايف-7 پي/پي جي انٽرسيپٽرز، ميراج III ملٽي-رول جنگي جهاز ۽ ميراج 5 اسٽرائڪ جهاز جي وڏي بيڙي جي متبادل طور تي، جنهن جي قيمت 500 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي جيڪا پاڪستان ۽ چين جي وچ ۾ برابر ورهايل هئي. <ref name="fighter-planes.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|title=Joint Fighter-17 (JF-17) Thunder|publisher=Fighter Planes|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901205431/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|archive-date=1 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> جهاز جو مقصد وڌيڪ مهانگو مغربي ويڙهاڪن جي قيمت-مؤثر ۽ مقابلي واري متبادل جي طور تي برآمد جي صلاحيت پڻ هئي. هن جهاز جي ترقي يانگ وي جي سربراهي ۾ هئي، جنهن کي چين جو "ايس ڊيزائنر" سمجهيو ويندو هو، جنهن چينگدو جي-20 پڻ ٺاهيو.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|journal=International Relations and Security Network|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005150/http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سال 1989ع تائين، آمريڪا جي اقتصادي پابندين جي ڪري، پاڪستان پروجيڪٽ سيبر II کي ڇڏي ڏنو هو، هڪ ڊيزائن اسٽڊي جنهن ۾ آمريڪي جهاز ٺاهيندڙ گرومن ۽ چين شامل هئا، ۽ چينگدو ايف-7 کي ٻيهر ڊزائين ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو هو. <ref name="Pakistan considers new fighter plan2">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Considers new Fighter Plan|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14–20 March 1990|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II|access-date=18 October 2009|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021154725/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II}}</ref> سال1988ع ۾، چين ۽ گرومن سپر 7 جو نو مهينن جو ابتدائي ڊيزائن مطالعو ڪيو، جيڪو چينگدو ايف-7 جو اپ گريڊ هو.<ref name="Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms2">{{cite web|title=Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|date=26 November 1988|work=Flight International|access-date=15 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021140123/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> سال 1989ع جي تيانانمن اسڪوائر احتجاج جي سياسي نتيجي کان پوءِ جڏهن چين تي پابنديون لڳايون ويون ته گرومن منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو. گرومن جي چينگدو سپر 7 منصوبي کي ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ، منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو ويو ۽، ان جي جاءِ تي، فائٽر چائنا-1 (ايف سي-1) منصوبو 1991ع ۾ شروع ڪيو ويو. سال <small>1995</small>ع ۾، پاڪستان ۽ چين هڪ نئين فائٽر جي گڏيل ڊيزائن ۽ ترقي لاءِ هڪ مفاهمت جي ياداشت (MoU) تي دستخط ڪيا ۽ ايندڙ ڪجهه سالن ۾ منصوبي جي تفصيلن تي ڪم ڪيو. جون 1995ع ۾، ميڪوئان "ڊيزائن سپورٽ" مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ منصوبي ۾ شامل ٿيو، ان ۾ سي اي سي پاران ڪيترن ئي انجنيئرن جي سيڪنڊمينٽ پڻ شامل هئي.<ref name="21 June 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Mikoyan joins Chengdu on fighter|work=[[Flight International]]|date=21 June 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212115/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> === ايف سي-1 منصوبي جو آغاز === [[File:Pakistan Air Force Pakistan JF-17 Thunder Bidini-1.jpg|thumb|left|<small>2011</small> جي ازمير ايئر شو لاءِ ازمير ترڪي ۾ هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1]] آڪٽوبر <small>1995</small> ۾ رپورٽ موجب سال جي آخر تائين پاڪستان کي ايف سي-1 جي ايويونڪس فراهم ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي ضم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ڪمپني چونڊڻي هئي جنهن جي <small>1999</small> تائين پيداوار شروع ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. چيو ويندو هو ته ايويونڪس ۾ ريڊار، انرٽيل نيويگيشن سسٽم، هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي ۽ ملٽي فنڪشن ڊسپلي شامل آهن. مقابلي واريون بوليون ٿامسن-سي ايس ايف کان ريڊار ڊاپلر ملٽي ٽارگيٽ (<small>RDY</small>) جي هڪ قسم <small>SAGEM</small> <small>ROSE</small> اپ گريڊ پروجيڪٽ ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ ساڳي ايويونڪس پيڪيج ۽ مارڪوني اليڪٽرانڪ سسٽم ان جي بليو هاڪ ريڊار سان آيون. ڪمپني جي پي اي ايف سان لاڳاپن جي ڪري <small>FIAR</small> جي (هاڻي <small>SELEX</small> گيليلو) گريفو <small>S7</small> ريڊار جي چونڊ ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. <ref name="18 October 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Pakistan nears FC-1 avionics decision|work=[[Flight International]]|date=18 October 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725044013/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> فيبروري <small>1998</small> ۾ پاڪستان ۽ چين ايئر فريم ڊولپمينٽ کي ڍڪڻ واري ارادي جي خط تي دستخط ڪيا. روس جي ڪليموف فائٽر کي طاقت ڏيڻ لاءِ <small>RD-33</small> ٽربوفين انجن جو هڪ قسم پيش ڪيو. <ref name="04/03/98 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=China/Pakistan signal intent to resume FC-1 development work|work=[[Flight International]]|date=4 March 1998|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725051043/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/|url-status=live|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> اپريل <small>1999</small> ۾ ڏکڻ آفريڪا جي ڊينيل سپر 7, اڳ ۾ رپورٽ ٿيل آر-ڊارٽر جي بدران, کي ٽي-ڊارٽر بيونڊ-ويزوئل-رينج (<small>BVR</small>) ايئر-ٽو-ايئر ميزائل (<small>AAM</small>) سان هٿياربند ڪرڻ جي آڇ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/|title=Denel proposes advanced Darter derivatives|last=Lewis|first=Paul|date=28 April 1999|work=Flight International|access-date=31 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725033628/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> اڳ ۾ <small>1987</small> ۾ پراٽ ۽ وٽني سپر-<small>7</small> منصوبي کي چين يا پاڪستان ۾ مقامي پيداوار سان ٽي انجن آپشن؛ <small>PW1212</small>، <small>F404</small> ۽ <small>PW1216</small> پيش ڪيا. رولز رائس پنهنجو <small>RB199-127/128</small> ٽربوفين انجن پيش ڪيو. هي منصوبو <small>1989</small> ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|title=FC-1 JF-17 western engine options|date=15 June 2012|work=Air Force World|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042701/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> جون <small>1999</small> ۾ چينگدو <small>FC-1/سپر 7</small> کي گڏيل طور تي ترقي ۽ پيداوار جو معاهدو دستخط ڪيو ويو. <small>GEC</small>-مارڪوني پاران هڪ مربوط ايويونڪس سوٽ فراهم ڪرڻ لاءِ بولي کي ڇڏي ڏيڻ کان پوءِ <small>FIAR</small> ۽ <small>Thomson-CSF</small> ترتيب وار <small>Grifo S7</small> ۽ <small>RC400</small> ريڊار تي ٻڌل ڪيترائي ايويونڪس سوئيٽ تجويز ڪيا. جيتوڻيڪ اڳ ۾ اميد هئي ته <small>PAF</small> جي سپر 7 کي پنهنجي نئين بليو هاڪ ريڊار لانچ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو.<ref name="14 July 1999 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=China and Pakistan agree on Super 7 fighter development work|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14 July 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526190707/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> <ref name="23 June 1999 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Marconi abandons FC-1 fighter bid|work=[[Flight International]]|date=23 July 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526184233/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> ملڪ جي <small>1998</small> جي ايٽمي هٿيارن جي تجربن کان پوءِ پاڪستان تي پابندين جي ڪري ايندڙ <small>18</small> مهينن دوران ڊيزائن جو ڪم تمام سست رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌيو. <small>PAF</small> کي مغربي ايويونڪس جي ترسيل کي روڪيو ويو. <small>2001</small> جي شروعات ۾ <small>PAF</small> جو فيصلو جهاز تي ڊيزائن جي ڪم کي جاري رکڻ جي قابل بڻايو ته ايئر فريم کي ايويونڪس کان ڌار ڪيو وڃي جيئن ته ايئر فريم ترقي ڪئي وئي <small>PAF</small> پاران ڪنهن به نئين ايويونڪس گهرجن کي ايئر فريم ۾ وڌيڪ آساني سان ضم ڪري سگهجي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20042">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> پروٽوٽائپ جي پيداوار سيپٽمبر 2002 ۾ شروع ٿي. نومبر 2002 ۾ ايئر شو چائنا ۾ FC-1/Super 7 جو هڪ مڪمل سائيز جو ميڪ اپ ڏيکاريو ويو.<ref name="12/11/02 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Airshow China&nbsp;– FC-1 mock-up revealed|work=[[Flight International]]|date=12 November 2002|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021150219/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/|url-status=live|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> ڪليموف <small>RD-93</small> ٽربوفين انجن جو پهريون بيچ جيڪو پروٽوٽائپ کي طاقت ڏيندو هو، <small>2002</small> ۾ پڻ پهچايو ويو.<ref name="Janes2">{{cite web|title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong|work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> چائنا نيشنل ايرو-ٽيڪنالاجي امپورٽ اينڊ ايڪسپورٽ ڪارپوريشن (<small>CATIC</small>) جي هڪ آفيسر جي مطابق, <small>JF-17</small> جي گهٽ قيمت ڪجهه آن بورڊ سسٽم جي ڪري آهي جيڪا چينگدو J-10 جي سسٽم مان ترتيب ڏنل آهن. آفيسر چيو ته، "ٽيڪنالاجي جي منتقلي (جي-10 کان جي ايف-17 ڏانهن هوائي جهاز جي نظام کي منتقل ڪرڻ) JF-17 کي تمام گهڻو قيمتي بڻائي ٿو".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese Jets Today at Bygone Price|url=http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1|date=23 November 2010|work=AviationWeek.com|publisher=Viadeo|access-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1|archive-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> <ref name="JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price2">{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|title=JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price|date=18 November 2010|work=[[Aviation Week]]|access-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ٺهيل ڊيزائن سافٽ ويئر جي استعمال <small>JF-17</small> جي ڊيزائن جي مرحلي کي مختصر ڪري ڇڏيو.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher|first=Richard Jr.|title=China's Aviation Sector: Building Toward World Class Capabilities|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=27 May 2010|date=20 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531214709/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=31 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> === پرواز جي جاچ ۽ ٻيهر ڊيزائننگ === پهريون پروٽوٽائپ (<small>PT-01</small>) <small>31</small> مئي <small>2003</small>ع تي رول آئوٽ ڪيو ويو<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com2">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ۽ چينگدو فلائيٽ ٽيسٽ سينٽر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو، جئين ته پهرين پرواز لاءِ تيار ڪيو وڃي. اهو شروعاتي طور تي جون ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ جو منصوبو هو. پر [[سارس ڪووي 2|سارس وائرس]] جي وبا جي خدشن جي ڪري ان ۾ دير ٿي وئي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20043">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> <ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com3">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> هن نقطي جي چوڌاري، نالي "<small>'''سپر-7'''</small>" کي "<small>'''JF-17'''</small>" (<small>جوائنٽ فائٽر-17</small>) سان تبديل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> 27 جون 2003ع تي چينگدو جي وينجيانگ ايئرپورٽ تي گهٽ رفتار واري ٽيڪسي جي آزمائش شروع ٿي.<ref name="Janes3">{{cite web|title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong|work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> پهرين پرواز آگسٽ <small>2003</small>ع جي آخر ۾، <ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com3">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> <ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter flies|work=[[Flight International]]|date=9 September 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143119/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ۽ پروٽوٽائپ جي سرڪاري پهرين پرواز سيپٽمبر جي شروعات ۾ ٿي. پروٽوٽائپ کي پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي نئين نامزدگي <small>'''JF-17'''</small> سان نشان لڳايو ويو.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20044">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> مارچ <small>2004</small>ع تائين، <small>'''سي اي سي'''</small> پهرين پروٽوٽائپ جون لڳ ڀڳ <small>20</small> ٽيسٽ پروازون ٿيون.<ref name="23 March 2004 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Flight testing the FC-1/JF-17|work=[[Flight International]]|date=23 March 2004|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102181806/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/|archive-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> 7 اپريل <small>2004</small>ع تي، پي اي ايف جي ٽيسٽ پائلٽ، راشد حبيب ۽ محمد احسان الحق پهريون ڀيرو <small>'''پي ٽي-01'''</small> پروٽوٽائپ اڏايو. ٽئين پروٽوٽائپ (<small>PT-03</small>) جي پهرين پرواز <small>9</small> اپريل <small>2004</small>ع تي ٿي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20045">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> مارچ 2004ع تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200 JF-17 جهاز شامل ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|title=PAC readies for assembly ramp up|work=Flight International|access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003434/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Model of JF-17 on display with two SD-10 and four PL-5E missiles mounted on wings.jpg|thumb|چين ۾ نمائش ۾ JF-17 ٿنڊر جو ماڊل]] ٽئين پروٽوٽائپ کان پوءِ، ڊيزائن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي بهتريون تيار ڪيون ويون ۽ وڌيڪ جهازن ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون. <small>'''RD-93'''</small> انجن پاران گهڻي دونھين جي اخراج جي ڪري، انجن ۾ هوا جي انٽيڪ کي وڌايو ويو. ٽيسٽنگ ۾ مليل ڪنٽرول مسئلن جي نتيجي ۾ ونگ ليڊنگ ايج روٽ ايڪسٽينشن (LERX) ۾ تبديليون آندي ويون. <ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com4">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> عمودي ٽيل فن کي ٽپ ۾ هڪ وڌايل اليڪٽرانڪ وارفيئر سامان رکڻ لاءِ وڌايو ويو.<ref name="Jane's Sino-Pakistani fighter improved2">{{citation|first=Robert|last=Hewson|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter improved|work=[[Jane's Information Group]]|url=http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002942/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml|archive-date=28 February 2007}}</ref> ٻيهر ڊزائين ڪيل جهاز ۾ وڌ ۾ وڌ ٽيڪ آف وزن ٿورو وڌي ويو هو ۽ چيني ذريعن کان حاصل ڪيل ايونڪس جي وڌندڙ مقدار کي شامل ڪيو ويو. تنهن هوندي به پاڪستان ايئر فورس پنهنجي جهاز لاءِ مغربي ايونڪس چونڊيو. سال <small>2005</small>ع جي آخر کان <small>2007</small>ع تائين پاڪستان ايئر فورس جهازن جي ترسيل کي ملتوي ڪيو. پاڪستان برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ اطالوي ايونڪس سوئٽس جو جائزو ورتو. جنهن جي فاتح جي 2006ع ۾ حتمي شڪل ڏيڻ جي اميد هئي.<ref name="27 September 2005 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Test flaws prompt rethink on China's FC-1 light fighter look|work=[[Flight International]]|date=27 September 2005|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624173043/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html|archive-date=24 June 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''PT-04'''</small>، چوٿون پروٽوٽائپ ۽ ڊيزائن تبديلين کي شامل ڪرڻ وارو پهريون، اپريل 2006ع ۾ رول آئوٽ ڪيو ويو ۽ 28 اپريل 2006ع تي پنهنجي پهرين پرواز ڪئي.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Graham|last=Warwick|title=Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets|work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/|url-status=live|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 20062">{{citation|title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]]|date=17 May 2006|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm|access-date=25 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm|archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref>.<ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 2006">{{citation |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm |access-date=25 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm | archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622681).jpg|thumb|JF-17 and their DSI air intakes.]] The modified air intakes replaced conventional intake ramps{{mdash}}whose function is to divert turbulent [[boundary layer]] airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the engine{{mdash}}with a [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] (DSI) design.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Graham |last=Warwick |title= Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets |work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |url-status=live | archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> The DSI uses a combination of forward-swept inlet cowls and a three-dimensional compression surface to divert the boundary layer airflow at high sub-sonic and supersonic speeds. According to [[Lockheed Martin]], the DSI design prevents most of the boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to two times the [[speed of sound]], reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms,<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Hehs |title=JSF Diverterless Supersonic Inlet |work=Code One magazine |date=July 2000 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124032509/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html | archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref> and is [[stealth technology|stealthier]] than a conventional intake.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> In 1999, developmental work on the DSI with the aim of improving aircraft performance commenced. The JF-17 design was finalised in 2001.<ref name="APP">{{cite news|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |title=50th indigenously produced JF-17 Thunder rolls-out at PAC Kamra |work=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115146/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Multiple models underwent wind tunnel tests; it was found that the DSI reduced weight, cost, and complexity while improving performance.<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI"/> For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing, PT-04 was fitted with a fourth-generation avionics suite that incorporates [[sensor fusion]], an electronic warfare suite, enhanced man-machine interface, [[FADEC|Digital Electronic Engine Control]] (DEEC) for the RD-93 turbofan engine, FBW flight controls, day/night precision surface attack capability, and multi-mode, pulse-Doppler radar for BVR air-to-air attack capability.<ref name="PakTribune1">{{citation|title=4th Prototype JF-17 'Thunder' aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |work=PakTribune (Pakistani news website) |url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> The sixth prototype, PT-06, made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006.<ref name="cnair">{{citation |first=Hui |last=Tong |title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder |url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm |access-date=2 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm | archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Following a competition in 2008, [[Martin-Baker]] was selected over a Chinese firm for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx|title=JF-17 Signing|date=September 2008|work=Escape (newsletter)|publisher=Martin-Baker|page=1|access-date=9 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403190614/http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx | archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:13-143 JF-17 PAKISTAN AIR FORCE LBG (18888092161).jpg|thumb|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 at the [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Airport]], Paris, France for the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]] ]] On 2 March 2007, the first consignment of two small-batch-production (SBP) aircraft arrived in a dismantled state in Pakistan. They flew for the first time on 10 March 2007 and took part in a public aerial demonstration during a [[Pakistan Day]] parade on 23 March 2007. The PAF intended to induct 200 JF-17 by 2015 to replace all its Chengdu F-7, Nanchang A-5, and Dassault Mirage III/5 aircraft. In preparation for the [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] of JF-17s, the PAF has upgraded several Mirage IIIs with IFR probes for training purposes.<ref name = "The News, JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief">{{citation |first=Mayed |last=Ali |title = JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief | newspaper = [[The News International]]|date= 31 March 2007 | place = [[Pakistan|PK]] |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 | access-date =23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> A dual-seat, combat-capable trainer was originally scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2009 Pakistan reportedly decided to develop the training model into a specialised attack variant.<ref name="IASC Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow">{{citation |first= Richard Jr. |last= Fisher |title= Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow |publisher= International Assessment and Strategy Center (IASC) |date= 20 January 2008 |url= http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |access-date= 6 August 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715131717/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |archive-date= 15 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |title=Avic, Pakistan Working on JF-17 Two-Seater |last=Perrett |first=Bradley |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007185528/http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |archive-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref> In November 2007, the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluations of aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology (NRIET), and the LETRI [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] active radar homing AAM.<ref name="Jane's&nbsp;— Chinese, French weapons for JF-17">{{citation |first=Reuben F. |last=Johnson |title=Pakistan considers mix of Chinese, French weapons for its JF-17s |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164219/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, PAC began manufacturing JF-17 components; production of sub-assemblies commenced on 22 January 2008.<ref name="paf.gov.pk, Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra">{{citation |title=Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra |publisher=[[Pakistan Air Force]] }}</ref><ref name="Dawn.com, Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra">{{citation|first=Yaqoob |last=Malik |title=Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra |publisher=[[Dawn News]] |date=23 January 2008 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154912/http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The PAF was to receive a further six pre-production aircraft in 2005, for a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft. [[Initial operating capability]] was to be achieved by the end of 2008.<ref name = "Jane's, January 2008, JF-17 production commences">{{citation |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |title=JF-17 production commences |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=24 January 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606051629/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |archive-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Final assembly of the JF-17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009; PAC expected to complete production of four to six aircraft that year. They planned to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and fifteen to sixteen aircraft per year from 2011; this could increase to twenty-five aircraft per year.<ref name="01/07/09 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Siva | last = Govindasamy | title= Pakistan begins domestic final assembly of JF-17 |work= [[Flight International]] | date = 1 July 2009 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |access-date=23 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103224634/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> On 29 December 2015, PAC announced the rollout of the 16th JF-17 Thunder fighter manufactured in the calendar year 2015, taking total number of manufactured aircraft to more than 66. Later, a PAF spokesperson said that in light of the interest shown by various countries, it has been decided that production capacity of JF-17 Thunder at PAC Kamra will be expanded.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia signed an agreement in August 2007 for re-export of 150 RD-93 engines from China to Pakistan for the JF-17.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian engines will fly to Pakistan|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|newspaper=Kommersant|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154851/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the PAF reported it was not fully satisfied with the RD-93 engine and that it would only power the first 50 aircraft; it was alleged that arrangements for a new engine, reportedly the [[Snecma M53#Variants|Snecma M53-P2]], may have been made.<ref name="New engine, Snecma M53 - defensenews.com">{{cite news|title=100 Countries Expected To Attend IDEAS 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=22 November 2008 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172647/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 }}</ref> [[Mikhail Pogosyan]], head of the MiG and Sukhoi design bureaus, recommended the Russian defence export agency [[Rosoboronexport]] block RD-93 engine sales to China to prevent export competition from the JF-17 against the MiG-29.<ref>{{cite news|location=RU |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |title=Russian combat aircraft makers fear competition with China |agency=RIA Novosti |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727082025/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |archive-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |title=Russia's Iconic MiG and Sukhoi Fighters Enter Competition with Chinese Clones |work=[[Pravda]] |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709180639/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the 2010 [[Farnborough Airshow]], the JF-17 was displayed internationally for the first time; aerial displays at the show were intended but were cancelled due to a late attendance decision as well as licence and insurance costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive |title=Farnborough Debut Heralds JF-17 Export Drive |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=19 July 2010 |work=Defence News |access-date=25 May 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103041128/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive }}</ref> According to a Rosoboronexport official at the Airshow China 2010, held on 16–21 November 2005 in [[Zhuhai]], China, Russia and China had signed a contract worth $238 million for 100 RD-93 engines with options for another 400 engines developed for the FC-1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia to sell additional RD-93 jet engines to China |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |date=16 November 2010 |publisher=Rianovosti |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021164151/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> According to media reports, Pakistan planned to increase production of JF-17s by 25% in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan to boost JF-17 production by 25% in '16|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010628/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Further development=== [[File:PAK Kamra JF-17 Thunder at PAris Air Show, June 2019 (2).jpg|thumb|JF 17 Thunder in [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan Flag Livery]] at [[Paris Air Show]] ]] Pakistan negotiated with British and Italian defence firms regarding avionics and radars for the JF-17 development. Radar options include the Italian Galileo Avionica's Grifo S7,<ref name="Grifo">{{Citation |url=http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | type = datasheet | title = Selex | contribution = Italian Grifo family | publisher = Sensors and Airborne Systems| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325204544/http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> the French Thomson-CSF's RC400 (a variant of the [[RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget)|RDY-2]]),<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower"/> and the British company SELEX Galileo's Vixen 500E AESA radar.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari">{{citation | last =Ansari | first = Usman | title= Thunder Storm&nbsp;– Pakistan's hopes for the JF-17 Thunder fighter | work=Combat Aircraft magazine | volume = 8 |issue= 4 |url=http://usmanansari.com/id16.html |access-date=11 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907034554/http://usmanansari.com/id16.html | archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In 2010, the PAF had reportedly selected ATE Aerospace Group to integrate French-built avionics and weapons systems over rival bids from Astrac, Finmeccanica and a [[Thales Group|Thales]]-[[Sagem]] joint venture. Fifty JF-17s were to be upgraded and an optional fifty from 2013 onwards, at a cost of up to {{USD|1.36 billion}}. The RC-400 radar, [[MICA (missile)|MICA]] AAMs, and several air-to-surface weapons are believed to be in the contract. The PAF also held talks with South Africa for the supply of Denel A-darter AAMs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |title= French-Led JF-17 Upgrade Likely To Raise Eyebrows |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |title= Will Westernized JF-17 Thunder Attract New Delhi's Ire? |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> In April 2010, after eighteen months of negotiations, the deal was reportedly suspended; reports cited French concerns about Pakistan's financial situation, the protection of sensitive French technology, and by Indian [[lobbying]], which operates many French-built aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |title=Paris bloque un contrat d'équipement français d'avions de chasse pakistanais |trans-title=Paris blocks a contract of French equipment for Pakistani fighter aircraft |last=Follorou |first=Jacques |date=2 April 2010 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406012337/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 |url-status=live }} [https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en Google English translation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313032215/http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en |date=13 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |title=France says arms sale to Pakistan held up |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215070013/http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref> France wanted the PAF to purchase several [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-9]] fighters from the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]], which would overlap with the upgraded JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris|title=Un contrat militaire avec le Pakistan bloqué par Paris |trans-title=A contract with the Pakistan military blocked by Paris | date= 3 April 2010 | publisher = Radio France Internationale | language= fr| access-date= 5 April 2010|location= France|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191726/http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, the PAF's Chief of Air Staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rao Qamar Suleman]], said such reports were false, stating: "I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government...someone was trying to cause mischief{{mdash}}to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want".<ref>{{cite journal| last= Warnes| first= Alan|date=July 2010 |title=On the edge&nbsp;– JF-17s, Tankers and AWACS|journal=Air Forces Monthly | type = magazine |location= United Kingdom |issue=July 2010|page= 54|quote=Reports in late March that the French Government was refusing to allow the sale of a Thales avionics system was denied by the CAS: 'I saw the report quoting unnamed sources or any French government official. I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government. I think someone is trying to cause mischief&nbsp;– to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want.'}}</ref> On 18 December 2013, production of Block 2 JF-17s began at PAC's Kamra facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 Thunder Block 2 Will be Ready till June 2014 |url=http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Pakistan Armed Forces News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134056/http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> These have an air-to-air refuelling capability, improved avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01"/> Block 2 construction was planned to run until 2016, after which the manufacturing of further developed Block III aircraft was planned.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|title=Production of improved version of JF-17 aircraft launched |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |date=19 December 2013 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605015123/http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |archive-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> In December 2015, it was announced that the 16th Block II aircraft had been handed over resulting in standing up of the 4th squadron.<ref name="Fourth">{{cite news|title=Fourth JF-17 Thunder squadron complete as PAC rolls out 16th aircraft|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177/|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406230211/https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 June 2015, Jane's Defence Weekly confirmed<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> that JF-17 Block III will have an AESA radar, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and possibly an internal infrared search and tracking (IRST) system.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | title = Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan | last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr. | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | archivedate=21 April 2016 | work = Jane's Defence Weekly | date = 17 June 2015 }}</ref> A two-seat version was also reportedly to be produced in Block III.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF to induct JF17 Thunder Block III in 2016|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513171122/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Unconfirmed reports claim that Block III will also have a better flight management system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder fighter jet impresses at Paris Air Show|url=http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503022238/http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Selex ES has promoted its next-generation cockpit as a possible upgrade of JF-17 Block III; this cockpit includes a new mission computer, an enhanced head-up display and contemporary multi-function displays, plus the capability for the pilot to use a single, large-area display instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Selex advances M-345 cockpit development|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530175651/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, despite Indian protests, Russian state-owned United Engine Corporation developed a new engine designated ''RD-93MA'' for the JF-17 fighter being built by Pakistan.<ref name="Russian engine">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=9 July 2020 |title=Russia confirms progress on new jet engine. Is it for Pak JF-17 fighter? |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html|url-status=live |work= TheWeek Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127072811/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html |archive-date= 27 January 2021}}</ref> ==ڊيزائن== [[File:JF-17 block 1 front view.jpg|upright|thumb|اڳيون ڏيک]] === مکيه فريم === ايئر فريم نيم مونوڪوڪ ڍانچي جو آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ايلومينيم مصر مان ٺهيل آهي. ڪجهه نازڪ علائقن ۾ اعليٰ طاقت وارو اسٽيل ۽ ٽائيٽينيم مصر جزوي طور تي اختيار ڪيا ويا آهن. ايئر فريم 4,000 فلائيٽ ڪلاڪن يا 25 سالن جي سروس لائف لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. پهرين اوور هال 1,200 فلائيٽ ڪلاڪن تي ٿيڻ وارو آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra2">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> JF-17s بلاڪ 2 وزن گهٽائڻ لاءِ ايئر فريم ۾ جامع مواد جو وڌيڪ استعمال شامل ڪري ٿو. ريٽريبل انڊر ڪيريج ۾ ٽرائي سائيڪل جو انتظام آهي. هڪ واحد اسٽيئربل نوز ويل ۽ ٻه مکيه انڊر ڪيريج سان. هائيڊولڪ بريڪ ۾ هڪ خودڪار اينٽي اسڪڊ سسٽم آهي. انليٽس جي پوزيشن ۽ شڪل حملي جي اعليٰ زاوين سان لاڳاپيل مشقن دوران جيٽ انجن کي گهربل هوا جي وهڪري ڏيڻ لاءِ ٺهيل آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra3">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> وچ ۾ لڳل ونگ ڪراپڊ ڊيلٽا ترتيب جا آهن. ونگ روٽ جي ويجهو <small>LERX</small> آهن. جيڪي هڪ وورٽيڪس پيدا ڪن ٿا. جيڪو حملي جي اعليٰ زاوين سان لاڳاپيل مشقن دوران ونگ کي اضافي لفٽ فراهم ڪري ٿو. هڪ روايتي ٽرائي-پلين ايمپينيج ترتيب شامل ڪئي وئي آهي. آل-موونگ اسٽيبليٽرز، سنگل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر، رڊر، ۽ ٽوئن وينٽرل فينز سان. فلائيٽ ڪنٽرول سسٽم (<small>FCS</small>) ۾ روايتي ڪنٽرول شامل آهن. ياو ۽ رول محور ۾ استحڪام وڌائڻ سان ۽ پچ محور ۾ هڪ ڊجيٽل فلائي بائي وائر (<small>FBW</small>) سسٽم موڙ جي ڪارڪردگي کي وڌائڻ لاءِ مينيوورنگ دوران ليڊنگ-ايج فليپس ۽ ٽريلنگ ايج فليپس خودڪار طريقي سان ترتيب ڏنل آهن.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra4">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سيريل پروڊڪشن جهاز جي FCS ۾ رپورٽ ڪئي وئي آهي ته پچ محور ۾ هڪ ڊجيٽل ڪواڊروپلڪس (ڪواڊ-ريڊنڊنٽ) FBW سسٽم آهي. ۽ رول ۽ ياو محور ۾ هڪ ڊپلڪس (ڊبل-ريڊنڊنٽ) FBW سسٽم آهي.<ref name="cnair2">{{citation|first=Hui|last=Tong|title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder|url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm|access-date=2 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm|archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> 3,400 lb (1,500 ڪلوگرام) تائين آرڊيننس، سامان، ۽ ايندھن کي هارڊ پوائنٽس جي هيٺان نصب ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جن مان ٻه ونگ-ٽپس تي آهن، چار ونگ هيٺ آهن ۽ هڪ فيوزليج هيٺ آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra5">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> === ڪاڪ پِٽ === [[File:JF-17 Block 1 cockpit.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 HUD]] The aircraft has three large Multifunction Colour Displays (MFD) and smart Heads-Up Display (HUD) with built-in symbol generation capability. A [[center stick]] is used for [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll]] control while [[Aircraft rudder|rudder pedals]] control yaw. A throttle is located to the left of the pilot. The cockpit incorporates [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on a Martin-Baker Mk-16LE [[zero-zero ejection seat]]. The cockpit incorporates an [[electronic flight instrument system]] (EFIS) and a wide-angle, holographic head-up display (HUD), which has a minimum total field of view of 25 degrees. The EFIS comprises three color multi-function displays, providing basic flight information, tactical information, and information on the engine, fuel, electrical, hydraulics, flight control, and environment control systems. The HUD and MFD can be configured to show any available information. Each MFD is {{cvt|20.3|cm|inch|1}} wide and {{cvt|30.5|cm|inch|1}} tall and is arranged side by side in [[page orientation|portrait orientation]]. The central MFD is placed lowest to accommodate a control panel between it and the HUD.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Avionics=== [[File:JF-17 cockpit.webp|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 cockpit avionics display]] The avionics software incorporates the concept of [[open architecture]]. Instead of the military-optimised [[Ada (programming language)|Ada programming language]], the software is written using the popular [[C++|C++ programming language]], enabling the use of the numerous civilian programmers available.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article">{{citation|title=Stuck in Sichuan: Pakistani JF-17 Program Grounded? No|date=January 2007|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|work=Defense Industry Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft also includes a health and usage monitoring system, and automatic test equipment.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf |title=8011-Ai760Datasheet.qxd |access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021927/http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=May 2021}} The JF-17 has a [[defensive aids system]] (DAS) composed of various integrated sub-systems. A [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) provides data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars, and an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin interferes with enemy radars. The EW suite is also linked to a [[Missile Approach Warning]] (MAW) system to defend against radar-guided missiles. The MAW system uses several optical sensors across the airframe to detect the rocket motors of missiles across a 360-degree coverage.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Data from the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is shown on cockpit displays and the HUD. A countermeasures dispensing system releases [[flare (countermeasure)|decoy flares]] and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] to help evade hostile radar and missiles. The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar-jamming pod that will be carried externally on a [[hardpoint]].<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The first forty-two PAF production aircraft are equipped with the [[KLJ-7|NRIET KLJ-7]] radar,<ref name="Milavia.net 2007 news report">{{citation |date=23 March 2007 |title=JF-17 Arrived in Pakistan |work=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |publisher=MILAVIA.net |url=http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |access-date=31 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218082338/http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=18 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7">{{citation |title=KLJ-7/10 Fire Control Radar (FCR) (China), Airborne radar systems |work=Jane's Avionics |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=19 January 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002180132/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> a variant of the KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) and also used on the Chengdu J-10. Multiple modes can manage the surveillance and engagement of up to forty air, ground, and sea targets; the [[Track while scan|track-while-scan]] mode can track up to ten targets at BVR and can engage two simultaneously with [[Air-to-air missile#Radar guidance|radar-homing AAMs]]. The operation range for targets with a [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) of {{Convert|5|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} is stated to be ≥ {{Convert|105|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-up mode and ≥ {{Convert|85|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-down mode.<ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7"/><ref name="Jane's, NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements">{{citation |title=China's NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=7 April 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html |access-date=6 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820152019/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html | archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> A [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) pod for low-level navigation and [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) system for passive targeting can also be integrated;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> the JF-17 Block 2 is believed to incorporate an IRST.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In April 2016, Air Marshal Muhammad Ashfaque Arain said that, "JF-17 needs a targeting pod, as the jets' usefulness in current operations was limited due to lack of precision targeting. To fulfill this gap the Air Force was interested in buying the Thales-made Damocles, a third-generation targeting pod; which was a priority."<ref>{{cite news|date=7 April 2016|title=Interview: Pakistan wants air force upgrade for prolonged militant fight|newspaper=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|url-status=dead|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420160318/http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[ASELSAN|Aselsans]] ASELPOD was tested and successfully integrated with the JF-17 and Pakistan has subsequently purchased at least eight [[targeting pod]]s from Aselsan.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Tests Turkish Targeting Pod|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235159/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|archive-date=6 December 2018|access-date=6 December 2018|website=defense-aerospace.com}}</ref> This integration has significantly enhanced the JF-17 platform's ability to launch precision strikes. A helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by [[Luoyang]] Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre of [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China|AVIC]] was developed in parallel with the JF-17; it was first tested on Prototype 04 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|title=图文：枭龙04飞行员新头盔_新浪军事_新浪网|work=sina.com.cn|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101520/http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=Strategycenter.net |date=30 December 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> It was dubbed as EO HMS, (Electro-Optical Helmet Mounted Sight) and was first revealed to the public in 2008 at the 7th [[Zhuhai Airshow]], where a partial mock-up was on display.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The HMS tracks the pilot's head and eye movements to guide missiles towards the pilot's visual target.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} An externally carried day/night [[laser designator]] [[targeting pod]] may be integrated with the avionics to guide [[laser-guided bomb]]s (LGBs).<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> An extra [[hardpoint]] may be added under the starboard air intake, opposite the cannon, for such pods. To reduce the numbers of targeting pods required, the aircraft's [[tactical data link]] can transmit target data to other aircraft not equipped with targeting pods.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} The communication systems comprise two [[VHF]]/[[UHF]] radios; the VHF radio has the capacity for [[VHF Data Link|data linking]] for communication with ground control centers, [[airborne early warning and control]] aircraft and combat aircraft with compatible data links for [[network-centric warfare]], and improved [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite web|title=VHF air-ground Digital Link |url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |publisher=etsi.org |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206100741/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref> The aircraft uses [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLGs]] along with [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] for navigation. The aircraft is equipped with an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] [[Transponder]] which allows it to differentiate between friendly aircraft and enemy aircraft. The [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]] aids in aerial combat for manoeuvring.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} ===Engine=== The first two blocks of JF-17 is powered by a single Russian RD-93 [[turbofan]] engine, which is a variant of the [[Klimov RD-33]] engine used on the [[MiG-29]] fighter. The engine gives more [[thrust]] and significantly [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|lower specific fuel consumption]] than [[turbojet]] engines fitted to older combat aircraft being replaced by the JF-17. The advantages of using a single engine are a reduction in maintenance time and cost when compared to twin-engined fighters. A [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] of 0.99 can be achieved with full internal fuel tanks and no external payload. The engine's air supply is provided by two bifurcated air inlets (see [[JF-17 Thunder#Airframe and cockpit|airframe]] section).<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan">[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ "Pakistan & China's JF-17 Fighter Program."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ |date=20 October 2013 }} ''Defense Industry Daily'', 14 November 2011</ref> The RD-93 is known to produce smoke trails.<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan"/> The [[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Guizhou Aero Engine Group]] has been developing a new turbofan engine, the [[Guizhou WS-13|WS-13 ''Taishan'']], since 2000 to replace the RD-93. It is based on the RD-33 and incorporates new technologies to boost performance and reliability. A thrust output of {{Convert|80 to 86.36|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}}, a lifespan of 2,200 hours, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 8.7 are expected. An improved version of the WS-13, developing a thrust of around {{Convert|100|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}} (22,450&nbsp;lb), is also reportedly under development.<ref name="October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace">{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center |date=30 December 2009 |first=Richard Jr. |last=Fisher |access-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> During the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]], it was announced that flight testing of a JF-17 equipped with the WS-13 engine had begun.<ref name="janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|title=Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan|work=Jane's|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, a representative of PAC said that Pakistan would continue to use the RD-93 engine on their fighters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |title=Pakistan to Stick With Russian Engine for JF-17 Fighter Jet |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=25 November 2015 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=IHS |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125095855/https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local media reports in January 2016 said that Russia was planning to sell engines for JF-17 directly to Pakistan.<ref>{{citation|title=Moscow makes a move when US loosens the noose|date=25 January 2016|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051408/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a PAC representative, Pakistan is looking to collaborate with Russia in developing and repairing engines.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ===Fuel system=== The fuel system comprises internal fuel tanks located in the wings and fuselage with a capacity of {{Convert|2330|kg|lb|abbr=on}}; they are refuelled through a single point pressure refuelling system (see [[Aircraft fuel system#Turbine fuel system|turbine fuel systems]]). Internal fuel storage can be supplemented by external fuel tanks. One {{convert|800|litre|impgal|adj=on}} [[drop tank]] can be mounted on the aircraft's centerline hard point under the fuselage and two 800-litre or {{convert|1110|litre|impgal|adj=on}} drop tanks can be mounted on the two inboard under-wing hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The fuel system is compatible with [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling (IFR)]], allowing tanker aircraft to refuel inflight, and increasing its range and loitering time significantly. All production aircraft for the PAF are to be fitted with IFR probes.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In June 2013, PAF Air Chief Marshal [[Tahir Rafique Butt]] said ground tests on the JF-17's refuelling probes had been successfully completed and the first mid-air refuelling operations would commence that summer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bokhari|first=Farhan|title=Pakistani JF-17 to start mid-air refuelling by end of summer|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=10 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer|access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107021555/http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer | archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622777).jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder with its weapons]] [[File:Pakistan Air Force, 12-139, Chengdu JF-17 Thunder (49579395248).jpg|thumb|Thunder with weapons]] ===Armaments=== The JF-17 can be armed with up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of air-to-air and [[air-to-ground weaponry]], and other equipment mounted externally on the aircraft's seven hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> One hardpoint is located under the fuselage between the main landing gear, two are underneath each wing, and one is at each wing-tip. All seven hardpoints communicate via a [[MIL-STD-1760]] data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System,<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> which is stated to be capable of integration with weaponry of any origin.<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower">{{citation|first=Usman |last=Ansari |title=Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower |work=[[Defense News]] |date=9 February 2009 |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3938427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230020953/http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/02/pakistan-surmounts-western-sanctions-to.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 }}</ref> Internal armament comprises one {{Convert|23|mm|inch|abbr=on}} GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon mounted under the [[port (nautical)|port side]] air intake, which can be replaced with a {{Convert|30|mm|inch|abbr=on}} [[GSh-30-2]] twin-barrel cannon.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com">{{cite web | work=Sino Defence | title= FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp |access-date=11 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp | archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|title=MILAVIA Aircraft – Chengdu FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Specifications|first=Niels | last = Hillebrand|work=milavia.net|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031225/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The wing-tip hard-points are typically occupied by short range infra-red homing AAMs. Many combinations of ordnance and equipment such as [[targeting pods]] can be carried on the under-wing and under-fuselage hard-points. Underwing hard-points can be fitted with [[Hard point#Ejector racks|multiple ejector racks]], allowing each hard-point to carry two {{Convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} unguided bombs or LGBs{{mdash}}[[Mk.82]] or [[GBU-12]].<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Active radar homing BVR AAMs can be integrated with the radar and data-link for mid-course updates. The aircraft can carry the [[PL-12|PL-12/SD-10]] along with the [[PL-5]]E and [[PL-9]]C Short range, infra-red homing missiles. The more advanced [[PL-10]]E High-Off Bore Sight missiles were integrated into the aircraft in April 2021, operated Within Visual Range using the HMD/S. With the Block 3 variant of the JF-17, the ability to fit and operate the [[PL-15]]E, the most advanced BVR missile developed by China for export with a claimed operating range of 145&nbsp;km, is also integrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's Production of Latest JF-17 Block 3 Variant Reaches 30 Units |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistans-production-of-latest-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jets-nears-30-units-2/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Unguided air-to-ground weaponry includes rocket pods, [[Unguided bomb|gravity bombs]] and [[Matra Durandal]] anti-runway munitions. [[Precision-guided munition]]s such as LGBs and [[Precision-guided munition#Satellite-guided weapons|satellite-guided bombs]] are also compatible with the JF-17, as are other guided weapons such as [[anti-ship missile]]s and [[anti-radiation missile]]s.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Pakistan planned to bring the Brazilian [[MAR-1]] anti-radiation missile into service on its JF-17 fleet in 2014.<ref name="janes mar1">{{cite journal|last=Hewson|first=Robert|date=17 April 2013|title=Mectron's MAR-1 to be operational in Pakistan next year|url=http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072717/http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> ==آپريشنل تاريخ== ===Pakistan=== [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 flies in front of the 26,660 ft high [[Nanga Parbat]]]] Small batch production of the single-seat, single-engine JF-17s began in China in June 2006. The first two small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered on 2 March 2007 and first flew in Pakistan on 10 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6854&Cat=13&dt=3/21/2007 |title=JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> They took part in an aerial display on 23 March 2007 as part of the [[Pakistan Day Parade|Pakistan Day Joint Services Parade]] in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |title=PAF to seek more Chinese aircraft, says air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509043607/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |archive-date = 9 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="PakTribune">[http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 JF-17 Thunder main focus of attention at Pak Day fly-past] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''Pak Tribune'', 24 March 2007.</ref> Another six small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered by March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\03\15\story_15-3-2008_pg7_6 |title=Six more JF-17 Thunder fighter jets inducted into PAF |date=15 March 2008 |work=Daily Times |access-date=21 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118100559/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C03%5C15%5Cstory_15-3-2008_pg7_6 | archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> These were extensively flight-tested and evaluated by the PAF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |title=PAF to start serial production of JF-17 fighter aircraft soon |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330212502/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> Two serial production aircraft were delivered from China in 2009 and the first Pakistani-manufactured aircraft was delivered to the PAF in a ceremony on 23 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |title=Pak, China unveil first JF-17 combat jet |work=Rediff.com |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301092221/http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2010, the first JF-17 squadron, [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 ''Black Spiders'']], was officially inducted into the PAF with an initial strength of 14 fighter planes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |title=First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder inducted in PAF |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163116/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/February/international_February910.xml&section=international |title=PAF Inducts First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder Jet |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110350/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2010%2FFebruary%2Finternational_February910.xml&section=international |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> These aircraft first saw service in the [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat|anti-terrorist operation in South Waziristan]], during which various types of weapons were evaluated.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zia |last=Tanouli |language=Urdu |work=Daily Express (Pakistan) |title=جے ایف-١٧ میں باقاعدہ طور پر شامل پی اے ایف |url=http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |access-date=20 February 2010 |quote=(Translated) No.26 Squadron established in Kamra with 14 aircraft initially inducted. According to top PAF sources, fourteen aircraft were evaluated thoroughly with different kinds of weapons during the anti-terror operation in Waziristan. First squadron established in Kamra due to security concerns, will be transferred to Peshawar later. With induction of first JF-17 squadron, the two A-5 squadrons will be grounded today. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005230/http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> They took part in the PAF's ''High Mark 2010'' exercise from 29 April, where they were used by the ''Blue Force'' to attack ''Red Land'' surface targets with precision air-to-surface weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |title=JF-17 Thunder comes of age at High Mark drill |date=29 March 2010 |work=Newspaper article |publisher=Awaz Today |access-date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184851/http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |title=Pakistan inducts JF-17 jets developed with China |work=Rediff.com |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528235257/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 April 2011, a re-equipment ceremony for No. 26 ''Black Spiders'' Squadron took place, during which it was stated that the JF-17 had "revolutionized the PAF's operational concepts". Then Air Chief Marshal [[Rao Qamar Suleman]] reported the re-equipping of No. 26 squadron and the addition of the JF-17 Thunder to the [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron]]. He also thanked the contribution and support of the Chinese in helping to acquire a technological breakthrough in the shape of the aircraft.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |title=PAF re-equips No 26 Squadron with JF-17 thunder aircraft |date=12 April 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times (Pakistan) |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174246/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> During [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] 2014–2016, JF-17 were deployed frequently to carry out airstrikes against [[Pakistani Taliban|TTP]] hideouts, killing hundreds of terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Dawn com {{!}} |date=19 December 2014 |title=Top Uzbek commander among 17 terrorists killed in Khyber air strikes |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151682 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/245286-Operation-ZarbeAzb-30-militants-killed-in-fresh |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=dunyanews.tv |title=Operation Zarb-e-Azb: 30 militants killed in fresh airstrikes in Dattakhel |date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> In September 2015, the No. 2 Squadron tasked with sea strikes was re-equipped with JF-17s replacing the F7s.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder inducted in Multi Role Squadron|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414020258/http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=live|date=12 April 2016}}</ref> The No. 16 Squadron "Black Panthers" has also been equipped with the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Block-2 Update from "The Thunder City|url=http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220185954/http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2017, it was reported that a JF-17 shot down an [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Iranian]] [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] operating in [[Pakistan|Pakistan's]] [[Panjgur District|Pangjur District]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|title=JF-17 shoots down Iran's spy drone|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032625/http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2019, PAF JF-17s took part in Pakistan's [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|retaliatory airstrikes]] against India during which two Thunders of the [[No. 16 Squadron PAF|No. 16 Squadron]] struck Indian ground targets with [[Mark 83|Mk. 83 REKs]].<ref name="kaiser">{{cite web|url=https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|website=PakistanPolitico.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama: Two years on|date=18 February 2021|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208104607/https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tufail">{{cite web|url=https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|website=DefenceJournal.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama-From bluster to whimper|date=10 July 2019|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028163732/https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Brad |date=4 March 2019 |title=Crisis may be easing, but nuclear threat still hangs over India and Pakistan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519161150/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Has Pakistan's JF-17 'Thunder' Block II Fighter Jet Engaged in its First Dogfight? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516080001/https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight |url-status=live }}</ref> as of March 2021, JF-17s are operational in seven fighter squadrons based at five airbases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|title=Orbats|website=www.scramble.nl|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202214748/https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, the first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF. During the [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff|May 2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the PAF publicly showcased, for the first time, a JF-17 Block 3 fighter aircraft equipped with [[PL-15#Variants|PL-15E]] long-range [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s (BVRAAMs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Update: Pakistan shows JF-17 Block III fitted with PL-15 missiles for first time |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/update-pakistan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fitted-with-pl-15-missiles-for-first-time |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Jane |language=en}}</ref> During the conflict, the PAF deployed JF-17s and [[J-10CE]]s in combat in both the air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.<ref name="auto14"/><ref name="auto16"/><ref name="auto12"/> Pakistan claimed that its JF-17 successfully targeted and destroyed an Indian [[S-400 missile system|S-400 missile defence system]] at [[Adampur Airport|Adampur Air Force Station]] in [[Punjab]] on 10 May 2025 using two [[CM-400AKG]] long-range supersonic [[air-to-surface missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1310766-how-paf-destroyed-india-s-2-s400-air-defence-systems | title=How PAF destroyed India's 2 S400 air defence systems | date=12 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/first-strike-in-the-hypersonic-era-pakistan-claims-jf-17-launched-cm-400akg-took-out-indias-s-400/ | title=(VIDEO) First Strike in the Hypersonic Era: Pakistan Claims JF-17-Launched CM-400AKG Took Out India's S-400 | date=11 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/883212-pak-jf17-thunder-strike-destroys-indian-s400-air-defence-system | title=Pak JF-17 Thunder strike destroys Indian S400 air defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/jf-17-thunder-destroys-indias-s-400-defence-system-10-05-2025/ | title=Watch: JF-17 Thunder taking off to destroy India's S-400 defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref> On 11 May, the PAF, in a press briefing said that it had targeted the 96L6E Cheese Board radar of the S-400 system, one of the units of the combined air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim |last=Ahmad |first=Zeeshan |date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] dismissed the claim, stating that all Indian S-400 squadrons are still functional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's claim of destroying India's S-400 missile systems false: Indian military|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistans-claim-of-destroying-indias-s-400-missile-systems-false-indian-military/article69560019.ece|access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Hindu|date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the Adampur Air Force Station on 13 May 2025, and posed in front of an S-400 Launcher, which the [[Indian media]] claimed to be fully operational. According to Indian media, his visit served as a rebuttal to Pakistan's claims, reinforcing that the missile system was intact and operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=PM Modi poses in front of S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Base days after Pakistan claimed it was destroyed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-poses-in-front-of-s-400-missile-system-at-adampur-air-base-days-after-pakistan-claimed-it-was-destroyed/articleshow/121134748.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Modi fact-checks Pakistan, visits Adampur, releases video & photo with S-400 in background|url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-fact-checks-pakistan-visits-adampur-releases-video-photo-with-s-400-in-background/2624167/|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Print|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at Paris Air Show 2015.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at [[Paris Air Show]] 2015]] '''Exercises'''<br> The PAF has deployed the JF-17 Thunder in a number of bilateral and multinational air exercises since the 2010s. PAF JF-17s have participated in joint air exercises with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) under the Shaheen exercise series since at least 2014, focusing on air combat training and interoperability.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 2019 and again in 2021, PAF JF-17s took part in the Turkish Air Force–hosted multinational exercise Anatolian Eagle, operating alongside aircraft from several participating air forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2019: Pakistani JF-17s among participants |url=https://theaviationist.com/2019/07/15/pakistani-jf-17-thunders-and-turkish-elint-sigint-c-160d-transall-among-the-highlights-of-anatolian-eagle-exercise/ |website=The Aviationist |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2021 exercise |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/12072021-anatolian-eagle-2021-exercise-pakistan-improving-defense-synergies-oped/ |website=Eurasia Review |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2022, PAF JF-17s participated in the Saudi-led multinational air exercise Spears of Victory at King Abdulaziz Air Base, flying alongside Royal Saudi Air Force Tornados, Typhoons and F-15s, as well as allied aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF participates in Spears of Victory exercise in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590236/pakistan |website=Arab News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> JF-17s continued participation in subsequent editions of Spears of Victory, including 2023 and 2025, with later deployments featuring the Block-III variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17 Block-III participates in Spears of Victory 2023 |url=https://www.facebook.com/ConnectedPakistan/posts/pakistan-air-forces-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jets-have-touched-down-in-az/1213837260779670/ |website=Connected Pakistan |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PAF excels in Saudi-led Spears of Victory 2025 |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/02/14/paf-excels-in-saudi-led-air-combat-drills-jf-17-block-iii-earns-global-praise/ |website=Pakistan Today |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2025, PAF JF-17 Block-III fighters were also deployed to Azerbaijan for the bilateral air exercise Indus Shield Alpha, marking one of the type’s longest overseas deployments.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17s arrive in Azerbaijan for Indus Shield Alpha |url=https://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/912872 |website=Dunya News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> '''Airshows'''<br> The JF-17 Thunder has participated in international airshows since 2010 as part of export promotion and military diplomacy efforts by the PAF.<ref name="ISPR-2010">Inter Services Public Relations, Pakistan Air Force press releases on JF-17 international exposure, 2010.</ref> Early public appearances took place at airshows in Pakistan and China, followed by displays at major international aerospace exhibitions, including the Paris Air Show in 2011 and 2015,<ref>Paris Air Show official exhibitor catalogues, 2011 & 2015.</ref> the Dubai Airshow in 2013, 2017, 2021, and 2025<ref>Dubai Airshow official exhibitor lists, 2013, 2017, 2021.</ref> and the Farnborough International Airshow in 2014 and 2016, primarily as static displays.<ref>Farnborough International Airshow exhibitor catalogues, 2014 & 2016.</ref> The aircraft has also featured at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition, including static and flying displays, with later editions showcasing the Block III variant.<ref>China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (Zhuhai) official programmes; Global Times aviation coverage.</ref> In 2019, 2022, and 2025, PAF JF-17s participated in the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT), in static and air displays.<ref>Royal International Air Tattoo aircraft participation lists, 2019 & 2022.</ref> The aircraft was also displayed at the [[World Defense Show]] in 2024.<ref>[[World Defense Show]] 2024 exhibitor directory; Saudi Ministry of Defense releases.</ref> ===Myanmar=== In July 2015, Myanmar ordered 16 Block 2 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] for approximately $560 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-06-15/jf-17-myanmar-seen-flying-china|title=JF-17 for Myanmar Seen Flying in China|first=Chen|last=Chuanren|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> In late 2015, [[Myanmar]] ordered 16 [[Klimov RD-33|RD-93]] spare engines from [[Russia]], which were received in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=SIPRI>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI Trade Register|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 December 2018, [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] disclosed that the [[Myanmar Air Force]] had received the first batch of JF-17s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters |title=Myanmar shows off Thunder fighters |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202527/https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters/ |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An official Myanmar Air Force video released on Air Force day showcased a number of JF-17s, both on static display and in the air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|title=YouTube|website=YouTube|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2021}} As per reports, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] is in possession 11 JF-17 Block 2s.[https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html] In May 2022, a PAF cargo plane supplied spare parts for the JF-17s of the Myanmar Air Force. In June 2022, it was reported that a team of 15 PAF personnel were scheduled to visit [[Meiktila Air Base]] in Myanmar to provide technical support for the Myanmar Air Force JF-17s, including setting up of a JF-17 simulator at Meiktila Air Base to train pilots of the Myanmar Air Force and to address technical issues relating to JF-17s that Myanmar Air Force was facing. However, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] has faced significant challenges with its JF-17 fleet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2022-11-25 |title=Technical Problems Ground Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Bought From China |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/technical-problems-ground-myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-bought-from-china.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref> By late 2022, the entire fleet of 11 aircraft was grounded due to severe technical malfunctions and structural issues, including cracks in the airframe (particularly wingtips and hardpoints), poor accuracy and maintenance problems with the Chinese-made KLJ-7 radar, malfunctions in the Weapon Mission Management Computer that reduced launch zones for beyond-visual-range missiles, unreliable avionics, and issues with the Russian RD-93 engines.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar raises issue of grounded JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft to Pakistan |url=https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Asia Pacific Defense Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farid |first=Ayesha |date=2025-05-18 |title=Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Grounded Amid Conflict and Maintenance Woes |url=https://www.bdmilitary.com/analysis/geopolitics-diplomacy/myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-grounded-amid-conflict-and-maintenance-woes/1082/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Bangladesh Military Forces |language=en-GB}}</ref> These problems rendered the aircraft unfit for combat operations, forcing the air force to rely on other platforms like MiG-29s, Yak-130s, and K-8s.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The grounding was exacerbated by post-2021 military coup sanctions, which restricted access to spare parts for Western-sourced components in the avionics and electronics. Myanmar lacked the local expertise to maintain or repair the complex systems, and initial attempts by Pakistani technicians in September 2022 to set up a simulator at Pathein air base and resolve issues were only partially successful.<ref name=":5" /> In September 2023, Myanmar raised the issue directly with Pakistani leadership, including Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Armed Forces chief General Asim Munir, expressing displeasure over the aircraft's performance. The Chinese government also intervened diplomatically due to its role in the JF-17's development. As a result, Myanmar reportedly decided not to accept the remaining five aircraft from the original order and explored newer JF-17 variants as a potential resolution.<ref name=":5" /> ===Nigeria=== [[File:Nigerian JF-17 fighter aircraft.png|thumb|[[Nigerian Air Force]] JF-17 Block 2]] In December 2014, during the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar]] in Karachi, Nigeria was reportedly buying between 25 and 40 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]]. [[Nigerian Air Force]] (NAF) chief [[Air Marshal]] [[Adesola Nunayon Amosu]] had visited Pakistan earlier in October 2014.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite web|title=IDEAS 2014: Nigeria 'close to signing up' for JF-17 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |date=2 December 2014 |work=Farhan Bokhari |publisher=Janes |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226110403/http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> Nigeria became the second customer in 2016 by placing an order for three planes. However, as the news reports value the deal at US$25 million, it is not clear if the item is misreported.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria to become first JF-17 export operator|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128011517/http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FG to spend N65bn on warplanes, weapons, others|url=http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106072634/http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-date=6 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A June 2016 article in [[Jane's]] re-affirmed NAF budget for 3 JF-17, 10 [[PAC Super Mushshak|Super Mushshak]], and 2 [[Mi-35M]] aircraft in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria waiting for US to approve Super Tucano sale|url=http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608130937/http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With a confirmation from the Nigerian Air Force shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|title=Official 2016 Nigerian Budget Confirms JF-17 Order|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=4 January 2017|work=quwa.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510134827/http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018 Pakistan approved of the sale and local Nigerian production of three JF-17s for US$184.3 million. The aircraft are rumoured to be of a later version than the initially agreed sale, providing more advanced systems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binnie |first1=Jeremy |title=Pakistan approves Nigerian JF-17 production |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025144735/https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |archive-date=25 October 2018 |location=London |date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamal |first1=Sana |title=Pakistan to sell three JF-17s to Nigeria for $184.3m |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |website=Gulf News |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143150/https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |location=Islamabad |date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 December 2020 the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]] rolled out the three JF-17A Block 2s for Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |work=defenceworld.net |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live }}</ref> They were delivered to Makurdi Air Base in March 2021 aboard Pakistan Air Force Ilyushin Il-78MP freighters and were formally inducted into the Nigerian Air Force on 21 May 2021.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=First of 3 Pakistani JF-17 Jets Arrive in Nigeria |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21" /> The NAF initially indicated that it might order another 35–40 aircraft if the type met its requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref> In January 2023 the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal [[Isiaka Oladayo Amao]], confirmed that the JF-17s had been used in anti-terrorism and anti-insurgency operations inside Nigeria.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> In early December 2025 the three aircraft were reportedly deployed to the [[Benin Republic]], where they conducted airstrikes against rebel forces during an attempted coup.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Nigerian Air Force deploys JF-17 jets to foil Benin coup attempt |url=https://timesofislamabad.com/08-Dec-2025/nigerian-air-force-deploys-jf-17-jets-to-foil-benin-coup-attempt |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> ===Azerbaijan=== In January 2008, Azerbaijan engaged in talks with Pakistan over JF-17's possible sale to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |title=Azerbaijan to buy JF-17 {{sic|aircra|fts|nolink=y}} from Pakistan |date=29 January 2008 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210111145843/https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |work=[[Azeri Press Agency]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]] negotiated with China for several dozen JF-17s worth approximately {{USD|16 to 18 million}} each.<ref name="news.am">{{Citation|title=China supplies FC-1 multipurpose fighters to Azerbaijan|url=http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|newspaper=News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124131/http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|place=AM|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Pakistani Armed Forces actively discussed military and defence cooperation with Azerbaijan, culminating in the latter expressing an interest in purchasing the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shahid |last=Hussain |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |title=Pakistan and Azerbaijan: Deepening a Mutually Beneficial Relationship |date=19 May 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200519204003/https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |archive-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 February 2024, Azerbaijan had signed a contract worth US$1.6 billion with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 multi-role combat aircraft for the Azerbaijani Air Forces including aircraft, training, and ordnance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan signs largest ever fighter jet sale deal with Azerbaijan |url=https://www.azernews.az/nation/222206.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Azernews.Az |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |last=AzeMedia |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan has signed the largest deal in history with Azerbaijan for the sale of fighter jets |url=https://aze.media/pakistan-has-signed-the-largest-deal-in-history-with-azerbaijan-for-the-sale-of-fighter-jets/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Aze.Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-seals-1-6-billion-deal-with-azerbaijan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets/|title=Pakistan seals $1.6 billion deal with Azerbaijan to sell JF-17 fighter jets|date=22 February 2024}}</ref> On 25 September 2024, the JF-17 Block 3 was showcased to the President of Azerbaijan on the sidelines of 2024 Azerbaijan International Defence Exhibition (AIDEX).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title=JF-17C multirole aircrafts presented to President Ilham Aliyev |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/jf_17c_multirole_aircrafts_presented_to_president_ilham_aliyev-3196886 |work=Azertac}}</ref> On 6 June 2025, the Government of Pakistan announced that it had secured a contract for the supply of 40 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft from Azerbaijan for $4.6 billion, which builds on an initial agreement signed between Pakistan and Azerbaijan in February 2024, valued at $1.6 billion, for an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 fighter jets, alongside training and armaments.<ref name="auto11">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2025/06/jf-17-thunder-breakthrough-azerbaijan.html | title=JF-17 Thunder Breakthrough Azerbaijan Secures $4.6 Billion Deal for 40 Pakistani-Chinese Block III Fighters | date=8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto18">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/06/08/how-armenia-might-respond-to-azerbaijans-jf-17-fighter-acquisition/ | title=How Armenia Might Respond to Azerbaijan's JF-17 Fighter Acquisition | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref name="auto15">{{Cite web|url=https://defence-industry.eu/azerbaijan-signs-record-4-6-billion-deal-for-40-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/|title=Azerbaijan signs $4.6 billion deal for JF-17 fighters|date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite web | url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/azerbaijan-expands-jf-17-fighter-jet-order-to-40-units-in-46b-defense-deal-3202511 | title=Azerbaijan expands JF-17 fighter jet order to 40 units in $4.6B defense deal }}</ref><ref name="auto13">{{cite web | url=https://www.turdef.com/article/pakistan-confirms-inking-of-deal-with-azerbaijan-for-jf-17 | title=Pakistan Confirms Inking of Deal with Azerbaijan for JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=7 June 2025 }}</ref> Deliveries of the initial tranche began in October 2025, with the aircraft arriving at Nasosnaya Air Base and undergoing familiarization before formal induction. On 8 November 2025, five JF-17s (four single-seat and one twin-seat), flown by Azeri fighter pilots, participated in Azerbaijan’s Victory Day parade in Baku, marking their first public appearance in Azerbaijani service. In addition, open-source images circulated showing a total of nine JF-17 Block III aircraft present in Azerbaijan around the same period without any national markings, consistent with jets observed during early post-delivery handling and marking transitions.<ref name="azeri1">{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Waldron |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/azerbaijan-confirms-jf-17-fighter-acceptance-with-baku-flypast/165245.article |title=Azerbaijan becomes fourth JF-17 operator with five appearing in Baku military parade |website=Flightglobal.com |date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/70546 |title=Military Parade dedicated to the fifth anniversary of Victory in Patriotic War was held in Baku |work=The Official Website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan |date=8 November 2025}}</ref> ===Potential customers=== ==== Bangladesh ==== In January 2025, [[Bangladesh]] announced an interest in purchasing the JF-17C Block 3.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2522416/bangladesh-shows-interest-in-jf-17 | title=Bangladesh shows interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/bangladesh-army-delegation-meets-pakistan-air-chief-expresses-interest-in-jf-17/ | title=Bangladesh army delegation meets Pakistan Air Chief, expresses interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> In January 2026, it was reported that Bangladesh was in formal talks with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17C Block 3 fighters.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/9/why-is-pakistan-selling-its-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-bangladesh-and-others</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-eyes-defence-pact-with-bangladesh-sale-jf-17-jets-2026-01-07/</ref><ref>https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/bangladesh-explores-jf-17-acquisition-to-replace-ageing-fighters/165876.article</ref> ==== Indonesia ==== ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that Pakistan is in discussion with Indonesia on selling the JF-17s to the latter. In January 2026, Indonesia’s Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin held talks in Islamabad with PAF Chief, Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu, during which a potential defence cooperation package—including the possible acquisition of around 40 JF-17 fighter aircraft, armed drones, and associated training—was discussed, though no binding agreement was announced at the time.<ref name="ReutersJF17Indonesia2026">{{cite web |first1=Saad |last1=Sayeed |first2=Ananda |last2=Teresia |first3=Ariba |last3=Shahid |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-indonesia-closing-jets-drones-defence-deal-sources-say-2026-01-12/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan and Indonesia closing in on jets and drones defence deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> ==== Iraq ==== [[Iraq]] has expressed interest in acquiring the JF-17C Thunder multirole combat aircraft from Pakistan as part of efforts to modernise the [[Iraqi Air Force]]. During an official visit to Baghdad on 10 January 2026, Pakistan’s Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu met with Lieutenant General Staff Pilot Mohanad Ghalib Mohammed Radi Al-Asadi, Commander of the Iraqi Air Force, where discussions covered bilateral air force cooperation. During the meeting, the Iraqi Air Force Commander indicated interest in the JF-17C fighter aircraft and Super Mushshak trainer aircraft in the context of training, capacity building, and defence cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan says Iraq expressed ‘keen interest’ in JF-17 jets at air chiefs meeting |work=Arab News |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628855/pakistan}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq eyes JF-17 fighter jets as Pakistani air chief visits Baghdad |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2586411/iraq-eyes-jf-17-fighter-jets-as-pakistani-air-chief-visits-baghdad}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq seeks JF-17 Thunder jets during Pakistani air chief’s visit |work=Business Recorder |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40401540/iraq-seeks-jf-17-thunder-jets}} </ref> ==== Libya ==== It was reported on 22 December 2025 that Pakistan reached a $4-4.6 billion deal with the [[Libyan National Army]], commanded by Khalifa Haftar, which controls eastern [[Libya]], for the supply of 16 JF-17s and other military equipment.<ref name="libya1">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/12/28/why-it-took-pakistan-so-long-to-sell-jf-17-fighters-to-an-arab-country/ |title=Why It Took Pakistan So Long To Sell JF-17 Fighters To An Arab Country |website=Forbes.com |date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya2">{{cite web |first=Liu |last=Zhen |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3337888/china-pakistan-warplane-deal-libyan-faction-may-help-expand-beijings-influence |title=China-Pakistan warplane deal with Libyan faction ‘may help expand Beijing’s influence’ |website=SCMP.com|date=27 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya3">{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Asif |last2=Shahzad |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-strikes-4-billion-deal-sell-weapons-libyan-force-officials-say-2025-12-22/ |title=Pakistan strikes $4 billion deal to sell weapons to Libyan force, officials say |website=Reuters.com |date=22 December 2025}}</ref> ==== Morocco ==== Morocco has shown interest in the JF-17, having invited a sales team to showcase it in the Marrakech Air Show 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 to Star in Marrakech Air Show|url=http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202010633/http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marrakech Air Show Invites Pakistan to Showcase JF −17 Thunder Fighter Jet|url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222014010/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> According to a local analyst, a potential acquisition by Morocco may be complicated by incompatible technologies; the JF-17 Block I and Block II have broadly different electronics suites and air-to-air & air-to-surface munitions than its current Western-sourced aircraft, such as the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F-1 (MF2000)]], [[Northrop F-5|F-5E/F Tiger II]] and [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to market the JF-17 Thunder to Morocco|url=http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426114618/http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Morocco has been engaged with Pakistan in January 2026 on the JF-17.<ref>https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/01/276273/morocco-shows-interest-in-pakistani-jf-17-jets-as-talks-advance/</ref> ==== Saudi Arabia ==== In January 2014, the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] was reportedly examining potential technology transfer and co-production opportunities for the JF-17. Saudi Deputy Minister of Defence Prince [[Salman bin Sultan]] toured the JF-17 project during a visit to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 January 2014|title=Saudi eyeing Pakistan's JF-17 fighter jet, modeled from U.S. F-16|work=World Tribune|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706041729/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2014|title=Saudi Arabia May Buy Pakistani-Chinese Fighter Jets|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726081849/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=8 November 2016|title=Saudi Arabia Reportedly Interested in the JF-17 Thunder|url=http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084500/http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=9 November 2016|website=Quwa Defence News & Analysis Group}}</ref> However, by 2023, this interest seems to have fallen through, with Saudi Arabia now interested in joining the Anglo-Italian-Japanese [[Global Combat Air Programme]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2023|title=Saudi Arabia pushes to join fighter jet project with UK, Italy and Japan|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/80e9bda9-f415-4076-9037-bd6b96e1169f|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported in January 2026 that Pakistan are in discussion with Saudi Arabia to convert around US$ 2 billion of Saudi loans to Pakistan into a provision of JF-17s.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Saad |last2=Sayeed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-saudi-talks-jf-17-jets-for-loans-deal-sources-say-2026-01-07/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan, Saudi in talks on JF-17 jets-for-loans deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>However It is reported that the US government has discouraged Saudi Arabia from aquisition of both JF-17's and [[TAI TF Kaan|TF Kaan's]], instead proposing sale of [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]'s to the Saudi Arabian Air Force. <ref name=":9">{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan | title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref> ==== Other countries ==== Countries including [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Bilal|date=7 August 2016|title=Pakistan offers JF-17 & Super Mushshak to Kuwait|url=https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422190117/https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|archive-date=22 April 2020|website=Quwa - Defence News & Analysis}}</ref> [[Peru]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Pakistan's JF-17 Is A Viable Alternative To The American F-16|url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|website=Wonderful Engineering|date=21 March 2019|quote=As of right now, Saudi Arabia, Albania, Morocco, Bulgaria, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Oman, Lebanon, Argentina, Algeria, Jordan, and Peru are evaluating the JF-17 Block III|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723081234/https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|title=Pakistan, South Africa sign agreements to increase defense cooperation|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|website=Dawn|date=27 March 2017|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023533/https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Uruguay]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demerly |first=Tom |date=9 November 2017 |title=Shopping for Fighters: Is the Chinese/Pakistani JF-17 Thunder the Real "Joint Strike Fighter"? |url=https://theaviationist.com/2017/11/09/shopping-for-fighters-is-the-chinesepakistani-jf-17-thunder-the-real-joint-strike-fighter/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Confirmed: Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet Has its First Buyer |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/confirmed-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jet-has-its-first-buyer/#:~:text=Numerous%20air%20forces%20are%20toying,the%20Philippines,%20Venezuela%20and%20Zimbabwe. |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> have shown interest in the JF-17.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article" /><ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2008|title=PAF gets six JF-17 Thunder aircraft|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045150/http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> In February 2026, reports appeared that the [[Somali Air Force]] was in talks to acquire 24 Block III JF-17s.<ref>https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalia-in-talks-to-buy-24-jf-17-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/; {{cite news|title=Somalia in High-Level Talks to Acquire 24 JF-17 Thunder Block III Fighter Jets from Pakistan in US$900 Million Air Power Revival|work=Defence Security Asia|date=19 February 2026 |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/somalia-jf17-thunder-block-iii-pakistan-us900-million-air-force-revival/|access-date=22 February 2026}}; {{cite news |title=Soomaaliya oo diyaarado casri ah kasoo iibsanaysa Pakistan |work=Hiiraan Online |date=10 February 2026 |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2026/Feb/wararka_maanta09-192820.htm |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> Somalia's air force has been inactive for many years. ===Former interests=== ==== Argentina ==== At the 2013 [[Paris Air Show]], officials from Argentine aerospace conglomerate [[Fábrica Argentina de Aviones]] (FAdeA) revealed that the firm had held multiple discussions with Chinese officials over a potential co-production of the FC-1/JF-17, for the [[Argentine Air Force]] (FAA); this was regarded as the first formal effort by Argentina to possibly procure, or co-produce the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter - IHS Jane's 360 |website=www.janes.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> FAdeA officials said that the co-produced FC-1 could be classified as the "Pulqui-III", with regard to FAdeA's [[Pulqui II|Pulqui-II]] fighter.<ref name="ja23j13">{{cite news|author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter|newspaper=Jane's|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 2015, following a three-day visit by [[President of Argentina|Argentine president]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] to [[China]], Argentina announced that it would consider purchasing around 20 JF-17s from [[Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group|CAIG]]; however the deal did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |title=China to Supply 20 Thunder Fighter Jets to Argentina |website=www.defenseworld.net |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216210452/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |archive-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nikkei|title=Argentina turns to China for arms supply|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|access-date=1 March 2022|date=9 April 2015|first=Kamilia|last=Lahrichi|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210140006/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|url-status=live}}</ref> The primary reason for Argentine interest was reportedly the aircraft's lesser requirement for parts of British origin, as the United Kingdom had barred any sale of military equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina since the [[Falklands War|1982 Falklands War]].<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url = https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2021/09/28/could-britain-stop-argentina-from-buying-the-jf-17-warplane/|title = Could Britain stop Argentina from buying the JF-17 warplane?|date = 28 September 2021|access-date = 11 January 2022|archive-date = 30 September 2021|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210930015257/https://www.defensenews.com/global/the%2Damericas/2021/09/28/could%2Dbritain%2Dstop%2Dargentina%2Dfrom%2Dbuying%2Dthe%2Djf%2D17%2Dwarplane/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |title=No KAI FA-50 for Argentina under the post-1982 embargo |website=aircosmosinternational.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129073505/https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Likewise, Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other aircraft, namely, the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to diplomatic pressure from the United Kingdom, given the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain British-origin parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|publisher=Flightglobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|date=3 November 2020|access-date=1 March 2022|first=Greg|last=Waldron|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{cite web|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|access-date=1 March 2022|date=21 June 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="defensenews.com"/> In September 2021, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] presented a draft budget for the fiscal year of 2022, which contained a request of USD $664 million for the acquisition of future fighter aircraft for the FAA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Gastón |date=21 September 2021 |title=The Argentine Ministry of Defense clarifies about the JF-17 Thunder |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Aviacionline.com |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015136/https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, multiple media outlets misinterpreted this action, erroneously reporting that the request for funds were for acquiring the JF-17 Block-III.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|title=Argentina hasn't selected JF-17 fighter? Govt clarifies budget request|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=1 March 2022|date=22 September 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015142/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]] (''Ministerio de Defensa'') later clarified that the JF-17 had not been selected, asserting that the FAA was still evaluating five other aircraft as possible options.<ref name=":3" /> In May 2022, a delegation of the FAA evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dubois |first1=Gastón |title=Argentine Air Force delegation evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |website=Aviacionline |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011548/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in October 2023, the United States approved the transfer of 24 second-hand [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16 Block-15 MLU]] fighters previously owned by the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] to Argentina, countering the Chinese offer; reportedly, the deal did not necessitate an approval from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/us-approves-proposed-f-16-transfer-argentina|title=U.S. Approves Proposed F-16 Transfer To Argentina|website=aviationweek.com|date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Following the inauguration of the [[Javier Milei|Javier Milei administration]] in Argentina in 2023, the decision to select the F-16 had reportedly materialised, leaving the JF-17 out of the contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airdatanews.com/argentina-chose-the-f-16-fighter-for-its-air-force-reports/|title=Argentina chose the F-16 fighter for its Air Force – reports|website=www.airdatanews.com|date=30 January 2024}}</ref> ==== Bolivia ==== The JF-17 was a candidate for the replacement of retired [[Lockheed T-33]] aircraft of the [[Bolivian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|title=Bolivia Air Force is looking for fighter jets|work=Air Data News |date=29 May 2021|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054044/https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Congo ==== In March 2023, it was reported that China was pitching the JF-17 to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |title=Congo is considering buying JF-17 Thunder fighter jets from China |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |title=DRC: China offers Kinshasa its fighter planes |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |title=China Offers JF-17 Jet to Congo-Kinshasa, Competing with Russian Su-27 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |title=DRC : Kinshasa eyes Chinese fighter jets after buying Beijing's drones - 14/03/2023 |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162519/https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Malaysia ==== [[Malaysia]] had periodically indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the JF-17 for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its efforts to replace its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MIG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in the JF-17 emerged in 2015, although this was later denied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=21 December 2015 |title=Malaysia Denies Interest in JF-17, But Export Hopes Remain |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2015/12/21/malaysia-denies-interest-in-jf-17-but-export-hopes-remain/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Defense News |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Benjamin David |title=The Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Might Have Another Buyer in Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121257/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2019, then-visiting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian PM]] [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohammad]] was accorded an aerial-display of the JF-17's at the 2019 [[Pakistan Day Parade]]; he was also briefed about the fighter by the PAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahathir Mohamad receives briefing on JF-17 before leaving Islamabad |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=23 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121254/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Malaysian PM Mahathir shows interest in JF-17 Thunder as he concludes Pakistan visit |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701072047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft — dubbed as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainer-aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/None |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender |url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=MilitaryLeak |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF later issued a [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|date=18 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17 was widely regarded to be a leading contender in the FLIT/LCA procurement initiative, along with the [[HAL Tejas]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|title=Malaysia formally launches tender for new trainer, light combat aircraft|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in October 2021, the JF-17 was revealed to have abstained from participating in the FLIT/LCA tender; later reports confirmed that only six companies had responded to the RFP issued by the RMAF - the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] ([[Korea Aerospace Industries]]), the [[HAL Tejas]] ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]), the [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]] ([[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]]), the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]] ([[Leonardo S.p.A.]]), the [[TAI Hürjet]] ([[Turkish Aerospace Industries]]) and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35]] ([[Rosoboronexport]]).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> The JF-17's unprecedented absence from the FLIT/LCA essentially ended all speculations regarding its participation in Malaysia.<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia begins evaluating proposals to replace fleet of Hawk Mk 108/208s |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Janes.com |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121256/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Socka |first=Sherman |date=1 December 2021 |title=LETTER {{!}} RMAF purchase of Light Combat Aircraft to bolster defence industry |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.aerotime.aero |date=20 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518000844/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, the JF-17 was reportedly re-offered to the RMAF, with an estimated price-discount of about 30%; however, these reports remain unconfirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumelar |first=Tri Agung |title=Saingi HAL Tejas di Malaysia, China Turunkan Harga Jet Tempur JF-17 Thunder hingga 30 Persen - Zona Jakarta |url=https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com |language=id |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110124301/https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF eventually declined to purchase the JF-17 and proceeded instead to order 18 FA-50 Block 20 jets in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|title=Malaysia buys South Korea fighter jets as ASEAN arms market grows|website=asia.nikkei.com|date=7 March 2023|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324012111/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Qatar ==== [[Qatar]] has shown interest in the JF-17 since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|title=Qatar Plans To Buy Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet, Super Mushshak Trainer|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=27 October 2016 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506212945/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, at Qatar's invitation, PAF JF-17s participated in Qatar's National Day Flypast in Doha alongside [[Qatar Air Force]] [[Rafale]]s and [[Mirage 2000-5]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|title=Flypast during Qatar National Day Hints at Doha's Interest in Pakistani JF-17|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192401/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the offer seems to have fallen through, with Qatar ordering a mix of [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]s and [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F15E]]s. ==== Sri Lanka ==== In June 2015, Pakistani media suggested that an export order had been confirmed with the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]; claims were made that the JF-17's first sales contract had been signed with the Sri Lanka Air Force at the 51st Paris Air Show.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka revealed as first foreign buyer of JF-17|newspaper=Want China Times|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623183730/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Wasim|date=22 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka purchasing JF-17 Thunder Jets|newspaper=Business Recorder|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623170033/http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Other sources claimed that Myanmar is the first buyer of Pakistani JF-17s.<ref name="Myanmar2">{{cite news|date=9 July 2015|title=Myanmar first country to purchase JF-17 Thunder from Pakistan|newspaper=Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|url-status=live}}</ref> Reportedly, the order would cover around 18–24 aircraft and deliveries set to begin in 2017. During a state visit by [[Nawaz Sharif]] in January 2016, Sri Lanka reportedly signed an agreement to buy eight JF-17s from Pakistan;<ref>{{cite web|first=Franz-Stefan | last = Gady|title=Sri Lanka to Buy 8 Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jets|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213252/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2016|access-date=7 January 2016|work=The Diplomat}}</ref> however, the Sri Lankan government has issued denials.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2016|title=Government says no JF-17 deal with Pakistan|work=Columbo Gazette|url=http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126211056/http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The alleged deal was said to involve 10–12 aircraft, each valued at US$35 million, for a total of US$400 million<ref>{{cite news|title=Following Myanmar, Pakistan is Eager to Sell More JF-17s|url=http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213105004/http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> Reportedly, any such sale was scuppered by Indian diplomatic pressure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian pressure stalls Pakistani JF-17 sale to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213040939/http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revealed: Why Sri Lanka Backed Off the Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215193957/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 October 2013|title=Pakistan to sell JF-17 fighter jets to SL-report|work=The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523103143/http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> However, in 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=9 January 2021|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref> ==== Zimbabwe ==== The [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] reportedly planned to purchase twelve JF-17s in 2004, as part of a $240 million deal with China. No such sales have materialised.<ref name="Rotberg2009">{{cite book|first=Robert I. | last = Rotberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|title=China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0175-0|page=174|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Africa and China's Global Activism|url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616192046/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|publisher=Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> In 2010, China was reportedly in talks about the JF-17 with five or six countries, some of which had sent pilots to China to undergo test flights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian fighter requirements continue to grow|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185036/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-date=21 October 2014|access-date=21 March 2010|work=Flight International}}</ref> ==مختلف قسمون== ===Prototypes=== In chronological production order: *'''PT-01''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plates]] on intakes. Rolled out on 31 May 2003. First flight on 25 August 2003.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/> *'''PT-02''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. *'''PT-03''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. First flight in April 2004. *'''PT-04''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with [[Diverterless supersonic inlet|Diverterless Supersonic Inlets (DSI)]] and modified vertical stabiliser. First flight on 10 May 2006. PT-04 incorporated modifications such as DSI, wider LERX, extended ventral fins, and a taller, less swept vertical stabiliser with a rectangular fairing at the tip containing electronic warfare equipment and small blister fairings at the base containing Missile Approach Warning sensors. The PT-04 prototype was primarily used for avionics and weapon qualification tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |title=4th Prototype JF-17 Thunder aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |date=11 May 2006 |work=Pakistan Tribune |access-date=21 May 2011 |location=Islamabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="APP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |title=JF-17 Thunder arrives in Pakistan |date=12 March 2007 |work=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022192508/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref> *'''PT-05''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. *'''PT-06''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. ===Production variants=== In chronological production order: *'''JF-17 Block 1''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production in China began in June 2006<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com" /> and in Pakistan in 2007. The first three Chinese weapons to be integrated are the [[PL-5|PL-5E II]] AAM, the [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] AAM, and the [[C-802A|C-802AK]] anti-ship missile. Block 1 aircraft had performed "better than expected" according to PAF [[Air Commodore]] Junaid. Production of Block 1 was completed on 18 December 2013 when the fiftieth aircraft{{mdash}}58% of which was produced in Pakistan{{mdash}}was delivered.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Dave | last1 = Allport | first2 = Alan | last2 = Warnes|date=September 2010|title= JF-17 Thunders in First Public Static Display | journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue= 269|page= 8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Rolls Out 50th JF-17, Block II Production To Commence |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |date=18 December 2013 |work=Defense News |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220054215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> A Block 1 JF-17 costs approximately US$15&nbsp;million per unit.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra" /> *'''JF-17 Block 2''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production began on 18 December 2013 and initial testing began on 9 February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|work=janes.com|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119230215/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Block 2 aircraft make use of composites in the airframe for reduced weight, air-to-air refuelling capability,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Roblin|first=Sebastien|date=10 August 2019|title=Meet the JF-17 Block III Fighter: The Jet China is Helping Pakistan Build to Fight India|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|access-date=23 July 2021|website=The National Interest|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002901/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|url-status=live}}</ref> improved radar and avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |title=Pakistan Begins Producing Block-II JF-17 Aircraft |last1=Panda |first1=Ankit |date=27 December 2013 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726080602/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="dawn" /> Chairman of PAC, Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed said: "We will hand over 16 Block 2 JF-17s to the PAF every year", and that the manufacturing plant has the capacity to produce 25 units in a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to boost military export with revamped JF-17 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |date=7 December 2014 |work=Pakistan Today |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172819/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> According to local media, PAC rolled out the 16th Block 2 aircraft in December 2015 enabling the JF-17's 4th squadron formation.<ref name="Fourth" /> A Block 2 JF-17 costs approximately US$25 million per unit.<ref name="SkyWars">{{citation | url = http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | title = Sky Wars: Pakistan, India and China | first = Adnan | last = Rehmat | date = 24 May 2011 | work = Dawn | access-date = 29 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122325/http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | archive-date = 14 July 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> *'''JF-17B Block 2''' {{mdash}} Dual-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 27 April 2017.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|title=Military Flight Training MENA 2021|website=www.arabianaerospace.aero|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154514/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JF-17B">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Naveed|title=JF-17B fighter jet takes maiden test flight|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|access-date=28 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142207/https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Serial production in China and Pakistan from 2018 to 2020. A total of 26 aircraft built - first four at Chengdu and remaining 22 at Kamra.<ref name="auto4" /> Its multi-roles include use as a (i) JF-17 conversion trainer; (ii) Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT); (iii) ground-attack aircraft; and (iv) reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|title=PAF to induct dual-seater JF-17B fighter jet in April 2017|date=28 April 2016|work=[[Express Tribune]]|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503202439/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the dual-seat, larger dorsal spine, and a more swept-back tail, another difference between the JF-17B and the JF-17 is that the JF-17B carries fuel in its vertical stabiliser, which the JF-17 does not.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|title=Pride of Pakistan|website=www.airinternational.com|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310041201/https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17B houses integral fuel tanks like the F-16. Each wing houses 550 Ib while the vertical tail houses 210 lb, which, together with the internal fuel load, totals 4,910 Ib of fuel. Together with the three external fuel drop-tanks, the aircraft can carry a total 10,000 Ib fuel load.<ref name="auto" /> The JF-17B Block 2s will be retrofitted with the NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra).<ref name="auto" /> *'''JF-17C Block 3'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/adex-2024-azerbaijani-jf-17-delivery-announced | title=ADEX 2024: Azerbaijani JF-17 delivery announced | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://quwa.org/pakistan-defence-industry/pakistan-promotes-the-jf-17c-thunder-to-bangladesh-01-20-2025/ | title=Pakistan Promotes the JF-17C Thunder to Bangladesh - Quwa | date=20 January 2025 }}</ref> {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 15 December 2019. Two prototypes underwent flight tests as of December 2020, one in China and the other in Pakistan. Went into serial production at PAC Kamra on 30 December 2020.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> Projected to feature further advancements such as a NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra),<ref name="auto" /> a three-axis digital fly-by-wire flight control system,<ref name="auto" /> an infrared search and track (IRST) system,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |title=2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |format=JPG |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221746/http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Rolling Thunder|url=https://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=Asian Military Review|date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208182445/http://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system produced jointly by Pakistan and China,<ref name="auto" /> a missile approach warning system (MAWS) similar to the one used on the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]]C, [[J-16]], and [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]], a new, larger, and thinner holographic wide-angle head-up display (HUD) similar to the one used on the J-10C and J-20, an enhanced electronic warfare management system,<ref name="auto" /> a chin-mounted hardpoint,<ref name="auto" /> use of more composites for further weight reduction, eventual replacement of the [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] [[afterburning turbofan]] by the [[Guizhou WS-13]]<ref name=":2" /> with an increased thrust, and a better thrust-to-weight ratio.<ref name="dawn" /><ref name="Nigeria" /><ref name="AW17March2015">{{cite journal|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=17 March 2015|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|access-date=24 March 2015|location=Kamra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322152346/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=22 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> The KLJ-7A can simultaneously track 15 targets and engage 4 targets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=KLJ-7A: Proposed AESA Radar for the JF-17 Block-III|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507114147/http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> PAF officials have described the JF-17 Block 3 as a "fourth generation plus" fighter jet. The first PAC-produced JF-17 Block 3 aircraft are expected to roll out of the production line in late 2021.<ref name="auto" /> The PAF has placed an order for 50 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft, deliveries of which were expected to start from early 2022.<ref name="paknikkei">{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|title=Pakistan to boost air strike power with 50 enhanced fighter jets|access-date=1 March 2022|date=6 February 2022|publisher=Nikkei|first=Adnan|last=Aamir|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084243/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Pakistan to Order 50 More Fighter Jets in 2017|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054055/https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 JF-17 Block 3 production aircraft were photographed after their rollout at PAC Kamra in early January 2022. The first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF in March 2023. '''Under-Development''' *'''JF-17 Block 4 or (PFX-Alpha)''' {{mdash}} The JF-17 Block 4 or JF-17 (PFX Alpha) is an under-development 4.5+ generation version of the JF-17 Thunder under the PAF "PFX" program, where "PFX" stands for "Pakistan Fighter Experimental." Also known as the JF-17 Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU), the project aims to enhance the JF-17 beyond the capabilities of the current JF-17C Block 3, which is the most advanced variant of the fighter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/pakistan-unveils-jf-17-pfx-fighter | title=Pakistan unveils JF-17 PFX fighter | date=26 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Reveals 'JF-17 PFX' Program |url=https://quwa.org/daily-news/pakistan-reveals-jf-17-pfx-program-2/ |publisher=Quwa |date=2 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Development Program for JF-17 PFX (Pakistan Fighter Experimental) Unveiled |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/development-program-for-jf-17-pfx-pakistan-fighter-experimental-unveiled/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The PFX-Alpha focuses on improving the radar, avionics, and integrating new air-to-air and air-to-surface munitions, including indigenous weapons. It will feature an indigenously-developed passive Infrared Search and Track (IRST) sensor and an electronic warfare (EW) suite with AESA radar-jamming capability. The overall goal of the PFX program is to provide the PAF with a next-generation fighter, with the PFX-Alpha serving as a key step toward indigenization and reducing external dependence. While no official timeline has been announced, a PAF official stated in an interview with [[Geo News]] at IDEAS 2024 that the jet is expected to fly within the next 4 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wec3sH9WMQ8 |title=JF-17 PFX: Upcoming Innovation & New Chapter in Pakistan Air Force - IDEAS 2024 {{!}} Breaking News |date=21 November 2024 |last=Geo News |access-date=23 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> At the [[Royal International Air Tattoo|RIAT]] 2025 air show, Pakistan showcased a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130H Hercules]] with a custom paint job featuring artwork of various PAF aircraft; notably, the PFX was depicted highest on the tail, symbolising the Air Force’s strong commitment to the program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=PAF Showcases JF-17, C-130 at RIAT 2025 in the UK |url=https://theneutral.pk/paf-to-display-jf-17-thunder-c-130-hercules-at-riat-2025/ |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=theneutral.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> ==آپريٽرز== <!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--> [[File:JF-17 operators.png|thumb|400px|موجوده JF-17 آپريٽر ملڪن (نيري رنگ ۾) سان نقشو]] === موجوده آپريٽر === '''{{AZE}}'''<br> * آذربائيجاني ايئر فورس: 5 پهچايا ويا، 35 آرڊر تي<ref name="azeri1" /> <ref name="azeri2">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/11/17/from-azerbaijan-to-uae-iran-is-surrounded-by-more-advanced-air-forces/ |title=From Azerbaijan To UAE, Iran Is Surrounded By More Advanced Air Forces |website=Forbes.com |date=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/azerbaijan-inducts-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan |title=Azerbaijan inducts JF-17 fighters from Pakistan |website=Janes.com |date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.defcros.com/azerbaijan-receives-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan/ |title=Azerbaijan Receives JF-17 Fighters from Pakistan |website=news.defcros.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> 35 on order<ref name="azeri2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://turdef.com/article/azerbaijan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fighters-in-inventory |title=Azerbaijan Shows JF-17 Block III Fighters in Inventory |website=turdef.com |date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aze.media/jf-17-and-a-new-axis-of-partnership-the-largest-ever-defense-deal-between-pakistan-and-azerbaijan/ |title=JF-17 and a new axis of partnership: The largest-ever defense deal between Pakistan and Azerbaijan |website=aze.media |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya1" /> '''{{flag|Myanmar}}''' [[ميانمار]] * ميانمار جي ايئر فورس: 13 پهچايا ويا، 3 آرڊر تي<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |title=2021 World Air Forces |format=PDF |editor-last=Hoyle |editor-first=Craig |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208041355/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-team-sent-to-myanmar-to-repair-combat-aircraft/articleshow/98640757.cms | title=Pakistan team sent to Myanmar to repair combat aircraft | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=15 March 2023 | last1=Chaudhury | first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** ميڪٽيلا ايئر فورس بيس<ref name="ReferenceB"/> '''{{NGA}}''' * نائيجيريا جي ايئر فورس: 3 پهچايا ويا<ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21">{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17s as it awaits Super Tucanos |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=21 May 2021 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191831/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** اين اي ايف بيس ماڪرودي<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |title=Nigeria gears up to receive JF-17s |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=13 November 2020 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121054653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17 fighters |website=Janes.com |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191832/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |url-status=live }}</ref> '''{{PAK}}''' * پاڪستان ايئر فورس: 161 پهچايا ويا، 27 آرڊر تي ** پي اي ايف بيس ڀولاري ([[ڄامشورو]]) *** نمبر 18 اسڪواڊرن شارپ شوٽرز (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref name="SHEPHARD"> {{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/pakistan-receives-chinese-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-reports/ |title=Pakistan receives Chinese JF-17 Block III fighter jets, reports say| access-date=10 March 2023|work=SHEPHARD |date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141819/https://timesofislamabad.com/03-Feb-2018/six-paf-squadrons-with-over-100-jf-17-fighter-jets-become-operational-fully |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|title=The JF-17 Is No F-35 Stealth Jet, But It's Good Enough For Pakistan|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=2 January 2020|website=The National Interest|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|title=Janes {{!}} Latest defence and security news|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Janes.com|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906153101/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="paknikkei" /> ** [[PAF Base Bholari]] (Jamshoro)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** No. 18 Squadron ''Sharp Shooters'' (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|title=Pakistan inducts 14 JF-17Bs and starts Block III JF-17 Thunder production|first=Hans van|last=Herk|website=www.scramble.nl|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231094256/https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Delivers New JF-17B Batch|date=2 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119112738/https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس مسرور ([[ڪراچي]]) *** نمبر 2 اسڪواڊرن منهاسين (2015)<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |title=Pakistan's PAF Re-equip Squadron No 2 Minhas With JF-17 |work=Asian Defence |date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121101129/http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 }}</ref> *** نمبر 8 اسڪواڊرن حيدرز (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-jf17-fighter-aircrafts/ | title=Pakistan Establishes Second Squadron of JF-17 "Thunder" Block 3 Fighters | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Scramble.nl">{{cite web | url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force | title=Orbats }}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس منہاس (ڪامرا) *** JF-17 TEF (ٽيسٽ ۽ تشخيص پرواز) (2007-2010)<ref name="AFM, July 2011, JF-17 - Thunder from the East">{{cite journal|last=Warnes|first=Alan|date=July 2011|title=JF-17&nbsp;– Thunder from the East|journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue=#280|pages=47–70}}</ref> *** نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن بليڪ پينٿرز (2011)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan" /> ** پي اي ايف بيس مصحف ([[سرگوڌا]]) *** CCS JF-17 اسڪواڊرن ڊيشنگ<ref name="Scramble.nl" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|title=JF-17 Thunder aircraft inducted in PAF Combat Commanders' School|work=Business Recorder|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223224329/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس [[پشاور]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/?q=node/16871 |title=Peshawar Base to station JF-17 Thunder Aircraft Squadron: Pak Air Chief |work=Asian Tribune |date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010004/http://asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F16871 |archive-date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> *** نمبر 26 اسڪواڊرن بليڪ اسپائڊرز (2010)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan" /> ** پي اي ايف بيس رفيقي ([[شورڪوٽ]])<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** نمبر 14 اسڪواڊرن ٽيل چوپرز (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|date=16 February 2017|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132631/https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس سمنگلي ([[ڪوئيٽا]]) *** نمبر 28 اسڪواڊرن فينڪس (2018)<ref> {{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|title=Pakistan inaugurates new fighter squadron – No. 28 "Phoenix"|date=28 February 2018|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123005402/https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|title=PAF raises new multirole squadron equipped with JF-17 Thunder aircraft|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025709/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|url-status=live}}</ref> ======موجوده آپريٽر====== '''{{flag|Libya}}''' * ليبيا ايئر فورس: آرڊر تي 16<ref name="libya1" /><ref name="libya2" /><ref name="libya3" /> ==حادثا ۽ واقعا== سال 2003ع ۾ پنهنجي پهرين اڏام کان وٺي ۽ سال 2007ع ۾ آپريشنل ٿيڻ کان وٺي، پنج JF-17 جهاز حادثن ۾ تباهه ٿيا آهن: * '''14''' نومبر 2011ع: هڪ JF-17 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ضلعي [[اٽڪ ضلعو|اٽڪ]]، [[پنجاب، پاڪستان|پنجاب]] جي جبلن ۾ ملا منصور علائقي ۾ معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران تباهه ٿي ويو، جڏهن پي ائ ايف بيس منهاس کان اڏام ڪري رهيو هو. پي ائ ايف جي سرڪاري رپورٽ موجب، حادثو هڪ ٽيڪنيڪل خرابي جي ڪري ٿيو. خبرن ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته پائلٽ ٻاهر نڪري ويو پر پيراشوٽ نه کُلڻ سبب مرجي ويو ۽ زمين تي ڪو به شهري جاني نقصان نه ٿيو. پائلٽ جو لاش حادثي واري هنڌ کان ٻه ڪلوميٽر پري دريافت ٿيو. هي JF-17 جو پهريون ڄاتل سڃاتل حادثو هو.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=DUBAI: JF-17 crashes in Pakistan's Kamra |date=15 November 2011 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=FlightGlobal |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054649/https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2011|title=PAF pilot dies as a plane crashed in Attock {{!}} Pakistan {{!}} News {{!}} Newspaper {{!}} Daily {{!}} English {{!}} Online|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/14-Nov-2011/pilot-dies-in-paf-aircraft-crash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216040156/https://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/14-Nov-2011/Pilot-dies-in-PAF-aircraft-crash|archive-date=16 December 2011|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Military Flair Up Between India and Pakistan See Both Sides Blaming One Another|url=http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Paktribune|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182541/http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pti|date=14 November 2011|title=Pakistan Air Force {{!}} Jet Crashes {{!}} Pilot {{!}} Punjab|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=oneindia.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182658/https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=18 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> * <small>27</small> سيپٽمبر <small>2016</small>ع: هڪ <small>'''JF-17'''</small> جهاز [[عربي سمنڊ]] ۾ مشق "هاءِ مارڪ" دوران کري تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو ۽ کيس سمنڊ مان بچايو ويو. مارٽن-بيڪر، جي ايف-17 جي ايجيڪشن سيٽن جو ٺاهيندڙ، پوء ٽوئيٽ ڪيو ته 15 سيپٽمبر 2020ع جو حادثو جي ايف-17 مان پهريون ايجيڪشن هو.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2016|title=JF-17 crashes into Arabian Sea|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162416/https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * 15 سيپٽمبر 2020ع: هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 جهاز پنڊي گهيب، ضلعي اٽڪ، پنجاب جي ويجهو معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=15 September 2020|title=PAF aircraft crashes in Attock during routine training, pilot ejects safely|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|access-date=15 September 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916183607/https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ زمين تي به ڪنهن جاني نقصان جي اطلاع نه ملي. جڏهن ته پي اي ايف جهاز جي سڃاڻپ نه ڪئي، مارٽن-بيڪر، جن جون سيٽون جي ايف-17 ۾ نصب ٿيل آهن، هڪ ٽوئيٽر پوسٽ ۾ چيو ته، "پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو هڪ جي ايف-17 جهاز اڄ صبح معمول جي تربيتي مشن دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Jet Crashes, Pilot Ejects|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|access-date=15 September 2020|website=defenseworld.net|date=15 September 2020|archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917084418/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref>.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * 6 آگسٽ 2021ع: هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بي بلاڪ 2 جهاز ضلعي اٽڪ، پنجاب ۾ معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. ٻئي پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويا ۽ زمين تي ڪنهن به جاني نقصان جي اطلاع نه ملي.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=6 August 2021|title=PAF jet crashes during routine training mission near Attock|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|access-date=9 August 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145129/https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin-Baker|date=9 August 2021|title=A Pakistan Air Force JF-17B aircraft crashed late last week on a training mission near Attock. Both aircrew ejected successfully from the twin seat aircraft using PK16LE Ejection Seats.|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811113709/https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News & Events|url=https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815093830/https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|archive-date=15 August 2021|access-date=15 August 2021|website=Martin-Baker|language=en-US}}</ref> * 5 جون 2024ع: پنجاب جي ضلعي جهنگ ۾ هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 2 جهاز معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. ٻڌايو پيو وڃي ته اهو جنگي جهاز نمبر 14 اسڪواڊرن "ٽيل چوپرز" جو حصو هو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو. حادثي جي رپورٽ جهاز جي ايجيڪشن سيٽ ٺاهيندڙ، مارٽن بيڪر پاران ڏني وئي هئي.<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/389360</ref> ==بيان ڪيل خاصيتون== پاڪستان ايروونٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس مارڪيٽنگ بروشر ۽ سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ مان ڊيٽا. ===عام خاصيتون=== * عملو: 1 (سنگل سيٽ JF-17A/C) يا 2 (ڊبل سيٽ JF-17B) * ڊگھائي: 14.326 ميٽر (47 فوٽ 0 انچ) * پرن جو دائرو: 9.44 ميٽر (31 فوٽ 0 انچ) * اوچائي: 4.57 ميٽر (15 فوٽ 0 انچ) * پرن جو علائقو: 24.43 چورس ميٽر (263.0 چورس فوٽ) * خالي وزن: 7,965 ڪلوگرام (17,560 پائونڊ) * وڌ ۾ وڌ ٽيڪ آف وزن: 13,500 ڪلوگرام (29,762 پائونڊ) * ايندھن جي گنجائش: ** اندروني: 3,000 ليٽر (2,449 ڪلوگرام)؛ ** ٻاهرين (3 ڊراپ ٽينڪ): 1 × 800 ليٽر (180 امپ گيل) *** پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ؛ 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) *** انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ * پاور پلانٽ: 1 × ڪليموف RD-93MA آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين (91.2 kN (20,500 lbf) ٿرسٽ آفٽر برنر سان) FDEEC سان (پوئين انجن: 1 x ڪليموف RD-93 آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين (84.4 kN (18,974 lbf) ٿرسٽ آفٽر برنر سان) # ===ڪارڪردگي=== * وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار: 1,910 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (1,190 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 1,030 kn) * وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار: ماخ 1.8 (Mach 1.8) * ڪروز جي رفتار: 1,359 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (844 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 734 kn) * اسٽال جي رفتار: 150 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (93 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 81 kn) * جنگي رينج: ** اندروني ايندھن تي 900 ڪلوميٽر (560 ميل، 490 ناٽيڪل ميل) ** ڊراپ ٽينڪن سان 1,741 ڪلوميٽر (1,082 ميل، 940 ناٽيڪل ميل) * فيري رينج: ** اندروني ايندھن تي 1,800 ڪلوميٽر (1,100 ميل، 970 ناٽيڪل ميل). ** ڊراپ ٽينڪن سان 3,482 ڪلوميٽر (2,163 ميل، 1,880 ناٽيڪل ميل) * سروس جي حد: 16,916 ميٽر (55,500 فوٽ) * ڪشش ثقل g حدون: +8/-3 (فلائيٽ ڪنٽرول سسٽم پاران محدود) * چڙهڻ جي شرح: 300 ميٽر/سيڪنڊ (59,000 فوٽ/منٽ) * زور: RD-93 سان 1.07. # ===هٿيار=== * توپون: 1 × 23 ملي ميٽر GSh-23 ٽوئن بيرل توپ * هارڊ پوائنٽس: 8 (2 × ونگ ٽِپ، 4 × انڊر-ونگ، 1 × انڊر-فيوزليج، 1 × چن) هر انڊر-ونگ هارڊ پوائنٽ تي ڊبل ايجيڪٽر ريڪ جي گنجائش سان. * پي لوڊ: 3,400 ڪلوگرام (7,500 پائونڊ) ===ميزائل=== * هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ ميزائل: ** PL-5EII — (انفراريڊ-هومنگ شارٽ رينج ميزائل) ** PL-10E — (انفراريڊ-هومنگ شارٽ رينج ميزائل) ** R-Darter — (ريڊار-هومنگ بيونڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) ** PL-12 (SD-10A) — (ريڊار-هائيڊڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) ** PL-15/PL-15E — (ريڊار-هائيڊڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) * هوا کان مٿاڇري تي مار ڪندڙ ميزائل: ** CM-102 — (اينٽي ريڊيئيشن ميزائل) ** LD-10 — (تابڪاري مخالف ميزائل) ** MAR-1 — (تابڪاري مخالف ميزائل) ** رعد-II — (سبسونڪ زميني حملو/اينٽي شپ ڪروز ميزائل) ** CM-400AKG — (سپرسونڪ ڊگهي فاصلي وارو هوا کان مٿاڇري تي مار ڪندڙ ميزائل) * اينٽي شپ ميزائل ** C-601 — (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** سي-705 ڪي ڊي - (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** سي-802 اي ڪي - (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** رعد-II - (سبسونڪ لينڊ اٽيڪ/اينٽي شپ ڪروز ميزائل) ** سي ايم-400 اي ڪي جي - (سپرسونڪ ڊگھي فاصلي وارو اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ===بم=== * غير هدايت ٿيل بم: ** 250 ڪلوگرام - پري ٽڪڙا ٿيل بم ** ايم ڪي-82 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** ايم ڪي-83 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** ايم ڪي-84 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** HAFR-1/HAFR-2 - (اينٽي رن وي بم) ** RPB-1 - (اينٽي رن وي بم) * گائيڊ ٿيل بم: ** GBU-10 - (ليزر گائيڊ ٿيل بم) ** GBU-12 - (ليزر گائيڊ ٿيل بم) ** GBU-16 - (ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** LT-2 — (ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** H-2 SOW — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ گلائيڊ بم) ** H-4 SOW — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ گلائيڊ بم) ** GB-6 — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ اسٽيلٿ گلائيڊ بم) ** NORINCO GB-250A — (250 ڪلوگرام ايڪسٽينڊڊ رينج GPS/INS-گائيڊڊ بم) ** CS/BBF1 — (فيول ايئر ايڪسپلوسو (FAE) يا ٿرموبارڪ بم) ** SCP-5 — (بنڪر بسٽر بم) ** NORINCO GB-500 — (500 ڪلوگرام ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** LS-6 — (وڌايل رينج GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ** GIDS تڪبير — (GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ** GIDS رينج ايڪسٽينشن ڪٽ — (GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ===ايويونڪس=== * ريڊار: ** KLJ-7A ايڪٽو اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (AESA) ** فائر ڪنٽرول ريڊار (FCR) * ريڊار وارننگ رسيور (RWR): ** 1 × BM/KJ-8602A * ميزائل اپروچ وارننگ سسٽم (MAWS): ** 4 × S740 شناخت دوست يا دشمن (IFF) * سسٽم: JZ/YD 125 * ڊيٽا بس: ٽيڪٽيڪل ڊيٽا لنڪ: لنڪ-17 * ٻيا: ** ٻاهرين پوڊ: *** Aselsan ASELPOD — ايڊوانسڊ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ (اليڪٽرو-آپٽيڪل ريڪنيسنس، نگراني ۽ ٽارگيٽنگ سسٽم) WMD-7 — FLIR *** ڊي/نائيٽ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ KG600/KG700 — ايئر بورن اليڪٽرانڪ ڪائونٽر ميجر (ECM) / سيلف پروٽيڪشن **جامنگ پوڊ *** اندرا سسٽم ALQ-500P — ESM/ECM پوڊ * مقابلي جا طريقا: ** چاف/فليئر ڊسپينسر ACMI: *** SDT ACMI سسٽم ** ايجڪشن سيٽ: *** مارٽن-بيڪر PK16LE صفر-صفر ايجڪشن سيٽ ** ٻاهرين ايندھن جا ٽينڪ: *** وڌايل رينج/لوٽرنگ وقت لاءِ 3 ٻاهرين ڊراپ ٽينڪ تائين: **** 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ **** 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|پاڪستان|چين|هوابازي}} * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جنگي جهازن جي فهرست ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Bibliography=== * {{Cite book |last1=Medeiros |first1=Evan S |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf |title=A New Direction for China's Defense Industry |last2=Cliff |first2=Roger |last3=Crane |first3=Keith |last4=Mulvenon |first4=James C |date=2005 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] Project Air Force |isbn=978-0-8330-4079-4 |language=en |oclc=69995886}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906183937/http://www.cac.com.cn/product/product_display.aspx?id=1 Archived Factsheet FC-1 on Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) website] * [http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 Factsheet JF-17 on Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jf-17 Thunder}} [[زمرو:JF-17 ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا جنگي هٿيار]] [[زمرو:سپر سونڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سنگل انجن وارو جيٽ جهاز]] [[زمرو:چين-پاڪستان فوجي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:وچين ونگ وارا هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:چوٿين نسل جي جيٽ ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] [[زمرو:پهريون ڀيرو 2003 ۾ اڏامندڙ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس پاران تيار ڪيل ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:واپس وٺڻ واري ٽرائي سائيڪل لينڊنگ گيئر سان هوائي جهاز]] p2w987x0k5b4y9elyxt4npm66u22gl0 371052 371042 2026-04-12T05:41:55Z Ibne maryam 17680 371052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sino-Pakistani multirole fighter aircraft}} {{Infobox settlement | name = جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر<br> JF-17 Thunder | image = File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg | caption = پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر بلاڪ 1 | type = سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز | national_origin = | manufacturer = | first_flight = | introduction = | retired = | status = | primary_user = | more_users = | produced = | number_built = | developed_from = |other_name=ايف سي-1 شياؤ لونگ<br> FC-1 Xiaolong|subdivision_type=قومي اصل ملڪ|subdivision_type1=ٺاهيندڙ|subdivision_type2=پيداوار|subdivision_type3=تعمير ٿيل تعداد|subdivision_type4=تعارف|subdivision_name4=12 مارچ 2007ع|subdivision_type5=پهرين پرواز|subdivision_name5=25 آگسٽ 2003ع|subdivision_type6=حالت|subdivision_name6=سروس ۾|established_title=بنيادي استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date=[[پاڪستان ائيرفورس]]|established_title1=ٻيو استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date1={{ubl |[[ميانمار ايئر فورس]] |[[نائيجيريا ايئر فورس]] |[[آذربائيجاني ايئر فورسز]] }}|established_title2=دلچسپي رکندڙ ملڪ|established_date2=[[بنگلاديش]]، [[انڊونيشيا]]، [[سعودي عرب]]|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=|established_date5=|established_title6=|established_date6=|established_title7=|established_date7=|extinct_title=|extinct_date=|subdivision_name=[[پاڪستان]] / [[چين]]|subdivision_name1=[[پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] / [[چينگڊو ايئر ڪرافٽ انڊسٽري گروپ]]|subdivision_name2=چين ۾: جون 2007ع<br />پاڪستان ۾: جنوري 2008ع|subdivision_name3=182 (اضافي 6 پروٽوٽائپ)}} '''جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر''' (JF-17 Thunder؛ اردو: جے ایف-۱۷ گرج) هڪ چين-پاڪستاني سنگل انجن وارو هلڪو وزن وارو سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز آهي جيڪو [[پاڪستان]] جي [[پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] (<small>PAC</small>) ۽ [[چين]] جي چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ ڪارپوريشن (<small>CAC</small>) پاران گڏيل طور تي تيار ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|website=www.pac.org.pk|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712224651/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|url-status=live}}</ref> اهو چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر آهي ۽ [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] (<small>PAF</small>) ۾ ٽئين نسل جي <small>'''اي-5'''</small> <small>'''سي، ايف-7 پي/پي جي'''</small>، ميراج <small>III</small> ۽ ميراج <small>5</small> جنگي جهاز جي متبادل طور تي ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. <ref name=":92">{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan|title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan|date=26 September 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|title=Pakistan's tool of war: PAF's rolling thunder|first=Ali|last=Osman|date=17 December 2015|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003037/https://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''جي ايف-17'''</small> کي ڪيترن ئي ڪردارن لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جنهن ۾ فضائي دفاع، زميني حملو، اينٽي شپ ۽ فضائي جاچ شامل آهن. پاڪستاني نالو "جي ايف-17" جو مطلب آهي "جوائنٽ فائٽر-17"، جن ۾ "جوائنٽ فائٽر" جهاز جي گڏيل پاڪستاني-چيني ترقي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو ۽ "-17" جو مطلب آهي ته اهو آمريڪي [[ايف-16 جيٽ]] جو جانشين آهي. چيني نالي "ايف سي-1" جو مطلب آهي "فائٽر چائنا-1". جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر مختلف قسم جا هٿيار استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو, جنهن ۾ هوا کان هوا، هوا کان مٿاڇري ۽ اينٽي شپ ميزائل شامل آهن. گائيڊڊ ۽ ان گائيڊڊ بم. ۽ 23-ايم ايم جي ايس ايڇ-23-2 ٽوئن بيرل آٽو ڪينن. چيني گيزو ڊبليو ايس-13 يا روسي ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 ۽ 2) يا ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 ايم اي (<small>'''جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 3'''</small>) آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين انجن ذريعي طاقتور. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار <small>'''ماخ 1.6'''</small> آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-032">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''جي ايف-17'''</small> پاڪستان ايرفورس جي ريڙهه ۽ ڪم جو هارس آهي. تقريبن اڌ قيمت تي ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن کي پورو ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002224809/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> بلاڪ II قسم جي قيمت 25 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-033">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي 2007 ۾ پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو هو.[[File:Pakistan JF-17 Thunder, Pakistan - Air Force JP7136023.jpg|thumb|انفراريڊ هومنگ - هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ - [[پي ايل-5 ميزائل|PL-5 ميزائل]] سان ليس - پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو JF-17 ]] <small>'''JF-17'''</small> ايئر فريم جو <small>'''%58'''</small>، جنهن ۾ ان جو فرنٽ فيوزليج، ونگز ۽ عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل آهن، پاڪستان ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته <small>'''42'''</small> سيڪڙو چين ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي آخري اسيمبلي ۽ سيريل پيداوار پاڪستان ۾ ٿيندي آهي.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2015ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان 16 JF-17s پيدا ڪيا.<ref name="The Express Tribune2">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، PAC وٽ هر سال 20 JF-17s پيدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت آهي. اپريل <small>2017ع</small> تائين، PAC PAF لاءِ 70 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ۽ 33 بلاڪ 2 جهاز تيار ڪيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220025305/http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="quwa.org2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex delivered 70 JF-17S to the Pakistan Air Force|url=http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609031529/http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-II production crosses 30 planes|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507071327/http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس جا JF-17 ٿنڊر <small>'''19,000'''</small> کان وڌيڪ آپريشنل پرواز گڏ ڪري چڪا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Two-Seat Variant of China-Pakistan JF-17 Fighter Jet to Fly in 2016|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060126/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016|archive-date=9 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾، پي اي سي/سي اي سي هڪ ٻٽي سيٽ واري قسم کي ترقي ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو جن کي بهتر آپريشنل صلاحيت، ڪنورشن ٽريننگ ۽ ليڊ ان فائٽر ٽريننگ لاءِ <small>'''JF-17B'''</small> جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|title=Pakistan, China jointly launch production of JF-17B fighter jets|date=28 April 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155526/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>JF-17B</small> بلاڪ 2 قسم <small>2018ع</small> ۾ پي اي سي ۾ سيريل پيداوار ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> تائين <small>'''26'''</small> جهاز پي اي ايف کي پهچايا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|title=PAC Kamra rolls out final 14 JF-17B fighters for Pakistan Air Force|website=Janes.com|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111103242/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان ايئر فورس هڪ فعال اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (<small>AESA</small>) ريڊار، هڪ وڌيڪ طاقتور روسي ڪليموف <small>RD-93MA</small> انجن، هڪ وڏو ۽ وڌيڪ ترقي يافته وائڊ اينگل هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي (<small>HUD</small>)، اليڪٽرانڪ جوابي ماپ، هڪ اضافي هارڊ پوائنٽ، ۽ بهتر هٿيارن جي صلاحيت سان جهاز جي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته بلاڪ 3 ورزن جي سيريل پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref name="auto52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 جهازن فوجي ڪارروائي ڪئي آهي، هوائي کان هوائي ۽ هوائي کان زمين تي، جنهن ۾ سال <small>2014</small>ع ۽ <small>2017ع</small> ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن دوران پاڪستان-افغانستان سرحد جي ويجهو اتر وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردن جي جڳهن تي بمباري ڪرڻ، <ref>{{cite news|title=Fighter jets bomb militant hideouts in North Waziristan after Taliban attacks|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031322/https://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA3">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> هدايت يافته ۽ غير هدايت يافته (guided) هٿيارن جو استعمال ڪرڻ، سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾ بلوچستان ۾ پاڪستان-ايران حد جي ويجهو هڪ مداخلت ڪندڙ ايراني فوجي ڊرون کي ڪيرائڻ، <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|title=Iranian drone shot down by PAF, confirms FO|date=21 June 2017|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072512/https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2019ع</small> ۾ جمو ۽ ڪشمير جي هوائي حملي ۽ هندستان ۽ پاڪستان جي وچ ۾ هوائي جهڙپن دوران آپريشن سوئفٽ ريٽورٽ ۾<ref name="auto82">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ <small>2024ع</small> ۾ آپريشن مارگ بر سرمچار دوران، جن ۾ پاڪستان ايران جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي]] اندر بلوچ عليحدگي پسند گروپن کي نشانو بڻائي هوائي ۽ توپخاني جي حملي جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو. مارچ ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2024ع</small> ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-<small>'''17'''</small> جهازن کي [[افغانستان]] اندر پاڪستاني طالبان جي ٺڪاڻن خلاف سرحد پار هوائي حملي ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Abid|title=Pakistan air strikes in Afghanistan spark Taliban warning of retaliation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/25/pakistan-air-strikes-in-afghanistan-spark-taliban-warning-of-retaliation|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> [[نائيجيريا]] جي هوائي فوج (<small>NAF</small>) جي ايف-17 جهازن نائيجيريا ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف ۽ بغاوت مخالف آپريشن ۾ فوجي ڪارروائي ڏٺي آهي.<ref name="auto22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> [[ميانمار]] جي فوج پڻ مختلف باغي گروپن خلاف پنهنجي <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي بار بار تعينات ڪيو آهي. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Anthony|date=11 January 2023|title=Myanmar Air Force fiercely gunning to win the war|url=https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/myanmar-air-force-fiercely-gunning-to-win-the-war/|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref> مئي <small>2025ع</small> جي هندستان-پاڪستان تڪرار دوران، پي اي ايف <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي هوا کان هوا ۽ هوا کان زمين تي ٻنهي ڪردارن ۾ جنگ ۾ تعينات ڪيو.<ref name="auto14">{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know | title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know }}</ref><ref name="auto16">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1w3dln352vo | title=Kashmir: How China benefited from India-Pakistan hostilities | date=19 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/09/china/china-military-tech-pakistan-india-conflict-intl-hnk | title=China has spent billions developing military tech. Conflict between India and Pakistan could be its first major test | date=9 May 2025 }}</ref> ==ترقي== === پس منظر === جي ايف-17 کي بنيادي طور تي پي اي ايف جي هڪ سستي، غير منظور ٿيل، چوٿين نسل جي، هلڪي وزن واري، گھڻ-رول جنگي جهاز جي ضرورت کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Aviation Week]]|title=Pakistan expands fighter force|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awst/2010/12/20/AW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|date=22 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105212255/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fawst%2F2010%2F12%2F20%2FAW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|archive-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> ته جيئن ٽئين نسل جي نانچانگ اي-5 سي بمبارن، چينگدو ايف-7 پي/پي جي انٽرسيپٽرز، ميراج III ملٽي-رول جنگي جهاز ۽ ميراج 5 اسٽرائڪ جهاز جي وڏي بيڙي جي متبادل طور تي، جنهن جي قيمت 500 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي جيڪا پاڪستان ۽ چين جي وچ ۾ برابر ورهايل هئي. <ref name="fighter-planes.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|title=Joint Fighter-17 (JF-17) Thunder|publisher=Fighter Planes|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901205431/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|archive-date=1 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> جهاز جو مقصد وڌيڪ مهانگو مغربي ويڙهاڪن جي قيمت-مؤثر ۽ مقابلي واري متبادل جي طور تي برآمد جي صلاحيت پڻ هئي. هن جهاز جي ترقي يانگ وي جي سربراهي ۾ هئي، جنهن کي چين جو "ايس ڊيزائنر" سمجهيو ويندو هو، جنهن چينگدو جي-20 پڻ ٺاهيو.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|journal=International Relations and Security Network|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005150/http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سال 1989ع تائين، آمريڪا جي اقتصادي پابندين جي ڪري، پاڪستان پروجيڪٽ سيبر II کي ڇڏي ڏنو هو، هڪ ڊيزائن اسٽڊي جنهن ۾ آمريڪي جهاز ٺاهيندڙ گرومن ۽ چين شامل هئا، ۽ چينگدو ايف-7 کي ٻيهر ڊزائين ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو هو. <ref name="Pakistan considers new fighter plan2">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Considers new Fighter Plan|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14–20 March 1990|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II|access-date=18 October 2009|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021154725/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II}}</ref> سال1988ع ۾، چين ۽ گرومن سپر 7 جو نو مهينن جو ابتدائي ڊيزائن مطالعو ڪيو، جيڪو چينگدو ايف-7 جو اپ گريڊ هو.<ref name="Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms2">{{cite web|title=Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|date=26 November 1988|work=Flight International|access-date=15 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021140123/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> سال 1989ع جي تيانانمن اسڪوائر احتجاج جي سياسي نتيجي کان پوءِ جڏهن چين تي پابنديون لڳايون ويون ته گرومن منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو. گرومن جي چينگدو سپر 7 منصوبي کي ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ، منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو ويو ۽، ان جي جاءِ تي، فائٽر چائنا-1 (ايف سي-1) منصوبو 1991ع ۾ شروع ڪيو ويو. سال <small>1995</small>ع ۾، پاڪستان ۽ چين هڪ نئين فائٽر جي گڏيل ڊيزائن ۽ ترقي لاءِ هڪ مفاهمت جي ياداشت (MoU) تي دستخط ڪيا ۽ ايندڙ ڪجهه سالن ۾ منصوبي جي تفصيلن تي ڪم ڪيو. جون 1995ع ۾، ميڪوئان "ڊيزائن سپورٽ" مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ منصوبي ۾ شامل ٿيو، ان ۾ سي اي سي پاران ڪيترن ئي انجنيئرن جي سيڪنڊمينٽ پڻ شامل هئي.<ref name="21 June 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Mikoyan joins Chengdu on fighter|work=[[Flight International]]|date=21 June 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212115/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> === ايف سي-1 منصوبي جو آغاز === [[File:Pakistan Air Force Pakistan JF-17 Thunder Bidini-1.jpg|thumb|left|<small>2011</small> جي ازمير ايئر شو لاءِ ازمير ترڪي ۾ هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1]] آڪٽوبر <small>1995</small> ۾ رپورٽ موجب سال جي آخر تائين پاڪستان کي ايف سي-1 جي ايويونڪس فراهم ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي ضم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ڪمپني چونڊڻي هئي جنهن جي <small>1999</small> تائين پيداوار شروع ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. چيو ويندو هو ته ايويونڪس ۾ ريڊار، انرٽيل نيويگيشن سسٽم، هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي ۽ ملٽي فنڪشن ڊسپلي شامل آهن. مقابلي واريون بوليون ٿامسن-سي ايس ايف کان ريڊار ڊاپلر ملٽي ٽارگيٽ (<small>RDY</small>) جي هڪ قسم <small>SAGEM</small> <small>ROSE</small> اپ گريڊ پروجيڪٽ ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ ساڳي ايويونڪس پيڪيج ۽ مارڪوني اليڪٽرانڪ سسٽم ان جي بليو هاڪ ريڊار سان آيون. ڪمپني جي پي اي ايف سان لاڳاپن جي ڪري <small>FIAR</small> جي (هاڻي <small>SELEX</small> گيليلو) گريفو <small>S7</small> ريڊار جي چونڊ ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. <ref name="18 October 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Pakistan nears FC-1 avionics decision|work=[[Flight International]]|date=18 October 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725044013/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> فيبروري <small>1998</small> ۾ پاڪستان ۽ چين ايئر فريم ڊولپمينٽ کي ڍڪڻ واري ارادي جي خط تي دستخط ڪيا. روس جي ڪليموف فائٽر کي طاقت ڏيڻ لاءِ <small>RD-33</small> ٽربوفين انجن جو هڪ قسم پيش ڪيو. <ref name="04/03/98 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=China/Pakistan signal intent to resume FC-1 development work|work=[[Flight International]]|date=4 March 1998|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725051043/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/|url-status=live|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> اپريل <small>1999</small> ۾ ڏکڻ آفريڪا جي ڊينيل سپر 7, اڳ ۾ رپورٽ ٿيل آر-ڊارٽر جي بدران, کي ٽي-ڊارٽر بيونڊ-ويزوئل-رينج (<small>BVR</small>) ايئر-ٽو-ايئر ميزائل (<small>AAM</small>) سان هٿياربند ڪرڻ جي آڇ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/|title=Denel proposes advanced Darter derivatives|last=Lewis|first=Paul|date=28 April 1999|work=Flight International|access-date=31 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725033628/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> اڳ ۾ <small>1987</small> ۾ پراٽ ۽ وٽني سپر-<small>7</small> منصوبي کي چين يا پاڪستان ۾ مقامي پيداوار سان ٽي انجن آپشن؛ <small>PW1212</small>، <small>F404</small> ۽ <small>PW1216</small> پيش ڪيا. رولز رائس پنهنجو <small>RB199-127/128</small> ٽربوفين انجن پيش ڪيو. هي منصوبو <small>1989</small> ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|title=FC-1 JF-17 western engine options|date=15 June 2012|work=Air Force World|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042701/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> جون <small>1999</small> ۾ چينگدو <small>FC-1/سپر 7</small> کي گڏيل طور تي ترقي ۽ پيداوار جو معاهدو دستخط ڪيو ويو. <small>GEC</small>-مارڪوني پاران هڪ مربوط ايويونڪس سوٽ فراهم ڪرڻ لاءِ بولي کي ڇڏي ڏيڻ کان پوءِ <small>FIAR</small> ۽ <small>Thomson-CSF</small> ترتيب وار <small>Grifo S7</small> ۽ <small>RC400</small> ريڊار تي ٻڌل ڪيترائي ايويونڪس سوئيٽ تجويز ڪيا. جيتوڻيڪ اڳ ۾ اميد هئي ته <small>PAF</small> جي سپر 7 کي پنهنجي نئين بليو هاڪ ريڊار لانچ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو.<ref name="14 July 1999 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=China and Pakistan agree on Super 7 fighter development work|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14 July 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526190707/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> <ref name="23 June 1999 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Marconi abandons FC-1 fighter bid|work=[[Flight International]]|date=23 July 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526184233/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> ملڪ جي <small>1998</small> جي ايٽمي هٿيارن جي تجربن کان پوءِ پاڪستان تي پابندين جي ڪري ايندڙ <small>18</small> مهينن دوران ڊيزائن جو ڪم تمام سست رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌيو. <small>PAF</small> کي مغربي ايويونڪس جي ترسيل کي روڪيو ويو. <small>2001</small> جي شروعات ۾ <small>PAF</small> جو فيصلو جهاز تي ڊيزائن جي ڪم کي جاري رکڻ جي قابل بڻايو ته ايئر فريم کي ايويونڪس کان ڌار ڪيو وڃي جيئن ته ايئر فريم ترقي ڪئي وئي <small>PAF</small> پاران ڪنهن به نئين ايويونڪس گهرجن کي ايئر فريم ۾ وڌيڪ آساني سان ضم ڪري سگهجي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20042">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> پروٽوٽائپ جي پيداوار سيپٽمبر 2002 ۾ شروع ٿي. نومبر 2002 ۾ ايئر شو چائنا ۾ FC-1/Super 7 جو هڪ مڪمل سائيز جو ميڪ اپ ڏيکاريو ويو.<ref name="12/11/02 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Airshow China&nbsp;– FC-1 mock-up revealed|work=[[Flight International]]|date=12 November 2002|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021150219/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/|url-status=live|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> ڪليموف <small>RD-93</small> ٽربوفين انجن جو پهريون بيچ جيڪو پروٽوٽائپ کي طاقت ڏيندو هو، <small>2002</small> ۾ پڻ پهچايو ويو.<ref name="Janes2">{{cite web|title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong|work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> چائنا نيشنل ايرو-ٽيڪنالاجي امپورٽ اينڊ ايڪسپورٽ ڪارپوريشن (<small>CATIC</small>) جي هڪ آفيسر جي مطابق, <small>JF-17</small> جي گهٽ قيمت ڪجهه آن بورڊ سسٽم جي ڪري آهي جيڪا چينگدو J-10 جي سسٽم مان ترتيب ڏنل آهن. آفيسر چيو ته، "ٽيڪنالاجي جي منتقلي (جي-10 کان جي ايف-17 ڏانهن هوائي جهاز جي نظام کي منتقل ڪرڻ) JF-17 کي تمام گهڻو قيمتي بڻائي ٿو".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese Jets Today at Bygone Price|url=http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1|date=23 November 2010|work=AviationWeek.com|publisher=Viadeo|access-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1|archive-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> <ref name="JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price2">{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|title=JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price|date=18 November 2010|work=[[Aviation Week]]|access-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ٺهيل ڊيزائن سافٽ ويئر جي استعمال <small>JF-17</small> جي ڊيزائن جي مرحلي کي مختصر ڪري ڇڏيو.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher|first=Richard Jr.|title=China's Aviation Sector: Building Toward World Class Capabilities|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=27 May 2010|date=20 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531214709/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=31 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> === پرواز جي جاچ ۽ ٻيهر ڊيزائننگ === پهريون پروٽوٽائپ (<small>PT-01</small>) <small>31</small> مئي <small>2003</small>ع تي رول آئوٽ ڪيو ويو<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com2">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ۽ چينگدو فلائيٽ ٽيسٽ سينٽر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو، جئين ته پهرين پرواز لاءِ تيار ڪيو وڃي. اهو شروعاتي طور تي جون ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ جو منصوبو هو. پر [[سارس ڪووي 2|سارس وائرس]] جي وبا جي خدشن جي ڪري ان ۾ دير ٿي وئي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20043">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> <ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com3">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> هن نقطي جي چوڌاري، نالي "<small>'''سپر-7'''</small>" کي "<small>'''JF-17'''</small>" (<small>جوائنٽ فائٽر-17</small>) سان تبديل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> 27 جون 2003ع تي چينگدو جي وينجيانگ ايئرپورٽ تي گهٽ رفتار واري ٽيڪسي جي آزمائش شروع ٿي.<ref name="Janes3">{{cite web|title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong|work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> پهرين پرواز آگسٽ <small>2003</small>ع جي آخر ۾، <ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com3">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> <ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter flies|work=[[Flight International]]|date=9 September 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143119/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ۽ پروٽوٽائپ جي سرڪاري پهرين پرواز سيپٽمبر جي شروعات ۾ ٿي. پروٽوٽائپ کي پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي نئين نامزدگي <small>'''JF-17'''</small> سان نشان لڳايو ويو.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20044">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> مارچ <small>2004</small>ع تائين، <small>'''سي اي سي'''</small> پهرين پروٽوٽائپ جون لڳ ڀڳ <small>20</small> ٽيسٽ پروازون ٿيون.<ref name="23 March 2004 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Flight testing the FC-1/JF-17|work=[[Flight International]]|date=23 March 2004|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102181806/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/|archive-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> 7 اپريل <small>2004</small>ع تي، پي اي ايف جي ٽيسٽ پائلٽ، راشد حبيب ۽ محمد احسان الحق پهريون ڀيرو <small>'''پي ٽي-01'''</small> پروٽوٽائپ اڏايو. ٽئين پروٽوٽائپ (<small>PT-03</small>) جي پهرين پرواز <small>9</small> اپريل <small>2004</small>ع تي ٿي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20045">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> مارچ 2004ع تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200 JF-17 جهاز شامل ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|title=PAC readies for assembly ramp up|work=Flight International|access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003434/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Model of JF-17 on display with two SD-10 and four PL-5E missiles mounted on wings.jpg|thumb|چين ۾ نمائش ۾ JF-17 ٿنڊر جو ماڊل]] ٽئين پروٽوٽائپ کان پوءِ، ڊيزائن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي بهتريون تيار ڪيون ويون ۽ وڌيڪ جهازن ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون. <small>'''RD-93'''</small> انجن پاران گهڻي دونھين جي اخراج جي ڪري، انجن ۾ هوا جي انٽيڪ کي وڌايو ويو. ٽيسٽنگ ۾ مليل ڪنٽرول مسئلن جي نتيجي ۾ ونگ ليڊنگ ايج روٽ ايڪسٽينشن (LERX) ۾ تبديليون آندي ويون. <ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com4">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> عمودي ٽيل فن کي ٽپ ۾ هڪ وڌايل اليڪٽرانڪ وارفيئر سامان رکڻ لاءِ وڌايو ويو.<ref name="Jane's Sino-Pakistani fighter improved2">{{citation|first=Robert|last=Hewson|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter improved|work=[[Jane's Information Group]]|url=http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002942/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml|archive-date=28 February 2007}}</ref> ٻيهر ڊزائين ڪيل جهاز ۾ وڌ ۾ وڌ ٽيڪ آف وزن ٿورو وڌي ويو هو ۽ چيني ذريعن کان حاصل ڪيل ايونڪس جي وڌندڙ مقدار کي شامل ڪيو ويو. تنهن هوندي به پاڪستان ايئر فورس پنهنجي جهاز لاءِ مغربي ايونڪس چونڊيو. سال <small>2005</small>ع جي آخر کان <small>2007</small>ع تائين پاڪستان ايئر فورس جهازن جي ترسيل کي ملتوي ڪيو. پاڪستان برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ اطالوي ايونڪس سوئٽس جو جائزو ورتو. جنهن جي فاتح جي 2006ع ۾ حتمي شڪل ڏيڻ جي اميد هئي.<ref name="27 September 2005 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Test flaws prompt rethink on China's FC-1 light fighter look|work=[[Flight International]]|date=27 September 2005|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624173043/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html|archive-date=24 June 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''PT-04'''</small>، چوٿون پروٽوٽائپ ۽ ڊيزائن تبديلين کي شامل ڪرڻ وارو پهريون، اپريل 2006ع ۾ رول آئوٽ ڪيو ويو ۽ 28 اپريل 2006ع تي پنهنجي پهرين پرواز ڪئي.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Graham|last=Warwick|title=Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets|work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/|url-status=live|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 20062">{{citation|title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]]|date=17 May 2006|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm|access-date=25 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm|archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref>.<ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 2006">{{citation |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm |access-date=25 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm | archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622681).jpg|thumb|JF-17 and their DSI air intakes.]] The modified air intakes replaced conventional intake ramps{{mdash}}whose function is to divert turbulent [[boundary layer]] airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the engine{{mdash}}with a [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] (DSI) design.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Graham |last=Warwick |title= Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets |work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |url-status=live | archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> The DSI uses a combination of forward-swept inlet cowls and a three-dimensional compression surface to divert the boundary layer airflow at high sub-sonic and supersonic speeds. According to [[Lockheed Martin]], the DSI design prevents most of the boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to two times the [[speed of sound]], reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms,<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Hehs |title=JSF Diverterless Supersonic Inlet |work=Code One magazine |date=July 2000 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124032509/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html | archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref> and is [[stealth technology|stealthier]] than a conventional intake.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> In 1999, developmental work on the DSI with the aim of improving aircraft performance commenced. The JF-17 design was finalised in 2001.<ref name="APP">{{cite news|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |title=50th indigenously produced JF-17 Thunder rolls-out at PAC Kamra |work=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115146/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Multiple models underwent wind tunnel tests; it was found that the DSI reduced weight, cost, and complexity while improving performance.<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI"/> For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing, PT-04 was fitted with a fourth-generation avionics suite that incorporates [[sensor fusion]], an electronic warfare suite, enhanced man-machine interface, [[FADEC|Digital Electronic Engine Control]] (DEEC) for the RD-93 turbofan engine, FBW flight controls, day/night precision surface attack capability, and multi-mode, pulse-Doppler radar for BVR air-to-air attack capability.<ref name="PakTribune1">{{citation|title=4th Prototype JF-17 'Thunder' aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |work=PakTribune (Pakistani news website) |url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> The sixth prototype, PT-06, made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006.<ref name="cnair">{{citation |first=Hui |last=Tong |title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder |url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm |access-date=2 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm | archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Following a competition in 2008, [[Martin-Baker]] was selected over a Chinese firm for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx|title=JF-17 Signing|date=September 2008|work=Escape (newsletter)|publisher=Martin-Baker|page=1|access-date=9 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403190614/http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx | archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:13-143 JF-17 PAKISTAN AIR FORCE LBG (18888092161).jpg|thumb|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 at the [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Airport]], Paris, France for the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]] ]] On 2 March 2007, the first consignment of two small-batch-production (SBP) aircraft arrived in a dismantled state in Pakistan. They flew for the first time on 10 March 2007 and took part in a public aerial demonstration during a [[Pakistan Day]] parade on 23 March 2007. The PAF intended to induct 200 JF-17 by 2015 to replace all its Chengdu F-7, Nanchang A-5, and Dassault Mirage III/5 aircraft. In preparation for the [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] of JF-17s, the PAF has upgraded several Mirage IIIs with IFR probes for training purposes.<ref name = "The News, JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief">{{citation |first=Mayed |last=Ali |title = JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief | newspaper = [[The News International]]|date= 31 March 2007 | place = [[Pakistan|PK]] |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 | access-date =23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> A dual-seat, combat-capable trainer was originally scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2009 Pakistan reportedly decided to develop the training model into a specialised attack variant.<ref name="IASC Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow">{{citation |first= Richard Jr. |last= Fisher |title= Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow |publisher= International Assessment and Strategy Center (IASC) |date= 20 January 2008 |url= http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |access-date= 6 August 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715131717/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |archive-date= 15 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |title=Avic, Pakistan Working on JF-17 Two-Seater |last=Perrett |first=Bradley |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007185528/http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |archive-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref> In November 2007, the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluations of aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology (NRIET), and the LETRI [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] active radar homing AAM.<ref name="Jane's&nbsp;— Chinese, French weapons for JF-17">{{citation |first=Reuben F. |last=Johnson |title=Pakistan considers mix of Chinese, French weapons for its JF-17s |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164219/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, PAC began manufacturing JF-17 components; production of sub-assemblies commenced on 22 January 2008.<ref name="paf.gov.pk, Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra">{{citation |title=Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra |publisher=[[Pakistan Air Force]] }}</ref><ref name="Dawn.com, Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra">{{citation|first=Yaqoob |last=Malik |title=Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra |publisher=[[Dawn News]] |date=23 January 2008 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154912/http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The PAF was to receive a further six pre-production aircraft in 2005, for a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft. [[Initial operating capability]] was to be achieved by the end of 2008.<ref name = "Jane's, January 2008, JF-17 production commences">{{citation |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |title=JF-17 production commences |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=24 January 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606051629/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |archive-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Final assembly of the JF-17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009; PAC expected to complete production of four to six aircraft that year. They planned to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and fifteen to sixteen aircraft per year from 2011; this could increase to twenty-five aircraft per year.<ref name="01/07/09 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Siva | last = Govindasamy | title= Pakistan begins domestic final assembly of JF-17 |work= [[Flight International]] | date = 1 July 2009 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |access-date=23 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103224634/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> On 29 December 2015, PAC announced the rollout of the 16th JF-17 Thunder fighter manufactured in the calendar year 2015, taking total number of manufactured aircraft to more than 66. Later, a PAF spokesperson said that in light of the interest shown by various countries, it has been decided that production capacity of JF-17 Thunder at PAC Kamra will be expanded.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia signed an agreement in August 2007 for re-export of 150 RD-93 engines from China to Pakistan for the JF-17.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian engines will fly to Pakistan|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|newspaper=Kommersant|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154851/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the PAF reported it was not fully satisfied with the RD-93 engine and that it would only power the first 50 aircraft; it was alleged that arrangements for a new engine, reportedly the [[Snecma M53#Variants|Snecma M53-P2]], may have been made.<ref name="New engine, Snecma M53 - defensenews.com">{{cite news|title=100 Countries Expected To Attend IDEAS 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=22 November 2008 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172647/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 }}</ref> [[Mikhail Pogosyan]], head of the MiG and Sukhoi design bureaus, recommended the Russian defence export agency [[Rosoboronexport]] block RD-93 engine sales to China to prevent export competition from the JF-17 against the MiG-29.<ref>{{cite news|location=RU |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |title=Russian combat aircraft makers fear competition with China |agency=RIA Novosti |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727082025/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |archive-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |title=Russia's Iconic MiG and Sukhoi Fighters Enter Competition with Chinese Clones |work=[[Pravda]] |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709180639/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the 2010 [[Farnborough Airshow]], the JF-17 was displayed internationally for the first time; aerial displays at the show were intended but were cancelled due to a late attendance decision as well as licence and insurance costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive |title=Farnborough Debut Heralds JF-17 Export Drive |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=19 July 2010 |work=Defence News |access-date=25 May 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103041128/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive }}</ref> According to a Rosoboronexport official at the Airshow China 2010, held on 16–21 November 2005 in [[Zhuhai]], China, Russia and China had signed a contract worth $238 million for 100 RD-93 engines with options for another 400 engines developed for the FC-1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia to sell additional RD-93 jet engines to China |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |date=16 November 2010 |publisher=Rianovosti |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021164151/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> According to media reports, Pakistan planned to increase production of JF-17s by 25% in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan to boost JF-17 production by 25% in '16|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010628/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Further development=== [[File:PAK Kamra JF-17 Thunder at PAris Air Show, June 2019 (2).jpg|thumb|JF 17 Thunder in [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan Flag Livery]] at [[Paris Air Show]] ]] Pakistan negotiated with British and Italian defence firms regarding avionics and radars for the JF-17 development. Radar options include the Italian Galileo Avionica's Grifo S7,<ref name="Grifo">{{Citation |url=http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | type = datasheet | title = Selex | contribution = Italian Grifo family | publisher = Sensors and Airborne Systems| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325204544/http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> the French Thomson-CSF's RC400 (a variant of the [[RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget)|RDY-2]]),<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower"/> and the British company SELEX Galileo's Vixen 500E AESA radar.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari">{{citation | last =Ansari | first = Usman | title= Thunder Storm&nbsp;– Pakistan's hopes for the JF-17 Thunder fighter | work=Combat Aircraft magazine | volume = 8 |issue= 4 |url=http://usmanansari.com/id16.html |access-date=11 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907034554/http://usmanansari.com/id16.html | archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In 2010, the PAF had reportedly selected ATE Aerospace Group to integrate French-built avionics and weapons systems over rival bids from Astrac, Finmeccanica and a [[Thales Group|Thales]]-[[Sagem]] joint venture. Fifty JF-17s were to be upgraded and an optional fifty from 2013 onwards, at a cost of up to {{USD|1.36 billion}}. The RC-400 radar, [[MICA (missile)|MICA]] AAMs, and several air-to-surface weapons are believed to be in the contract. The PAF also held talks with South Africa for the supply of Denel A-darter AAMs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |title= French-Led JF-17 Upgrade Likely To Raise Eyebrows |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |title= Will Westernized JF-17 Thunder Attract New Delhi's Ire? |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> In April 2010, after eighteen months of negotiations, the deal was reportedly suspended; reports cited French concerns about Pakistan's financial situation, the protection of sensitive French technology, and by Indian [[lobbying]], which operates many French-built aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |title=Paris bloque un contrat d'équipement français d'avions de chasse pakistanais |trans-title=Paris blocks a contract of French equipment for Pakistani fighter aircraft |last=Follorou |first=Jacques |date=2 April 2010 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406012337/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 |url-status=live }} [https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en Google English translation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313032215/http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en |date=13 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |title=France says arms sale to Pakistan held up |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215070013/http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref> France wanted the PAF to purchase several [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-9]] fighters from the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]], which would overlap with the upgraded JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris|title=Un contrat militaire avec le Pakistan bloqué par Paris |trans-title=A contract with the Pakistan military blocked by Paris | date= 3 April 2010 | publisher = Radio France Internationale | language= fr| access-date= 5 April 2010|location= France|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191726/http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, the PAF's Chief of Air Staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rao Qamar Suleman]], said such reports were false, stating: "I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government...someone was trying to cause mischief{{mdash}}to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want".<ref>{{cite journal| last= Warnes| first= Alan|date=July 2010 |title=On the edge&nbsp;– JF-17s, Tankers and AWACS|journal=Air Forces Monthly | type = magazine |location= United Kingdom |issue=July 2010|page= 54|quote=Reports in late March that the French Government was refusing to allow the sale of a Thales avionics system was denied by the CAS: 'I saw the report quoting unnamed sources or any French government official. I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government. I think someone is trying to cause mischief&nbsp;– to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want.'}}</ref> On 18 December 2013, production of Block 2 JF-17s began at PAC's Kamra facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 Thunder Block 2 Will be Ready till June 2014 |url=http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Pakistan Armed Forces News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134056/http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> These have an air-to-air refuelling capability, improved avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01"/> Block 2 construction was planned to run until 2016, after which the manufacturing of further developed Block III aircraft was planned.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|title=Production of improved version of JF-17 aircraft launched |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |date=19 December 2013 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605015123/http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |archive-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> In December 2015, it was announced that the 16th Block II aircraft had been handed over resulting in standing up of the 4th squadron.<ref name="Fourth">{{cite news|title=Fourth JF-17 Thunder squadron complete as PAC rolls out 16th aircraft|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177/|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406230211/https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 June 2015, Jane's Defence Weekly confirmed<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> that JF-17 Block III will have an AESA radar, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and possibly an internal infrared search and tracking (IRST) system.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | title = Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan | last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr. | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | archivedate=21 April 2016 | work = Jane's Defence Weekly | date = 17 June 2015 }}</ref> A two-seat version was also reportedly to be produced in Block III.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF to induct JF17 Thunder Block III in 2016|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513171122/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Unconfirmed reports claim that Block III will also have a better flight management system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder fighter jet impresses at Paris Air Show|url=http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503022238/http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Selex ES has promoted its next-generation cockpit as a possible upgrade of JF-17 Block III; this cockpit includes a new mission computer, an enhanced head-up display and contemporary multi-function displays, plus the capability for the pilot to use a single, large-area display instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Selex advances M-345 cockpit development|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530175651/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, despite Indian protests, Russian state-owned United Engine Corporation developed a new engine designated ''RD-93MA'' for the JF-17 fighter being built by Pakistan.<ref name="Russian engine">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=9 July 2020 |title=Russia confirms progress on new jet engine. Is it for Pak JF-17 fighter? |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html|url-status=live |work= TheWeek Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127072811/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html |archive-date= 27 January 2021}}</ref> ==ڊيزائن== [[File:JF-17 block 1 front view.jpg|upright|thumb|اڳيون ڏيک]] === مکيه فريم === ايئر فريم نيم مونوڪوڪ ڍانچي جو آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ايلومينيم مصر مان ٺهيل آهي. ڪجهه نازڪ علائقن ۾ اعليٰ طاقت وارو اسٽيل ۽ ٽائيٽينيم مصر جزوي طور تي اختيار ڪيا ويا آهن. ايئر فريم 4,000 فلائيٽ ڪلاڪن يا 25 سالن جي سروس لائف لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. پهرين اوور هال 1,200 فلائيٽ ڪلاڪن تي ٿيڻ وارو آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra2">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> JF-17s بلاڪ 2 وزن گهٽائڻ لاءِ ايئر فريم ۾ جامع مواد جو وڌيڪ استعمال شامل ڪري ٿو. ريٽريبل انڊر ڪيريج ۾ ٽرائي سائيڪل جو انتظام آهي. هڪ واحد اسٽيئربل نوز ويل ۽ ٻه مکيه انڊر ڪيريج سان. هائيڊولڪ بريڪ ۾ هڪ خودڪار اينٽي اسڪڊ سسٽم آهي. انليٽس جي پوزيشن ۽ شڪل حملي جي اعليٰ زاوين سان لاڳاپيل مشقن دوران جيٽ انجن کي گهربل هوا جي وهڪري ڏيڻ لاءِ ٺهيل آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra3">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> وچ ۾ لڳل ونگ ڪراپڊ ڊيلٽا ترتيب جا آهن. ونگ روٽ جي ويجهو <small>LERX</small> آهن. جيڪي هڪ وورٽيڪس پيدا ڪن ٿا. جيڪو حملي جي اعليٰ زاوين سان لاڳاپيل مشقن دوران ونگ کي اضافي لفٽ فراهم ڪري ٿو. هڪ روايتي ٽرائي-پلين ايمپينيج ترتيب شامل ڪئي وئي آهي. آل-موونگ اسٽيبليٽرز، سنگل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر، رڊر، ۽ ٽوئن وينٽرل فينز سان. فلائيٽ ڪنٽرول سسٽم (<small>FCS</small>) ۾ روايتي ڪنٽرول شامل آهن. ياو ۽ رول محور ۾ استحڪام وڌائڻ سان ۽ پچ محور ۾ هڪ ڊجيٽل فلائي بائي وائر (<small>FBW</small>) سسٽم موڙ جي ڪارڪردگي کي وڌائڻ لاءِ مينيوورنگ دوران ليڊنگ-ايج فليپس ۽ ٽريلنگ ايج فليپس خودڪار طريقي سان ترتيب ڏنل آهن.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra4">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سيريل پروڊڪشن جهاز جي FCS ۾ رپورٽ ڪئي وئي آهي ته پچ محور ۾ هڪ ڊجيٽل ڪواڊروپلڪس (ڪواڊ-ريڊنڊنٽ) FBW سسٽم آهي. ۽ رول ۽ ياو محور ۾ هڪ ڊپلڪس (ڊبل-ريڊنڊنٽ) FBW سسٽم آهي.<ref name="cnair2">{{citation|first=Hui|last=Tong|title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder|url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm|access-date=2 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm|archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> 3,400 lb (1,500 ڪلوگرام) تائين آرڊيننس، سامان، ۽ ايندھن کي هارڊ پوائنٽس جي هيٺان نصب ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جن مان ٻه ونگ-ٽپس تي آهن، چار ونگ هيٺ آهن ۽ هڪ فيوزليج هيٺ آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra5">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> === ڪاڪ پِٽ === [[File:JF-17 Block 1 cockpit.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 HUD]] The aircraft has three large Multifunction Colour Displays (MFD) and smart Heads-Up Display (HUD) with built-in symbol generation capability. A [[center stick]] is used for [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll]] control while [[Aircraft rudder|rudder pedals]] control yaw. A throttle is located to the left of the pilot. The cockpit incorporates [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on a Martin-Baker Mk-16LE [[zero-zero ejection seat]]. The cockpit incorporates an [[electronic flight instrument system]] (EFIS) and a wide-angle, holographic head-up display (HUD), which has a minimum total field of view of 25 degrees. The EFIS comprises three color multi-function displays, providing basic flight information, tactical information, and information on the engine, fuel, electrical, hydraulics, flight control, and environment control systems. The HUD and MFD can be configured to show any available information. Each MFD is {{cvt|20.3|cm|inch|1}} wide and {{cvt|30.5|cm|inch|1}} tall and is arranged side by side in [[page orientation|portrait orientation]]. The central MFD is placed lowest to accommodate a control panel between it and the HUD.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Avionics=== [[File:JF-17 cockpit.webp|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 cockpit avionics display]] The avionics software incorporates the concept of [[open architecture]]. Instead of the military-optimised [[Ada (programming language)|Ada programming language]], the software is written using the popular [[C++|C++ programming language]], enabling the use of the numerous civilian programmers available.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article">{{citation|title=Stuck in Sichuan: Pakistani JF-17 Program Grounded? No|date=January 2007|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|work=Defense Industry Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft also includes a health and usage monitoring system, and automatic test equipment.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf |title=8011-Ai760Datasheet.qxd |access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021927/http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=May 2021}} The JF-17 has a [[defensive aids system]] (DAS) composed of various integrated sub-systems. A [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) provides data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars, and an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin interferes with enemy radars. The EW suite is also linked to a [[Missile Approach Warning]] (MAW) system to defend against radar-guided missiles. The MAW system uses several optical sensors across the airframe to detect the rocket motors of missiles across a 360-degree coverage.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Data from the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is shown on cockpit displays and the HUD. A countermeasures dispensing system releases [[flare (countermeasure)|decoy flares]] and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] to help evade hostile radar and missiles. The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar-jamming pod that will be carried externally on a [[hardpoint]].<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The first forty-two PAF production aircraft are equipped with the [[KLJ-7|NRIET KLJ-7]] radar,<ref name="Milavia.net 2007 news report">{{citation |date=23 March 2007 |title=JF-17 Arrived in Pakistan |work=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |publisher=MILAVIA.net |url=http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |access-date=31 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218082338/http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=18 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7">{{citation |title=KLJ-7/10 Fire Control Radar (FCR) (China), Airborne radar systems |work=Jane's Avionics |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=19 January 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002180132/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> a variant of the KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) and also used on the Chengdu J-10. Multiple modes can manage the surveillance and engagement of up to forty air, ground, and sea targets; the [[Track while scan|track-while-scan]] mode can track up to ten targets at BVR and can engage two simultaneously with [[Air-to-air missile#Radar guidance|radar-homing AAMs]]. The operation range for targets with a [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) of {{Convert|5|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} is stated to be ≥ {{Convert|105|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-up mode and ≥ {{Convert|85|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-down mode.<ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7"/><ref name="Jane's, NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements">{{citation |title=China's NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=7 April 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html |access-date=6 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820152019/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html | archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> A [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) pod for low-level navigation and [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) system for passive targeting can also be integrated;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> the JF-17 Block 2 is believed to incorporate an IRST.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In April 2016, Air Marshal Muhammad Ashfaque Arain said that, "JF-17 needs a targeting pod, as the jets' usefulness in current operations was limited due to lack of precision targeting. To fulfill this gap the Air Force was interested in buying the Thales-made Damocles, a third-generation targeting pod; which was a priority."<ref>{{cite news|date=7 April 2016|title=Interview: Pakistan wants air force upgrade for prolonged militant fight|newspaper=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|url-status=dead|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420160318/http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[ASELSAN|Aselsans]] ASELPOD was tested and successfully integrated with the JF-17 and Pakistan has subsequently purchased at least eight [[targeting pod]]s from Aselsan.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Tests Turkish Targeting Pod|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235159/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|archive-date=6 December 2018|access-date=6 December 2018|website=defense-aerospace.com}}</ref> This integration has significantly enhanced the JF-17 platform's ability to launch precision strikes. A helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by [[Luoyang]] Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre of [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China|AVIC]] was developed in parallel with the JF-17; it was first tested on Prototype 04 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|title=图文：枭龙04飞行员新头盔_新浪军事_新浪网|work=sina.com.cn|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101520/http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=Strategycenter.net |date=30 December 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> It was dubbed as EO HMS, (Electro-Optical Helmet Mounted Sight) and was first revealed to the public in 2008 at the 7th [[Zhuhai Airshow]], where a partial mock-up was on display.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The HMS tracks the pilot's head and eye movements to guide missiles towards the pilot's visual target.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} An externally carried day/night [[laser designator]] [[targeting pod]] may be integrated with the avionics to guide [[laser-guided bomb]]s (LGBs).<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> An extra [[hardpoint]] may be added under the starboard air intake, opposite the cannon, for such pods. To reduce the numbers of targeting pods required, the aircraft's [[tactical data link]] can transmit target data to other aircraft not equipped with targeting pods.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} The communication systems comprise two [[VHF]]/[[UHF]] radios; the VHF radio has the capacity for [[VHF Data Link|data linking]] for communication with ground control centers, [[airborne early warning and control]] aircraft and combat aircraft with compatible data links for [[network-centric warfare]], and improved [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite web|title=VHF air-ground Digital Link |url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |publisher=etsi.org |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206100741/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref> The aircraft uses [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLGs]] along with [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] for navigation. The aircraft is equipped with an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] [[Transponder]] which allows it to differentiate between friendly aircraft and enemy aircraft. The [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]] aids in aerial combat for manoeuvring.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} ===Engine=== The first two blocks of JF-17 is powered by a single Russian RD-93 [[turbofan]] engine, which is a variant of the [[Klimov RD-33]] engine used on the [[MiG-29]] fighter. The engine gives more [[thrust]] and significantly [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|lower specific fuel consumption]] than [[turbojet]] engines fitted to older combat aircraft being replaced by the JF-17. The advantages of using a single engine are a reduction in maintenance time and cost when compared to twin-engined fighters. A [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] of 0.99 can be achieved with full internal fuel tanks and no external payload. The engine's air supply is provided by two bifurcated air inlets (see [[JF-17 Thunder#Airframe and cockpit|airframe]] section).<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan">[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ "Pakistan & China's JF-17 Fighter Program."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ |date=20 October 2013 }} ''Defense Industry Daily'', 14 November 2011</ref> The RD-93 is known to produce smoke trails.<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan"/> The [[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Guizhou Aero Engine Group]] has been developing a new turbofan engine, the [[Guizhou WS-13|WS-13 ''Taishan'']], since 2000 to replace the RD-93. It is based on the RD-33 and incorporates new technologies to boost performance and reliability. A thrust output of {{Convert|80 to 86.36|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}}, a lifespan of 2,200 hours, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 8.7 are expected. An improved version of the WS-13, developing a thrust of around {{Convert|100|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}} (22,450&nbsp;lb), is also reportedly under development.<ref name="October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace">{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center |date=30 December 2009 |first=Richard Jr. |last=Fisher |access-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> During the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]], it was announced that flight testing of a JF-17 equipped with the WS-13 engine had begun.<ref name="janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|title=Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan|work=Jane's|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, a representative of PAC said that Pakistan would continue to use the RD-93 engine on their fighters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |title=Pakistan to Stick With Russian Engine for JF-17 Fighter Jet |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=25 November 2015 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=IHS |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125095855/https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local media reports in January 2016 said that Russia was planning to sell engines for JF-17 directly to Pakistan.<ref>{{citation|title=Moscow makes a move when US loosens the noose|date=25 January 2016|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051408/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a PAC representative, Pakistan is looking to collaborate with Russia in developing and repairing engines.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ===Fuel system=== The fuel system comprises internal fuel tanks located in the wings and fuselage with a capacity of {{Convert|2330|kg|lb|abbr=on}}; they are refuelled through a single point pressure refuelling system (see [[Aircraft fuel system#Turbine fuel system|turbine fuel systems]]). Internal fuel storage can be supplemented by external fuel tanks. One {{convert|800|litre|impgal|adj=on}} [[drop tank]] can be mounted on the aircraft's centerline hard point under the fuselage and two 800-litre or {{convert|1110|litre|impgal|adj=on}} drop tanks can be mounted on the two inboard under-wing hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The fuel system is compatible with [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling (IFR)]], allowing tanker aircraft to refuel inflight, and increasing its range and loitering time significantly. All production aircraft for the PAF are to be fitted with IFR probes.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In June 2013, PAF Air Chief Marshal [[Tahir Rafique Butt]] said ground tests on the JF-17's refuelling probes had been successfully completed and the first mid-air refuelling operations would commence that summer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bokhari|first=Farhan|title=Pakistani JF-17 to start mid-air refuelling by end of summer|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=10 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer|access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107021555/http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer | archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622777).jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder with its weapons]] [[File:Pakistan Air Force, 12-139, Chengdu JF-17 Thunder (49579395248).jpg|thumb|Thunder with weapons]] ===Armaments=== The JF-17 can be armed with up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of air-to-air and [[air-to-ground weaponry]], and other equipment mounted externally on the aircraft's seven hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> One hardpoint is located under the fuselage between the main landing gear, two are underneath each wing, and one is at each wing-tip. All seven hardpoints communicate via a [[MIL-STD-1760]] data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System,<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> which is stated to be capable of integration with weaponry of any origin.<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower">{{citation|first=Usman |last=Ansari |title=Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower |work=[[Defense News]] |date=9 February 2009 |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3938427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230020953/http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/02/pakistan-surmounts-western-sanctions-to.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 }}</ref> Internal armament comprises one {{Convert|23|mm|inch|abbr=on}} GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon mounted under the [[port (nautical)|port side]] air intake, which can be replaced with a {{Convert|30|mm|inch|abbr=on}} [[GSh-30-2]] twin-barrel cannon.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com">{{cite web | work=Sino Defence | title= FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp |access-date=11 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp | archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|title=MILAVIA Aircraft – Chengdu FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Specifications|first=Niels | last = Hillebrand|work=milavia.net|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031225/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The wing-tip hard-points are typically occupied by short range infra-red homing AAMs. Many combinations of ordnance and equipment such as [[targeting pods]] can be carried on the under-wing and under-fuselage hard-points. Underwing hard-points can be fitted with [[Hard point#Ejector racks|multiple ejector racks]], allowing each hard-point to carry two {{Convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} unguided bombs or LGBs{{mdash}}[[Mk.82]] or [[GBU-12]].<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Active radar homing BVR AAMs can be integrated with the radar and data-link for mid-course updates. The aircraft can carry the [[PL-12|PL-12/SD-10]] along with the [[PL-5]]E and [[PL-9]]C Short range, infra-red homing missiles. The more advanced [[PL-10]]E High-Off Bore Sight missiles were integrated into the aircraft in April 2021, operated Within Visual Range using the HMD/S. With the Block 3 variant of the JF-17, the ability to fit and operate the [[PL-15]]E, the most advanced BVR missile developed by China for export with a claimed operating range of 145&nbsp;km, is also integrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's Production of Latest JF-17 Block 3 Variant Reaches 30 Units |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistans-production-of-latest-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jets-nears-30-units-2/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Unguided air-to-ground weaponry includes rocket pods, [[Unguided bomb|gravity bombs]] and [[Matra Durandal]] anti-runway munitions. [[Precision-guided munition]]s such as LGBs and [[Precision-guided munition#Satellite-guided weapons|satellite-guided bombs]] are also compatible with the JF-17, as are other guided weapons such as [[anti-ship missile]]s and [[anti-radiation missile]]s.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Pakistan planned to bring the Brazilian [[MAR-1]] anti-radiation missile into service on its JF-17 fleet in 2014.<ref name="janes mar1">{{cite journal|last=Hewson|first=Robert|date=17 April 2013|title=Mectron's MAR-1 to be operational in Pakistan next year|url=http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072717/http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> ==آپريشنل تاريخ== ===پاڪستان=== [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg|thumb|پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو <small>'''JF-17'''</small> <small>'''ٿنڊر'''</small> <small>'''26,660'''</small> فٽ اچي [[نانگا پربت]] جبل جي سامهون اڏامي رهيو آهي.]] سنگل سيٽ، سنگل انجن JF-17s جي ننڍي بيچ جي پيداوار جون 2006ع ۾ چين ۾ شروع ٿي. پهرين ٻه ننڍي بيچ تيار ڪيل جهاز 2 مارچ 2007ع تي پهچايا ويا ۽ پهرين 10 مارچ تي پاڪستان ۾ اڏام ڪئي. انهن 23 مارچ <small>2007</small>ع تي [[اسلام آباد]] ۾ پاڪستان ڊي جوائنٽ سروسز پريڊ جي حصي طور هڪ فضائي نمائش ۾ حصو ورتو. مارچ 2008ع تائين ٻيا ڇهه ننڍي بيچ تيار ڪيل جهاز پهچايا ويا. انهن کي پي اي ايف پاران وڏي پيماني تي پرواز جي جانچ ۽ جائزو ورتو ويو. 2009ع ۾ چين کان ٻه سيريل پروڊڪشن جهاز پهچايا ويا ۽ پهريون پاڪستاني تيار ڪيل جهاز 23 نومبر <small>2009</small>ع تي هڪ تقريب ۾ پي اي ايف کي پهچايو ويو. 18 فيبروري 2010ع تي، پهرين جي ايف-17 اسڪواڊرن، نمبر 26 بليڪ اسپائڊرز، کي سرڪاري طور تي 14 فائٽر جهازن جي شروعاتي طاقت سان پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. انهن جهازن پهريون ڀيرو ڏکڻ وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن ۾ خدمت ڪيا، جنهن دوران مختلف قسمن جي هٿيارن جو جائزو ورتو ويو. انهن 29 اپريل کان پي اي ايف جي هاءِ مارڪ 2010ع مشق ۾ حصو ورتو، جتي انهن کي بليو فورس پاران ريڊ لينڊ جي سطح جي هدفن تي هوا کان سطح جي صحيح هٿيارن سان حملو ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. 11 اپريل 2011ع تي، نمبر 26 بليڪ اسپائڊرز اسڪواڊرن لاءِ هڪ ٻيهر سامان جي تقريب ٿي، جنهن دوران اهو چيو ويو ته جي ايف-17 "پي اي ايف جي آپريشنل تصورن ۾ انقلاب آڻي ڇڏيو آهي". پوءِ ايئر چيف مارشل راؤ قمر سليمان نمبر 26 اسڪواڊرن جي ٻيهر ليس ٿيڻ ۽ نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن ۾ JF-17 ٿنڊر جي اضافي جي رپورٽ ڏني. هن جهاز جي شڪل ۾ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪرڻ ۾ چينين جي تعاون ۽ مدد جو پڻ شڪريو ادا ڪيو. آپريشن ضرب عضب 2014-2016 دوران، JF-17 کي ٽي ٽي پي جي ٺڪاڻن تي هوائي حملا ڪرڻ لاءِ بار بار مقرر ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ سوين دهشتگرد مارجي ويا. سيپٽمبر 2015 ۾، سامونڊي حملي جو ڪم ڪندڙ نمبر 2 اسڪواڊرن کي F7s جي جاءِ تي JF-17s سان ٻيهر ليس ڪيو ويو. نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن "بليڪ پينٿرز" کي پڻ JF-17 سان ليس ڪيو ويو آهي. 19 جون 2017 تي، اهو اطلاع مليو ته هڪ JF-17 پاڪستان جي ضلع پنگجور ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ هڪ ايراني UAV کي ماري ڇڏيو. فيبروري 2019 ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 جهازن پاڪستان جي هندستان خلاف جوابي هوائي حملي ۾ حصو ورتو، جنهن دوران نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن جي ٻن ٿنڊر جهازن ايم ڪي 83 آر اي ڪي سان هندستاني زميني هدفن کي نشانو بڻايو. رپورٽن مطابق، مارچ 2021 تائين، جي ايف-17 جهاز پنج ايئر بيس تي ٻڌل ست فائٽر اسڪواڊرن ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا آهن. batch production of the single-seat, single-engine JF-17s began in China in June 2006. The first two small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered on 2 March 2007 and first flew in Pakistan on 10 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6854&Cat=13&dt=3/21/2007 |title=JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> They took part in an aerial display on 23 March 2007 as part of the [[Pakistan Day Parade|Pakistan Day Joint Services Parade]] in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |title=PAF to seek more Chinese aircraft, says air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509043607/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |archive-date = 9 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="PakTribune">[http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 JF-17 Thunder main focus of attention at Pak Day fly-past] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''Pak Tribune'', 24 March 2007.</ref> Another six small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered by March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\03\15\story_15-3-2008_pg7_6 |title=Six more JF-17 Thunder fighter jets inducted into PAF |date=15 March 2008 |work=Daily Times |access-date=21 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118100559/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C03%5C15%5Cstory_15-3-2008_pg7_6 | archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> These were extensively flight-tested and evaluated by the PAF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |title=PAF to start serial production of JF-17 fighter aircraft soon |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330212502/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> Two serial production aircraft were delivered from China in 2009 and the first Pakistani-manufactured aircraft was delivered to the PAF in a ceremony on 23 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |title=Pak, China unveil first JF-17 combat jet |work=Rediff.com |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301092221/http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2010, the first JF-17 squadron, [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 ''Black Spiders'']], was officially inducted into the PAF with an initial strength of 14 fighter planes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |title=First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder inducted in PAF |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163116/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/February/international_February910.xml&section=international |title=PAF Inducts First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder Jet |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110350/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2010%2FFebruary%2Finternational_February910.xml&section=international |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> These aircraft first saw service in the [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat|anti-terrorist operation in South Waziristan]], during which various types of weapons were evaluated.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zia |last=Tanouli |language=Urdu |work=Daily Express (Pakistan) |title=جے ایف-١٧ میں باقاعدہ طور پر شامل پی اے ایف |url=http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |access-date=20 February 2010 |quote=(Translated) No.26 Squadron established in Kamra with 14 aircraft initially inducted. According to top PAF sources, fourteen aircraft were evaluated thoroughly with different kinds of weapons during the anti-terror operation in Waziristan. First squadron established in Kamra due to security concerns, will be transferred to Peshawar later. With induction of first JF-17 squadron, the two A-5 squadrons will be grounded today. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005230/http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> They took part in the PAF's ''High Mark 2010'' exercise from 29 April, where they were used by the ''Blue Force'' to attack ''Red Land'' surface targets with precision air-to-surface weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |title=JF-17 Thunder comes of age at High Mark drill |date=29 March 2010 |work=Newspaper article |publisher=Awaz Today |access-date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184851/http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |title=Pakistan inducts JF-17 jets developed with China |work=Rediff.com |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528235257/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 April 2011, a re-equipment ceremony for No. 26 ''Black Spiders'' Squadron took place, during which it was stated that the JF-17 had "revolutionized the PAF's operational concepts". Then Air Chief Marshal [[Rao Qamar Suleman]] reported the re-equipping of No. 26 squadron and the addition of the JF-17 Thunder to the [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron]]. He also thanked the contribution and support of the Chinese in helping to acquire a technological breakthrough in the shape of the aircraft.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |title=PAF re-equips No 26 Squadron with JF-17 thunder aircraft |date=12 April 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times (Pakistan) |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174246/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> During [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] 2014–2016, JF-17 were deployed frequently to carry out airstrikes against [[Pakistani Taliban|TTP]] hideouts, killing hundreds of terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Dawn com {{!}} |date=19 December 2014 |title=Top Uzbek commander among 17 terrorists killed in Khyber air strikes |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151682 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/245286-Operation-ZarbeAzb-30-militants-killed-in-fresh |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=dunyanews.tv |title=Operation Zarb-e-Azb: 30 militants killed in fresh airstrikes in Dattakhel |date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> In September 2015, the No. 2 Squadron tasked with sea strikes was re-equipped with JF-17s replacing the F7s.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder inducted in Multi Role Squadron|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414020258/http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=live|date=12 April 2016}}</ref> The No. 16 Squadron "Black Panthers" has also been equipped with the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Block-2 Update from "The Thunder City|url=http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220185954/http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2017, it was reported that a JF-17 shot down an [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Iranian]] [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] operating in [[Pakistan|Pakistan's]] [[Panjgur District|Pangjur District]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|title=JF-17 shoots down Iran's spy drone|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032625/http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2019, PAF JF-17s took part in Pakistan's [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|retaliatory airstrikes]] against India during which two Thunders of the [[No. 16 Squadron PAF|No. 16 Squadron]] struck Indian ground targets with [[Mark 83|Mk. 83 REKs]].<ref name="kaiser">{{cite web|url=https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|website=PakistanPolitico.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama: Two years on|date=18 February 2021|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208104607/https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tufail">{{cite web|url=https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|website=DefenceJournal.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama-From bluster to whimper|date=10 July 2019|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028163732/https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Brad |date=4 March 2019 |title=Crisis may be easing, but nuclear threat still hangs over India and Pakistan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519161150/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Has Pakistan's JF-17 'Thunder' Block II Fighter Jet Engaged in its First Dogfight? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516080001/https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight |url-status=live }}</ref> as of March 2021, JF-17s are operational in seven fighter squadrons based at five airbases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|title=Orbats|website=www.scramble.nl|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202214748/https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, the first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF. During the [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff|May 2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the PAF publicly showcased, for the first time, a JF-17 Block 3 fighter aircraft equipped with [[PL-15#Variants|PL-15E]] long-range [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s (BVRAAMs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Update: Pakistan shows JF-17 Block III fitted with PL-15 missiles for first time |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/update-pakistan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fitted-with-pl-15-missiles-for-first-time |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Jane |language=en}}</ref> During the conflict, the PAF deployed JF-17s and [[J-10CE]]s in combat in both the air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.<ref name="auto14"/><ref name="auto16"/><ref name="auto12"/> Pakistan claimed that its JF-17 successfully targeted and destroyed an Indian [[S-400 missile system|S-400 missile defence system]] at [[Adampur Airport|Adampur Air Force Station]] in [[Punjab]] on 10 May 2025 using two [[CM-400AKG]] long-range supersonic [[air-to-surface missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1310766-how-paf-destroyed-india-s-2-s400-air-defence-systems | title=How PAF destroyed India's 2 S400 air defence systems | date=12 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/first-strike-in-the-hypersonic-era-pakistan-claims-jf-17-launched-cm-400akg-took-out-indias-s-400/ | title=(VIDEO) First Strike in the Hypersonic Era: Pakistan Claims JF-17-Launched CM-400AKG Took Out India's S-400 | date=11 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/883212-pak-jf17-thunder-strike-destroys-indian-s400-air-defence-system | title=Pak JF-17 Thunder strike destroys Indian S400 air defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/jf-17-thunder-destroys-indias-s-400-defence-system-10-05-2025/ | title=Watch: JF-17 Thunder taking off to destroy India's S-400 defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref> On 11 May, the PAF, in a press briefing said that it had targeted the 96L6E Cheese Board radar of the S-400 system, one of the units of the combined air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim |last=Ahmad |first=Zeeshan |date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] dismissed the claim, stating that all Indian S-400 squadrons are still functional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's claim of destroying India's S-400 missile systems false: Indian military|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistans-claim-of-destroying-indias-s-400-missile-systems-false-indian-military/article69560019.ece|access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Hindu|date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the Adampur Air Force Station on 13 May 2025, and posed in front of an S-400 Launcher, which the [[Indian media]] claimed to be fully operational. According to Indian media, his visit served as a rebuttal to Pakistan's claims, reinforcing that the missile system was intact and operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=PM Modi poses in front of S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Base days after Pakistan claimed it was destroyed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-poses-in-front-of-s-400-missile-system-at-adampur-air-base-days-after-pakistan-claimed-it-was-destroyed/articleshow/121134748.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Modi fact-checks Pakistan, visits Adampur, releases video & photo with S-400 in background|url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-fact-checks-pakistan-visits-adampur-releases-video-photo-with-s-400-in-background/2624167/|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Print|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at Paris Air Show 2015.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at [[Paris Air Show]] 2015]] '''Exercises'''<br> The PAF has deployed the JF-17 Thunder in a number of bilateral and multinational air exercises since the 2010s. PAF JF-17s have participated in joint air exercises with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) under the Shaheen exercise series since at least 2014, focusing on air combat training and interoperability.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 2019 and again in 2021, PAF JF-17s took part in the Turkish Air Force–hosted multinational exercise Anatolian Eagle, operating alongside aircraft from several participating air forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2019: Pakistani JF-17s among participants |url=https://theaviationist.com/2019/07/15/pakistani-jf-17-thunders-and-turkish-elint-sigint-c-160d-transall-among-the-highlights-of-anatolian-eagle-exercise/ |website=The Aviationist |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2021 exercise |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/12072021-anatolian-eagle-2021-exercise-pakistan-improving-defense-synergies-oped/ |website=Eurasia Review |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2022, PAF JF-17s participated in the Saudi-led multinational air exercise Spears of Victory at King Abdulaziz Air Base, flying alongside Royal Saudi Air Force Tornados, Typhoons and F-15s, as well as allied aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF participates in Spears of Victory exercise in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590236/pakistan |website=Arab News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> JF-17s continued participation in subsequent editions of Spears of Victory, including 2023 and 2025, with later deployments featuring the Block-III variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17 Block-III participates in Spears of Victory 2023 |url=https://www.facebook.com/ConnectedPakistan/posts/pakistan-air-forces-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jets-have-touched-down-in-az/1213837260779670/ |website=Connected Pakistan |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PAF excels in Saudi-led Spears of Victory 2025 |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/02/14/paf-excels-in-saudi-led-air-combat-drills-jf-17-block-iii-earns-global-praise/ |website=Pakistan Today |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2025, PAF JF-17 Block-III fighters were also deployed to Azerbaijan for the bilateral air exercise Indus Shield Alpha, marking one of the type’s longest overseas deployments.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17s arrive in Azerbaijan for Indus Shield Alpha |url=https://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/912872 |website=Dunya News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> '''Airshows'''<br> The JF-17 Thunder has participated in international airshows since 2010 as part of export promotion and military diplomacy efforts by the PAF.<ref name="ISPR-2010">Inter Services Public Relations, Pakistan Air Force press releases on JF-17 international exposure, 2010.</ref> Early public appearances took place at airshows in Pakistan and China, followed by displays at major international aerospace exhibitions, including the Paris Air Show in 2011 and 2015,<ref>Paris Air Show official exhibitor catalogues, 2011 & 2015.</ref> the Dubai Airshow in 2013, 2017, 2021, and 2025<ref>Dubai Airshow official exhibitor lists, 2013, 2017, 2021.</ref> and the Farnborough International Airshow in 2014 and 2016, primarily as static displays.<ref>Farnborough International Airshow exhibitor catalogues, 2014 & 2016.</ref> The aircraft has also featured at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition, including static and flying displays, with later editions showcasing the Block III variant.<ref>China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (Zhuhai) official programmes; Global Times aviation coverage.</ref> In 2019, 2022, and 2025, PAF JF-17s participated in the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT), in static and air displays.<ref>Royal International Air Tattoo aircraft participation lists, 2019 & 2022.</ref> The aircraft was also displayed at the [[World Defense Show]] in 2024.<ref>[[World Defense Show]] 2024 exhibitor directory; Saudi Ministry of Defense releases.</ref> ===Myanmar=== In July 2015, Myanmar ordered 16 Block 2 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] for approximately $560 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-06-15/jf-17-myanmar-seen-flying-china|title=JF-17 for Myanmar Seen Flying in China|first=Chen|last=Chuanren|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> In late 2015, [[Myanmar]] ordered 16 [[Klimov RD-33|RD-93]] spare engines from [[Russia]], which were received in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=SIPRI>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI Trade Register|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 December 2018, [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] disclosed that the [[Myanmar Air Force]] had received the first batch of JF-17s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters |title=Myanmar shows off Thunder fighters |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202527/https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters/ |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An official Myanmar Air Force video released on Air Force day showcased a number of JF-17s, both on static display and in the air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|title=YouTube|website=YouTube|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2021}} As per reports, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] is in possession 11 JF-17 Block 2s.[https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html] In May 2022, a PAF cargo plane supplied spare parts for the JF-17s of the Myanmar Air Force. In June 2022, it was reported that a team of 15 PAF personnel were scheduled to visit [[Meiktila Air Base]] in Myanmar to provide technical support for the Myanmar Air Force JF-17s, including setting up of a JF-17 simulator at Meiktila Air Base to train pilots of the Myanmar Air Force and to address technical issues relating to JF-17s that Myanmar Air Force was facing. However, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] has faced significant challenges with its JF-17 fleet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2022-11-25 |title=Technical Problems Ground Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Bought From China |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/technical-problems-ground-myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-bought-from-china.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref> By late 2022, the entire fleet of 11 aircraft was grounded due to severe technical malfunctions and structural issues, including cracks in the airframe (particularly wingtips and hardpoints), poor accuracy and maintenance problems with the Chinese-made KLJ-7 radar, malfunctions in the Weapon Mission Management Computer that reduced launch zones for beyond-visual-range missiles, unreliable avionics, and issues with the Russian RD-93 engines.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar raises issue of grounded JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft to Pakistan |url=https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Asia Pacific Defense Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farid |first=Ayesha |date=2025-05-18 |title=Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Grounded Amid Conflict and Maintenance Woes |url=https://www.bdmilitary.com/analysis/geopolitics-diplomacy/myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-grounded-amid-conflict-and-maintenance-woes/1082/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Bangladesh Military Forces |language=en-GB}}</ref> These problems rendered the aircraft unfit for combat operations, forcing the air force to rely on other platforms like MiG-29s, Yak-130s, and K-8s.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The grounding was exacerbated by post-2021 military coup sanctions, which restricted access to spare parts for Western-sourced components in the avionics and electronics. Myanmar lacked the local expertise to maintain or repair the complex systems, and initial attempts by Pakistani technicians in September 2022 to set up a simulator at Pathein air base and resolve issues were only partially successful.<ref name=":5" /> In September 2023, Myanmar raised the issue directly with Pakistani leadership, including Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Armed Forces chief General Asim Munir, expressing displeasure over the aircraft's performance. The Chinese government also intervened diplomatically due to its role in the JF-17's development. As a result, Myanmar reportedly decided not to accept the remaining five aircraft from the original order and explored newer JF-17 variants as a potential resolution.<ref name=":5" /> ===Nigeria=== [[File:Nigerian JF-17 fighter aircraft.png|thumb|[[Nigerian Air Force]] JF-17 Block 2]] In December 2014, during the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar]] in Karachi, Nigeria was reportedly buying between 25 and 40 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]]. [[Nigerian Air Force]] (NAF) chief [[Air Marshal]] [[Adesola Nunayon Amosu]] had visited Pakistan earlier in October 2014.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite web|title=IDEAS 2014: Nigeria 'close to signing up' for JF-17 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |date=2 December 2014 |work=Farhan Bokhari |publisher=Janes |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226110403/http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> Nigeria became the second customer in 2016 by placing an order for three planes. However, as the news reports value the deal at US$25 million, it is not clear if the item is misreported.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria to become first JF-17 export operator|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128011517/http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FG to spend N65bn on warplanes, weapons, others|url=http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106072634/http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-date=6 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A June 2016 article in [[Jane's]] re-affirmed NAF budget for 3 JF-17, 10 [[PAC Super Mushshak|Super Mushshak]], and 2 [[Mi-35M]] aircraft in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria waiting for US to approve Super Tucano sale|url=http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608130937/http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With a confirmation from the Nigerian Air Force shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|title=Official 2016 Nigerian Budget Confirms JF-17 Order|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=4 January 2017|work=quwa.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510134827/http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018 Pakistan approved of the sale and local Nigerian production of three JF-17s for US$184.3 million. The aircraft are rumoured to be of a later version than the initially agreed sale, providing more advanced systems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binnie |first1=Jeremy |title=Pakistan approves Nigerian JF-17 production |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025144735/https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |archive-date=25 October 2018 |location=London |date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamal |first1=Sana |title=Pakistan to sell three JF-17s to Nigeria for $184.3m |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |website=Gulf News |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143150/https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |location=Islamabad |date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 December 2020 the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]] rolled out the three JF-17A Block 2s for Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |work=defenceworld.net |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live }}</ref> They were delivered to Makurdi Air Base in March 2021 aboard Pakistan Air Force Ilyushin Il-78MP freighters and were formally inducted into the Nigerian Air Force on 21 May 2021.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=First of 3 Pakistani JF-17 Jets Arrive in Nigeria |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21" /> The NAF initially indicated that it might order another 35–40 aircraft if the type met its requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref> In January 2023 the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal [[Isiaka Oladayo Amao]], confirmed that the JF-17s had been used in anti-terrorism and anti-insurgency operations inside Nigeria.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> In early December 2025 the three aircraft were reportedly deployed to the [[Benin Republic]], where they conducted airstrikes against rebel forces during an attempted coup.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Nigerian Air Force deploys JF-17 jets to foil Benin coup attempt |url=https://timesofislamabad.com/08-Dec-2025/nigerian-air-force-deploys-jf-17-jets-to-foil-benin-coup-attempt |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> ===Azerbaijan=== In January 2008, Azerbaijan engaged in talks with Pakistan over JF-17's possible sale to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |title=Azerbaijan to buy JF-17 {{sic|aircra|fts|nolink=y}} from Pakistan |date=29 January 2008 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210111145843/https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |work=[[Azeri Press Agency]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]] negotiated with China for several dozen JF-17s worth approximately {{USD|16 to 18 million}} each.<ref name="news.am">{{Citation|title=China supplies FC-1 multipurpose fighters to Azerbaijan|url=http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|newspaper=News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124131/http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|place=AM|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Pakistani Armed Forces actively discussed military and defence cooperation with Azerbaijan, culminating in the latter expressing an interest in purchasing the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shahid |last=Hussain |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |title=Pakistan and Azerbaijan: Deepening a Mutually Beneficial Relationship |date=19 May 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200519204003/https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |archive-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 February 2024, Azerbaijan had signed a contract worth US$1.6 billion with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 multi-role combat aircraft for the Azerbaijani Air Forces including aircraft, training, and ordnance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan signs largest ever fighter jet sale deal with Azerbaijan |url=https://www.azernews.az/nation/222206.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Azernews.Az |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |last=AzeMedia |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan has signed the largest deal in history with Azerbaijan for the sale of fighter jets |url=https://aze.media/pakistan-has-signed-the-largest-deal-in-history-with-azerbaijan-for-the-sale-of-fighter-jets/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Aze.Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-seals-1-6-billion-deal-with-azerbaijan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets/|title=Pakistan seals $1.6 billion deal with Azerbaijan to sell JF-17 fighter jets|date=22 February 2024}}</ref> On 25 September 2024, the JF-17 Block 3 was showcased to the President of Azerbaijan on the sidelines of 2024 Azerbaijan International Defence Exhibition (AIDEX).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title=JF-17C multirole aircrafts presented to President Ilham Aliyev |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/jf_17c_multirole_aircrafts_presented_to_president_ilham_aliyev-3196886 |work=Azertac}}</ref> On 6 June 2025, the Government of Pakistan announced that it had secured a contract for the supply of 40 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft from Azerbaijan for $4.6 billion, which builds on an initial agreement signed between Pakistan and Azerbaijan in February 2024, valued at $1.6 billion, for an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 fighter jets, alongside training and armaments.<ref name="auto11">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2025/06/jf-17-thunder-breakthrough-azerbaijan.html | title=JF-17 Thunder Breakthrough Azerbaijan Secures $4.6 Billion Deal for 40 Pakistani-Chinese Block III Fighters | date=8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto18">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/06/08/how-armenia-might-respond-to-azerbaijans-jf-17-fighter-acquisition/ | title=How Armenia Might Respond to Azerbaijan's JF-17 Fighter Acquisition | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref name="auto15">{{Cite web|url=https://defence-industry.eu/azerbaijan-signs-record-4-6-billion-deal-for-40-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/|title=Azerbaijan signs $4.6 billion deal for JF-17 fighters|date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite web | url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/azerbaijan-expands-jf-17-fighter-jet-order-to-40-units-in-46b-defense-deal-3202511 | title=Azerbaijan expands JF-17 fighter jet order to 40 units in $4.6B defense deal }}</ref><ref name="auto13">{{cite web | url=https://www.turdef.com/article/pakistan-confirms-inking-of-deal-with-azerbaijan-for-jf-17 | title=Pakistan Confirms Inking of Deal with Azerbaijan for JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=7 June 2025 }}</ref> Deliveries of the initial tranche began in October 2025, with the aircraft arriving at Nasosnaya Air Base and undergoing familiarization before formal induction. On 8 November 2025, five JF-17s (four single-seat and one twin-seat), flown by Azeri fighter pilots, participated in Azerbaijan’s Victory Day parade in Baku, marking their first public appearance in Azerbaijani service. In addition, open-source images circulated showing a total of nine JF-17 Block III aircraft present in Azerbaijan around the same period without any national markings, consistent with jets observed during early post-delivery handling and marking transitions.<ref name="azeri1">{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Waldron |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/azerbaijan-confirms-jf-17-fighter-acceptance-with-baku-flypast/165245.article |title=Azerbaijan becomes fourth JF-17 operator with five appearing in Baku military parade |website=Flightglobal.com |date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/70546 |title=Military Parade dedicated to the fifth anniversary of Victory in Patriotic War was held in Baku |work=The Official Website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan |date=8 November 2025}}</ref> ===Potential customers=== ==== Bangladesh ==== In January 2025, [[Bangladesh]] announced an interest in purchasing the JF-17C Block 3.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2522416/bangladesh-shows-interest-in-jf-17 | title=Bangladesh shows interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/bangladesh-army-delegation-meets-pakistan-air-chief-expresses-interest-in-jf-17/ | title=Bangladesh army delegation meets Pakistan Air Chief, expresses interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> In January 2026, it was reported that Bangladesh was in formal talks with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17C Block 3 fighters.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/9/why-is-pakistan-selling-its-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-bangladesh-and-others</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-eyes-defence-pact-with-bangladesh-sale-jf-17-jets-2026-01-07/</ref><ref>https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/bangladesh-explores-jf-17-acquisition-to-replace-ageing-fighters/165876.article</ref> ==== Indonesia ==== ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that Pakistan is in discussion with Indonesia on selling the JF-17s to the latter. In January 2026, Indonesia’s Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin held talks in Islamabad with PAF Chief, Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu, during which a potential defence cooperation package—including the possible acquisition of around 40 JF-17 fighter aircraft, armed drones, and associated training—was discussed, though no binding agreement was announced at the time.<ref name="ReutersJF17Indonesia2026">{{cite web |first1=Saad |last1=Sayeed |first2=Ananda |last2=Teresia |first3=Ariba |last3=Shahid |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-indonesia-closing-jets-drones-defence-deal-sources-say-2026-01-12/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan and Indonesia closing in on jets and drones defence deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> ==== Iraq ==== [[Iraq]] has expressed interest in acquiring the JF-17C Thunder multirole combat aircraft from Pakistan as part of efforts to modernise the [[Iraqi Air Force]]. During an official visit to Baghdad on 10 January 2026, Pakistan’s Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu met with Lieutenant General Staff Pilot Mohanad Ghalib Mohammed Radi Al-Asadi, Commander of the Iraqi Air Force, where discussions covered bilateral air force cooperation. During the meeting, the Iraqi Air Force Commander indicated interest in the JF-17C fighter aircraft and Super Mushshak trainer aircraft in the context of training, capacity building, and defence cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan says Iraq expressed ‘keen interest’ in JF-17 jets at air chiefs meeting |work=Arab News |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628855/pakistan}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq eyes JF-17 fighter jets as Pakistani air chief visits Baghdad |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2586411/iraq-eyes-jf-17-fighter-jets-as-pakistani-air-chief-visits-baghdad}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq seeks JF-17 Thunder jets during Pakistani air chief’s visit |work=Business Recorder |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40401540/iraq-seeks-jf-17-thunder-jets}} </ref> ==== Libya ==== It was reported on 22 December 2025 that Pakistan reached a $4-4.6 billion deal with the [[Libyan National Army]], commanded by Khalifa Haftar, which controls eastern [[Libya]], for the supply of 16 JF-17s and other military equipment.<ref name="libya1">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/12/28/why-it-took-pakistan-so-long-to-sell-jf-17-fighters-to-an-arab-country/ |title=Why It Took Pakistan So Long To Sell JF-17 Fighters To An Arab Country |website=Forbes.com |date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya2">{{cite web |first=Liu |last=Zhen |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3337888/china-pakistan-warplane-deal-libyan-faction-may-help-expand-beijings-influence |title=China-Pakistan warplane deal with Libyan faction ‘may help expand Beijing’s influence’ |website=SCMP.com|date=27 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya3">{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Asif |last2=Shahzad |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-strikes-4-billion-deal-sell-weapons-libyan-force-officials-say-2025-12-22/ |title=Pakistan strikes $4 billion deal to sell weapons to Libyan force, officials say |website=Reuters.com |date=22 December 2025}}</ref> ==== Morocco ==== Morocco has shown interest in the JF-17, having invited a sales team to showcase it in the Marrakech Air Show 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 to Star in Marrakech Air Show|url=http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202010633/http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marrakech Air Show Invites Pakistan to Showcase JF −17 Thunder Fighter Jet|url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222014010/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> According to a local analyst, a potential acquisition by Morocco may be complicated by incompatible technologies; the JF-17 Block I and Block II have broadly different electronics suites and air-to-air & air-to-surface munitions than its current Western-sourced aircraft, such as the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F-1 (MF2000)]], [[Northrop F-5|F-5E/F Tiger II]] and [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to market the JF-17 Thunder to Morocco|url=http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426114618/http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Morocco has been engaged with Pakistan in January 2026 on the JF-17.<ref>https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/01/276273/morocco-shows-interest-in-pakistani-jf-17-jets-as-talks-advance/</ref> ==== Saudi Arabia ==== In January 2014, the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] was reportedly examining potential technology transfer and co-production opportunities for the JF-17. Saudi Deputy Minister of Defence Prince [[Salman bin Sultan]] toured the JF-17 project during a visit to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 January 2014|title=Saudi eyeing Pakistan's JF-17 fighter jet, modeled from U.S. F-16|work=World Tribune|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706041729/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2014|title=Saudi Arabia May Buy Pakistani-Chinese Fighter Jets|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726081849/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=8 November 2016|title=Saudi Arabia Reportedly Interested in the JF-17 Thunder|url=http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084500/http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=9 November 2016|website=Quwa Defence News & Analysis Group}}</ref> However, by 2023, this interest seems to have fallen through, with Saudi Arabia now interested in joining the Anglo-Italian-Japanese [[Global Combat Air Programme]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2023|title=Saudi Arabia pushes to join fighter jet project with UK, Italy and Japan|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/80e9bda9-f415-4076-9037-bd6b96e1169f|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported in January 2026 that Pakistan are in discussion with Saudi Arabia to convert around US$ 2 billion of Saudi loans to Pakistan into a provision of JF-17s.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Saad |last2=Sayeed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-saudi-talks-jf-17-jets-for-loans-deal-sources-say-2026-01-07/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan, Saudi in talks on JF-17 jets-for-loans deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>However It is reported that the US government has discouraged Saudi Arabia from aquisition of both JF-17's and [[TAI TF Kaan|TF Kaan's]], instead proposing sale of [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]'s to the Saudi Arabian Air Force. <ref name=":9">{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan | title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref> ==== Other countries ==== Countries including [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Bilal|date=7 August 2016|title=Pakistan offers JF-17 & Super Mushshak to Kuwait|url=https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422190117/https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|archive-date=22 April 2020|website=Quwa - Defence News & Analysis}}</ref> [[Peru]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Pakistan's JF-17 Is A Viable Alternative To The American F-16|url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|website=Wonderful Engineering|date=21 March 2019|quote=As of right now, Saudi Arabia, Albania, Morocco, Bulgaria, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Oman, Lebanon, Argentina, Algeria, Jordan, and Peru are evaluating the JF-17 Block III|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723081234/https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|title=Pakistan, South Africa sign agreements to increase defense cooperation|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|website=Dawn|date=27 March 2017|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023533/https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Uruguay]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demerly |first=Tom |date=9 November 2017 |title=Shopping for Fighters: Is the Chinese/Pakistani JF-17 Thunder the Real "Joint Strike Fighter"? |url=https://theaviationist.com/2017/11/09/shopping-for-fighters-is-the-chinesepakistani-jf-17-thunder-the-real-joint-strike-fighter/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Confirmed: Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet Has its First Buyer |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/confirmed-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jet-has-its-first-buyer/#:~:text=Numerous%20air%20forces%20are%20toying,the%20Philippines,%20Venezuela%20and%20Zimbabwe. |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> have shown interest in the JF-17.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article" /><ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2008|title=PAF gets six JF-17 Thunder aircraft|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045150/http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> In February 2026, reports appeared that the [[Somali Air Force]] was in talks to acquire 24 Block III JF-17s.<ref>https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalia-in-talks-to-buy-24-jf-17-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/; {{cite news|title=Somalia in High-Level Talks to Acquire 24 JF-17 Thunder Block III Fighter Jets from Pakistan in US$900 Million Air Power Revival|work=Defence Security Asia|date=19 February 2026 |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/somalia-jf17-thunder-block-iii-pakistan-us900-million-air-force-revival/|access-date=22 February 2026}}; {{cite news |title=Soomaaliya oo diyaarado casri ah kasoo iibsanaysa Pakistan |work=Hiiraan Online |date=10 February 2026 |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2026/Feb/wararka_maanta09-192820.htm |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> Somalia's air force has been inactive for many years. ===Former interests=== ==== Argentina ==== At the 2013 [[Paris Air Show]], officials from Argentine aerospace conglomerate [[Fábrica Argentina de Aviones]] (FAdeA) revealed that the firm had held multiple discussions with Chinese officials over a potential co-production of the FC-1/JF-17, for the [[Argentine Air Force]] (FAA); this was regarded as the first formal effort by Argentina to possibly procure, or co-produce the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter - IHS Jane's 360 |website=www.janes.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> FAdeA officials said that the co-produced FC-1 could be classified as the "Pulqui-III", with regard to FAdeA's [[Pulqui II|Pulqui-II]] fighter.<ref name="ja23j13">{{cite news|author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter|newspaper=Jane's|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 2015, following a three-day visit by [[President of Argentina|Argentine president]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] to [[China]], Argentina announced that it would consider purchasing around 20 JF-17s from [[Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group|CAIG]]; however the deal did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |title=China to Supply 20 Thunder Fighter Jets to Argentina |website=www.defenseworld.net |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216210452/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |archive-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nikkei|title=Argentina turns to China for arms supply|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|access-date=1 March 2022|date=9 April 2015|first=Kamilia|last=Lahrichi|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210140006/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|url-status=live}}</ref> The primary reason for Argentine interest was reportedly the aircraft's lesser requirement for parts of British origin, as the United Kingdom had barred any sale of military equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina since the [[Falklands War|1982 Falklands War]].<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url = https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2021/09/28/could-britain-stop-argentina-from-buying-the-jf-17-warplane/|title = Could Britain stop Argentina from buying the JF-17 warplane?|date = 28 September 2021|access-date = 11 January 2022|archive-date = 30 September 2021|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210930015257/https://www.defensenews.com/global/the%2Damericas/2021/09/28/could%2Dbritain%2Dstop%2Dargentina%2Dfrom%2Dbuying%2Dthe%2Djf%2D17%2Dwarplane/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |title=No KAI FA-50 for Argentina under the post-1982 embargo |website=aircosmosinternational.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129073505/https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Likewise, Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other aircraft, namely, the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to diplomatic pressure from the United Kingdom, given the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain British-origin parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|publisher=Flightglobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|date=3 November 2020|access-date=1 March 2022|first=Greg|last=Waldron|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{cite web|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|access-date=1 March 2022|date=21 June 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="defensenews.com"/> In September 2021, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] presented a draft budget for the fiscal year of 2022, which contained a request of USD $664 million for the acquisition of future fighter aircraft for the FAA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Gastón |date=21 September 2021 |title=The Argentine Ministry of Defense clarifies about the JF-17 Thunder |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Aviacionline.com |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015136/https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, multiple media outlets misinterpreted this action, erroneously reporting that the request for funds were for acquiring the JF-17 Block-III.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|title=Argentina hasn't selected JF-17 fighter? Govt clarifies budget request|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=1 March 2022|date=22 September 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015142/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]] (''Ministerio de Defensa'') later clarified that the JF-17 had not been selected, asserting that the FAA was still evaluating five other aircraft as possible options.<ref name=":3" /> In May 2022, a delegation of the FAA evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dubois |first1=Gastón |title=Argentine Air Force delegation evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |website=Aviacionline |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011548/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in October 2023, the United States approved the transfer of 24 second-hand [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16 Block-15 MLU]] fighters previously owned by the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] to Argentina, countering the Chinese offer; reportedly, the deal did not necessitate an approval from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/us-approves-proposed-f-16-transfer-argentina|title=U.S. Approves Proposed F-16 Transfer To Argentina|website=aviationweek.com|date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Following the inauguration of the [[Javier Milei|Javier Milei administration]] in Argentina in 2023, the decision to select the F-16 had reportedly materialised, leaving the JF-17 out of the contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airdatanews.com/argentina-chose-the-f-16-fighter-for-its-air-force-reports/|title=Argentina chose the F-16 fighter for its Air Force – reports|website=www.airdatanews.com|date=30 January 2024}}</ref> ==== Bolivia ==== The JF-17 was a candidate for the replacement of retired [[Lockheed T-33]] aircraft of the [[Bolivian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|title=Bolivia Air Force is looking for fighter jets|work=Air Data News |date=29 May 2021|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054044/https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Congo ==== In March 2023, it was reported that China was pitching the JF-17 to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |title=Congo is considering buying JF-17 Thunder fighter jets from China |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |title=DRC: China offers Kinshasa its fighter planes |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |title=China Offers JF-17 Jet to Congo-Kinshasa, Competing with Russian Su-27 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |title=DRC : Kinshasa eyes Chinese fighter jets after buying Beijing's drones - 14/03/2023 |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162519/https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Malaysia ==== [[Malaysia]] had periodically indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the JF-17 for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its efforts to replace its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MIG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in the JF-17 emerged in 2015, although this was later denied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=21 December 2015 |title=Malaysia Denies Interest in JF-17, But Export Hopes Remain |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2015/12/21/malaysia-denies-interest-in-jf-17-but-export-hopes-remain/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Defense News |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Benjamin David |title=The Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Might Have Another Buyer in Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121257/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2019, then-visiting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian PM]] [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohammad]] was accorded an aerial-display of the JF-17's at the 2019 [[Pakistan Day Parade]]; he was also briefed about the fighter by the PAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahathir Mohamad receives briefing on JF-17 before leaving Islamabad |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=23 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121254/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Malaysian PM Mahathir shows interest in JF-17 Thunder as he concludes Pakistan visit |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701072047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft — dubbed as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainer-aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/None |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender |url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=MilitaryLeak |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF later issued a [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|date=18 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17 was widely regarded to be a leading contender in the FLIT/LCA procurement initiative, along with the [[HAL Tejas]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|title=Malaysia formally launches tender for new trainer, light combat aircraft|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in October 2021, the JF-17 was revealed to have abstained from participating in the FLIT/LCA tender; later reports confirmed that only six companies had responded to the RFP issued by the RMAF - the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] ([[Korea Aerospace Industries]]), the [[HAL Tejas]] ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]), the [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]] ([[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]]), the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]] ([[Leonardo S.p.A.]]), the [[TAI Hürjet]] ([[Turkish Aerospace Industries]]) and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35]] ([[Rosoboronexport]]).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> The JF-17's unprecedented absence from the FLIT/LCA essentially ended all speculations regarding its participation in Malaysia.<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia begins evaluating proposals to replace fleet of Hawk Mk 108/208s |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Janes.com |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121256/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Socka |first=Sherman |date=1 December 2021 |title=LETTER {{!}} RMAF purchase of Light Combat Aircraft to bolster defence industry |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.aerotime.aero |date=20 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518000844/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, the JF-17 was reportedly re-offered to the RMAF, with an estimated price-discount of about 30%; however, these reports remain unconfirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumelar |first=Tri Agung |title=Saingi HAL Tejas di Malaysia, China Turunkan Harga Jet Tempur JF-17 Thunder hingga 30 Persen - Zona Jakarta |url=https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com |language=id |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110124301/https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF eventually declined to purchase the JF-17 and proceeded instead to order 18 FA-50 Block 20 jets in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|title=Malaysia buys South Korea fighter jets as ASEAN arms market grows|website=asia.nikkei.com|date=7 March 2023|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324012111/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Qatar ==== [[Qatar]] has shown interest in the JF-17 since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|title=Qatar Plans To Buy Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet, Super Mushshak Trainer|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=27 October 2016 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506212945/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, at Qatar's invitation, PAF JF-17s participated in Qatar's National Day Flypast in Doha alongside [[Qatar Air Force]] [[Rafale]]s and [[Mirage 2000-5]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|title=Flypast during Qatar National Day Hints at Doha's Interest in Pakistani JF-17|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192401/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the offer seems to have fallen through, with Qatar ordering a mix of [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]s and [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F15E]]s. ==== Sri Lanka ==== In June 2015, Pakistani media suggested that an export order had been confirmed with the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]; claims were made that the JF-17's first sales contract had been signed with the Sri Lanka Air Force at the 51st Paris Air Show.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka revealed as first foreign buyer of JF-17|newspaper=Want China Times|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623183730/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Wasim|date=22 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka purchasing JF-17 Thunder Jets|newspaper=Business Recorder|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623170033/http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Other sources claimed that Myanmar is the first buyer of Pakistani JF-17s.<ref name="Myanmar2">{{cite news|date=9 July 2015|title=Myanmar first country to purchase JF-17 Thunder from Pakistan|newspaper=Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|url-status=live}}</ref> Reportedly, the order would cover around 18–24 aircraft and deliveries set to begin in 2017. During a state visit by [[Nawaz Sharif]] in January 2016, Sri Lanka reportedly signed an agreement to buy eight JF-17s from Pakistan;<ref>{{cite web|first=Franz-Stefan | last = Gady|title=Sri Lanka to Buy 8 Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jets|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213252/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2016|access-date=7 January 2016|work=The Diplomat}}</ref> however, the Sri Lankan government has issued denials.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2016|title=Government says no JF-17 deal with Pakistan|work=Columbo Gazette|url=http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126211056/http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The alleged deal was said to involve 10–12 aircraft, each valued at US$35 million, for a total of US$400 million<ref>{{cite news|title=Following Myanmar, Pakistan is Eager to Sell More JF-17s|url=http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213105004/http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> Reportedly, any such sale was scuppered by Indian diplomatic pressure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian pressure stalls Pakistani JF-17 sale to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213040939/http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revealed: Why Sri Lanka Backed Off the Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215193957/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 October 2013|title=Pakistan to sell JF-17 fighter jets to SL-report|work=The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523103143/http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> However, in 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=9 January 2021|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref> ==== Zimbabwe ==== The [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] reportedly planned to purchase twelve JF-17s in 2004, as part of a $240 million deal with China. No such sales have materialised.<ref name="Rotberg2009">{{cite book|first=Robert I. | last = Rotberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|title=China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0175-0|page=174|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Africa and China's Global Activism|url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616192046/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|publisher=Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> In 2010, China was reportedly in talks about the JF-17 with five or six countries, some of which had sent pilots to China to undergo test flights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian fighter requirements continue to grow|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185036/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-date=21 October 2014|access-date=21 March 2010|work=Flight International}}</ref> ==مختلف قسمون== ===Prototypes=== In chronological production order: *'''PT-01''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plates]] on intakes. Rolled out on 31 May 2003. First flight on 25 August 2003.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/> *'''PT-02''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. *'''PT-03''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. First flight in April 2004. *'''PT-04''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with [[Diverterless supersonic inlet|Diverterless Supersonic Inlets (DSI)]] and modified vertical stabiliser. First flight on 10 May 2006. PT-04 incorporated modifications such as DSI, wider LERX, extended ventral fins, and a taller, less swept vertical stabiliser with a rectangular fairing at the tip containing electronic warfare equipment and small blister fairings at the base containing Missile Approach Warning sensors. The PT-04 prototype was primarily used for avionics and weapon qualification tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |title=4th Prototype JF-17 Thunder aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |date=11 May 2006 |work=Pakistan Tribune |access-date=21 May 2011 |location=Islamabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="APP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |title=JF-17 Thunder arrives in Pakistan |date=12 March 2007 |work=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022192508/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref> *'''PT-05''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. *'''PT-06''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. ===Production variants=== In chronological production order: *'''JF-17 Block 1''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production in China began in June 2006<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com" /> and in Pakistan in 2007. The first three Chinese weapons to be integrated are the [[PL-5|PL-5E II]] AAM, the [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] AAM, and the [[C-802A|C-802AK]] anti-ship missile. Block 1 aircraft had performed "better than expected" according to PAF [[Air Commodore]] Junaid. Production of Block 1 was completed on 18 December 2013 when the fiftieth aircraft{{mdash}}58% of which was produced in Pakistan{{mdash}}was delivered.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Dave | last1 = Allport | first2 = Alan | last2 = Warnes|date=September 2010|title= JF-17 Thunders in First Public Static Display | journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue= 269|page= 8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Rolls Out 50th JF-17, Block II Production To Commence |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |date=18 December 2013 |work=Defense News |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220054215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> A Block 1 JF-17 costs approximately US$15&nbsp;million per unit.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra" /> *'''JF-17 Block 2''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production began on 18 December 2013 and initial testing began on 9 February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|work=janes.com|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119230215/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Block 2 aircraft make use of composites in the airframe for reduced weight, air-to-air refuelling capability,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Roblin|first=Sebastien|date=10 August 2019|title=Meet the JF-17 Block III Fighter: The Jet China is Helping Pakistan Build to Fight India|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|access-date=23 July 2021|website=The National Interest|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002901/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|url-status=live}}</ref> improved radar and avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |title=Pakistan Begins Producing Block-II JF-17 Aircraft |last1=Panda |first1=Ankit |date=27 December 2013 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726080602/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="dawn" /> Chairman of PAC, Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed said: "We will hand over 16 Block 2 JF-17s to the PAF every year", and that the manufacturing plant has the capacity to produce 25 units in a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to boost military export with revamped JF-17 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |date=7 December 2014 |work=Pakistan Today |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172819/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> According to local media, PAC rolled out the 16th Block 2 aircraft in December 2015 enabling the JF-17's 4th squadron formation.<ref name="Fourth" /> A Block 2 JF-17 costs approximately US$25 million per unit.<ref name="SkyWars">{{citation | url = http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | title = Sky Wars: Pakistan, India and China | first = Adnan | last = Rehmat | date = 24 May 2011 | work = Dawn | access-date = 29 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122325/http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | archive-date = 14 July 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> *'''JF-17B Block 2''' {{mdash}} Dual-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 27 April 2017.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|title=Military Flight Training MENA 2021|website=www.arabianaerospace.aero|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154514/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JF-17B">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Naveed|title=JF-17B fighter jet takes maiden test flight|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|access-date=28 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142207/https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Serial production in China and Pakistan from 2018 to 2020. A total of 26 aircraft built - first four at Chengdu and remaining 22 at Kamra.<ref name="auto4" /> Its multi-roles include use as a (i) JF-17 conversion trainer; (ii) Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT); (iii) ground-attack aircraft; and (iv) reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|title=PAF to induct dual-seater JF-17B fighter jet in April 2017|date=28 April 2016|work=[[Express Tribune]]|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503202439/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the dual-seat, larger dorsal spine, and a more swept-back tail, another difference between the JF-17B and the JF-17 is that the JF-17B carries fuel in its vertical stabiliser, which the JF-17 does not.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|title=Pride of Pakistan|website=www.airinternational.com|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310041201/https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17B houses integral fuel tanks like the F-16. Each wing houses 550 Ib while the vertical tail houses 210 lb, which, together with the internal fuel load, totals 4,910 Ib of fuel. Together with the three external fuel drop-tanks, the aircraft can carry a total 10,000 Ib fuel load.<ref name="auto" /> The JF-17B Block 2s will be retrofitted with the NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra).<ref name="auto" /> *'''JF-17C Block 3'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/adex-2024-azerbaijani-jf-17-delivery-announced | title=ADEX 2024: Azerbaijani JF-17 delivery announced | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://quwa.org/pakistan-defence-industry/pakistan-promotes-the-jf-17c-thunder-to-bangladesh-01-20-2025/ | title=Pakistan Promotes the JF-17C Thunder to Bangladesh - Quwa | date=20 January 2025 }}</ref> {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 15 December 2019. Two prototypes underwent flight tests as of December 2020, one in China and the other in Pakistan. Went into serial production at PAC Kamra on 30 December 2020.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> Projected to feature further advancements such as a NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra),<ref name="auto" /> a three-axis digital fly-by-wire flight control system,<ref name="auto" /> an infrared search and track (IRST) system,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |title=2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |format=JPG |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221746/http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Rolling Thunder|url=https://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=Asian Military Review|date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208182445/http://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system produced jointly by Pakistan and China,<ref name="auto" /> a missile approach warning system (MAWS) similar to the one used on the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]]C, [[J-16]], and [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]], a new, larger, and thinner holographic wide-angle head-up display (HUD) similar to the one used on the J-10C and J-20, an enhanced electronic warfare management system,<ref name="auto" /> a chin-mounted hardpoint,<ref name="auto" /> use of more composites for further weight reduction, eventual replacement of the [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] [[afterburning turbofan]] by the [[Guizhou WS-13]]<ref name=":2" /> with an increased thrust, and a better thrust-to-weight ratio.<ref name="dawn" /><ref name="Nigeria" /><ref name="AW17March2015">{{cite journal|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=17 March 2015|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|access-date=24 March 2015|location=Kamra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322152346/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=22 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> The KLJ-7A can simultaneously track 15 targets and engage 4 targets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=KLJ-7A: Proposed AESA Radar for the JF-17 Block-III|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507114147/http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> PAF officials have described the JF-17 Block 3 as a "fourth generation plus" fighter jet. The first PAC-produced JF-17 Block 3 aircraft are expected to roll out of the production line in late 2021.<ref name="auto" /> The PAF has placed an order for 50 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft, deliveries of which were expected to start from early 2022.<ref name="paknikkei">{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|title=Pakistan to boost air strike power with 50 enhanced fighter jets|access-date=1 March 2022|date=6 February 2022|publisher=Nikkei|first=Adnan|last=Aamir|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084243/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Pakistan to Order 50 More Fighter Jets in 2017|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054055/https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 JF-17 Block 3 production aircraft were photographed after their rollout at PAC Kamra in early January 2022. The first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF in March 2023. '''Under-Development''' *'''JF-17 Block 4 or (PFX-Alpha)''' {{mdash}} The JF-17 Block 4 or JF-17 (PFX Alpha) is an under-development 4.5+ generation version of the JF-17 Thunder under the PAF "PFX" program, where "PFX" stands for "Pakistan Fighter Experimental." Also known as the JF-17 Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU), the project aims to enhance the JF-17 beyond the capabilities of the current JF-17C Block 3, which is the most advanced variant of the fighter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/pakistan-unveils-jf-17-pfx-fighter | title=Pakistan unveils JF-17 PFX fighter | date=26 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Reveals 'JF-17 PFX' Program |url=https://quwa.org/daily-news/pakistan-reveals-jf-17-pfx-program-2/ |publisher=Quwa |date=2 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Development Program for JF-17 PFX (Pakistan Fighter Experimental) Unveiled |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/development-program-for-jf-17-pfx-pakistan-fighter-experimental-unveiled/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The PFX-Alpha focuses on improving the radar, avionics, and integrating new air-to-air and air-to-surface munitions, including indigenous weapons. It will feature an indigenously-developed passive Infrared Search and Track (IRST) sensor and an electronic warfare (EW) suite with AESA radar-jamming capability. The overall goal of the PFX program is to provide the PAF with a next-generation fighter, with the PFX-Alpha serving as a key step toward indigenization and reducing external dependence. While no official timeline has been announced, a PAF official stated in an interview with [[Geo News]] at IDEAS 2024 that the jet is expected to fly within the next 4 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wec3sH9WMQ8 |title=JF-17 PFX: Upcoming Innovation & New Chapter in Pakistan Air Force - IDEAS 2024 {{!}} Breaking News |date=21 November 2024 |last=Geo News |access-date=23 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> At the [[Royal International Air Tattoo|RIAT]] 2025 air show, Pakistan showcased a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130H Hercules]] with a custom paint job featuring artwork of various PAF aircraft; notably, the PFX was depicted highest on the tail, symbolising the Air Force’s strong commitment to the program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=PAF Showcases JF-17, C-130 at RIAT 2025 in the UK |url=https://theneutral.pk/paf-to-display-jf-17-thunder-c-130-hercules-at-riat-2025/ |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=theneutral.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> ==آپريٽرز== <!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--> [[File:JF-17 operators.png|thumb|400px|موجوده JF-17 آپريٽر ملڪن (نيري رنگ ۾) سان نقشو]] === موجوده آپريٽر === '''{{AZE}}'''<br> * آذربائيجاني ايئر فورس: 5 پهچايا ويا، 35 آرڊر تي<ref name="azeri1" /> <ref name="azeri2">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/11/17/from-azerbaijan-to-uae-iran-is-surrounded-by-more-advanced-air-forces/ |title=From Azerbaijan To UAE, Iran Is Surrounded By More Advanced Air Forces |website=Forbes.com |date=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/azerbaijan-inducts-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan |title=Azerbaijan inducts JF-17 fighters from Pakistan |website=Janes.com |date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.defcros.com/azerbaijan-receives-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan/ |title=Azerbaijan Receives JF-17 Fighters from Pakistan |website=news.defcros.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> 35 on order<ref name="azeri2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://turdef.com/article/azerbaijan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fighters-in-inventory |title=Azerbaijan Shows JF-17 Block III Fighters in Inventory |website=turdef.com |date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aze.media/jf-17-and-a-new-axis-of-partnership-the-largest-ever-defense-deal-between-pakistan-and-azerbaijan/ |title=JF-17 and a new axis of partnership: The largest-ever defense deal between Pakistan and Azerbaijan |website=aze.media |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya1" /> '''{{flag|Myanmar}}''' [[ميانمار]] * ميانمار جي ايئر فورس: 13 پهچايا ويا، 3 آرڊر تي<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |title=2021 World Air Forces |format=PDF |editor-last=Hoyle |editor-first=Craig |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208041355/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-team-sent-to-myanmar-to-repair-combat-aircraft/articleshow/98640757.cms | title=Pakistan team sent to Myanmar to repair combat aircraft | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=15 March 2023 | last1=Chaudhury | first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** ميڪٽيلا ايئر فورس بيس<ref name="ReferenceB"/> '''{{NGA}}''' * نائيجيريا جي ايئر فورس: 3 پهچايا ويا<ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21">{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17s as it awaits Super Tucanos |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=21 May 2021 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191831/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** اين اي ايف بيس ماڪرودي<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |title=Nigeria gears up to receive JF-17s |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=13 November 2020 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121054653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17 fighters |website=Janes.com |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191832/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |url-status=live }}</ref> '''{{PAK}}''' * پاڪستان ايئر فورس: 161 پهچايا ويا، 27 آرڊر تي ** پي اي ايف بيس ڀولاري ([[ڄامشورو]]) *** نمبر 18 اسڪواڊرن شارپ شوٽرز (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref name="SHEPHARD"> {{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/pakistan-receives-chinese-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-reports/ |title=Pakistan receives Chinese JF-17 Block III fighter jets, reports say| access-date=10 March 2023|work=SHEPHARD |date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141819/https://timesofislamabad.com/03-Feb-2018/six-paf-squadrons-with-over-100-jf-17-fighter-jets-become-operational-fully |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|title=The JF-17 Is No F-35 Stealth Jet, But It's Good Enough For Pakistan|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=2 January 2020|website=The National Interest|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|title=Janes {{!}} Latest defence and security news|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Janes.com|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906153101/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="paknikkei" /> ** [[PAF Base Bholari]] (Jamshoro)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** No. 18 Squadron ''Sharp Shooters'' (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|title=Pakistan inducts 14 JF-17Bs and starts Block III JF-17 Thunder production|first=Hans van|last=Herk|website=www.scramble.nl|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231094256/https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Delivers New JF-17B Batch|date=2 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119112738/https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس مسرور ([[ڪراچي]]) *** نمبر 2 اسڪواڊرن منهاسين (2015)<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |title=Pakistan's PAF Re-equip Squadron No 2 Minhas With JF-17 |work=Asian Defence |date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121101129/http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 }}</ref> *** نمبر 8 اسڪواڊرن حيدرز (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-jf17-fighter-aircrafts/ | title=Pakistan Establishes Second Squadron of JF-17 "Thunder" Block 3 Fighters | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Scramble.nl">{{cite web | url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force | title=Orbats }}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس منہاس (ڪامرا) *** JF-17 TEF (ٽيسٽ ۽ تشخيص پرواز) (2007-2010)<ref name="AFM, July 2011, JF-17 - Thunder from the East">{{cite journal|last=Warnes|first=Alan|date=July 2011|title=JF-17&nbsp;– Thunder from the East|journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue=#280|pages=47–70}}</ref> *** نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن بليڪ پينٿرز (2011)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan" /> ** پي اي ايف بيس مصحف ([[سرگوڌا]]) *** CCS JF-17 اسڪواڊرن ڊيشنگ<ref name="Scramble.nl" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|title=JF-17 Thunder aircraft inducted in PAF Combat Commanders' School|work=Business Recorder|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223224329/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس [[پشاور]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/?q=node/16871 |title=Peshawar Base to station JF-17 Thunder Aircraft Squadron: Pak Air Chief |work=Asian Tribune |date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010004/http://asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F16871 |archive-date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> *** نمبر 26 اسڪواڊرن بليڪ اسپائڊرز (2010)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan" /> ** پي اي ايف بيس رفيقي ([[شورڪوٽ]])<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** نمبر 14 اسڪواڊرن ٽيل چوپرز (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|date=16 February 2017|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132631/https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس سمنگلي ([[ڪوئيٽا]]) *** نمبر 28 اسڪواڊرن فينڪس (2018)<ref> {{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|title=Pakistan inaugurates new fighter squadron – No. 28 "Phoenix"|date=28 February 2018|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123005402/https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|title=PAF raises new multirole squadron equipped with JF-17 Thunder aircraft|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025709/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|url-status=live}}</ref> ======موجوده آپريٽر====== '''{{flag|Libya}}''' * ليبيا ايئر فورس: آرڊر تي 16<ref name="libya1" /><ref name="libya2" /><ref name="libya3" /> ==حادثا ۽ واقعا== سال 2003ع ۾ پنهنجي پهرين اڏام کان وٺي ۽ سال 2007ع ۾ آپريشنل ٿيڻ کان وٺي، پنج JF-17 جهاز حادثن ۾ تباهه ٿيا آهن: * '''14''' نومبر 2011ع: هڪ JF-17 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ضلعي [[اٽڪ ضلعو|اٽڪ]]، [[پنجاب، پاڪستان|پنجاب]] جي جبلن ۾ ملا منصور علائقي ۾ معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران تباهه ٿي ويو، جڏهن پي ائ ايف بيس منهاس کان اڏام ڪري رهيو هو. پي ائ ايف جي سرڪاري رپورٽ موجب، حادثو هڪ ٽيڪنيڪل خرابي جي ڪري ٿيو. خبرن ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته پائلٽ ٻاهر نڪري ويو پر پيراشوٽ نه کُلڻ سبب مرجي ويو ۽ زمين تي ڪو به شهري جاني نقصان نه ٿيو. پائلٽ جو لاش حادثي واري هنڌ کان ٻه ڪلوميٽر پري دريافت ٿيو. هي JF-17 جو پهريون ڄاتل سڃاتل حادثو هو.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=DUBAI: JF-17 crashes in Pakistan's Kamra |date=15 November 2011 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=FlightGlobal |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054649/https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2011|title=PAF pilot dies as a plane crashed in Attock {{!}} Pakistan {{!}} News {{!}} Newspaper {{!}} Daily {{!}} English {{!}} Online|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/14-Nov-2011/pilot-dies-in-paf-aircraft-crash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216040156/https://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/14-Nov-2011/Pilot-dies-in-PAF-aircraft-crash|archive-date=16 December 2011|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Military Flair Up Between India and Pakistan See Both Sides Blaming One Another|url=http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Paktribune|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182541/http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pti|date=14 November 2011|title=Pakistan Air Force {{!}} Jet Crashes {{!}} Pilot {{!}} Punjab|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=oneindia.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182658/https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=18 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> * <small>27</small> سيپٽمبر <small>2016</small>ع: هڪ <small>'''JF-17'''</small> جهاز [[عربي سمنڊ]] ۾ مشق "هاءِ مارڪ" دوران کري تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو ۽ کيس سمنڊ مان بچايو ويو. مارٽن-بيڪر، جي ايف-17 جي ايجيڪشن سيٽن جو ٺاهيندڙ، پوء ٽوئيٽ ڪيو ته 15 سيپٽمبر 2020ع جو حادثو جي ايف-17 مان پهريون ايجيڪشن هو.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2016|title=JF-17 crashes into Arabian Sea|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162416/https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * 15 سيپٽمبر 2020ع: هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 جهاز پنڊي گهيب، ضلعي اٽڪ، پنجاب جي ويجهو معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=15 September 2020|title=PAF aircraft crashes in Attock during routine training, pilot ejects safely|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|access-date=15 September 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916183607/https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ زمين تي به ڪنهن جاني نقصان جي اطلاع نه ملي. جڏهن ته پي اي ايف جهاز جي سڃاڻپ نه ڪئي، مارٽن-بيڪر، جن جون سيٽون جي ايف-17 ۾ نصب ٿيل آهن، هڪ ٽوئيٽر پوسٽ ۾ چيو ته، "پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو هڪ جي ايف-17 جهاز اڄ صبح معمول جي تربيتي مشن دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Jet Crashes, Pilot Ejects|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|access-date=15 September 2020|website=defenseworld.net|date=15 September 2020|archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917084418/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref>.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * 6 آگسٽ 2021ع: هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بي بلاڪ 2 جهاز ضلعي اٽڪ، پنجاب ۾ معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. ٻئي پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويا ۽ زمين تي ڪنهن به جاني نقصان جي اطلاع نه ملي.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=6 August 2021|title=PAF jet crashes during routine training mission near Attock|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|access-date=9 August 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145129/https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin-Baker|date=9 August 2021|title=A Pakistan Air Force JF-17B aircraft crashed late last week on a training mission near Attock. Both aircrew ejected successfully from the twin seat aircraft using PK16LE Ejection Seats.|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811113709/https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News & Events|url=https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815093830/https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|archive-date=15 August 2021|access-date=15 August 2021|website=Martin-Baker|language=en-US}}</ref> * 5 جون 2024ع: پنجاب جي ضلعي جهنگ ۾ هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 2 جهاز معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. ٻڌايو پيو وڃي ته اهو جنگي جهاز نمبر 14 اسڪواڊرن "ٽيل چوپرز" جو حصو هو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو. حادثي جي رپورٽ جهاز جي ايجيڪشن سيٽ ٺاهيندڙ، مارٽن بيڪر پاران ڏني وئي هئي.<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/389360</ref> ==بيان ڪيل خاصيتون== پاڪستان ايروونٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس مارڪيٽنگ بروشر ۽ سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ مان ڊيٽا. ===عام خاصيتون=== * عملو: 1 (سنگل سيٽ JF-17A/C) يا 2 (ڊبل سيٽ JF-17B) * ڊگھائي: 14.326 ميٽر (47 فوٽ 0 انچ) * پرن جو دائرو: 9.44 ميٽر (31 فوٽ 0 انچ) * اوچائي: 4.57 ميٽر (15 فوٽ 0 انچ) * پرن جو علائقو: 24.43 چورس ميٽر (263.0 چورس فوٽ) * خالي وزن: 7,965 ڪلوگرام (17,560 پائونڊ) * وڌ ۾ وڌ ٽيڪ آف وزن: 13,500 ڪلوگرام (29,762 پائونڊ) * ايندھن جي گنجائش: ** اندروني: 3,000 ليٽر (2,449 ڪلوگرام)؛ ** ٻاهرين (3 ڊراپ ٽينڪ): 1 × 800 ليٽر (180 امپ گيل) *** پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ؛ 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) *** انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ * پاور پلانٽ: 1 × ڪليموف RD-93MA آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين (91.2 kN (20,500 lbf) ٿرسٽ آفٽر برنر سان) FDEEC سان (پوئين انجن: 1 x ڪليموف RD-93 آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين (84.4 kN (18,974 lbf) ٿرسٽ آفٽر برنر سان) # ===ڪارڪردگي=== * وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار: 1,910 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (1,190 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 1,030 kn) * وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار: ماخ 1.8 (Mach 1.8) * ڪروز جي رفتار: 1,359 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (844 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 734 kn) * اسٽال جي رفتار: 150 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (93 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 81 kn) * جنگي رينج: ** اندروني ايندھن تي 900 ڪلوميٽر (560 ميل، 490 ناٽيڪل ميل) ** ڊراپ ٽينڪن سان 1,741 ڪلوميٽر (1,082 ميل، 940 ناٽيڪل ميل) * فيري رينج: ** اندروني ايندھن تي 1,800 ڪلوميٽر (1,100 ميل، 970 ناٽيڪل ميل). ** ڊراپ ٽينڪن سان 3,482 ڪلوميٽر (2,163 ميل، 1,880 ناٽيڪل ميل) * سروس جي حد: 16,916 ميٽر (55,500 فوٽ) * ڪشش ثقل g حدون: +8/-3 (فلائيٽ ڪنٽرول سسٽم پاران محدود) * چڙهڻ جي شرح: 300 ميٽر/سيڪنڊ (59,000 فوٽ/منٽ) * زور: RD-93 سان 1.07. # ===هٿيار=== * توپون: 1 × 23 ملي ميٽر GSh-23 ٽوئن بيرل توپ * هارڊ پوائنٽس: 8 (2 × ونگ ٽِپ، 4 × انڊر-ونگ، 1 × انڊر-فيوزليج، 1 × چن) هر انڊر-ونگ هارڊ پوائنٽ تي ڊبل ايجيڪٽر ريڪ جي گنجائش سان. * پي لوڊ: 3,400 ڪلوگرام (7,500 پائونڊ) ===ميزائل=== * هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ ميزائل: ** PL-5EII — (انفراريڊ-هومنگ شارٽ رينج ميزائل) ** PL-10E — (انفراريڊ-هومنگ شارٽ رينج ميزائل) ** R-Darter — (ريڊار-هومنگ بيونڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) ** PL-12 (SD-10A) — (ريڊار-هائيڊڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) ** PL-15/PL-15E — (ريڊار-هائيڊڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) * هوا کان مٿاڇري تي مار ڪندڙ ميزائل: ** CM-102 — (اينٽي ريڊيئيشن ميزائل) ** LD-10 — (تابڪاري مخالف ميزائل) ** MAR-1 — (تابڪاري مخالف ميزائل) ** رعد-II — (سبسونڪ زميني حملو/اينٽي شپ ڪروز ميزائل) ** CM-400AKG — (سپرسونڪ ڊگهي فاصلي وارو هوا کان مٿاڇري تي مار ڪندڙ ميزائل) * اينٽي شپ ميزائل ** C-601 — (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** سي-705 ڪي ڊي - (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** سي-802 اي ڪي - (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** رعد-II - (سبسونڪ لينڊ اٽيڪ/اينٽي شپ ڪروز ميزائل) ** سي ايم-400 اي ڪي جي - (سپرسونڪ ڊگھي فاصلي وارو اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ===بم=== * غير هدايت ٿيل بم: ** 250 ڪلوگرام - پري ٽڪڙا ٿيل بم ** ايم ڪي-82 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** ايم ڪي-83 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** ايم ڪي-84 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** HAFR-1/HAFR-2 - (اينٽي رن وي بم) ** RPB-1 - (اينٽي رن وي بم) * گائيڊ ٿيل بم: ** GBU-10 - (ليزر گائيڊ ٿيل بم) ** GBU-12 - (ليزر گائيڊ ٿيل بم) ** GBU-16 - (ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** LT-2 — (ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** H-2 SOW — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ گلائيڊ بم) ** H-4 SOW — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ گلائيڊ بم) ** GB-6 — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ اسٽيلٿ گلائيڊ بم) ** NORINCO GB-250A — (250 ڪلوگرام ايڪسٽينڊڊ رينج GPS/INS-گائيڊڊ بم) ** CS/BBF1 — (فيول ايئر ايڪسپلوسو (FAE) يا ٿرموبارڪ بم) ** SCP-5 — (بنڪر بسٽر بم) ** NORINCO GB-500 — (500 ڪلوگرام ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** LS-6 — (وڌايل رينج GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ** GIDS تڪبير — (GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ** GIDS رينج ايڪسٽينشن ڪٽ — (GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ===ايويونڪس=== * ريڊار: ** KLJ-7A ايڪٽو اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (AESA) ** فائر ڪنٽرول ريڊار (FCR) * ريڊار وارننگ رسيور (RWR): ** 1 × BM/KJ-8602A * ميزائل اپروچ وارننگ سسٽم (MAWS): ** 4 × S740 شناخت دوست يا دشمن (IFF) * سسٽم: JZ/YD 125 * ڊيٽا بس: ٽيڪٽيڪل ڊيٽا لنڪ: لنڪ-17 * ٻيا: ** ٻاهرين پوڊ: *** Aselsan ASELPOD — ايڊوانسڊ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ (اليڪٽرو-آپٽيڪل ريڪنيسنس، نگراني ۽ ٽارگيٽنگ سسٽم) WMD-7 — FLIR *** ڊي/نائيٽ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ KG600/KG700 — ايئر بورن اليڪٽرانڪ ڪائونٽر ميجر (ECM) / سيلف پروٽيڪشن **جامنگ پوڊ *** اندرا سسٽم ALQ-500P — ESM/ECM پوڊ * مقابلي جا طريقا: ** چاف/فليئر ڊسپينسر ACMI: *** SDT ACMI سسٽم ** ايجڪشن سيٽ: *** مارٽن-بيڪر PK16LE صفر-صفر ايجڪشن سيٽ ** ٻاهرين ايندھن جا ٽينڪ: *** وڌايل رينج/لوٽرنگ وقت لاءِ 3 ٻاهرين ڊراپ ٽينڪ تائين: **** 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ **** 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|پاڪستان|چين|هوابازي}} * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جنگي جهازن جي فهرست ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Bibliography=== * {{Cite book |last1=Medeiros |first1=Evan S |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf |title=A New Direction for China's Defense Industry |last2=Cliff |first2=Roger |last3=Crane |first3=Keith |last4=Mulvenon |first4=James C |date=2005 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] Project Air Force |isbn=978-0-8330-4079-4 |language=en |oclc=69995886}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906183937/http://www.cac.com.cn/product/product_display.aspx?id=1 Archived Factsheet FC-1 on Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) website] * [http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 Factsheet JF-17 on Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jf-17 Thunder}} [[زمرو:JF-17 ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا جنگي هٿيار]] [[زمرو:سپر سونڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سنگل انجن وارو جيٽ جهاز]] [[زمرو:چين-پاڪستان فوجي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:وچين ونگ وارا هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:چوٿين نسل جي جيٽ ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] [[زمرو:پهريون ڀيرو 2003 ۾ اڏامندڙ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس پاران تيار ڪيل ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:واپس وٺڻ واري ٽرائي سائيڪل لينڊنگ گيئر سان هوائي جهاز]] jgyo84bb02zgl1t9buv21aa7d6wm1ti 371053 371052 2026-04-12T05:46:38Z Ibne maryam 17680 371053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sino-Pakistani multirole fighter aircraft}} {{Infobox settlement | name = جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر<br> JF-17 Thunder | image = File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg | caption = پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر بلاڪ 1 | type = سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز | national_origin = | manufacturer = | first_flight = | introduction = | retired = | status = | primary_user = | more_users = | produced = | number_built = | developed_from = |other_name=ايف سي-1 شياؤ لونگ<br> FC-1 Xiaolong|subdivision_type=قومي اصل ملڪ|subdivision_type1=ٺاهيندڙ|subdivision_type2=پيداوار|subdivision_type3=تعمير ٿيل تعداد|subdivision_type4=تعارف|subdivision_name4=12 مارچ 2007ع|subdivision_type5=پهرين پرواز|subdivision_name5=25 آگسٽ 2003ع|subdivision_type6=حالت|subdivision_name6=سروس ۾|established_title=بنيادي استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date=[[پاڪستان ائيرفورس]]|established_title1=ٻيو استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date1={{ubl |[[ميانمار ايئر فورس]] |[[نائيجيريا ايئر فورس]] |[[آذربائيجاني ايئر فورسز]] }}|established_title2=دلچسپي رکندڙ ملڪ|established_date2=[[بنگلاديش]]، [[انڊونيشيا]]، [[سعودي عرب]]|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=|established_date5=|established_title6=|established_date6=|established_title7=|established_date7=|extinct_title=|extinct_date=|subdivision_name=[[پاڪستان]] / [[چين]]|subdivision_name1=[[پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] / [[چينگڊو ايئر ڪرافٽ انڊسٽري گروپ]]|subdivision_name2=چين ۾: جون 2007ع<br />پاڪستان ۾: جنوري 2008ع|subdivision_name3=182 (اضافي 6 پروٽوٽائپ)}} '''جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر''' (JF-17 Thunder؛ اردو: جے ایف-۱۷ گرج) هڪ چين-پاڪستاني سنگل انجن وارو هلڪو وزن وارو سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز آهي جيڪو [[پاڪستان]] جي [[پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] (<small>PAC</small>) ۽ [[چين]] جي چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ ڪارپوريشن (<small>CAC</small>) پاران گڏيل طور تي تيار ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|website=www.pac.org.pk|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712224651/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|url-status=live}}</ref> اهو چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر آهي ۽ [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] (<small>PAF</small>) ۾ ٽئين نسل جي <small>'''اي-5'''</small> <small>'''سي، ايف-7 پي/پي جي'''</small>، ميراج <small>III</small> ۽ ميراج <small>5</small> جنگي جهاز جي متبادل طور تي ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. <ref name=":92">{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan|title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan|date=26 September 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|title=Pakistan's tool of war: PAF's rolling thunder|first=Ali|last=Osman|date=17 December 2015|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003037/https://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''جي ايف-17'''</small> کي ڪيترن ئي ڪردارن لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جنهن ۾ فضائي دفاع، زميني حملو، اينٽي شپ ۽ فضائي جاچ شامل آهن. پاڪستاني نالو "جي ايف-17" جو مطلب آهي "جوائنٽ فائٽر-17"، جن ۾ "جوائنٽ فائٽر" جهاز جي گڏيل پاڪستاني-چيني ترقي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو ۽ "-17" جو مطلب آهي ته اهو آمريڪي [[ايف-16 جيٽ]] جو جانشين آهي. چيني نالي "ايف سي-1" جو مطلب آهي "فائٽر چائنا-1". جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر مختلف قسم جا هٿيار استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو, جنهن ۾ هوا کان هوا، هوا کان مٿاڇري ۽ اينٽي شپ ميزائل شامل آهن. گائيڊڊ ۽ ان گائيڊڊ بم. ۽ 23-ايم ايم جي ايس ايڇ-23-2 ٽوئن بيرل آٽو ڪينن. چيني گيزو ڊبليو ايس-13 يا روسي ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 ۽ 2) يا ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 ايم اي (<small>'''جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 3'''</small>) آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين انجن ذريعي طاقتور. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار <small>'''ماخ 1.6'''</small> آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-032">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''جي ايف-17'''</small> پاڪستان ايرفورس جي ريڙهه ۽ ڪم جو هارس آهي. تقريبن اڌ قيمت تي ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن کي پورو ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002224809/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> بلاڪ II قسم جي قيمت 25 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-033">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي 2007 ۾ پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو هو.[[File:Pakistan JF-17 Thunder, Pakistan - Air Force JP7136023.jpg|thumb|انفراريڊ هومنگ - هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ - [[پي ايل-5 ميزائل|PL-5 ميزائل]] سان ليس - پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو JF-17 ]] <small>'''JF-17'''</small> ايئر فريم جو <small>'''%58'''</small>، جنهن ۾ ان جو فرنٽ فيوزليج، ونگز ۽ عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل آهن، پاڪستان ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته <small>'''42'''</small> سيڪڙو چين ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي آخري اسيمبلي ۽ سيريل پيداوار پاڪستان ۾ ٿيندي آهي.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2015ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان 16 JF-17s پيدا ڪيا.<ref name="The Express Tribune2">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، PAC وٽ هر سال 20 JF-17s پيدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت آهي. اپريل <small>2017ع</small> تائين، PAC PAF لاءِ 70 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ۽ 33 بلاڪ 2 جهاز تيار ڪيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220025305/http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="quwa.org2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex delivered 70 JF-17S to the Pakistan Air Force|url=http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609031529/http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-II production crosses 30 planes|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507071327/http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس جا JF-17 ٿنڊر <small>'''19,000'''</small> کان وڌيڪ آپريشنل پرواز گڏ ڪري چڪا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Two-Seat Variant of China-Pakistan JF-17 Fighter Jet to Fly in 2016|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060126/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016|archive-date=9 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾، پي اي سي/سي اي سي هڪ ٻٽي سيٽ واري قسم کي ترقي ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو جن کي بهتر آپريشنل صلاحيت، ڪنورشن ٽريننگ ۽ ليڊ ان فائٽر ٽريننگ لاءِ <small>'''JF-17B'''</small> جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|title=Pakistan, China jointly launch production of JF-17B fighter jets|date=28 April 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155526/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>JF-17B</small> بلاڪ 2 قسم <small>2018ع</small> ۾ پي اي سي ۾ سيريل پيداوار ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> تائين <small>'''26'''</small> جهاز پي اي ايف کي پهچايا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|title=PAC Kamra rolls out final 14 JF-17B fighters for Pakistan Air Force|website=Janes.com|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111103242/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان ايئر فورس هڪ فعال اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (<small>AESA</small>) ريڊار، هڪ وڌيڪ طاقتور روسي ڪليموف <small>RD-93MA</small> انجن، هڪ وڏو ۽ وڌيڪ ترقي يافته وائڊ اينگل هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي (<small>HUD</small>)، اليڪٽرانڪ جوابي ماپ، هڪ اضافي هارڊ پوائنٽ، ۽ بهتر هٿيارن جي صلاحيت سان جهاز جي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته بلاڪ 3 ورزن جي سيريل پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref name="auto52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 جهازن فوجي ڪارروائي ڪئي آهي، هوائي کان هوائي ۽ هوائي کان زمين تي، جنهن ۾ سال <small>2014</small>ع ۽ <small>2017ع</small> ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن دوران پاڪستان-افغانستان سرحد جي ويجهو اتر وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردن جي جڳهن تي بمباري ڪرڻ، <ref>{{cite news|title=Fighter jets bomb militant hideouts in North Waziristan after Taliban attacks|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031322/https://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA3">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> هدايت يافته ۽ غير هدايت يافته (guided) هٿيارن جو استعمال ڪرڻ، سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾ بلوچستان ۾ پاڪستان-ايران حد جي ويجهو هڪ مداخلت ڪندڙ ايراني فوجي ڊرون کي ڪيرائڻ، <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|title=Iranian drone shot down by PAF, confirms FO|date=21 June 2017|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072512/https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2019ع</small> ۾ جمو ۽ ڪشمير جي هوائي حملي ۽ هندستان ۽ پاڪستان جي وچ ۾ هوائي جهڙپن دوران آپريشن سوئفٽ ريٽورٽ ۾<ref name="auto82">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ <small>2024ع</small> ۾ آپريشن مارگ بر سرمچار دوران، جن ۾ پاڪستان ايران جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي]] اندر بلوچ عليحدگي پسند گروپن کي نشانو بڻائي هوائي ۽ توپخاني جي حملي جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو. مارچ ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2024ع</small> ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-<small>'''17'''</small> جهازن کي [[افغانستان]] اندر پاڪستاني طالبان جي ٺڪاڻن خلاف سرحد پار هوائي حملي ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Abid|title=Pakistan air strikes in Afghanistan spark Taliban warning of retaliation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/25/pakistan-air-strikes-in-afghanistan-spark-taliban-warning-of-retaliation|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> [[نائيجيريا]] جي هوائي فوج (<small>NAF</small>) جي ايف-17 جهازن نائيجيريا ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف ۽ بغاوت مخالف آپريشن ۾ فوجي ڪارروائي ڏٺي آهي.<ref name="auto22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> [[ميانمار]] جي فوج پڻ مختلف باغي گروپن خلاف پنهنجي <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي بار بار تعينات ڪيو آهي. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Anthony|date=11 January 2023|title=Myanmar Air Force fiercely gunning to win the war|url=https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/myanmar-air-force-fiercely-gunning-to-win-the-war/|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref> مئي <small>2025ع</small> جي هندستان-پاڪستان تڪرار دوران، پي اي ايف <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي هوا کان هوا ۽ هوا کان زمين تي ٻنهي ڪردارن ۾ جنگ ۾ تعينات ڪيو.<ref name="auto14">{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know | title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know }}</ref><ref name="auto16">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1w3dln352vo | title=Kashmir: How China benefited from India-Pakistan hostilities | date=19 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/09/china/china-military-tech-pakistan-india-conflict-intl-hnk | title=China has spent billions developing military tech. Conflict between India and Pakistan could be its first major test | date=9 May 2025 }}</ref> ==ترقي== === پس منظر === جي ايف-17 کي بنيادي طور تي پي اي ايف جي هڪ سستي، غير منظور ٿيل، چوٿين نسل جي، هلڪي وزن واري، گھڻ-رول جنگي جهاز جي ضرورت کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Aviation Week]]|title=Pakistan expands fighter force|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awst/2010/12/20/AW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|date=22 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105212255/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fawst%2F2010%2F12%2F20%2FAW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|archive-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> ته جيئن ٽئين نسل جي نانچانگ اي-5 سي بمبارن، چينگدو ايف-7 پي/پي جي انٽرسيپٽرز، ميراج III ملٽي-رول جنگي جهاز ۽ ميراج 5 اسٽرائڪ جهاز جي وڏي بيڙي جي متبادل طور تي، جنهن جي قيمت 500 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي جيڪا پاڪستان ۽ چين جي وچ ۾ برابر ورهايل هئي. <ref name="fighter-planes.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|title=Joint Fighter-17 (JF-17) Thunder|publisher=Fighter Planes|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901205431/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|archive-date=1 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> جهاز جو مقصد وڌيڪ مهانگو مغربي ويڙهاڪن جي قيمت-مؤثر ۽ مقابلي واري متبادل جي طور تي برآمد جي صلاحيت پڻ هئي. هن جهاز جي ترقي يانگ وي جي سربراهي ۾ هئي، جنهن کي چين جو "ايس ڊيزائنر" سمجهيو ويندو هو، جنهن چينگدو جي-20 پڻ ٺاهيو.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|journal=International Relations and Security Network|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005150/http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سال 1989ع تائين، آمريڪا جي اقتصادي پابندين جي ڪري، پاڪستان پروجيڪٽ سيبر II کي ڇڏي ڏنو هو، هڪ ڊيزائن اسٽڊي جنهن ۾ آمريڪي جهاز ٺاهيندڙ گرومن ۽ چين شامل هئا، ۽ چينگدو ايف-7 کي ٻيهر ڊزائين ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو هو. <ref name="Pakistan considers new fighter plan2">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Considers new Fighter Plan|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14–20 March 1990|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II|access-date=18 October 2009|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021154725/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II}}</ref> سال1988ع ۾، چين ۽ گرومن سپر 7 جو نو مهينن جو ابتدائي ڊيزائن مطالعو ڪيو، جيڪو چينگدو ايف-7 جو اپ گريڊ هو.<ref name="Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms2">{{cite web|title=Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|date=26 November 1988|work=Flight International|access-date=15 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021140123/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> سال 1989ع جي تيانانمن اسڪوائر احتجاج جي سياسي نتيجي کان پوءِ جڏهن چين تي پابنديون لڳايون ويون ته گرومن منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو. گرومن جي چينگدو سپر 7 منصوبي کي ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ، منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو ويو ۽، ان جي جاءِ تي، فائٽر چائنا-1 (ايف سي-1) منصوبو 1991ع ۾ شروع ڪيو ويو. سال <small>1995</small>ع ۾، پاڪستان ۽ چين هڪ نئين فائٽر جي گڏيل ڊيزائن ۽ ترقي لاءِ هڪ مفاهمت جي ياداشت (MoU) تي دستخط ڪيا ۽ ايندڙ ڪجهه سالن ۾ منصوبي جي تفصيلن تي ڪم ڪيو. جون 1995ع ۾، ميڪوئان "ڊيزائن سپورٽ" مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ منصوبي ۾ شامل ٿيو، ان ۾ سي اي سي پاران ڪيترن ئي انجنيئرن جي سيڪنڊمينٽ پڻ شامل هئي.<ref name="21 June 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Mikoyan joins Chengdu on fighter|work=[[Flight International]]|date=21 June 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212115/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> === ايف سي-1 منصوبي جو آغاز === [[File:Pakistan Air Force Pakistan JF-17 Thunder Bidini-1.jpg|thumb|left|<small>2011</small> جي ازمير ايئر شو لاءِ ازمير ترڪي ۾ هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1]] آڪٽوبر <small>1995</small> ۾ رپورٽ موجب سال جي آخر تائين پاڪستان کي ايف سي-1 جي ايويونڪس فراهم ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي ضم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ڪمپني چونڊڻي هئي جنهن جي <small>1999</small> تائين پيداوار شروع ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. چيو ويندو هو ته ايويونڪس ۾ ريڊار، انرٽيل نيويگيشن سسٽم، هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي ۽ ملٽي فنڪشن ڊسپلي شامل آهن. مقابلي واريون بوليون ٿامسن-سي ايس ايف کان ريڊار ڊاپلر ملٽي ٽارگيٽ (<small>RDY</small>) جي هڪ قسم <small>SAGEM</small> <small>ROSE</small> اپ گريڊ پروجيڪٽ ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ ساڳي ايويونڪس پيڪيج ۽ مارڪوني اليڪٽرانڪ سسٽم ان جي بليو هاڪ ريڊار سان آيون. ڪمپني جي پي اي ايف سان لاڳاپن جي ڪري <small>FIAR</small> جي (هاڻي <small>SELEX</small> گيليلو) گريفو <small>S7</small> ريڊار جي چونڊ ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. <ref name="18 October 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Pakistan nears FC-1 avionics decision|work=[[Flight International]]|date=18 October 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725044013/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> فيبروري <small>1998</small> ۾ پاڪستان ۽ چين ايئر فريم ڊولپمينٽ کي ڍڪڻ واري ارادي جي خط تي دستخط ڪيا. روس جي ڪليموف فائٽر کي طاقت ڏيڻ لاءِ <small>RD-33</small> ٽربوفين انجن جو هڪ قسم پيش ڪيو. <ref name="04/03/98 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=China/Pakistan signal intent to resume FC-1 development work|work=[[Flight International]]|date=4 March 1998|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725051043/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/|url-status=live|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> اپريل <small>1999</small> ۾ ڏکڻ آفريڪا جي ڊينيل سپر 7, اڳ ۾ رپورٽ ٿيل آر-ڊارٽر جي بدران, کي ٽي-ڊارٽر بيونڊ-ويزوئل-رينج (<small>BVR</small>) ايئر-ٽو-ايئر ميزائل (<small>AAM</small>) سان هٿياربند ڪرڻ جي آڇ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/|title=Denel proposes advanced Darter derivatives|last=Lewis|first=Paul|date=28 April 1999|work=Flight International|access-date=31 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725033628/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> اڳ ۾ <small>1987</small> ۾ پراٽ ۽ وٽني سپر-<small>7</small> منصوبي کي چين يا پاڪستان ۾ مقامي پيداوار سان ٽي انجن آپشن؛ <small>PW1212</small>، <small>F404</small> ۽ <small>PW1216</small> پيش ڪيا. رولز رائس پنهنجو <small>RB199-127/128</small> ٽربوفين انجن پيش ڪيو. هي منصوبو <small>1989</small> ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|title=FC-1 JF-17 western engine options|date=15 June 2012|work=Air Force World|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042701/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> جون <small>1999</small> ۾ چينگدو <small>FC-1/سپر 7</small> کي گڏيل طور تي ترقي ۽ پيداوار جو معاهدو دستخط ڪيو ويو. <small>GEC</small>-مارڪوني پاران هڪ مربوط ايويونڪس سوٽ فراهم ڪرڻ لاءِ بولي کي ڇڏي ڏيڻ کان پوءِ <small>FIAR</small> ۽ <small>Thomson-CSF</small> ترتيب وار <small>Grifo S7</small> ۽ <small>RC400</small> ريڊار تي ٻڌل ڪيترائي ايويونڪس سوئيٽ تجويز ڪيا. جيتوڻيڪ اڳ ۾ اميد هئي ته <small>PAF</small> جي سپر 7 کي پنهنجي نئين بليو هاڪ ريڊار لانچ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو.<ref name="14 July 1999 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=China and Pakistan agree on Super 7 fighter development work|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14 July 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526190707/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> <ref name="23 June 1999 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Marconi abandons FC-1 fighter bid|work=[[Flight International]]|date=23 July 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526184233/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> ملڪ جي <small>1998</small> جي ايٽمي هٿيارن جي تجربن کان پوءِ پاڪستان تي پابندين جي ڪري ايندڙ <small>18</small> مهينن دوران ڊيزائن جو ڪم تمام سست رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌيو. <small>PAF</small> کي مغربي ايويونڪس جي ترسيل کي روڪيو ويو. <small>2001</small> جي شروعات ۾ <small>PAF</small> جو فيصلو جهاز تي ڊيزائن جي ڪم کي جاري رکڻ جي قابل بڻايو ته ايئر فريم کي ايويونڪس کان ڌار ڪيو وڃي جيئن ته ايئر فريم ترقي ڪئي وئي <small>PAF</small> پاران ڪنهن به نئين ايويونڪس گهرجن کي ايئر فريم ۾ وڌيڪ آساني سان ضم ڪري سگهجي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20042">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> پروٽوٽائپ جي پيداوار سيپٽمبر 2002 ۾ شروع ٿي. نومبر 2002 ۾ ايئر شو چائنا ۾ FC-1/Super 7 جو هڪ مڪمل سائيز جو ميڪ اپ ڏيکاريو ويو.<ref name="12/11/02 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Airshow China&nbsp;– FC-1 mock-up revealed|work=[[Flight International]]|date=12 November 2002|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021150219/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/|url-status=live|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> ڪليموف <small>RD-93</small> ٽربوفين انجن جو پهريون بيچ جيڪو پروٽوٽائپ کي طاقت ڏيندو هو، <small>2002</small> ۾ پڻ پهچايو ويو.<ref name="Janes2">{{cite web|title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong|work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> چائنا نيشنل ايرو-ٽيڪنالاجي امپورٽ اينڊ ايڪسپورٽ ڪارپوريشن (<small>CATIC</small>) جي هڪ آفيسر جي مطابق, <small>JF-17</small> جي گهٽ قيمت ڪجهه آن بورڊ سسٽم جي ڪري آهي جيڪا چينگدو J-10 جي سسٽم مان ترتيب ڏنل آهن. آفيسر چيو ته، "ٽيڪنالاجي جي منتقلي (جي-10 کان جي ايف-17 ڏانهن هوائي جهاز جي نظام کي منتقل ڪرڻ) JF-17 کي تمام گهڻو قيمتي بڻائي ٿو".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese Jets Today at Bygone Price|url=http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1|date=23 November 2010|work=AviationWeek.com|publisher=Viadeo|access-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1|archive-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> <ref name="JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price2">{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|title=JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price|date=18 November 2010|work=[[Aviation Week]]|access-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ٺهيل ڊيزائن سافٽ ويئر جي استعمال <small>JF-17</small> جي ڊيزائن جي مرحلي کي مختصر ڪري ڇڏيو.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher|first=Richard Jr.|title=China's Aviation Sector: Building Toward World Class Capabilities|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=27 May 2010|date=20 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531214709/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=31 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> === پرواز جي جاچ ۽ ٻيهر ڊيزائننگ === پهريون پروٽوٽائپ (<small>PT-01</small>) <small>31</small> مئي <small>2003</small>ع تي رول آئوٽ ڪيو ويو<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com2">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ۽ چينگدو فلائيٽ ٽيسٽ سينٽر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو، جئين ته پهرين پرواز لاءِ تيار ڪيو وڃي. اهو شروعاتي طور تي جون ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ جو منصوبو هو. پر [[سارس ڪووي 2|سارس وائرس]] جي وبا جي خدشن جي ڪري ان ۾ دير ٿي وئي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20043">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> <ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com3">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> هن نقطي جي چوڌاري، نالي "<small>'''سپر-7'''</small>" کي "<small>'''JF-17'''</small>" (<small>جوائنٽ فائٽر-17</small>) سان تبديل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> 27 جون 2003ع تي چينگدو جي وينجيانگ ايئرپورٽ تي گهٽ رفتار واري ٽيڪسي جي آزمائش شروع ٿي.<ref name="Janes3">{{cite web|title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong|work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> پهرين پرواز آگسٽ <small>2003</small>ع جي آخر ۾، <ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com3">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> <ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter flies|work=[[Flight International]]|date=9 September 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143119/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ۽ پروٽوٽائپ جي سرڪاري پهرين پرواز سيپٽمبر جي شروعات ۾ ٿي. پروٽوٽائپ کي پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي نئين نامزدگي <small>'''JF-17'''</small> سان نشان لڳايو ويو.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20044">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> مارچ <small>2004</small>ع تائين، <small>'''سي اي سي'''</small> پهرين پروٽوٽائپ جون لڳ ڀڳ <small>20</small> ٽيسٽ پروازون ٿيون.<ref name="23 March 2004 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Flight testing the FC-1/JF-17|work=[[Flight International]]|date=23 March 2004|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102181806/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/|archive-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> 7 اپريل <small>2004</small>ع تي، پي اي ايف جي ٽيسٽ پائلٽ، راشد حبيب ۽ محمد احسان الحق پهريون ڀيرو <small>'''پي ٽي-01'''</small> پروٽوٽائپ اڏايو. ٽئين پروٽوٽائپ (<small>PT-03</small>) جي پهرين پرواز <small>9</small> اپريل <small>2004</small>ع تي ٿي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20045">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> مارچ 2004ع تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200 JF-17 جهاز شامل ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|title=PAC readies for assembly ramp up|work=Flight International|access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003434/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Model of JF-17 on display with two SD-10 and four PL-5E missiles mounted on wings.jpg|thumb|چين ۾ نمائش ۾ JF-17 ٿنڊر جو ماڊل]] ٽئين پروٽوٽائپ کان پوءِ، ڊيزائن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي بهتريون تيار ڪيون ويون ۽ وڌيڪ جهازن ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون. <small>'''RD-93'''</small> انجن پاران گهڻي دونھين جي اخراج جي ڪري، انجن ۾ هوا جي انٽيڪ کي وڌايو ويو. ٽيسٽنگ ۾ مليل ڪنٽرول مسئلن جي نتيجي ۾ ونگ ليڊنگ ايج روٽ ايڪسٽينشن (LERX) ۾ تبديليون آندي ويون. <ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com4">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> عمودي ٽيل فن کي ٽپ ۾ هڪ وڌايل اليڪٽرانڪ وارفيئر سامان رکڻ لاءِ وڌايو ويو.<ref name="Jane's Sino-Pakistani fighter improved2">{{citation|first=Robert|last=Hewson|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter improved|work=[[Jane's Information Group]]|url=http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002942/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml|archive-date=28 February 2007}}</ref> ٻيهر ڊزائين ڪيل جهاز ۾ وڌ ۾ وڌ ٽيڪ آف وزن ٿورو وڌي ويو هو ۽ چيني ذريعن کان حاصل ڪيل ايونڪس جي وڌندڙ مقدار کي شامل ڪيو ويو. تنهن هوندي به پاڪستان ايئر فورس پنهنجي جهاز لاءِ مغربي ايونڪس چونڊيو. سال <small>2005</small>ع جي آخر کان <small>2007</small>ع تائين پاڪستان ايئر فورس جهازن جي ترسيل کي ملتوي ڪيو. پاڪستان برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ اطالوي ايونڪس سوئٽس جو جائزو ورتو. جنهن جي فاتح جي 2006ع ۾ حتمي شڪل ڏيڻ جي اميد هئي.<ref name="27 September 2005 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Test flaws prompt rethink on China's FC-1 light fighter look|work=[[Flight International]]|date=27 September 2005|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624173043/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html|archive-date=24 June 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''PT-04'''</small>، چوٿون پروٽوٽائپ ۽ ڊيزائن تبديلين کي شامل ڪرڻ وارو پهريون، اپريل 2006ع ۾ رول آئوٽ ڪيو ويو ۽ 28 اپريل 2006ع تي پنهنجي پهرين پرواز ڪئي.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Graham|last=Warwick|title=Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets|work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/|url-status=live|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 20062">{{citation|title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]]|date=17 May 2006|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm|access-date=25 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm|archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref>.<ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 2006">{{citation |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm |access-date=25 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm | archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622681).jpg|thumb|JF-17 and their DSI air intakes.]] The modified air intakes replaced conventional intake ramps{{mdash}}whose function is to divert turbulent [[boundary layer]] airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the engine{{mdash}}with a [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] (DSI) design.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Graham |last=Warwick |title= Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets |work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |url-status=live | archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> The DSI uses a combination of forward-swept inlet cowls and a three-dimensional compression surface to divert the boundary layer airflow at high sub-sonic and supersonic speeds. According to [[Lockheed Martin]], the DSI design prevents most of the boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to two times the [[speed of sound]], reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms,<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Hehs |title=JSF Diverterless Supersonic Inlet |work=Code One magazine |date=July 2000 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124032509/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html | archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref> and is [[stealth technology|stealthier]] than a conventional intake.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> In 1999, developmental work on the DSI with the aim of improving aircraft performance commenced. The JF-17 design was finalised in 2001.<ref name="APP">{{cite news|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |title=50th indigenously produced JF-17 Thunder rolls-out at PAC Kamra |work=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115146/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Multiple models underwent wind tunnel tests; it was found that the DSI reduced weight, cost, and complexity while improving performance.<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI"/> For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing, PT-04 was fitted with a fourth-generation avionics suite that incorporates [[sensor fusion]], an electronic warfare suite, enhanced man-machine interface, [[FADEC|Digital Electronic Engine Control]] (DEEC) for the RD-93 turbofan engine, FBW flight controls, day/night precision surface attack capability, and multi-mode, pulse-Doppler radar for BVR air-to-air attack capability.<ref name="PakTribune1">{{citation|title=4th Prototype JF-17 'Thunder' aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |work=PakTribune (Pakistani news website) |url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> The sixth prototype, PT-06, made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006.<ref name="cnair">{{citation |first=Hui |last=Tong |title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder |url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm |access-date=2 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm | archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Following a competition in 2008, [[Martin-Baker]] was selected over a Chinese firm for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx|title=JF-17 Signing|date=September 2008|work=Escape (newsletter)|publisher=Martin-Baker|page=1|access-date=9 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403190614/http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx | archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:13-143 JF-17 PAKISTAN AIR FORCE LBG (18888092161).jpg|thumb|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 at the [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Airport]], Paris, France for the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]] ]] On 2 March 2007, the first consignment of two small-batch-production (SBP) aircraft arrived in a dismantled state in Pakistan. They flew for the first time on 10 March 2007 and took part in a public aerial demonstration during a [[Pakistan Day]] parade on 23 March 2007. The PAF intended to induct 200 JF-17 by 2015 to replace all its Chengdu F-7, Nanchang A-5, and Dassault Mirage III/5 aircraft. In preparation for the [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] of JF-17s, the PAF has upgraded several Mirage IIIs with IFR probes for training purposes.<ref name = "The News, JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief">{{citation |first=Mayed |last=Ali |title = JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief | newspaper = [[The News International]]|date= 31 March 2007 | place = [[Pakistan|PK]] |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 | access-date =23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> A dual-seat, combat-capable trainer was originally scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2009 Pakistan reportedly decided to develop the training model into a specialised attack variant.<ref name="IASC Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow">{{citation |first= Richard Jr. |last= Fisher |title= Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow |publisher= International Assessment and Strategy Center (IASC) |date= 20 January 2008 |url= http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |access-date= 6 August 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715131717/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |archive-date= 15 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |title=Avic, Pakistan Working on JF-17 Two-Seater |last=Perrett |first=Bradley |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007185528/http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |archive-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref> In November 2007, the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluations of aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology (NRIET), and the LETRI [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] active radar homing AAM.<ref name="Jane's&nbsp;— Chinese, French weapons for JF-17">{{citation |first=Reuben F. |last=Johnson |title=Pakistan considers mix of Chinese, French weapons for its JF-17s |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164219/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, PAC began manufacturing JF-17 components; production of sub-assemblies commenced on 22 January 2008.<ref name="paf.gov.pk, Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra">{{citation |title=Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra |publisher=[[Pakistan Air Force]] }}</ref><ref name="Dawn.com, Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra">{{citation|first=Yaqoob |last=Malik |title=Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra |publisher=[[Dawn News]] |date=23 January 2008 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154912/http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The PAF was to receive a further six pre-production aircraft in 2005, for a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft. [[Initial operating capability]] was to be achieved by the end of 2008.<ref name = "Jane's, January 2008, JF-17 production commences">{{citation |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |title=JF-17 production commences |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=24 January 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606051629/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |archive-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Final assembly of the JF-17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009; PAC expected to complete production of four to six aircraft that year. They planned to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and fifteen to sixteen aircraft per year from 2011; this could increase to twenty-five aircraft per year.<ref name="01/07/09 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Siva | last = Govindasamy | title= Pakistan begins domestic final assembly of JF-17 |work= [[Flight International]] | date = 1 July 2009 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |access-date=23 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103224634/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> On 29 December 2015, PAC announced the rollout of the 16th JF-17 Thunder fighter manufactured in the calendar year 2015, taking total number of manufactured aircraft to more than 66. Later, a PAF spokesperson said that in light of the interest shown by various countries, it has been decided that production capacity of JF-17 Thunder at PAC Kamra will be expanded.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia signed an agreement in August 2007 for re-export of 150 RD-93 engines from China to Pakistan for the JF-17.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian engines will fly to Pakistan|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|newspaper=Kommersant|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154851/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the PAF reported it was not fully satisfied with the RD-93 engine and that it would only power the first 50 aircraft; it was alleged that arrangements for a new engine, reportedly the [[Snecma M53#Variants|Snecma M53-P2]], may have been made.<ref name="New engine, Snecma M53 - defensenews.com">{{cite news|title=100 Countries Expected To Attend IDEAS 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=22 November 2008 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172647/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 }}</ref> [[Mikhail Pogosyan]], head of the MiG and Sukhoi design bureaus, recommended the Russian defence export agency [[Rosoboronexport]] block RD-93 engine sales to China to prevent export competition from the JF-17 against the MiG-29.<ref>{{cite news|location=RU |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |title=Russian combat aircraft makers fear competition with China |agency=RIA Novosti |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727082025/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |archive-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |title=Russia's Iconic MiG and Sukhoi Fighters Enter Competition with Chinese Clones |work=[[Pravda]] |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709180639/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the 2010 [[Farnborough Airshow]], the JF-17 was displayed internationally for the first time; aerial displays at the show were intended but were cancelled due to a late attendance decision as well as licence and insurance costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive |title=Farnborough Debut Heralds JF-17 Export Drive |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=19 July 2010 |work=Defence News |access-date=25 May 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103041128/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive }}</ref> According to a Rosoboronexport official at the Airshow China 2010, held on 16–21 November 2005 in [[Zhuhai]], China, Russia and China had signed a contract worth $238 million for 100 RD-93 engines with options for another 400 engines developed for the FC-1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia to sell additional RD-93 jet engines to China |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |date=16 November 2010 |publisher=Rianovosti |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021164151/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> According to media reports, Pakistan planned to increase production of JF-17s by 25% in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan to boost JF-17 production by 25% in '16|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010628/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Further development=== [[File:PAK Kamra JF-17 Thunder at PAris Air Show, June 2019 (2).jpg|thumb|JF 17 Thunder in [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan Flag Livery]] at [[Paris Air Show]] ]] Pakistan negotiated with British and Italian defence firms regarding avionics and radars for the JF-17 development. Radar options include the Italian Galileo Avionica's Grifo S7,<ref name="Grifo">{{Citation |url=http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | type = datasheet | title = Selex | contribution = Italian Grifo family | publisher = Sensors and Airborne Systems| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325204544/http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> the French Thomson-CSF's RC400 (a variant of the [[RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget)|RDY-2]]),<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower"/> and the British company SELEX Galileo's Vixen 500E AESA radar.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari">{{citation | last =Ansari | first = Usman | title= Thunder Storm&nbsp;– Pakistan's hopes for the JF-17 Thunder fighter | work=Combat Aircraft magazine | volume = 8 |issue= 4 |url=http://usmanansari.com/id16.html |access-date=11 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907034554/http://usmanansari.com/id16.html | archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In 2010, the PAF had reportedly selected ATE Aerospace Group to integrate French-built avionics and weapons systems over rival bids from Astrac, Finmeccanica and a [[Thales Group|Thales]]-[[Sagem]] joint venture. Fifty JF-17s were to be upgraded and an optional fifty from 2013 onwards, at a cost of up to {{USD|1.36 billion}}. The RC-400 radar, [[MICA (missile)|MICA]] AAMs, and several air-to-surface weapons are believed to be in the contract. The PAF also held talks with South Africa for the supply of Denel A-darter AAMs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |title= French-Led JF-17 Upgrade Likely To Raise Eyebrows |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |title= Will Westernized JF-17 Thunder Attract New Delhi's Ire? |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> In April 2010, after eighteen months of negotiations, the deal was reportedly suspended; reports cited French concerns about Pakistan's financial situation, the protection of sensitive French technology, and by Indian [[lobbying]], which operates many French-built aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |title=Paris bloque un contrat d'équipement français d'avions de chasse pakistanais |trans-title=Paris blocks a contract of French equipment for Pakistani fighter aircraft |last=Follorou |first=Jacques |date=2 April 2010 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406012337/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 |url-status=live }} [https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en Google English translation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313032215/http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en |date=13 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |title=France says arms sale to Pakistan held up |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215070013/http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref> France wanted the PAF to purchase several [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-9]] fighters from the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]], which would overlap with the upgraded JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris|title=Un contrat militaire avec le Pakistan bloqué par Paris |trans-title=A contract with the Pakistan military blocked by Paris | date= 3 April 2010 | publisher = Radio France Internationale | language= fr| access-date= 5 April 2010|location= France|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191726/http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, the PAF's Chief of Air Staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rao Qamar Suleman]], said such reports were false, stating: "I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government...someone was trying to cause mischief{{mdash}}to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want".<ref>{{cite journal| last= Warnes| first= Alan|date=July 2010 |title=On the edge&nbsp;– JF-17s, Tankers and AWACS|journal=Air Forces Monthly | type = magazine |location= United Kingdom |issue=July 2010|page= 54|quote=Reports in late March that the French Government was refusing to allow the sale of a Thales avionics system was denied by the CAS: 'I saw the report quoting unnamed sources or any French government official. I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government. I think someone is trying to cause mischief&nbsp;– to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want.'}}</ref> On 18 December 2013, production of Block 2 JF-17s began at PAC's Kamra facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 Thunder Block 2 Will be Ready till June 2014 |url=http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Pakistan Armed Forces News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134056/http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> These have an air-to-air refuelling capability, improved avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01"/> Block 2 construction was planned to run until 2016, after which the manufacturing of further developed Block III aircraft was planned.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|title=Production of improved version of JF-17 aircraft launched |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |date=19 December 2013 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605015123/http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |archive-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> In December 2015, it was announced that the 16th Block II aircraft had been handed over resulting in standing up of the 4th squadron.<ref name="Fourth">{{cite news|title=Fourth JF-17 Thunder squadron complete as PAC rolls out 16th aircraft|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177/|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406230211/https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 June 2015, Jane's Defence Weekly confirmed<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> that JF-17 Block III will have an AESA radar, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and possibly an internal infrared search and tracking (IRST) system.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | title = Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan | last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr. | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | archivedate=21 April 2016 | work = Jane's Defence Weekly | date = 17 June 2015 }}</ref> A two-seat version was also reportedly to be produced in Block III.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF to induct JF17 Thunder Block III in 2016|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513171122/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Unconfirmed reports claim that Block III will also have a better flight management system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder fighter jet impresses at Paris Air Show|url=http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503022238/http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Selex ES has promoted its next-generation cockpit as a possible upgrade of JF-17 Block III; this cockpit includes a new mission computer, an enhanced head-up display and contemporary multi-function displays, plus the capability for the pilot to use a single, large-area display instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Selex advances M-345 cockpit development|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530175651/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, despite Indian protests, Russian state-owned United Engine Corporation developed a new engine designated ''RD-93MA'' for the JF-17 fighter being built by Pakistan.<ref name="Russian engine">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=9 July 2020 |title=Russia confirms progress on new jet engine. Is it for Pak JF-17 fighter? |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html|url-status=live |work= TheWeek Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127072811/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html |archive-date= 27 January 2021}}</ref> ==ڊيزائن== [[File:JF-17 block 1 front view.jpg|upright|thumb|اڳيون ڏيک]] === مکيه فريم === ايئر فريم نيم مونوڪوڪ ڍانچي جو آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ايلومينيم مصر مان ٺهيل آهي. ڪجهه نازڪ علائقن ۾ اعليٰ طاقت وارو اسٽيل ۽ ٽائيٽينيم مصر جزوي طور تي اختيار ڪيا ويا آهن. ايئر فريم 4,000 فلائيٽ ڪلاڪن يا 25 سالن جي سروس لائف لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. پهرين اوور هال 1,200 فلائيٽ ڪلاڪن تي ٿيڻ وارو آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra2">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> JF-17s بلاڪ 2 وزن گهٽائڻ لاءِ ايئر فريم ۾ جامع مواد جو وڌيڪ استعمال شامل ڪري ٿو. ريٽريبل انڊر ڪيريج ۾ ٽرائي سائيڪل جو انتظام آهي. هڪ واحد اسٽيئربل نوز ويل ۽ ٻه مکيه انڊر ڪيريج سان. هائيڊولڪ بريڪ ۾ هڪ خودڪار اينٽي اسڪڊ سسٽم آهي. انليٽس جي پوزيشن ۽ شڪل حملي جي اعليٰ زاوين سان لاڳاپيل مشقن دوران جيٽ انجن کي گهربل هوا جي وهڪري ڏيڻ لاءِ ٺهيل آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra3">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> وچ ۾ لڳل ونگ ڪراپڊ ڊيلٽا ترتيب جا آهن. ونگ روٽ جي ويجهو <small>LERX</small> آهن. جيڪي هڪ وورٽيڪس پيدا ڪن ٿا. جيڪو حملي جي اعليٰ زاوين سان لاڳاپيل مشقن دوران ونگ کي اضافي لفٽ فراهم ڪري ٿو. هڪ روايتي ٽرائي-پلين ايمپينيج ترتيب شامل ڪئي وئي آهي. آل-موونگ اسٽيبليٽرز، سنگل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر، رڊر، ۽ ٽوئن وينٽرل فينز سان. فلائيٽ ڪنٽرول سسٽم (<small>FCS</small>) ۾ روايتي ڪنٽرول شامل آهن. ياو ۽ رول محور ۾ استحڪام وڌائڻ سان ۽ پچ محور ۾ هڪ ڊجيٽل فلائي بائي وائر (<small>FBW</small>) سسٽم موڙ جي ڪارڪردگي کي وڌائڻ لاءِ مينيوورنگ دوران ليڊنگ-ايج فليپس ۽ ٽريلنگ ايج فليپس خودڪار طريقي سان ترتيب ڏنل آهن.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra4">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سيريل پروڊڪشن جهاز جي FCS ۾ رپورٽ ڪئي وئي آهي ته پچ محور ۾ هڪ ڊجيٽل ڪواڊروپلڪس (ڪواڊ-ريڊنڊنٽ) FBW سسٽم آهي. ۽ رول ۽ ياو محور ۾ هڪ ڊپلڪس (ڊبل-ريڊنڊنٽ) FBW سسٽم آهي.<ref name="cnair2">{{citation|first=Hui|last=Tong|title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder|url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm|access-date=2 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm|archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> 3,400 lb (1,500 ڪلوگرام) تائين آرڊيننس، سامان، ۽ ايندھن کي هارڊ پوائنٽس جي هيٺان نصب ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جن مان ٻه ونگ-ٽپس تي آهن، چار ونگ هيٺ آهن ۽ هڪ فيوزليج هيٺ آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra5">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> === ڪاڪ پِٽ === [[File:JF-17 Block 1 cockpit.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 HUD]] The aircraft has three large Multifunction Colour Displays (MFD) and smart Heads-Up Display (HUD) with built-in symbol generation capability. A [[center stick]] is used for [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll]] control while [[Aircraft rudder|rudder pedals]] control yaw. A throttle is located to the left of the pilot. The cockpit incorporates [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on a Martin-Baker Mk-16LE [[zero-zero ejection seat]]. The cockpit incorporates an [[electronic flight instrument system]] (EFIS) and a wide-angle, holographic head-up display (HUD), which has a minimum total field of view of 25 degrees. The EFIS comprises three color multi-function displays, providing basic flight information, tactical information, and information on the engine, fuel, electrical, hydraulics, flight control, and environment control systems. The HUD and MFD can be configured to show any available information. Each MFD is {{cvt|20.3|cm|inch|1}} wide and {{cvt|30.5|cm|inch|1}} tall and is arranged side by side in [[page orientation|portrait orientation]]. The central MFD is placed lowest to accommodate a control panel between it and the HUD.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Avionics=== [[File:JF-17 cockpit.webp|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 cockpit avionics display]] The avionics software incorporates the concept of [[open architecture]]. Instead of the military-optimised [[Ada (programming language)|Ada programming language]], the software is written using the popular [[C++|C++ programming language]], enabling the use of the numerous civilian programmers available.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article">{{citation|title=Stuck in Sichuan: Pakistani JF-17 Program Grounded? No|date=January 2007|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|work=Defense Industry Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft also includes a health and usage monitoring system, and automatic test equipment.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf |title=8011-Ai760Datasheet.qxd |access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021927/http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=May 2021}} The JF-17 has a [[defensive aids system]] (DAS) composed of various integrated sub-systems. A [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) provides data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars, and an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin interferes with enemy radars. The EW suite is also linked to a [[Missile Approach Warning]] (MAW) system to defend against radar-guided missiles. The MAW system uses several optical sensors across the airframe to detect the rocket motors of missiles across a 360-degree coverage.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Data from the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is shown on cockpit displays and the HUD. A countermeasures dispensing system releases [[flare (countermeasure)|decoy flares]] and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] to help evade hostile radar and missiles. The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar-jamming pod that will be carried externally on a [[hardpoint]].<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The first forty-two PAF production aircraft are equipped with the [[KLJ-7|NRIET KLJ-7]] radar,<ref name="Milavia.net 2007 news report">{{citation |date=23 March 2007 |title=JF-17 Arrived in Pakistan |work=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |publisher=MILAVIA.net |url=http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |access-date=31 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218082338/http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=18 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7">{{citation |title=KLJ-7/10 Fire Control Radar (FCR) (China), Airborne radar systems |work=Jane's Avionics |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=19 January 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002180132/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> a variant of the KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) and also used on the Chengdu J-10. Multiple modes can manage the surveillance and engagement of up to forty air, ground, and sea targets; the [[Track while scan|track-while-scan]] mode can track up to ten targets at BVR and can engage two simultaneously with [[Air-to-air missile#Radar guidance|radar-homing AAMs]]. The operation range for targets with a [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) of {{Convert|5|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} is stated to be ≥ {{Convert|105|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-up mode and ≥ {{Convert|85|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-down mode.<ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7"/><ref name="Jane's, NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements">{{citation |title=China's NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=7 April 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html |access-date=6 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820152019/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html | archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> A [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) pod for low-level navigation and [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) system for passive targeting can also be integrated;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> the JF-17 Block 2 is believed to incorporate an IRST.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In April 2016, Air Marshal Muhammad Ashfaque Arain said that, "JF-17 needs a targeting pod, as the jets' usefulness in current operations was limited due to lack of precision targeting. To fulfill this gap the Air Force was interested in buying the Thales-made Damocles, a third-generation targeting pod; which was a priority."<ref>{{cite news|date=7 April 2016|title=Interview: Pakistan wants air force upgrade for prolonged militant fight|newspaper=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|url-status=dead|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420160318/http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[ASELSAN|Aselsans]] ASELPOD was tested and successfully integrated with the JF-17 and Pakistan has subsequently purchased at least eight [[targeting pod]]s from Aselsan.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Tests Turkish Targeting Pod|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235159/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|archive-date=6 December 2018|access-date=6 December 2018|website=defense-aerospace.com}}</ref> This integration has significantly enhanced the JF-17 platform's ability to launch precision strikes. A helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by [[Luoyang]] Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre of [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China|AVIC]] was developed in parallel with the JF-17; it was first tested on Prototype 04 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|title=图文：枭龙04飞行员新头盔_新浪军事_新浪网|work=sina.com.cn|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101520/http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=Strategycenter.net |date=30 December 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> It was dubbed as EO HMS, (Electro-Optical Helmet Mounted Sight) and was first revealed to the public in 2008 at the 7th [[Zhuhai Airshow]], where a partial mock-up was on display.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The HMS tracks the pilot's head and eye movements to guide missiles towards the pilot's visual target.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} An externally carried day/night [[laser designator]] [[targeting pod]] may be integrated with the avionics to guide [[laser-guided bomb]]s (LGBs).<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> An extra [[hardpoint]] may be added under the starboard air intake, opposite the cannon, for such pods. To reduce the numbers of targeting pods required, the aircraft's [[tactical data link]] can transmit target data to other aircraft not equipped with targeting pods.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} The communication systems comprise two [[VHF]]/[[UHF]] radios; the VHF radio has the capacity for [[VHF Data Link|data linking]] for communication with ground control centers, [[airborne early warning and control]] aircraft and combat aircraft with compatible data links for [[network-centric warfare]], and improved [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite web|title=VHF air-ground Digital Link |url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |publisher=etsi.org |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206100741/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref> The aircraft uses [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLGs]] along with [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] for navigation. The aircraft is equipped with an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] [[Transponder]] which allows it to differentiate between friendly aircraft and enemy aircraft. The [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]] aids in aerial combat for manoeuvring.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} ===Engine=== The first two blocks of JF-17 is powered by a single Russian RD-93 [[turbofan]] engine, which is a variant of the [[Klimov RD-33]] engine used on the [[MiG-29]] fighter. The engine gives more [[thrust]] and significantly [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|lower specific fuel consumption]] than [[turbojet]] engines fitted to older combat aircraft being replaced by the JF-17. The advantages of using a single engine are a reduction in maintenance time and cost when compared to twin-engined fighters. A [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] of 0.99 can be achieved with full internal fuel tanks and no external payload. The engine's air supply is provided by two bifurcated air inlets (see [[JF-17 Thunder#Airframe and cockpit|airframe]] section).<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan">[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ "Pakistan & China's JF-17 Fighter Program."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ |date=20 October 2013 }} ''Defense Industry Daily'', 14 November 2011</ref> The RD-93 is known to produce smoke trails.<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan"/> The [[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Guizhou Aero Engine Group]] has been developing a new turbofan engine, the [[Guizhou WS-13|WS-13 ''Taishan'']], since 2000 to replace the RD-93. It is based on the RD-33 and incorporates new technologies to boost performance and reliability. A thrust output of {{Convert|80 to 86.36|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}}, a lifespan of 2,200 hours, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 8.7 are expected. An improved version of the WS-13, developing a thrust of around {{Convert|100|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}} (22,450&nbsp;lb), is also reportedly under development.<ref name="October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace">{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center |date=30 December 2009 |first=Richard Jr. |last=Fisher |access-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> During the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]], it was announced that flight testing of a JF-17 equipped with the WS-13 engine had begun.<ref name="janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|title=Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan|work=Jane's|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, a representative of PAC said that Pakistan would continue to use the RD-93 engine on their fighters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |title=Pakistan to Stick With Russian Engine for JF-17 Fighter Jet |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=25 November 2015 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=IHS |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125095855/https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local media reports in January 2016 said that Russia was planning to sell engines for JF-17 directly to Pakistan.<ref>{{citation|title=Moscow makes a move when US loosens the noose|date=25 January 2016|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051408/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a PAC representative, Pakistan is looking to collaborate with Russia in developing and repairing engines.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ===Fuel system=== The fuel system comprises internal fuel tanks located in the wings and fuselage with a capacity of {{Convert|2330|kg|lb|abbr=on}}; they are refuelled through a single point pressure refuelling system (see [[Aircraft fuel system#Turbine fuel system|turbine fuel systems]]). Internal fuel storage can be supplemented by external fuel tanks. One {{convert|800|litre|impgal|adj=on}} [[drop tank]] can be mounted on the aircraft's centerline hard point under the fuselage and two 800-litre or {{convert|1110|litre|impgal|adj=on}} drop tanks can be mounted on the two inboard under-wing hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The fuel system is compatible with [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling (IFR)]], allowing tanker aircraft to refuel inflight, and increasing its range and loitering time significantly. All production aircraft for the PAF are to be fitted with IFR probes.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In June 2013, PAF Air Chief Marshal [[Tahir Rafique Butt]] said ground tests on the JF-17's refuelling probes had been successfully completed and the first mid-air refuelling operations would commence that summer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bokhari|first=Farhan|title=Pakistani JF-17 to start mid-air refuelling by end of summer|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=10 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer|access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107021555/http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer | archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622777).jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder with its weapons]] [[File:Pakistan Air Force, 12-139, Chengdu JF-17 Thunder (49579395248).jpg|thumb|Thunder with weapons]] ===Armaments=== The JF-17 can be armed with up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of air-to-air and [[air-to-ground weaponry]], and other equipment mounted externally on the aircraft's seven hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> One hardpoint is located under the fuselage between the main landing gear, two are underneath each wing, and one is at each wing-tip. All seven hardpoints communicate via a [[MIL-STD-1760]] data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System,<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> which is stated to be capable of integration with weaponry of any origin.<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower">{{citation|first=Usman |last=Ansari |title=Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower |work=[[Defense News]] |date=9 February 2009 |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3938427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230020953/http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/02/pakistan-surmounts-western-sanctions-to.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 }}</ref> Internal armament comprises one {{Convert|23|mm|inch|abbr=on}} GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon mounted under the [[port (nautical)|port side]] air intake, which can be replaced with a {{Convert|30|mm|inch|abbr=on}} [[GSh-30-2]] twin-barrel cannon.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com">{{cite web | work=Sino Defence | title= FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp |access-date=11 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp | archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|title=MILAVIA Aircraft – Chengdu FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Specifications|first=Niels | last = Hillebrand|work=milavia.net|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031225/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The wing-tip hard-points are typically occupied by short range infra-red homing AAMs. Many combinations of ordnance and equipment such as [[targeting pods]] can be carried on the under-wing and under-fuselage hard-points. Underwing hard-points can be fitted with [[Hard point#Ejector racks|multiple ejector racks]], allowing each hard-point to carry two {{Convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} unguided bombs or LGBs{{mdash}}[[Mk.82]] or [[GBU-12]].<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Active radar homing BVR AAMs can be integrated with the radar and data-link for mid-course updates. The aircraft can carry the [[PL-12|PL-12/SD-10]] along with the [[PL-5]]E and [[PL-9]]C Short range, infra-red homing missiles. The more advanced [[PL-10]]E High-Off Bore Sight missiles were integrated into the aircraft in April 2021, operated Within Visual Range using the HMD/S. With the Block 3 variant of the JF-17, the ability to fit and operate the [[PL-15]]E, the most advanced BVR missile developed by China for export with a claimed operating range of 145&nbsp;km, is also integrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's Production of Latest JF-17 Block 3 Variant Reaches 30 Units |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistans-production-of-latest-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jets-nears-30-units-2/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Unguided air-to-ground weaponry includes rocket pods, [[Unguided bomb|gravity bombs]] and [[Matra Durandal]] anti-runway munitions. [[Precision-guided munition]]s such as LGBs and [[Precision-guided munition#Satellite-guided weapons|satellite-guided bombs]] are also compatible with the JF-17, as are other guided weapons such as [[anti-ship missile]]s and [[anti-radiation missile]]s.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Pakistan planned to bring the Brazilian [[MAR-1]] anti-radiation missile into service on its JF-17 fleet in 2014.<ref name="janes mar1">{{cite journal|last=Hewson|first=Robert|date=17 April 2013|title=Mectron's MAR-1 to be operational in Pakistan next year|url=http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072717/http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> ==آپريشنل تاريخ== ===پاڪستان=== [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg|thumb|پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو <small>'''JF-17'''</small> <small>'''ٿنڊر'''</small> <small>'''26,660'''</small> فٽ اچي [[نانگا پربت]] جبل جي سامهون اڏامي رهيو آهي.]] سنگل سيٽ، سنگل انجن JF-17s جي ننڍي بيچ جي پيداوار جون 2006ع ۾ چين ۾ شروع ٿي. پهرين ٻه ننڍي بيچ تيار ڪيل جهاز 2 مارچ 2007ع تي پهچايا ويا ۽ پهرين 10 مارچ تي پاڪستان ۾ اڏام ڪئي. انهن 23 مارچ <small>2007</small>ع تي [[اسلام آباد]] ۾ پاڪستان ڊي جوائنٽ سروسز پريڊ جي حصي طور هڪ فضائي نمائش ۾ حصو ورتو. مارچ 2008ع تائين ٻيا ڇهه ننڍي بيچ تيار ڪيل جهاز پهچايا ويا. انهن کي پي اي ايف پاران وڏي پيماني تي پرواز جي جانچ ۽ جائزو ورتو ويو. 2009ع ۾ چين کان ٻه سيريل پروڊڪشن جهاز پهچايا ويا ۽ پهريون پاڪستاني تيار ڪيل جهاز 23 نومبر <small>2009</small>ع تي هڪ تقريب ۾ پي اي ايف کي پهچايو ويو. 18 فيبروري 2010ع تي، پهرين جي ايف-17 اسڪواڊرن، نمبر 26 بليڪ اسپائڊرز، کي سرڪاري طور تي 14 فائٽر جهازن جي شروعاتي طاقت سان پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. انهن جهازن پهريون ڀيرو ڏکڻ وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن ۾ خدمت ڪيا، جنهن دوران مختلف قسمن جي هٿيارن جو جائزو ورتو ويو. انهن 29 اپريل کان پي اي ايف جي هاءِ مارڪ 2010ع مشق ۾ حصو ورتو، جتي انهن کي بليو فورس پاران ريڊ لينڊ جي سطح جي هدفن تي هوا کان سطح جي صحيح هٿيارن سان حملو ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. 11 اپريل 2011ع تي، نمبر 26 بليڪ اسپائڊرز اسڪواڊرن لاءِ هڪ ٻيهر سامان جي تقريب ٿي، جنهن دوران اهو چيو ويو ته جي ايف-17 "پي اي ايف جي آپريشنل تصورن ۾ انقلاب آڻي ڇڏيو آهي". پوءِ ايئر چيف مارشل راؤ قمر سليمان نمبر 26 اسڪواڊرن جي ٻيهر ليس ٿيڻ ۽ نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن ۾ JF-17 ٿنڊر جي اضافي جي رپورٽ ڏني. هن جهاز جي شڪل ۾ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪرڻ ۾ چينين جي تعاون ۽ مدد جو پڻ شڪريو ادا ڪيو. آپريشن ضرب عضب 2014-2016 دوران، JF-17 کي ٽي ٽي پي جي ٺڪاڻن تي هوائي حملا ڪرڻ لاءِ بار بار مقرر ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ سوين دهشتگرد مارجي ويا. سيپٽمبر 2015 ۾، سامونڊي حملي جو ڪم ڪندڙ نمبر 2 اسڪواڊرن کي F7s جي جاءِ تي JF-17s سان ٻيهر ليس ڪيو ويو. نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن "بليڪ پينٿرز" کي پڻ JF-17 سان ليس ڪيو ويو آهي. 19 جون 2017 تي، اهو اطلاع مليو ته هڪ JF-17 پاڪستان جي ضلع پنگجور ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ هڪ ايراني UAV کي ماري ڇڏيو. فيبروري 2019 ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 جهازن پاڪستان جي هندستان خلاف جوابي هوائي حملي ۾ حصو ورتو، جنهن دوران نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن جي ٻن ٿنڊر جهازن ايم ڪي 83 آر اي ڪي سان هندستاني زميني هدفن کي نشانو بڻايو. رپورٽن مطابق، مارچ 2021 تائين، جي ايف-17 جهاز پنج ايئر بيس تي ٻڌل ست فائٽر اسڪواڊرن ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا آهن. batch production of the single-seat, single-engine JF-17s began in China in June 2006. The first two small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered on 2 March 2007 and first flew in Pakistan on 10 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6854&Cat=13&dt=3/21/2007 |title=JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> They took part in an aerial display on 23 March 2007 as part of the [[Pakistan Day Parade|Pakistan Day Joint Services Parade]] in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |title=PAF to seek more Chinese aircraft, says air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509043607/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |archive-date = 9 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="PakTribune">[http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 JF-17 Thunder main focus of attention at Pak Day fly-past] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''Pak Tribune'', 24 March 2007.</ref> Another six small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered by March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\03\15\story_15-3-2008_pg7_6 |title=Six more JF-17 Thunder fighter jets inducted into PAF |date=15 March 2008 |work=Daily Times |access-date=21 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118100559/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C03%5C15%5Cstory_15-3-2008_pg7_6 | archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> These were extensively flight-tested and evaluated by the PAF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |title=PAF to start serial production of JF-17 fighter aircraft soon |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330212502/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> Two serial production aircraft were delivered from China in 2009 and the first Pakistani-manufactured aircraft was delivered to the PAF in a ceremony on 23 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |title=Pak, China unveil first JF-17 combat jet |work=Rediff.com |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301092221/http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2010, the first JF-17 squadron, [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 ''Black Spiders'']], was officially inducted into the PAF with an initial strength of 14 fighter planes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |title=First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder inducted in PAF |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163116/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/February/international_February910.xml&section=international |title=PAF Inducts First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder Jet |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110350/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2010%2FFebruary%2Finternational_February910.xml&section=international |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> These aircraft first saw service in the [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat|anti-terrorist operation in South Waziristan]], during which various types of weapons were evaluated.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zia |last=Tanouli |language=Urdu |work=Daily Express (Pakistan) |title=جے ایف-١٧ میں باقاعدہ طور پر شامل پی اے ایف |url=http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |access-date=20 February 2010 |quote=(Translated) No.26 Squadron established in Kamra with 14 aircraft initially inducted. According to top PAF sources, fourteen aircraft were evaluated thoroughly with different kinds of weapons during the anti-terror operation in Waziristan. First squadron established in Kamra due to security concerns, will be transferred to Peshawar later. With induction of first JF-17 squadron, the two A-5 squadrons will be grounded today. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005230/http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> They took part in the PAF's ''High Mark 2010'' exercise from 29 April, where they were used by the ''Blue Force'' to attack ''Red Land'' surface targets with precision air-to-surface weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |title=JF-17 Thunder comes of age at High Mark drill |date=29 March 2010 |work=Newspaper article |publisher=Awaz Today |access-date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184851/http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |title=Pakistan inducts JF-17 jets developed with China |work=Rediff.com |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528235257/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 April 2011, a re-equipment ceremony for No. 26 ''Black Spiders'' Squadron took place, during which it was stated that the JF-17 had "revolutionized the PAF's operational concepts". Then Air Chief Marshal [[Rao Qamar Suleman]] reported the re-equipping of No. 26 squadron and the addition of the JF-17 Thunder to the [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron]]. He also thanked the contribution and support of the Chinese in helping to acquire a technological breakthrough in the shape of the aircraft.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |title=PAF re-equips No 26 Squadron with JF-17 thunder aircraft |date=12 April 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times (Pakistan) |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174246/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> During [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] 2014–2016, JF-17 were deployed frequently to carry out airstrikes against [[Pakistani Taliban|TTP]] hideouts, killing hundreds of terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Dawn com {{!}} |date=19 December 2014 |title=Top Uzbek commander among 17 terrorists killed in Khyber air strikes |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151682 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/245286-Operation-ZarbeAzb-30-militants-killed-in-fresh |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=dunyanews.tv |title=Operation Zarb-e-Azb: 30 militants killed in fresh airstrikes in Dattakhel |date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> In September 2015, the No. 2 Squadron tasked with sea strikes was re-equipped with JF-17s replacing the F7s.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder inducted in Multi Role Squadron|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414020258/http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=live|date=12 April 2016}}</ref> The No. 16 Squadron "Black Panthers" has also been equipped with the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Block-2 Update from "The Thunder City|url=http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220185954/http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2017, it was reported that a JF-17 shot down an [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Iranian]] [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] operating in [[Pakistan|Pakistan's]] [[Panjgur District|Pangjur District]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|title=JF-17 shoots down Iran's spy drone|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032625/http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2019, PAF JF-17s took part in Pakistan's [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|retaliatory airstrikes]] against India during which two Thunders of the [[No. 16 Squadron PAF|No. 16 Squadron]] struck Indian ground targets with [[Mark 83|Mk. 83 REKs]].<ref name="kaiser">{{cite web|url=https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|website=PakistanPolitico.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama: Two years on|date=18 February 2021|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208104607/https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tufail">{{cite web|url=https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|website=DefenceJournal.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama-From bluster to whimper|date=10 July 2019|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028163732/https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Brad |date=4 March 2019 |title=Crisis may be easing, but nuclear threat still hangs over India and Pakistan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519161150/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Has Pakistan's JF-17 'Thunder' Block II Fighter Jet Engaged in its First Dogfight? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516080001/https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight |url-status=live }}</ref> as of March 2021, JF-17s are operational in seven fighter squadrons based at five airbases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|title=Orbats|website=www.scramble.nl|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202214748/https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, the first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF. During the [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff|May 2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the PAF publicly showcased, for the first time, a JF-17 Block 3 fighter aircraft equipped with [[PL-15#Variants|PL-15E]] long-range [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s (BVRAAMs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Update: Pakistan shows JF-17 Block III fitted with PL-15 missiles for first time |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/update-pakistan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fitted-with-pl-15-missiles-for-first-time |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Jane |language=en}}</ref> During the conflict, the PAF deployed JF-17s and [[J-10CE]]s in combat in both the air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.<ref name="auto14"/><ref name="auto16"/><ref name="auto12"/> Pakistan claimed that its JF-17 successfully targeted and destroyed an Indian [[S-400 missile system|S-400 missile defence system]] at [[Adampur Airport|Adampur Air Force Station]] in [[Punjab]] on 10 May 2025 using two [[CM-400AKG]] long-range supersonic [[air-to-surface missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1310766-how-paf-destroyed-india-s-2-s400-air-defence-systems | title=How PAF destroyed India's 2 S400 air defence systems | date=12 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/first-strike-in-the-hypersonic-era-pakistan-claims-jf-17-launched-cm-400akg-took-out-indias-s-400/ | title=(VIDEO) First Strike in the Hypersonic Era: Pakistan Claims JF-17-Launched CM-400AKG Took Out India's S-400 | date=11 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/883212-pak-jf17-thunder-strike-destroys-indian-s400-air-defence-system | title=Pak JF-17 Thunder strike destroys Indian S400 air defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/jf-17-thunder-destroys-indias-s-400-defence-system-10-05-2025/ | title=Watch: JF-17 Thunder taking off to destroy India's S-400 defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref> On 11 May, the PAF, in a press briefing said that it had targeted the 96L6E Cheese Board radar of the S-400 system, one of the units of the combined air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim |last=Ahmad |first=Zeeshan |date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] dismissed the claim, stating that all Indian S-400 squadrons are still functional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's claim of destroying India's S-400 missile systems false: Indian military|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistans-claim-of-destroying-indias-s-400-missile-systems-false-indian-military/article69560019.ece|access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Hindu|date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the Adampur Air Force Station on 13 May 2025, and posed in front of an S-400 Launcher, which the [[Indian media]] claimed to be fully operational. According to Indian media, his visit served as a rebuttal to Pakistan's claims, reinforcing that the missile system was intact and operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=PM Modi poses in front of S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Base days after Pakistan claimed it was destroyed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-poses-in-front-of-s-400-missile-system-at-adampur-air-base-days-after-pakistan-claimed-it-was-destroyed/articleshow/121134748.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Modi fact-checks Pakistan, visits Adampur, releases video & photo with S-400 in background|url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-fact-checks-pakistan-visits-adampur-releases-video-photo-with-s-400-in-background/2624167/|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Print|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at Paris Air Show 2015.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at [[Paris Air Show]] 2015]] '''Exercises'''<br> The PAF has deployed the JF-17 Thunder in a number of bilateral and multinational air exercises since the 2010s. PAF JF-17s have participated in joint air exercises with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) under the Shaheen exercise series since at least 2014, focusing on air combat training and interoperability.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 2019 and again in 2021, PAF JF-17s took part in the Turkish Air Force–hosted multinational exercise Anatolian Eagle, operating alongside aircraft from several participating air forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2019: Pakistani JF-17s among participants |url=https://theaviationist.com/2019/07/15/pakistani-jf-17-thunders-and-turkish-elint-sigint-c-160d-transall-among-the-highlights-of-anatolian-eagle-exercise/ |website=The Aviationist |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2021 exercise |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/12072021-anatolian-eagle-2021-exercise-pakistan-improving-defense-synergies-oped/ |website=Eurasia Review |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2022, PAF JF-17s participated in the Saudi-led multinational air exercise Spears of Victory at King Abdulaziz Air Base, flying alongside Royal Saudi Air Force Tornados, Typhoons and F-15s, as well as allied aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF participates in Spears of Victory exercise in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590236/pakistan |website=Arab News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> JF-17s continued participation in subsequent editions of Spears of Victory, including 2023 and 2025, with later deployments featuring the Block-III variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17 Block-III participates in Spears of Victory 2023 |url=https://www.facebook.com/ConnectedPakistan/posts/pakistan-air-forces-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jets-have-touched-down-in-az/1213837260779670/ |website=Connected Pakistan |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PAF excels in Saudi-led Spears of Victory 2025 |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/02/14/paf-excels-in-saudi-led-air-combat-drills-jf-17-block-iii-earns-global-praise/ |website=Pakistan Today |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2025, PAF JF-17 Block-III fighters were also deployed to Azerbaijan for the bilateral air exercise Indus Shield Alpha, marking one of the type’s longest overseas deployments.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17s arrive in Azerbaijan for Indus Shield Alpha |url=https://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/912872 |website=Dunya News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> '''Airshows'''<br> The JF-17 Thunder has participated in international airshows since 2010 as part of export promotion and military diplomacy efforts by the PAF.<ref name="ISPR-2010">Inter Services Public Relations, Pakistan Air Force press releases on JF-17 international exposure, 2010.</ref> Early public appearances took place at airshows in Pakistan and China, followed by displays at major international aerospace exhibitions, including the Paris Air Show in 2011 and 2015,<ref>Paris Air Show official exhibitor catalogues, 2011 & 2015.</ref> the Dubai Airshow in 2013, 2017, 2021, and 2025<ref>Dubai Airshow official exhibitor lists, 2013, 2017, 2021.</ref> and the Farnborough International Airshow in 2014 and 2016, primarily as static displays.<ref>Farnborough International Airshow exhibitor catalogues, 2014 & 2016.</ref> The aircraft has also featured at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition, including static and flying displays, with later editions showcasing the Block III variant.<ref>China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (Zhuhai) official programmes; Global Times aviation coverage.</ref> In 2019, 2022, and 2025, PAF JF-17s participated in the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT), in static and air displays.<ref>Royal International Air Tattoo aircraft participation lists, 2019 & 2022.</ref> The aircraft was also displayed at the [[World Defense Show]] in 2024.<ref>[[World Defense Show]] 2024 exhibitor directory; Saudi Ministry of Defense releases.</ref> ===Myanmar=== In July 2015, Myanmar ordered 16 Block 2 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] for approximately $560 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-06-15/jf-17-myanmar-seen-flying-china|title=JF-17 for Myanmar Seen Flying in China|first=Chen|last=Chuanren|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> In late 2015, [[Myanmar]] ordered 16 [[Klimov RD-33|RD-93]] spare engines from [[Russia]], which were received in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=SIPRI>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI Trade Register|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 December 2018, [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] disclosed that the [[Myanmar Air Force]] had received the first batch of JF-17s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters |title=Myanmar shows off Thunder fighters |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202527/https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters/ |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An official Myanmar Air Force video released on Air Force day showcased a number of JF-17s, both on static display and in the air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|title=YouTube|website=YouTube|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2021}} As per reports, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] is in possession 11 JF-17 Block 2s.[https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html] In May 2022, a PAF cargo plane supplied spare parts for the JF-17s of the Myanmar Air Force. In June 2022, it was reported that a team of 15 PAF personnel were scheduled to visit [[Meiktila Air Base]] in Myanmar to provide technical support for the Myanmar Air Force JF-17s, including setting up of a JF-17 simulator at Meiktila Air Base to train pilots of the Myanmar Air Force and to address technical issues relating to JF-17s that Myanmar Air Force was facing. However, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] has faced significant challenges with its JF-17 fleet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2022-11-25 |title=Technical Problems Ground Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Bought From China |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/technical-problems-ground-myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-bought-from-china.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref> By late 2022, the entire fleet of 11 aircraft was grounded due to severe technical malfunctions and structural issues, including cracks in the airframe (particularly wingtips and hardpoints), poor accuracy and maintenance problems with the Chinese-made KLJ-7 radar, malfunctions in the Weapon Mission Management Computer that reduced launch zones for beyond-visual-range missiles, unreliable avionics, and issues with the Russian RD-93 engines.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar raises issue of grounded JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft to Pakistan |url=https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Asia Pacific Defense Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farid |first=Ayesha |date=2025-05-18 |title=Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Grounded Amid Conflict and Maintenance Woes |url=https://www.bdmilitary.com/analysis/geopolitics-diplomacy/myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-grounded-amid-conflict-and-maintenance-woes/1082/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Bangladesh Military Forces |language=en-GB}}</ref> These problems rendered the aircraft unfit for combat operations, forcing the air force to rely on other platforms like MiG-29s, Yak-130s, and K-8s.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The grounding was exacerbated by post-2021 military coup sanctions, which restricted access to spare parts for Western-sourced components in the avionics and electronics. Myanmar lacked the local expertise to maintain or repair the complex systems, and initial attempts by Pakistani technicians in September 2022 to set up a simulator at Pathein air base and resolve issues were only partially successful.<ref name=":5" /> In September 2023, Myanmar raised the issue directly with Pakistani leadership, including Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Armed Forces chief General Asim Munir, expressing displeasure over the aircraft's performance. The Chinese government also intervened diplomatically due to its role in the JF-17's development. As a result, Myanmar reportedly decided not to accept the remaining five aircraft from the original order and explored newer JF-17 variants as a potential resolution.<ref name=":5" /> ===Nigeria=== [[File:Nigerian JF-17 fighter aircraft.png|thumb|[[Nigerian Air Force]] JF-17 Block 2]] In December 2014, during the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar]] in Karachi, Nigeria was reportedly buying between 25 and 40 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]]. [[Nigerian Air Force]] (NAF) chief [[Air Marshal]] [[Adesola Nunayon Amosu]] had visited Pakistan earlier in October 2014.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite web|title=IDEAS 2014: Nigeria 'close to signing up' for JF-17 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |date=2 December 2014 |work=Farhan Bokhari |publisher=Janes |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226110403/http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> Nigeria became the second customer in 2016 by placing an order for three planes. However, as the news reports value the deal at US$25 million, it is not clear if the item is misreported.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria to become first JF-17 export operator|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128011517/http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FG to spend N65bn on warplanes, weapons, others|url=http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106072634/http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-date=6 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A June 2016 article in [[Jane's]] re-affirmed NAF budget for 3 JF-17, 10 [[PAC Super Mushshak|Super Mushshak]], and 2 [[Mi-35M]] aircraft in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria waiting for US to approve Super Tucano sale|url=http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608130937/http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With a confirmation from the Nigerian Air Force shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|title=Official 2016 Nigerian Budget Confirms JF-17 Order|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=4 January 2017|work=quwa.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510134827/http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018 Pakistan approved of the sale and local Nigerian production of three JF-17s for US$184.3 million. The aircraft are rumoured to be of a later version than the initially agreed sale, providing more advanced systems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binnie |first1=Jeremy |title=Pakistan approves Nigerian JF-17 production |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025144735/https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |archive-date=25 October 2018 |location=London |date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamal |first1=Sana |title=Pakistan to sell three JF-17s to Nigeria for $184.3m |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |website=Gulf News |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143150/https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |location=Islamabad |date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 December 2020 the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]] rolled out the three JF-17A Block 2s for Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |work=defenceworld.net |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live }}</ref> They were delivered to Makurdi Air Base in March 2021 aboard Pakistan Air Force Ilyushin Il-78MP freighters and were formally inducted into the Nigerian Air Force on 21 May 2021.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=First of 3 Pakistani JF-17 Jets Arrive in Nigeria |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21" /> The NAF initially indicated that it might order another 35–40 aircraft if the type met its requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref> In January 2023 the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal [[Isiaka Oladayo Amao]], confirmed that the JF-17s had been used in anti-terrorism and anti-insurgency operations inside Nigeria.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> In early December 2025 the three aircraft were reportedly deployed to the [[Benin Republic]], where they conducted airstrikes against rebel forces during an attempted coup.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Nigerian Air Force deploys JF-17 jets to foil Benin coup attempt |url=https://timesofislamabad.com/08-Dec-2025/nigerian-air-force-deploys-jf-17-jets-to-foil-benin-coup-attempt |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> ===Azerbaijan=== In January 2008, Azerbaijan engaged in talks with Pakistan over JF-17's possible sale to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |title=Azerbaijan to buy JF-17 {{sic|aircra|fts|nolink=y}} from Pakistan |date=29 January 2008 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210111145843/https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |work=[[Azeri Press Agency]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]] negotiated with China for several dozen JF-17s worth approximately {{USD|16 to 18 million}} each.<ref name="news.am">{{Citation|title=China supplies FC-1 multipurpose fighters to Azerbaijan|url=http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|newspaper=News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124131/http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|place=AM|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Pakistani Armed Forces actively discussed military and defence cooperation with Azerbaijan, culminating in the latter expressing an interest in purchasing the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shahid |last=Hussain |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |title=Pakistan and Azerbaijan: Deepening a Mutually Beneficial Relationship |date=19 May 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200519204003/https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |archive-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 February 2024, Azerbaijan had signed a contract worth US$1.6 billion with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 multi-role combat aircraft for the Azerbaijani Air Forces including aircraft, training, and ordnance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan signs largest ever fighter jet sale deal with Azerbaijan |url=https://www.azernews.az/nation/222206.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Azernews.Az |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |last=AzeMedia |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan has signed the largest deal in history with Azerbaijan for the sale of fighter jets |url=https://aze.media/pakistan-has-signed-the-largest-deal-in-history-with-azerbaijan-for-the-sale-of-fighter-jets/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Aze.Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-seals-1-6-billion-deal-with-azerbaijan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets/|title=Pakistan seals $1.6 billion deal with Azerbaijan to sell JF-17 fighter jets|date=22 February 2024}}</ref> On 25 September 2024, the JF-17 Block 3 was showcased to the President of Azerbaijan on the sidelines of 2024 Azerbaijan International Defence Exhibition (AIDEX).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title=JF-17C multirole aircrafts presented to President Ilham Aliyev |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/jf_17c_multirole_aircrafts_presented_to_president_ilham_aliyev-3196886 |work=Azertac}}</ref> On 6 June 2025, the Government of Pakistan announced that it had secured a contract for the supply of 40 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft from Azerbaijan for $4.6 billion, which builds on an initial agreement signed between Pakistan and Azerbaijan in February 2024, valued at $1.6 billion, for an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 fighter jets, alongside training and armaments.<ref name="auto11">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2025/06/jf-17-thunder-breakthrough-azerbaijan.html | title=JF-17 Thunder Breakthrough Azerbaijan Secures $4.6 Billion Deal for 40 Pakistani-Chinese Block III Fighters | date=8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto18">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/06/08/how-armenia-might-respond-to-azerbaijans-jf-17-fighter-acquisition/ | title=How Armenia Might Respond to Azerbaijan's JF-17 Fighter Acquisition | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref name="auto15">{{Cite web|url=https://defence-industry.eu/azerbaijan-signs-record-4-6-billion-deal-for-40-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/|title=Azerbaijan signs $4.6 billion deal for JF-17 fighters|date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite web | url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/azerbaijan-expands-jf-17-fighter-jet-order-to-40-units-in-46b-defense-deal-3202511 | title=Azerbaijan expands JF-17 fighter jet order to 40 units in $4.6B defense deal }}</ref><ref name="auto13">{{cite web | url=https://www.turdef.com/article/pakistan-confirms-inking-of-deal-with-azerbaijan-for-jf-17 | title=Pakistan Confirms Inking of Deal with Azerbaijan for JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=7 June 2025 }}</ref> Deliveries of the initial tranche began in October 2025, with the aircraft arriving at Nasosnaya Air Base and undergoing familiarization before formal induction. On 8 November 2025, five JF-17s (four single-seat and one twin-seat), flown by Azeri fighter pilots, participated in Azerbaijan’s Victory Day parade in Baku, marking their first public appearance in Azerbaijani service. In addition, open-source images circulated showing a total of nine JF-17 Block III aircraft present in Azerbaijan around the same period without any national markings, consistent with jets observed during early post-delivery handling and marking transitions.<ref name="azeri1">{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Waldron |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/azerbaijan-confirms-jf-17-fighter-acceptance-with-baku-flypast/165245.article |title=Azerbaijan becomes fourth JF-17 operator with five appearing in Baku military parade |website=Flightglobal.com |date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/70546 |title=Military Parade dedicated to the fifth anniversary of Victory in Patriotic War was held in Baku |work=The Official Website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan |date=8 November 2025}}</ref> ===Potential customers=== ==== Bangladesh ==== In January 2025, [[Bangladesh]] announced an interest in purchasing the JF-17C Block 3.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2522416/bangladesh-shows-interest-in-jf-17 | title=Bangladesh shows interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/bangladesh-army-delegation-meets-pakistan-air-chief-expresses-interest-in-jf-17/ | title=Bangladesh army delegation meets Pakistan Air Chief, expresses interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> In January 2026, it was reported that Bangladesh was in formal talks with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17C Block 3 fighters.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/9/why-is-pakistan-selling-its-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-bangladesh-and-others</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-eyes-defence-pact-with-bangladesh-sale-jf-17-jets-2026-01-07/</ref><ref>https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/bangladesh-explores-jf-17-acquisition-to-replace-ageing-fighters/165876.article</ref> ==== Indonesia ==== ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that Pakistan is in discussion with Indonesia on selling the JF-17s to the latter. In January 2026, Indonesia’s Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin held talks in Islamabad with PAF Chief, Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu, during which a potential defence cooperation package—including the possible acquisition of around 40 JF-17 fighter aircraft, armed drones, and associated training—was discussed, though no binding agreement was announced at the time.<ref name="ReutersJF17Indonesia2026">{{cite web |first1=Saad |last1=Sayeed |first2=Ananda |last2=Teresia |first3=Ariba |last3=Shahid |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-indonesia-closing-jets-drones-defence-deal-sources-say-2026-01-12/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan and Indonesia closing in on jets and drones defence deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> ==== Iraq ==== [[Iraq]] has expressed interest in acquiring the JF-17C Thunder multirole combat aircraft from Pakistan as part of efforts to modernise the [[Iraqi Air Force]]. During an official visit to Baghdad on 10 January 2026, Pakistan’s Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu met with Lieutenant General Staff Pilot Mohanad Ghalib Mohammed Radi Al-Asadi, Commander of the Iraqi Air Force, where discussions covered bilateral air force cooperation. During the meeting, the Iraqi Air Force Commander indicated interest in the JF-17C fighter aircraft and Super Mushshak trainer aircraft in the context of training, capacity building, and defence cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan says Iraq expressed ‘keen interest’ in JF-17 jets at air chiefs meeting |work=Arab News |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628855/pakistan}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq eyes JF-17 fighter jets as Pakistani air chief visits Baghdad |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2586411/iraq-eyes-jf-17-fighter-jets-as-pakistani-air-chief-visits-baghdad}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq seeks JF-17 Thunder jets during Pakistani air chief’s visit |work=Business Recorder |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40401540/iraq-seeks-jf-17-thunder-jets}} </ref> ==== Libya ==== It was reported on 22 December 2025 that Pakistan reached a $4-4.6 billion deal with the [[Libyan National Army]], commanded by Khalifa Haftar, which controls eastern [[Libya]], for the supply of 16 JF-17s and other military equipment.<ref name="libya1">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/12/28/why-it-took-pakistan-so-long-to-sell-jf-17-fighters-to-an-arab-country/ |title=Why It Took Pakistan So Long To Sell JF-17 Fighters To An Arab Country |website=Forbes.com |date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya2">{{cite web |first=Liu |last=Zhen |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3337888/china-pakistan-warplane-deal-libyan-faction-may-help-expand-beijings-influence |title=China-Pakistan warplane deal with Libyan faction ‘may help expand Beijing’s influence’ |website=SCMP.com|date=27 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya3">{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Asif |last2=Shahzad |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-strikes-4-billion-deal-sell-weapons-libyan-force-officials-say-2025-12-22/ |title=Pakistan strikes $4 billion deal to sell weapons to Libyan force, officials say |website=Reuters.com |date=22 December 2025}}</ref> ==== Morocco ==== Morocco has shown interest in the JF-17, having invited a sales team to showcase it in the Marrakech Air Show 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 to Star in Marrakech Air Show|url=http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202010633/http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marrakech Air Show Invites Pakistan to Showcase JF −17 Thunder Fighter Jet|url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222014010/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> According to a local analyst, a potential acquisition by Morocco may be complicated by incompatible technologies; the JF-17 Block I and Block II have broadly different electronics suites and air-to-air & air-to-surface munitions than its current Western-sourced aircraft, such as the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F-1 (MF2000)]], [[Northrop F-5|F-5E/F Tiger II]] and [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to market the JF-17 Thunder to Morocco|url=http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426114618/http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Morocco has been engaged with Pakistan in January 2026 on the JF-17.<ref>https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/01/276273/morocco-shows-interest-in-pakistani-jf-17-jets-as-talks-advance/</ref> ==== Saudi Arabia ==== In January 2014, the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] was reportedly examining potential technology transfer and co-production opportunities for the JF-17. Saudi Deputy Minister of Defence Prince [[Salman bin Sultan]] toured the JF-17 project during a visit to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 January 2014|title=Saudi eyeing Pakistan's JF-17 fighter jet, modeled from U.S. F-16|work=World Tribune|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706041729/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2014|title=Saudi Arabia May Buy Pakistani-Chinese Fighter Jets|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726081849/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=8 November 2016|title=Saudi Arabia Reportedly Interested in the JF-17 Thunder|url=http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084500/http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=9 November 2016|website=Quwa Defence News & Analysis Group}}</ref> However, by 2023, this interest seems to have fallen through, with Saudi Arabia now interested in joining the Anglo-Italian-Japanese [[Global Combat Air Programme]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2023|title=Saudi Arabia pushes to join fighter jet project with UK, Italy and Japan|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/80e9bda9-f415-4076-9037-bd6b96e1169f|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported in January 2026 that Pakistan are in discussion with Saudi Arabia to convert around US$ 2 billion of Saudi loans to Pakistan into a provision of JF-17s.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Saad |last2=Sayeed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-saudi-talks-jf-17-jets-for-loans-deal-sources-say-2026-01-07/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan, Saudi in talks on JF-17 jets-for-loans deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>However It is reported that the US government has discouraged Saudi Arabia from aquisition of both JF-17's and [[TAI TF Kaan|TF Kaan's]], instead proposing sale of [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]'s to the Saudi Arabian Air Force. <ref name=":9">{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan | title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref> ==== Other countries ==== Countries including [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Bilal|date=7 August 2016|title=Pakistan offers JF-17 & Super Mushshak to Kuwait|url=https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422190117/https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|archive-date=22 April 2020|website=Quwa - Defence News & Analysis}}</ref> [[Peru]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Pakistan's JF-17 Is A Viable Alternative To The American F-16|url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|website=Wonderful Engineering|date=21 March 2019|quote=As of right now, Saudi Arabia, Albania, Morocco, Bulgaria, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Oman, Lebanon, Argentina, Algeria, Jordan, and Peru are evaluating the JF-17 Block III|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723081234/https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|title=Pakistan, South Africa sign agreements to increase defense cooperation|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|website=Dawn|date=27 March 2017|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023533/https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Uruguay]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demerly |first=Tom |date=9 November 2017 |title=Shopping for Fighters: Is the Chinese/Pakistani JF-17 Thunder the Real "Joint Strike Fighter"? |url=https://theaviationist.com/2017/11/09/shopping-for-fighters-is-the-chinesepakistani-jf-17-thunder-the-real-joint-strike-fighter/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Confirmed: Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet Has its First Buyer |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/confirmed-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jet-has-its-first-buyer/#:~:text=Numerous%20air%20forces%20are%20toying,the%20Philippines,%20Venezuela%20and%20Zimbabwe. |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> have shown interest in the JF-17.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article" /><ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2008|title=PAF gets six JF-17 Thunder aircraft|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045150/http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> In February 2026, reports appeared that the [[Somali Air Force]] was in talks to acquire 24 Block III JF-17s.<ref>https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalia-in-talks-to-buy-24-jf-17-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/; {{cite news|title=Somalia in High-Level Talks to Acquire 24 JF-17 Thunder Block III Fighter Jets from Pakistan in US$900 Million Air Power Revival|work=Defence Security Asia|date=19 February 2026 |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/somalia-jf17-thunder-block-iii-pakistan-us900-million-air-force-revival/|access-date=22 February 2026}}; {{cite news |title=Soomaaliya oo diyaarado casri ah kasoo iibsanaysa Pakistan |work=Hiiraan Online |date=10 February 2026 |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2026/Feb/wararka_maanta09-192820.htm |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> Somalia's air force has been inactive for many years. ===Former interests=== ==== Argentina ==== At the 2013 [[Paris Air Show]], officials from Argentine aerospace conglomerate [[Fábrica Argentina de Aviones]] (FAdeA) revealed that the firm had held multiple discussions with Chinese officials over a potential co-production of the FC-1/JF-17, for the [[Argentine Air Force]] (FAA); this was regarded as the first formal effort by Argentina to possibly procure, or co-produce the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter - IHS Jane's 360 |website=www.janes.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> FAdeA officials said that the co-produced FC-1 could be classified as the "Pulqui-III", with regard to FAdeA's [[Pulqui II|Pulqui-II]] fighter.<ref name="ja23j13">{{cite news|author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter|newspaper=Jane's|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 2015, following a three-day visit by [[President of Argentina|Argentine president]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] to [[China]], Argentina announced that it would consider purchasing around 20 JF-17s from [[Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group|CAIG]]; however the deal did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |title=China to Supply 20 Thunder Fighter Jets to Argentina |website=www.defenseworld.net |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216210452/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |archive-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nikkei|title=Argentina turns to China for arms supply|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|access-date=1 March 2022|date=9 April 2015|first=Kamilia|last=Lahrichi|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210140006/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|url-status=live}}</ref> The primary reason for Argentine interest was reportedly the aircraft's lesser requirement for parts of British origin, as the United Kingdom had barred any sale of military equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina since the [[Falklands War|1982 Falklands War]].<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url = https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2021/09/28/could-britain-stop-argentina-from-buying-the-jf-17-warplane/|title = Could Britain stop Argentina from buying the JF-17 warplane?|date = 28 September 2021|access-date = 11 January 2022|archive-date = 30 September 2021|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210930015257/https://www.defensenews.com/global/the%2Damericas/2021/09/28/could%2Dbritain%2Dstop%2Dargentina%2Dfrom%2Dbuying%2Dthe%2Djf%2D17%2Dwarplane/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |title=No KAI FA-50 for Argentina under the post-1982 embargo |website=aircosmosinternational.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129073505/https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Likewise, Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other aircraft, namely, the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to diplomatic pressure from the United Kingdom, given the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain British-origin parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|publisher=Flightglobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|date=3 November 2020|access-date=1 March 2022|first=Greg|last=Waldron|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{cite web|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|access-date=1 March 2022|date=21 June 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="defensenews.com"/> In September 2021, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] presented a draft budget for the fiscal year of 2022, which contained a request of USD $664 million for the acquisition of future fighter aircraft for the FAA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Gastón |date=21 September 2021 |title=The Argentine Ministry of Defense clarifies about the JF-17 Thunder |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Aviacionline.com |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015136/https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, multiple media outlets misinterpreted this action, erroneously reporting that the request for funds were for acquiring the JF-17 Block-III.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|title=Argentina hasn't selected JF-17 fighter? Govt clarifies budget request|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=1 March 2022|date=22 September 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015142/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]] (''Ministerio de Defensa'') later clarified that the JF-17 had not been selected, asserting that the FAA was still evaluating five other aircraft as possible options.<ref name=":3" /> In May 2022, a delegation of the FAA evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dubois |first1=Gastón |title=Argentine Air Force delegation evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |website=Aviacionline |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011548/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in October 2023, the United States approved the transfer of 24 second-hand [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16 Block-15 MLU]] fighters previously owned by the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] to Argentina, countering the Chinese offer; reportedly, the deal did not necessitate an approval from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/us-approves-proposed-f-16-transfer-argentina|title=U.S. Approves Proposed F-16 Transfer To Argentina|website=aviationweek.com|date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Following the inauguration of the [[Javier Milei|Javier Milei administration]] in Argentina in 2023, the decision to select the F-16 had reportedly materialised, leaving the JF-17 out of the contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airdatanews.com/argentina-chose-the-f-16-fighter-for-its-air-force-reports/|title=Argentina chose the F-16 fighter for its Air Force – reports|website=www.airdatanews.com|date=30 January 2024}}</ref> ==== Bolivia ==== The JF-17 was a candidate for the replacement of retired [[Lockheed T-33]] aircraft of the [[Bolivian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|title=Bolivia Air Force is looking for fighter jets|work=Air Data News |date=29 May 2021|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054044/https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Congo ==== In March 2023, it was reported that China was pitching the JF-17 to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |title=Congo is considering buying JF-17 Thunder fighter jets from China |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |title=DRC: China offers Kinshasa its fighter planes |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |title=China Offers JF-17 Jet to Congo-Kinshasa, Competing with Russian Su-27 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |title=DRC : Kinshasa eyes Chinese fighter jets after buying Beijing's drones - 14/03/2023 |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162519/https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Malaysia ==== [[Malaysia]] had periodically indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the JF-17 for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its efforts to replace its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MIG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in the JF-17 emerged in 2015, although this was later denied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=21 December 2015 |title=Malaysia Denies Interest in JF-17, But Export Hopes Remain |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2015/12/21/malaysia-denies-interest-in-jf-17-but-export-hopes-remain/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Defense News |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Benjamin David |title=The Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Might Have Another Buyer in Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121257/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2019, then-visiting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian PM]] [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohammad]] was accorded an aerial-display of the JF-17's at the 2019 [[Pakistan Day Parade]]; he was also briefed about the fighter by the PAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahathir Mohamad receives briefing on JF-17 before leaving Islamabad |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=23 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121254/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Malaysian PM Mahathir shows interest in JF-17 Thunder as he concludes Pakistan visit |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701072047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft — dubbed as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainer-aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/None |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender |url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=MilitaryLeak |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF later issued a [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|date=18 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17 was widely regarded to be a leading contender in the FLIT/LCA procurement initiative, along with the [[HAL Tejas]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|title=Malaysia formally launches tender for new trainer, light combat aircraft|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in October 2021, the JF-17 was revealed to have abstained from participating in the FLIT/LCA tender; later reports confirmed that only six companies had responded to the RFP issued by the RMAF - the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] ([[Korea Aerospace Industries]]), the [[HAL Tejas]] ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]), the [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]] ([[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]]), the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]] ([[Leonardo S.p.A.]]), the [[TAI Hürjet]] ([[Turkish Aerospace Industries]]) and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35]] ([[Rosoboronexport]]).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> The JF-17's unprecedented absence from the FLIT/LCA essentially ended all speculations regarding its participation in Malaysia.<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia begins evaluating proposals to replace fleet of Hawk Mk 108/208s |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Janes.com |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121256/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Socka |first=Sherman |date=1 December 2021 |title=LETTER {{!}} RMAF purchase of Light Combat Aircraft to bolster defence industry |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.aerotime.aero |date=20 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518000844/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, the JF-17 was reportedly re-offered to the RMAF, with an estimated price-discount of about 30%; however, these reports remain unconfirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumelar |first=Tri Agung |title=Saingi HAL Tejas di Malaysia, China Turunkan Harga Jet Tempur JF-17 Thunder hingga 30 Persen - Zona Jakarta |url=https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com |language=id |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110124301/https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF eventually declined to purchase the JF-17 and proceeded instead to order 18 FA-50 Block 20 jets in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|title=Malaysia buys South Korea fighter jets as ASEAN arms market grows|website=asia.nikkei.com|date=7 March 2023|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324012111/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Qatar ==== [[Qatar]] has shown interest in the JF-17 since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|title=Qatar Plans To Buy Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet, Super Mushshak Trainer|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=27 October 2016 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506212945/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, at Qatar's invitation, PAF JF-17s participated in Qatar's National Day Flypast in Doha alongside [[Qatar Air Force]] [[Rafale]]s and [[Mirage 2000-5]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|title=Flypast during Qatar National Day Hints at Doha's Interest in Pakistani JF-17|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192401/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the offer seems to have fallen through, with Qatar ordering a mix of [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]s and [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F15E]]s. ==== Sri Lanka ==== In June 2015, Pakistani media suggested that an export order had been confirmed with the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]; claims were made that the JF-17's first sales contract had been signed with the Sri Lanka Air Force at the 51st Paris Air Show.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka revealed as first foreign buyer of JF-17|newspaper=Want China Times|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623183730/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Wasim|date=22 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka purchasing JF-17 Thunder Jets|newspaper=Business Recorder|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623170033/http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Other sources claimed that Myanmar is the first buyer of Pakistani JF-17s.<ref name="Myanmar2">{{cite news|date=9 July 2015|title=Myanmar first country to purchase JF-17 Thunder from Pakistan|newspaper=Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|url-status=live}}</ref> Reportedly, the order would cover around 18–24 aircraft and deliveries set to begin in 2017. During a state visit by [[Nawaz Sharif]] in January 2016, Sri Lanka reportedly signed an agreement to buy eight JF-17s from Pakistan;<ref>{{cite web|first=Franz-Stefan | last = Gady|title=Sri Lanka to Buy 8 Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jets|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213252/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2016|access-date=7 January 2016|work=The Diplomat}}</ref> however, the Sri Lankan government has issued denials.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2016|title=Government says no JF-17 deal with Pakistan|work=Columbo Gazette|url=http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126211056/http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The alleged deal was said to involve 10–12 aircraft, each valued at US$35 million, for a total of US$400 million<ref>{{cite news|title=Following Myanmar, Pakistan is Eager to Sell More JF-17s|url=http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213105004/http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> Reportedly, any such sale was scuppered by Indian diplomatic pressure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian pressure stalls Pakistani JF-17 sale to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213040939/http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revealed: Why Sri Lanka Backed Off the Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215193957/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 October 2013|title=Pakistan to sell JF-17 fighter jets to SL-report|work=The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523103143/http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> However, in 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=9 January 2021|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref> ==== Zimbabwe ==== The [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] reportedly planned to purchase twelve JF-17s in 2004, as part of a $240 million deal with China. No such sales have materialised.<ref name="Rotberg2009">{{cite book|first=Robert I. | last = Rotberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|title=China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0175-0|page=174|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Africa and China's Global Activism|url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616192046/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|publisher=Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> In 2010, China was reportedly in talks about the JF-17 with five or six countries, some of which had sent pilots to China to undergo test flights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian fighter requirements continue to grow|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185036/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-date=21 October 2014|access-date=21 March 2010|work=Flight International}}</ref> ==مختلف قسمون== ===تجرباتي قسمون=== تاريخي پيداوار جي ترتيب ۾: <nowiki>*</nowiki> PT-01 — انٽيڪس تي اسپلٽر پليٽن سان پهريون ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ. 31 مئي 2003 تي جاري ڪيو ويو. پهرين پرواز 25 آگسٽ 2003 تي. * PT-02 — انٽيڪس تي اسپلٽر پليٽن سان پهريون ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ. * PT-03 — انٽيڪس تي اسپلٽر پليٽن سان پهريون ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ. اپريل 2004 ۾ پهرين پرواز. * PT-04 — ڊائيورٽرليس سپرسونڪ انليٽس (DSI) ۽ تبديل ٿيل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر سان ٻيو ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ. 10 مئي 2006 تي پهرين پرواز. PT-04 ۾ DSI، وسيع LERX، وڌايل وينٽرل فين، ۽ هڪ ڊگهو، گهٽ سوئپ ٿيل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل ڪيو ويو جنهن جي چوٽي تي مستطيل فيئرنگ آهي جنهن ۾ اليڪٽرانڪ جنگي سامان ۽ ميزائل اپروچ وارننگ سينسرز تي بيس تي ننڍا بلسٽر فيئرنگ شامل آهن. PT-04 پروٽوٽائپ بنيادي طور تي ايويونڪس ۽ هٿيارن جي قابليت جي ٽيسٽن لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. * PT-05 — ٻيو ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ DSI ۽ تبديل ٿيل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر سان. * PT-06 — ٻيو ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ DSI ۽ تبديل ٿيل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر سان. *'''PT-01''' {{mdash}} *First airframe configuration prototype with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plates]] on intakes. Rolled out on 31 May 2003. First flight on 25 August 2003.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com" /> *'''PT-02''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. *'''PT-03''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. First flight in April 2004. *'''PT-04''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with [[Diverterless supersonic inlet|Diverterless Supersonic Inlets (DSI)]] and modified vertical stabiliser. First flight on 10 May 2006. PT-04 incorporated modifications such as DSI, wider LERX, extended ventral fins, and a taller, less swept vertical stabiliser with a rectangular fairing at the tip containing electronic warfare equipment and small blister fairings at the base containing Missile Approach Warning sensors. The PT-04 prototype was primarily used for avionics and weapon qualification tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |title=4th Prototype JF-17 Thunder aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |date=11 May 2006 |work=Pakistan Tribune |access-date=21 May 2011 |location=Islamabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="APP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |title=JF-17 Thunder arrives in Pakistan |date=12 March 2007 |work=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022192508/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref> *'''PT-05''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. *'''PT-06''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. ===Production variants=== In chronological production order: *'''JF-17 Block 1''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production in China began in June 2006<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com" /> and in Pakistan in 2007. The first three Chinese weapons to be integrated are the [[PL-5|PL-5E II]] AAM, the [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] AAM, and the [[C-802A|C-802AK]] anti-ship missile. Block 1 aircraft had performed "better than expected" according to PAF [[Air Commodore]] Junaid. Production of Block 1 was completed on 18 December 2013 when the fiftieth aircraft{{mdash}}58% of which was produced in Pakistan{{mdash}}was delivered.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Dave | last1 = Allport | first2 = Alan | last2 = Warnes|date=September 2010|title= JF-17 Thunders in First Public Static Display | journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue= 269|page= 8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Rolls Out 50th JF-17, Block II Production To Commence |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |date=18 December 2013 |work=Defense News |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220054215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> A Block 1 JF-17 costs approximately US$15&nbsp;million per unit.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra" /> *'''JF-17 Block 2''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production began on 18 December 2013 and initial testing began on 9 February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|work=janes.com|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119230215/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Block 2 aircraft make use of composites in the airframe for reduced weight, air-to-air refuelling capability,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Roblin|first=Sebastien|date=10 August 2019|title=Meet the JF-17 Block III Fighter: The Jet China is Helping Pakistan Build to Fight India|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|access-date=23 July 2021|website=The National Interest|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002901/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|url-status=live}}</ref> improved radar and avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |title=Pakistan Begins Producing Block-II JF-17 Aircraft |last1=Panda |first1=Ankit |date=27 December 2013 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726080602/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="dawn" /> Chairman of PAC, Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed said: "We will hand over 16 Block 2 JF-17s to the PAF every year", and that the manufacturing plant has the capacity to produce 25 units in a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to boost military export with revamped JF-17 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |date=7 December 2014 |work=Pakistan Today |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172819/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> According to local media, PAC rolled out the 16th Block 2 aircraft in December 2015 enabling the JF-17's 4th squadron formation.<ref name="Fourth" /> A Block 2 JF-17 costs approximately US$25 million per unit.<ref name="SkyWars">{{citation | url = http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | title = Sky Wars: Pakistan, India and China | first = Adnan | last = Rehmat | date = 24 May 2011 | work = Dawn | access-date = 29 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122325/http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | archive-date = 14 July 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> *'''JF-17B Block 2''' {{mdash}} Dual-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 27 April 2017.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|title=Military Flight Training MENA 2021|website=www.arabianaerospace.aero|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154514/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JF-17B">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Naveed|title=JF-17B fighter jet takes maiden test flight|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|access-date=28 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142207/https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Serial production in China and Pakistan from 2018 to 2020. A total of 26 aircraft built - first four at Chengdu and remaining 22 at Kamra.<ref name="auto4" /> Its multi-roles include use as a (i) JF-17 conversion trainer; (ii) Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT); (iii) ground-attack aircraft; and (iv) reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|title=PAF to induct dual-seater JF-17B fighter jet in April 2017|date=28 April 2016|work=[[Express Tribune]]|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503202439/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the dual-seat, larger dorsal spine, and a more swept-back tail, another difference between the JF-17B and the JF-17 is that the JF-17B carries fuel in its vertical stabiliser, which the JF-17 does not.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|title=Pride of Pakistan|website=www.airinternational.com|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310041201/https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17B houses integral fuel tanks like the F-16. Each wing houses 550 Ib while the vertical tail houses 210 lb, which, together with the internal fuel load, totals 4,910 Ib of fuel. Together with the three external fuel drop-tanks, the aircraft can carry a total 10,000 Ib fuel load.<ref name="auto" /> The JF-17B Block 2s will be retrofitted with the NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra).<ref name="auto" /> *'''JF-17C Block 3'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/adex-2024-azerbaijani-jf-17-delivery-announced | title=ADEX 2024: Azerbaijani JF-17 delivery announced | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://quwa.org/pakistan-defence-industry/pakistan-promotes-the-jf-17c-thunder-to-bangladesh-01-20-2025/ | title=Pakistan Promotes the JF-17C Thunder to Bangladesh - Quwa | date=20 January 2025 }}</ref> {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 15 December 2019. Two prototypes underwent flight tests as of December 2020, one in China and the other in Pakistan. Went into serial production at PAC Kamra on 30 December 2020.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> Projected to feature further advancements such as a NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra),<ref name="auto" /> a three-axis digital fly-by-wire flight control system,<ref name="auto" /> an infrared search and track (IRST) system,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |title=2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |format=JPG |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221746/http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Rolling Thunder|url=https://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=Asian Military Review|date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208182445/http://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system produced jointly by Pakistan and China,<ref name="auto" /> a missile approach warning system (MAWS) similar to the one used on the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]]C, [[J-16]], and [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]], a new, larger, and thinner holographic wide-angle head-up display (HUD) similar to the one used on the J-10C and J-20, an enhanced electronic warfare management system,<ref name="auto" /> a chin-mounted hardpoint,<ref name="auto" /> use of more composites for further weight reduction, eventual replacement of the [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] [[afterburning turbofan]] by the [[Guizhou WS-13]]<ref name=":2" /> with an increased thrust, and a better thrust-to-weight ratio.<ref name="dawn" /><ref name="Nigeria" /><ref name="AW17March2015">{{cite journal|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=17 March 2015|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|access-date=24 March 2015|location=Kamra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322152346/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=22 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> The KLJ-7A can simultaneously track 15 targets and engage 4 targets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=KLJ-7A: Proposed AESA Radar for the JF-17 Block-III|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507114147/http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> PAF officials have described the JF-17 Block 3 as a "fourth generation plus" fighter jet. The first PAC-produced JF-17 Block 3 aircraft are expected to roll out of the production line in late 2021.<ref name="auto" /> The PAF has placed an order for 50 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft, deliveries of which were expected to start from early 2022.<ref name="paknikkei">{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|title=Pakistan to boost air strike power with 50 enhanced fighter jets|access-date=1 March 2022|date=6 February 2022|publisher=Nikkei|first=Adnan|last=Aamir|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084243/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Pakistan to Order 50 More Fighter Jets in 2017|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054055/https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 JF-17 Block 3 production aircraft were photographed after their rollout at PAC Kamra in early January 2022. The first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF in March 2023. '''Under-Development''' *'''JF-17 Block 4 or (PFX-Alpha)''' {{mdash}} The JF-17 Block 4 or JF-17 (PFX Alpha) is an under-development 4.5+ generation version of the JF-17 Thunder under the PAF "PFX" program, where "PFX" stands for "Pakistan Fighter Experimental." Also known as the JF-17 Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU), the project aims to enhance the JF-17 beyond the capabilities of the current JF-17C Block 3, which is the most advanced variant of the fighter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/pakistan-unveils-jf-17-pfx-fighter | title=Pakistan unveils JF-17 PFX fighter | date=26 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Reveals 'JF-17 PFX' Program |url=https://quwa.org/daily-news/pakistan-reveals-jf-17-pfx-program-2/ |publisher=Quwa |date=2 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Development Program for JF-17 PFX (Pakistan Fighter Experimental) Unveiled |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/development-program-for-jf-17-pfx-pakistan-fighter-experimental-unveiled/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The PFX-Alpha focuses on improving the radar, avionics, and integrating new air-to-air and air-to-surface munitions, including indigenous weapons. It will feature an indigenously-developed passive Infrared Search and Track (IRST) sensor and an electronic warfare (EW) suite with AESA radar-jamming capability. The overall goal of the PFX program is to provide the PAF with a next-generation fighter, with the PFX-Alpha serving as a key step toward indigenization and reducing external dependence. While no official timeline has been announced, a PAF official stated in an interview with [[Geo News]] at IDEAS 2024 that the jet is expected to fly within the next 4 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wec3sH9WMQ8 |title=JF-17 PFX: Upcoming Innovation & New Chapter in Pakistan Air Force - IDEAS 2024 {{!}} Breaking News |date=21 November 2024 |last=Geo News |access-date=23 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> At the [[Royal International Air Tattoo|RIAT]] 2025 air show, Pakistan showcased a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130H Hercules]] with a custom paint job featuring artwork of various PAF aircraft; notably, the PFX was depicted highest on the tail, symbolising the Air Force’s strong commitment to the program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=PAF Showcases JF-17, C-130 at RIAT 2025 in the UK |url=https://theneutral.pk/paf-to-display-jf-17-thunder-c-130-hercules-at-riat-2025/ |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=theneutral.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> ==آپريٽرز== <!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--> [[File:JF-17 operators.png|thumb|400px|موجوده JF-17 آپريٽر ملڪن (نيري رنگ ۾) سان نقشو]] === موجوده آپريٽر === '''{{AZE}}'''<br> * آذربائيجاني ايئر فورس: 5 پهچايا ويا، 35 آرڊر تي<ref name="azeri1" /> <ref name="azeri2">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/11/17/from-azerbaijan-to-uae-iran-is-surrounded-by-more-advanced-air-forces/ |title=From Azerbaijan To UAE, Iran Is Surrounded By More Advanced Air Forces |website=Forbes.com |date=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/azerbaijan-inducts-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan |title=Azerbaijan inducts JF-17 fighters from Pakistan |website=Janes.com |date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.defcros.com/azerbaijan-receives-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan/ |title=Azerbaijan Receives JF-17 Fighters from Pakistan |website=news.defcros.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> 35 on order<ref name="azeri2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://turdef.com/article/azerbaijan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fighters-in-inventory |title=Azerbaijan Shows JF-17 Block III Fighters in Inventory |website=turdef.com |date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aze.media/jf-17-and-a-new-axis-of-partnership-the-largest-ever-defense-deal-between-pakistan-and-azerbaijan/ |title=JF-17 and a new axis of partnership: The largest-ever defense deal between Pakistan and Azerbaijan |website=aze.media |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya1" /> '''{{flag|Myanmar}}''' [[ميانمار]] * ميانمار جي ايئر فورس: 13 پهچايا ويا، 3 آرڊر تي<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |title=2021 World Air Forces |format=PDF |editor-last=Hoyle |editor-first=Craig |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208041355/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-team-sent-to-myanmar-to-repair-combat-aircraft/articleshow/98640757.cms | title=Pakistan team sent to Myanmar to repair combat aircraft | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=15 March 2023 | last1=Chaudhury | first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** ميڪٽيلا ايئر فورس بيس<ref name="ReferenceB"/> '''{{NGA}}''' * نائيجيريا جي ايئر فورس: 3 پهچايا ويا<ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21">{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17s as it awaits Super Tucanos |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=21 May 2021 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191831/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** اين اي ايف بيس ماڪرودي<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |title=Nigeria gears up to receive JF-17s |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=13 November 2020 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121054653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17 fighters |website=Janes.com |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191832/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |url-status=live }}</ref> '''{{PAK}}''' * پاڪستان ايئر فورس: 161 پهچايا ويا، 27 آرڊر تي ** پي اي ايف بيس ڀولاري ([[ڄامشورو]]) *** نمبر 18 اسڪواڊرن شارپ شوٽرز (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref name="SHEPHARD"> {{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/pakistan-receives-chinese-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-reports/ |title=Pakistan receives Chinese JF-17 Block III fighter jets, reports say| access-date=10 March 2023|work=SHEPHARD |date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141819/https://timesofislamabad.com/03-Feb-2018/six-paf-squadrons-with-over-100-jf-17-fighter-jets-become-operational-fully |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|title=The JF-17 Is No F-35 Stealth Jet, But It's Good Enough For Pakistan|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=2 January 2020|website=The National Interest|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|title=Janes {{!}} Latest defence and security news|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Janes.com|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906153101/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="paknikkei" /> ** [[PAF Base Bholari]] (Jamshoro)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** No. 18 Squadron ''Sharp Shooters'' (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|title=Pakistan inducts 14 JF-17Bs and starts Block III JF-17 Thunder production|first=Hans van|last=Herk|website=www.scramble.nl|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231094256/https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Delivers New JF-17B Batch|date=2 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119112738/https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس مسرور ([[ڪراچي]]) *** نمبر 2 اسڪواڊرن منهاسين (2015)<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |title=Pakistan's PAF Re-equip Squadron No 2 Minhas With JF-17 |work=Asian Defence |date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121101129/http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 }}</ref> *** نمبر 8 اسڪواڊرن حيدرز (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-jf17-fighter-aircrafts/ | title=Pakistan Establishes Second Squadron of JF-17 "Thunder" Block 3 Fighters | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Scramble.nl">{{cite web | url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force | title=Orbats }}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس منہاس (ڪامرا) *** JF-17 TEF (ٽيسٽ ۽ تشخيص پرواز) (2007-2010)<ref name="AFM, July 2011, JF-17 - Thunder from the East">{{cite journal|last=Warnes|first=Alan|date=July 2011|title=JF-17&nbsp;– Thunder from the East|journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue=#280|pages=47–70}}</ref> *** نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن بليڪ پينٿرز (2011)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan" /> ** پي اي ايف بيس مصحف ([[سرگوڌا]]) *** CCS JF-17 اسڪواڊرن ڊيشنگ<ref name="Scramble.nl" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|title=JF-17 Thunder aircraft inducted in PAF Combat Commanders' School|work=Business Recorder|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223224329/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس [[پشاور]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/?q=node/16871 |title=Peshawar Base to station JF-17 Thunder Aircraft Squadron: Pak Air Chief |work=Asian Tribune |date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010004/http://asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F16871 |archive-date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> *** نمبر 26 اسڪواڊرن بليڪ اسپائڊرز (2010)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan" /> ** پي اي ايف بيس رفيقي ([[شورڪوٽ]])<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** نمبر 14 اسڪواڊرن ٽيل چوپرز (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|date=16 February 2017|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132631/https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس سمنگلي ([[ڪوئيٽا]]) *** نمبر 28 اسڪواڊرن فينڪس (2018)<ref> {{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|title=Pakistan inaugurates new fighter squadron – No. 28 "Phoenix"|date=28 February 2018|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123005402/https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|title=PAF raises new multirole squadron equipped with JF-17 Thunder aircraft|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025709/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|url-status=live}}</ref> ======موجوده آپريٽر====== '''{{flag|Libya}}''' * ليبيا ايئر فورس: آرڊر تي 16<ref name="libya1" /><ref name="libya2" /><ref name="libya3" /> ==حادثا ۽ واقعا== سال 2003ع ۾ پنهنجي پهرين اڏام کان وٺي ۽ سال 2007ع ۾ آپريشنل ٿيڻ کان وٺي، پنج JF-17 جهاز حادثن ۾ تباهه ٿيا آهن: * '''14''' نومبر 2011ع: هڪ JF-17 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ضلعي [[اٽڪ ضلعو|اٽڪ]]، [[پنجاب، پاڪستان|پنجاب]] جي جبلن ۾ ملا منصور علائقي ۾ معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران تباهه ٿي ويو، جڏهن پي ائ ايف بيس منهاس کان اڏام ڪري رهيو هو. پي ائ ايف جي سرڪاري رپورٽ موجب، حادثو هڪ ٽيڪنيڪل خرابي جي ڪري ٿيو. خبرن ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته پائلٽ ٻاهر نڪري ويو پر پيراشوٽ نه کُلڻ سبب مرجي ويو ۽ زمين تي ڪو به شهري جاني نقصان نه ٿيو. پائلٽ جو لاش حادثي واري هنڌ کان ٻه ڪلوميٽر پري دريافت ٿيو. هي JF-17 جو پهريون ڄاتل سڃاتل حادثو هو.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=DUBAI: JF-17 crashes in Pakistan's Kamra |date=15 November 2011 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=FlightGlobal |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054649/https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2011|title=PAF pilot dies as a plane crashed in Attock {{!}} Pakistan {{!}} News {{!}} Newspaper {{!}} Daily {{!}} English {{!}} Online|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/14-Nov-2011/pilot-dies-in-paf-aircraft-crash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216040156/https://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/14-Nov-2011/Pilot-dies-in-PAF-aircraft-crash|archive-date=16 December 2011|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Military Flair Up Between India and Pakistan See Both Sides Blaming One Another|url=http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Paktribune|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182541/http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pti|date=14 November 2011|title=Pakistan Air Force {{!}} Jet Crashes {{!}} Pilot {{!}} Punjab|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=oneindia.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182658/https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=18 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> * <small>27</small> سيپٽمبر <small>2016</small>ع: هڪ <small>'''JF-17'''</small> جهاز [[عربي سمنڊ]] ۾ مشق "هاءِ مارڪ" دوران کري تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو ۽ کيس سمنڊ مان بچايو ويو. مارٽن-بيڪر، جي ايف-17 جي ايجيڪشن سيٽن جو ٺاهيندڙ، پوء ٽوئيٽ ڪيو ته 15 سيپٽمبر 2020ع جو حادثو جي ايف-17 مان پهريون ايجيڪشن هو.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2016|title=JF-17 crashes into Arabian Sea|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162416/https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * 15 سيپٽمبر 2020ع: هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 جهاز پنڊي گهيب، ضلعي اٽڪ، پنجاب جي ويجهو معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=15 September 2020|title=PAF aircraft crashes in Attock during routine training, pilot ejects safely|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|access-date=15 September 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916183607/https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ زمين تي به ڪنهن جاني نقصان جي اطلاع نه ملي. جڏهن ته پي اي ايف جهاز جي سڃاڻپ نه ڪئي، مارٽن-بيڪر، جن جون سيٽون جي ايف-17 ۾ نصب ٿيل آهن، هڪ ٽوئيٽر پوسٽ ۾ چيو ته، "پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو هڪ جي ايف-17 جهاز اڄ صبح معمول جي تربيتي مشن دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Jet Crashes, Pilot Ejects|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|access-date=15 September 2020|website=defenseworld.net|date=15 September 2020|archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917084418/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref>.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * 6 آگسٽ 2021ع: هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بي بلاڪ 2 جهاز ضلعي اٽڪ، پنجاب ۾ معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. ٻئي پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويا ۽ زمين تي ڪنهن به جاني نقصان جي اطلاع نه ملي.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=6 August 2021|title=PAF jet crashes during routine training mission near Attock|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|access-date=9 August 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145129/https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin-Baker|date=9 August 2021|title=A Pakistan Air Force JF-17B aircraft crashed late last week on a training mission near Attock. Both aircrew ejected successfully from the twin seat aircraft using PK16LE Ejection Seats.|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811113709/https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News & Events|url=https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815093830/https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|archive-date=15 August 2021|access-date=15 August 2021|website=Martin-Baker|language=en-US}}</ref> * 5 جون 2024ع: پنجاب جي ضلعي جهنگ ۾ هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 2 جهاز معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. ٻڌايو پيو وڃي ته اهو جنگي جهاز نمبر 14 اسڪواڊرن "ٽيل چوپرز" جو حصو هو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو. حادثي جي رپورٽ جهاز جي ايجيڪشن سيٽ ٺاهيندڙ، مارٽن بيڪر پاران ڏني وئي هئي.<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/389360</ref> ==بيان ڪيل خاصيتون== پاڪستان ايروونٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس مارڪيٽنگ بروشر ۽ سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ مان ڊيٽا. ===عام خاصيتون=== * عملو: 1 (سنگل سيٽ JF-17A/C) يا 2 (ڊبل سيٽ JF-17B) * ڊگھائي: 14.326 ميٽر (47 فوٽ 0 انچ) * پرن جو دائرو: 9.44 ميٽر (31 فوٽ 0 انچ) * اوچائي: 4.57 ميٽر (15 فوٽ 0 انچ) * پرن جو علائقو: 24.43 چورس ميٽر (263.0 چورس فوٽ) * خالي وزن: 7,965 ڪلوگرام (17,560 پائونڊ) * وڌ ۾ وڌ ٽيڪ آف وزن: 13,500 ڪلوگرام (29,762 پائونڊ) * ايندھن جي گنجائش: ** اندروني: 3,000 ليٽر (2,449 ڪلوگرام)؛ ** ٻاهرين (3 ڊراپ ٽينڪ): 1 × 800 ليٽر (180 امپ گيل) *** پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ؛ 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) *** انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ * پاور پلانٽ: 1 × ڪليموف RD-93MA آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين (91.2 kN (20,500 lbf) ٿرسٽ آفٽر برنر سان) FDEEC سان (پوئين انجن: 1 x ڪليموف RD-93 آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين (84.4 kN (18,974 lbf) ٿرسٽ آفٽر برنر سان) # ===ڪارڪردگي=== * وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار: 1,910 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (1,190 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 1,030 kn) * وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار: ماخ 1.8 (Mach 1.8) * ڪروز جي رفتار: 1,359 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (844 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 734 kn) * اسٽال جي رفتار: 150 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (93 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 81 kn) * جنگي رينج: ** اندروني ايندھن تي 900 ڪلوميٽر (560 ميل، 490 ناٽيڪل ميل) ** ڊراپ ٽينڪن سان 1,741 ڪلوميٽر (1,082 ميل، 940 ناٽيڪل ميل) * فيري رينج: ** اندروني ايندھن تي 1,800 ڪلوميٽر (1,100 ميل، 970 ناٽيڪل ميل). ** ڊراپ ٽينڪن سان 3,482 ڪلوميٽر (2,163 ميل، 1,880 ناٽيڪل ميل) * سروس جي حد: 16,916 ميٽر (55,500 فوٽ) * ڪشش ثقل g حدون: +8/-3 (فلائيٽ ڪنٽرول سسٽم پاران محدود) * چڙهڻ جي شرح: 300 ميٽر/سيڪنڊ (59,000 فوٽ/منٽ) * زور: RD-93 سان 1.07. # ===هٿيار=== * توپون: 1 × 23 ملي ميٽر GSh-23 ٽوئن بيرل توپ * هارڊ پوائنٽس: 8 (2 × ونگ ٽِپ، 4 × انڊر-ونگ، 1 × انڊر-فيوزليج، 1 × چن) هر انڊر-ونگ هارڊ پوائنٽ تي ڊبل ايجيڪٽر ريڪ جي گنجائش سان. * پي لوڊ: 3,400 ڪلوگرام (7,500 پائونڊ) ===ميزائل=== * هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ ميزائل: ** PL-5EII — (انفراريڊ-هومنگ شارٽ رينج ميزائل) ** PL-10E — (انفراريڊ-هومنگ شارٽ رينج ميزائل) ** R-Darter — (ريڊار-هومنگ بيونڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) ** PL-12 (SD-10A) — (ريڊار-هائيڊڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) ** PL-15/PL-15E — (ريڊار-هائيڊڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) * هوا کان مٿاڇري تي مار ڪندڙ ميزائل: ** CM-102 — (اينٽي ريڊيئيشن ميزائل) ** LD-10 — (تابڪاري مخالف ميزائل) ** MAR-1 — (تابڪاري مخالف ميزائل) ** رعد-II — (سبسونڪ زميني حملو/اينٽي شپ ڪروز ميزائل) ** CM-400AKG — (سپرسونڪ ڊگهي فاصلي وارو هوا کان مٿاڇري تي مار ڪندڙ ميزائل) * اينٽي شپ ميزائل ** C-601 — (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** سي-705 ڪي ڊي - (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** سي-802 اي ڪي - (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** رعد-II - (سبسونڪ لينڊ اٽيڪ/اينٽي شپ ڪروز ميزائل) ** سي ايم-400 اي ڪي جي - (سپرسونڪ ڊگھي فاصلي وارو اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ===بم=== * غير هدايت ٿيل بم: ** 250 ڪلوگرام - پري ٽڪڙا ٿيل بم ** ايم ڪي-82 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** ايم ڪي-83 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** ايم ڪي-84 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** HAFR-1/HAFR-2 - (اينٽي رن وي بم) ** RPB-1 - (اينٽي رن وي بم) * گائيڊ ٿيل بم: ** GBU-10 - (ليزر گائيڊ ٿيل بم) ** GBU-12 - (ليزر گائيڊ ٿيل بم) ** GBU-16 - (ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** LT-2 — (ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** H-2 SOW — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ گلائيڊ بم) ** H-4 SOW — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ گلائيڊ بم) ** GB-6 — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ اسٽيلٿ گلائيڊ بم) ** NORINCO GB-250A — (250 ڪلوگرام ايڪسٽينڊڊ رينج GPS/INS-گائيڊڊ بم) ** CS/BBF1 — (فيول ايئر ايڪسپلوسو (FAE) يا ٿرموبارڪ بم) ** SCP-5 — (بنڪر بسٽر بم) ** NORINCO GB-500 — (500 ڪلوگرام ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** LS-6 — (وڌايل رينج GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ** GIDS تڪبير — (GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ** GIDS رينج ايڪسٽينشن ڪٽ — (GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ===ايويونڪس=== * ريڊار: ** KLJ-7A ايڪٽو اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (AESA) ** فائر ڪنٽرول ريڊار (FCR) * ريڊار وارننگ رسيور (RWR): ** 1 × BM/KJ-8602A * ميزائل اپروچ وارننگ سسٽم (MAWS): ** 4 × S740 شناخت دوست يا دشمن (IFF) * سسٽم: JZ/YD 125 * ڊيٽا بس: ٽيڪٽيڪل ڊيٽا لنڪ: لنڪ-17 * ٻيا: ** ٻاهرين پوڊ: *** Aselsan ASELPOD — ايڊوانسڊ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ (اليڪٽرو-آپٽيڪل ريڪنيسنس، نگراني ۽ ٽارگيٽنگ سسٽم) WMD-7 — FLIR *** ڊي/نائيٽ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ KG600/KG700 — ايئر بورن اليڪٽرانڪ ڪائونٽر ميجر (ECM) / سيلف پروٽيڪشن **جامنگ پوڊ *** اندرا سسٽم ALQ-500P — ESM/ECM پوڊ * مقابلي جا طريقا: ** چاف/فليئر ڊسپينسر ACMI: *** SDT ACMI سسٽم ** ايجڪشن سيٽ: *** مارٽن-بيڪر PK16LE صفر-صفر ايجڪشن سيٽ ** ٻاهرين ايندھن جا ٽينڪ: *** وڌايل رينج/لوٽرنگ وقت لاءِ 3 ٻاهرين ڊراپ ٽينڪ تائين: **** 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ **** 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|پاڪستان|چين|هوابازي}} * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جنگي جهازن جي فهرست ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Bibliography=== * {{Cite book |last1=Medeiros |first1=Evan S |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf |title=A New Direction for China's Defense Industry |last2=Cliff |first2=Roger |last3=Crane |first3=Keith |last4=Mulvenon |first4=James C |date=2005 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] Project Air Force |isbn=978-0-8330-4079-4 |language=en |oclc=69995886}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906183937/http://www.cac.com.cn/product/product_display.aspx?id=1 Archived Factsheet FC-1 on Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) website] * [http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 Factsheet JF-17 on Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jf-17 Thunder}} [[زمرو:JF-17 ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا جنگي هٿيار]] [[زمرو:سپر سونڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سنگل انجن وارو جيٽ جهاز]] [[زمرو:چين-پاڪستان فوجي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:وچين ونگ وارا هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:چوٿين نسل جي جيٽ ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] [[زمرو:پهريون ڀيرو 2003 ۾ اڏامندڙ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس پاران تيار ڪيل ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:واپس وٺڻ واري ٽرائي سائيڪل لينڊنگ گيئر سان هوائي جهاز]] 10d65vb1rvghinh9c9o6yphx49ohczj 371083 371053 2026-04-12T10:31:51Z Memon2025 21315 /* تجرباتي قسمون */ 371083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sino-Pakistani multirole fighter aircraft}} {{Infobox settlement | name = جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر<br> JF-17 Thunder | image = File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg | caption = پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر بلاڪ 1 | type = سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز | national_origin = | manufacturer = | first_flight = | introduction = | retired = | status = | primary_user = | more_users = | produced = | number_built = | developed_from = |other_name=ايف سي-1 شياؤ لونگ<br> FC-1 Xiaolong|subdivision_type=قومي اصل ملڪ|subdivision_type1=ٺاهيندڙ|subdivision_type2=پيداوار|subdivision_type3=تعمير ٿيل تعداد|subdivision_type4=تعارف|subdivision_name4=12 مارچ 2007ع|subdivision_type5=پهرين پرواز|subdivision_name5=25 آگسٽ 2003ع|subdivision_type6=حالت|subdivision_name6=سروس ۾|established_title=بنيادي استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date=[[پاڪستان ائيرفورس]]|established_title1=ٻيو استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date1={{ubl |[[ميانمار ايئر فورس]] |[[نائيجيريا ايئر فورس]] |[[آذربائيجاني ايئر فورسز]] }}|established_title2=دلچسپي رکندڙ ملڪ|established_date2=[[بنگلاديش]]، [[انڊونيشيا]]، [[سعودي عرب]]|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=|established_date5=|established_title6=|established_date6=|established_title7=|established_date7=|extinct_title=|extinct_date=|subdivision_name=[[پاڪستان]] / [[چين]]|subdivision_name1=[[پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] / [[چينگڊو ايئر ڪرافٽ انڊسٽري گروپ]]|subdivision_name2=چين ۾: جون 2007ع<br />پاڪستان ۾: جنوري 2008ع|subdivision_name3=182 (اضافي 6 پروٽوٽائپ)}} '''جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر''' (JF-17 Thunder؛ اردو: جے ایف-۱۷ گرج) هڪ چين-پاڪستاني سنگل انجن وارو هلڪو وزن وارو سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز آهي جيڪو [[پاڪستان]] جي [[پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] (<small>PAC</small>) ۽ [[چين]] جي چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ ڪارپوريشن (<small>CAC</small>) پاران گڏيل طور تي تيار ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|website=www.pac.org.pk|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712224651/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|url-status=live}}</ref> اهو چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر آهي ۽ [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] (<small>PAF</small>) ۾ ٽئين نسل جي <small>'''اي-5'''</small> <small>'''سي، ايف-7 پي/پي جي'''</small>، ميراج <small>III</small> ۽ ميراج <small>5</small> جنگي جهاز جي متبادل طور تي ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. <ref name=":92">{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan|title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan|date=26 September 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|title=Pakistan's tool of war: PAF's rolling thunder|first=Ali|last=Osman|date=17 December 2015|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003037/https://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''جي ايف-17'''</small> کي ڪيترن ئي ڪردارن لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جنهن ۾ فضائي دفاع، زميني حملو، اينٽي شپ ۽ فضائي جاچ شامل آهن. پاڪستاني نالو "جي ايف-17" جو مطلب آهي "جوائنٽ فائٽر-17"، جن ۾ "جوائنٽ فائٽر" جهاز جي گڏيل پاڪستاني-چيني ترقي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو ۽ "-17" جو مطلب آهي ته اهو آمريڪي [[ايف-16 جيٽ]] جو جانشين آهي. چيني نالي "ايف سي-1" جو مطلب آهي "فائٽر چائنا-1". جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر مختلف قسم جا هٿيار استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو, جنهن ۾ هوا کان هوا، هوا کان مٿاڇري ۽ اينٽي شپ ميزائل شامل آهن. گائيڊڊ ۽ ان گائيڊڊ بم. ۽ 23-ايم ايم جي ايس ايڇ-23-2 ٽوئن بيرل آٽو ڪينن. چيني گيزو ڊبليو ايس-13 يا روسي ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 ۽ 2) يا ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 ايم اي (<small>'''جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 3'''</small>) آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين انجن ذريعي طاقتور. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار <small>'''ماخ 1.6'''</small> آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-032">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''جي ايف-17'''</small> پاڪستان ايرفورس جي ريڙهه ۽ ڪم جو هارس آهي. تقريبن اڌ قيمت تي ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن کي پورو ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002224809/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> بلاڪ II قسم جي قيمت 25 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-033">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي 2007 ۾ پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو هو.[[File:Pakistan JF-17 Thunder, Pakistan - Air Force JP7136023.jpg|thumb|انفراريڊ هومنگ - هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ - [[پي ايل-5 ميزائل|PL-5 ميزائل]] سان ليس - پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو JF-17 ]] <small>'''JF-17'''</small> ايئر فريم جو <small>'''%58'''</small>، جنهن ۾ ان جو فرنٽ فيوزليج، ونگز ۽ عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل آهن، پاڪستان ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته <small>'''42'''</small> سيڪڙو چين ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي آخري اسيمبلي ۽ سيريل پيداوار پاڪستان ۾ ٿيندي آهي.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2015ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان 16 JF-17s پيدا ڪيا.<ref name="The Express Tribune2">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، PAC وٽ هر سال 20 JF-17s پيدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت آهي. اپريل <small>2017ع</small> تائين، PAC PAF لاءِ 70 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ۽ 33 بلاڪ 2 جهاز تيار ڪيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220025305/http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="quwa.org2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex delivered 70 JF-17S to the Pakistan Air Force|url=http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609031529/http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-II production crosses 30 planes|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507071327/http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس جا JF-17 ٿنڊر <small>'''19,000'''</small> کان وڌيڪ آپريشنل پرواز گڏ ڪري چڪا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Two-Seat Variant of China-Pakistan JF-17 Fighter Jet to Fly in 2016|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060126/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016|archive-date=9 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾، پي اي سي/سي اي سي هڪ ٻٽي سيٽ واري قسم کي ترقي ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو جن کي بهتر آپريشنل صلاحيت، ڪنورشن ٽريننگ ۽ ليڊ ان فائٽر ٽريننگ لاءِ <small>'''JF-17B'''</small> جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|title=Pakistan, China jointly launch production of JF-17B fighter jets|date=28 April 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155526/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>JF-17B</small> بلاڪ 2 قسم <small>2018ع</small> ۾ پي اي سي ۾ سيريل پيداوار ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> تائين <small>'''26'''</small> جهاز پي اي ايف کي پهچايا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|title=PAC Kamra rolls out final 14 JF-17B fighters for Pakistan Air Force|website=Janes.com|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111103242/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان ايئر فورس هڪ فعال اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (<small>AESA</small>) ريڊار، هڪ وڌيڪ طاقتور روسي ڪليموف <small>RD-93MA</small> انجن، هڪ وڏو ۽ وڌيڪ ترقي يافته وائڊ اينگل هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي (<small>HUD</small>)، اليڪٽرانڪ جوابي ماپ، هڪ اضافي هارڊ پوائنٽ، ۽ بهتر هٿيارن جي صلاحيت سان جهاز جي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته بلاڪ 3 ورزن جي سيريل پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref name="auto52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 جهازن فوجي ڪارروائي ڪئي آهي، هوائي کان هوائي ۽ هوائي کان زمين تي، جنهن ۾ سال <small>2014</small>ع ۽ <small>2017ع</small> ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن دوران پاڪستان-افغانستان سرحد جي ويجهو اتر وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردن جي جڳهن تي بمباري ڪرڻ، <ref>{{cite news|title=Fighter jets bomb militant hideouts in North Waziristan after Taliban attacks|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031322/https://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA3">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> هدايت يافته ۽ غير هدايت يافته (guided) هٿيارن جو استعمال ڪرڻ، سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾ بلوچستان ۾ پاڪستان-ايران حد جي ويجهو هڪ مداخلت ڪندڙ ايراني فوجي ڊرون کي ڪيرائڻ، <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|title=Iranian drone shot down by PAF, confirms FO|date=21 June 2017|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072512/https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2019ع</small> ۾ جمو ۽ ڪشمير جي هوائي حملي ۽ هندستان ۽ پاڪستان جي وچ ۾ هوائي جهڙپن دوران آپريشن سوئفٽ ريٽورٽ ۾<ref name="auto82">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ <small>2024ع</small> ۾ آپريشن مارگ بر سرمچار دوران، جن ۾ پاڪستان ايران جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي]] اندر بلوچ عليحدگي پسند گروپن کي نشانو بڻائي هوائي ۽ توپخاني جي حملي جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو. مارچ ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2024ع</small> ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-<small>'''17'''</small> جهازن کي [[افغانستان]] اندر پاڪستاني طالبان جي ٺڪاڻن خلاف سرحد پار هوائي حملي ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Abid|title=Pakistan air strikes in Afghanistan spark Taliban warning of retaliation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/25/pakistan-air-strikes-in-afghanistan-spark-taliban-warning-of-retaliation|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> [[نائيجيريا]] جي هوائي فوج (<small>NAF</small>) جي ايف-17 جهازن نائيجيريا ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف ۽ بغاوت مخالف آپريشن ۾ فوجي ڪارروائي ڏٺي آهي.<ref name="auto22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> [[ميانمار]] جي فوج پڻ مختلف باغي گروپن خلاف پنهنجي <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي بار بار تعينات ڪيو آهي. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Anthony|date=11 January 2023|title=Myanmar Air Force fiercely gunning to win the war|url=https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/myanmar-air-force-fiercely-gunning-to-win-the-war/|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref> مئي <small>2025ع</small> جي هندستان-پاڪستان تڪرار دوران، پي اي ايف <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي هوا کان هوا ۽ هوا کان زمين تي ٻنهي ڪردارن ۾ جنگ ۾ تعينات ڪيو.<ref name="auto14">{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know | title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know }}</ref><ref name="auto16">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1w3dln352vo | title=Kashmir: How China benefited from India-Pakistan hostilities | date=19 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/09/china/china-military-tech-pakistan-india-conflict-intl-hnk | title=China has spent billions developing military tech. Conflict between India and Pakistan could be its first major test | date=9 May 2025 }}</ref> ==ترقي== === پس منظر === جي ايف-17 کي بنيادي طور تي پي اي ايف جي هڪ سستي، غير منظور ٿيل، چوٿين نسل جي، هلڪي وزن واري، گھڻ-رول جنگي جهاز جي ضرورت کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Aviation Week]]|title=Pakistan expands fighter force|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awst/2010/12/20/AW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|date=22 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105212255/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fawst%2F2010%2F12%2F20%2FAW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|archive-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> ته جيئن ٽئين نسل جي نانچانگ اي-5 سي بمبارن، چينگدو ايف-7 پي/پي جي انٽرسيپٽرز، ميراج III ملٽي-رول جنگي جهاز ۽ ميراج 5 اسٽرائڪ جهاز جي وڏي بيڙي جي متبادل طور تي، جنهن جي قيمت 500 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي جيڪا پاڪستان ۽ چين جي وچ ۾ برابر ورهايل هئي. <ref name="fighter-planes.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|title=Joint Fighter-17 (JF-17) Thunder|publisher=Fighter Planes|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901205431/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|archive-date=1 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> جهاز جو مقصد وڌيڪ مهانگو مغربي ويڙهاڪن جي قيمت-مؤثر ۽ مقابلي واري متبادل جي طور تي برآمد جي صلاحيت پڻ هئي. هن جهاز جي ترقي يانگ وي جي سربراهي ۾ هئي، جنهن کي چين جو "ايس ڊيزائنر" سمجهيو ويندو هو، جنهن چينگدو جي-20 پڻ ٺاهيو.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|journal=International Relations and Security Network|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005150/http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سال 1989ع تائين، آمريڪا جي اقتصادي پابندين جي ڪري، پاڪستان پروجيڪٽ سيبر II کي ڇڏي ڏنو هو، هڪ ڊيزائن اسٽڊي جنهن ۾ آمريڪي جهاز ٺاهيندڙ گرومن ۽ چين شامل هئا، ۽ چينگدو ايف-7 کي ٻيهر ڊزائين ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو هو. <ref name="Pakistan considers new fighter plan2">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Considers new Fighter Plan|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14–20 March 1990|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II|access-date=18 October 2009|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021154725/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II}}</ref> سال1988ع ۾، چين ۽ گرومن سپر 7 جو نو مهينن جو ابتدائي ڊيزائن مطالعو ڪيو، جيڪو چينگدو ايف-7 جو اپ گريڊ هو.<ref name="Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms2">{{cite web|title=Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|date=26 November 1988|work=Flight International|access-date=15 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021140123/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> سال 1989ع جي تيانانمن اسڪوائر احتجاج جي سياسي نتيجي کان پوءِ جڏهن چين تي پابنديون لڳايون ويون ته گرومن منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو. گرومن جي چينگدو سپر 7 منصوبي کي ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ، منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو ويو ۽، ان جي جاءِ تي، فائٽر چائنا-1 (ايف سي-1) منصوبو 1991ع ۾ شروع ڪيو ويو. سال <small>1995</small>ع ۾، پاڪستان ۽ چين هڪ نئين فائٽر جي گڏيل ڊيزائن ۽ ترقي لاءِ هڪ مفاهمت جي ياداشت (MoU) تي دستخط ڪيا ۽ ايندڙ ڪجهه سالن ۾ منصوبي جي تفصيلن تي ڪم ڪيو. جون 1995ع ۾، ميڪوئان "ڊيزائن سپورٽ" مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ منصوبي ۾ شامل ٿيو، ان ۾ سي اي سي پاران ڪيترن ئي انجنيئرن جي سيڪنڊمينٽ پڻ شامل هئي.<ref name="21 June 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Mikoyan joins Chengdu on fighter|work=[[Flight International]]|date=21 June 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212115/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> === ايف سي-1 منصوبي جو آغاز === [[File:Pakistan Air Force Pakistan JF-17 Thunder Bidini-1.jpg|thumb|left|<small>2011</small> جي ازمير ايئر شو لاءِ ازمير ترڪي ۾ هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1]] آڪٽوبر <small>1995</small> ۾ رپورٽ موجب سال جي آخر تائين پاڪستان کي ايف سي-1 جي ايويونڪس فراهم ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي ضم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ڪمپني چونڊڻي هئي جنهن جي <small>1999</small> تائين پيداوار شروع ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. چيو ويندو هو ته ايويونڪس ۾ ريڊار، انرٽيل نيويگيشن سسٽم، هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي ۽ ملٽي فنڪشن ڊسپلي شامل آهن. مقابلي واريون بوليون ٿامسن-سي ايس ايف کان ريڊار ڊاپلر ملٽي ٽارگيٽ (<small>RDY</small>) جي هڪ قسم <small>SAGEM</small> <small>ROSE</small> اپ گريڊ پروجيڪٽ ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ ساڳي ايويونڪس پيڪيج ۽ مارڪوني اليڪٽرانڪ سسٽم ان جي بليو هاڪ ريڊار سان آيون. ڪمپني جي پي اي ايف سان لاڳاپن جي ڪري <small>FIAR</small> جي (هاڻي <small>SELEX</small> گيليلو) گريفو <small>S7</small> ريڊار جي چونڊ ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. <ref name="18 October 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Pakistan nears FC-1 avionics decision|work=[[Flight International]]|date=18 October 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725044013/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> فيبروري <small>1998</small> ۾ پاڪستان ۽ چين ايئر فريم ڊولپمينٽ کي ڍڪڻ واري ارادي جي خط تي دستخط ڪيا. روس جي ڪليموف فائٽر کي طاقت ڏيڻ لاءِ <small>RD-33</small> ٽربوفين انجن جو هڪ قسم پيش ڪيو. <ref name="04/03/98 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=China/Pakistan signal intent to resume FC-1 development work|work=[[Flight International]]|date=4 March 1998|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725051043/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/|url-status=live|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> اپريل <small>1999</small> ۾ ڏکڻ آفريڪا جي ڊينيل سپر 7, اڳ ۾ رپورٽ ٿيل آر-ڊارٽر جي بدران, کي ٽي-ڊارٽر بيونڊ-ويزوئل-رينج (<small>BVR</small>) ايئر-ٽو-ايئر ميزائل (<small>AAM</small>) سان هٿياربند ڪرڻ جي آڇ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/|title=Denel proposes advanced Darter derivatives|last=Lewis|first=Paul|date=28 April 1999|work=Flight International|access-date=31 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725033628/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> اڳ ۾ <small>1987</small> ۾ پراٽ ۽ وٽني سپر-<small>7</small> منصوبي کي چين يا پاڪستان ۾ مقامي پيداوار سان ٽي انجن آپشن؛ <small>PW1212</small>، <small>F404</small> ۽ <small>PW1216</small> پيش ڪيا. رولز رائس پنهنجو <small>RB199-127/128</small> ٽربوفين انجن پيش ڪيو. هي منصوبو <small>1989</small> ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|title=FC-1 JF-17 western engine options|date=15 June 2012|work=Air Force World|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042701/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> جون <small>1999</small> ۾ چينگدو <small>FC-1/سپر 7</small> کي گڏيل طور تي ترقي ۽ پيداوار جو معاهدو دستخط ڪيو ويو. <small>GEC</small>-مارڪوني پاران هڪ مربوط ايويونڪس سوٽ فراهم ڪرڻ لاءِ بولي کي ڇڏي ڏيڻ کان پوءِ <small>FIAR</small> ۽ <small>Thomson-CSF</small> ترتيب وار <small>Grifo S7</small> ۽ <small>RC400</small> ريڊار تي ٻڌل ڪيترائي ايويونڪس سوئيٽ تجويز ڪيا. جيتوڻيڪ اڳ ۾ اميد هئي ته <small>PAF</small> جي سپر 7 کي پنهنجي نئين بليو هاڪ ريڊار لانچ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو.<ref name="14 July 1999 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=China and Pakistan agree on Super 7 fighter development work|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14 July 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526190707/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> <ref name="23 June 1999 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Marconi abandons FC-1 fighter bid|work=[[Flight International]]|date=23 July 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526184233/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> ملڪ جي <small>1998</small> جي ايٽمي هٿيارن جي تجربن کان پوءِ پاڪستان تي پابندين جي ڪري ايندڙ <small>18</small> مهينن دوران ڊيزائن جو ڪم تمام سست رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌيو. <small>PAF</small> کي مغربي ايويونڪس جي ترسيل کي روڪيو ويو. <small>2001</small> جي شروعات ۾ <small>PAF</small> جو فيصلو جهاز تي ڊيزائن جي ڪم کي جاري رکڻ جي قابل بڻايو ته ايئر فريم کي ايويونڪس کان ڌار ڪيو وڃي جيئن ته ايئر فريم ترقي ڪئي وئي <small>PAF</small> پاران ڪنهن به نئين ايويونڪس گهرجن کي ايئر فريم ۾ وڌيڪ آساني سان ضم ڪري سگهجي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20042">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> پروٽوٽائپ جي پيداوار سيپٽمبر 2002 ۾ شروع ٿي. نومبر 2002 ۾ ايئر شو چائنا ۾ FC-1/Super 7 جو هڪ مڪمل سائيز جو ميڪ اپ ڏيکاريو ويو.<ref name="12/11/02 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Airshow China&nbsp;– FC-1 mock-up revealed|work=[[Flight International]]|date=12 November 2002|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021150219/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/|url-status=live|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> ڪليموف <small>RD-93</small> ٽربوفين انجن جو پهريون بيچ جيڪو پروٽوٽائپ کي طاقت ڏيندو هو، <small>2002</small> ۾ پڻ پهچايو ويو.<ref name="Janes2">{{cite web|title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong|work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> چائنا نيشنل ايرو-ٽيڪنالاجي امپورٽ اينڊ ايڪسپورٽ ڪارپوريشن (<small>CATIC</small>) جي هڪ آفيسر جي مطابق, <small>JF-17</small> جي گهٽ قيمت ڪجهه آن بورڊ سسٽم جي ڪري آهي جيڪا چينگدو J-10 جي سسٽم مان ترتيب ڏنل آهن. آفيسر چيو ته، "ٽيڪنالاجي جي منتقلي (جي-10 کان جي ايف-17 ڏانهن هوائي جهاز جي نظام کي منتقل ڪرڻ) JF-17 کي تمام گهڻو قيمتي بڻائي ٿو".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese Jets Today at Bygone Price|url=http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1|date=23 November 2010|work=AviationWeek.com|publisher=Viadeo|access-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1|archive-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> <ref name="JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price2">{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|title=JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price|date=18 November 2010|work=[[Aviation Week]]|access-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ٺهيل ڊيزائن سافٽ ويئر جي استعمال <small>JF-17</small> جي ڊيزائن جي مرحلي کي مختصر ڪري ڇڏيو.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher|first=Richard Jr.|title=China's Aviation Sector: Building Toward World Class Capabilities|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=27 May 2010|date=20 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531214709/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=31 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> === پرواز جي جاچ ۽ ٻيهر ڊيزائننگ === پهريون پروٽوٽائپ (<small>PT-01</small>) <small>31</small> مئي <small>2003</small>ع تي رول آئوٽ ڪيو ويو<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com2">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ۽ چينگدو فلائيٽ ٽيسٽ سينٽر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو، جئين ته پهرين پرواز لاءِ تيار ڪيو وڃي. اهو شروعاتي طور تي جون ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ جو منصوبو هو. پر [[سارس ڪووي 2|سارس وائرس]] جي وبا جي خدشن جي ڪري ان ۾ دير ٿي وئي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20043">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> <ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com3">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> هن نقطي جي چوڌاري، نالي "<small>'''سپر-7'''</small>" کي "<small>'''JF-17'''</small>" (<small>جوائنٽ فائٽر-17</small>) سان تبديل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> 27 جون 2003ع تي چينگدو جي وينجيانگ ايئرپورٽ تي گهٽ رفتار واري ٽيڪسي جي آزمائش شروع ٿي.<ref name="Janes3">{{cite web|title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong|work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> پهرين پرواز آگسٽ <small>2003</small>ع جي آخر ۾، <ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com3">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> <ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter flies|work=[[Flight International]]|date=9 September 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143119/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ۽ پروٽوٽائپ جي سرڪاري پهرين پرواز سيپٽمبر جي شروعات ۾ ٿي. پروٽوٽائپ کي پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي نئين نامزدگي <small>'''JF-17'''</small> سان نشان لڳايو ويو.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20044">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> مارچ <small>2004</small>ع تائين، <small>'''سي اي سي'''</small> پهرين پروٽوٽائپ جون لڳ ڀڳ <small>20</small> ٽيسٽ پروازون ٿيون.<ref name="23 March 2004 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Flight testing the FC-1/JF-17|work=[[Flight International]]|date=23 March 2004|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102181806/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/|archive-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> 7 اپريل <small>2004</small>ع تي، پي اي ايف جي ٽيسٽ پائلٽ، راشد حبيب ۽ محمد احسان الحق پهريون ڀيرو <small>'''پي ٽي-01'''</small> پروٽوٽائپ اڏايو. ٽئين پروٽوٽائپ (<small>PT-03</small>) جي پهرين پرواز <small>9</small> اپريل <small>2004</small>ع تي ٿي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20045">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> مارچ 2004ع تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200 JF-17 جهاز شامل ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|title=PAC readies for assembly ramp up|work=Flight International|access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003434/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Model of JF-17 on display with two SD-10 and four PL-5E missiles mounted on wings.jpg|thumb|چين ۾ نمائش ۾ JF-17 ٿنڊر جو ماڊل]] ٽئين پروٽوٽائپ کان پوءِ، ڊيزائن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي بهتريون تيار ڪيون ويون ۽ وڌيڪ جهازن ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون. <small>'''RD-93'''</small> انجن پاران گهڻي دونھين جي اخراج جي ڪري، انجن ۾ هوا جي انٽيڪ کي وڌايو ويو. ٽيسٽنگ ۾ مليل ڪنٽرول مسئلن جي نتيجي ۾ ونگ ليڊنگ ايج روٽ ايڪسٽينشن (LERX) ۾ تبديليون آندي ويون. <ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com4">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> عمودي ٽيل فن کي ٽپ ۾ هڪ وڌايل اليڪٽرانڪ وارفيئر سامان رکڻ لاءِ وڌايو ويو.<ref name="Jane's Sino-Pakistani fighter improved2">{{citation|first=Robert|last=Hewson|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter improved|work=[[Jane's Information Group]]|url=http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002942/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml|archive-date=28 February 2007}}</ref> ٻيهر ڊزائين ڪيل جهاز ۾ وڌ ۾ وڌ ٽيڪ آف وزن ٿورو وڌي ويو هو ۽ چيني ذريعن کان حاصل ڪيل ايونڪس جي وڌندڙ مقدار کي شامل ڪيو ويو. تنهن هوندي به پاڪستان ايئر فورس پنهنجي جهاز لاءِ مغربي ايونڪس چونڊيو. سال <small>2005</small>ع جي آخر کان <small>2007</small>ع تائين پاڪستان ايئر فورس جهازن جي ترسيل کي ملتوي ڪيو. پاڪستان برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ اطالوي ايونڪس سوئٽس جو جائزو ورتو. جنهن جي فاتح جي 2006ع ۾ حتمي شڪل ڏيڻ جي اميد هئي.<ref name="27 September 2005 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Test flaws prompt rethink on China's FC-1 light fighter look|work=[[Flight International]]|date=27 September 2005|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624173043/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html|archive-date=24 June 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''PT-04'''</small>، چوٿون پروٽوٽائپ ۽ ڊيزائن تبديلين کي شامل ڪرڻ وارو پهريون، اپريل 2006ع ۾ رول آئوٽ ڪيو ويو ۽ 28 اپريل 2006ع تي پنهنجي پهرين پرواز ڪئي.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Graham|last=Warwick|title=Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets|work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/|url-status=live|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 20062">{{citation|title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]]|date=17 May 2006|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm|access-date=25 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm|archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref>.<ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 2006">{{citation |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm |access-date=25 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm | archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622681).jpg|thumb|JF-17 and their DSI air intakes.]] The modified air intakes replaced conventional intake ramps{{mdash}}whose function is to divert turbulent [[boundary layer]] airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the engine{{mdash}}with a [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] (DSI) design.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Graham |last=Warwick |title= Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets |work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |url-status=live | archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> The DSI uses a combination of forward-swept inlet cowls and a three-dimensional compression surface to divert the boundary layer airflow at high sub-sonic and supersonic speeds. According to [[Lockheed Martin]], the DSI design prevents most of the boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to two times the [[speed of sound]], reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms,<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Hehs |title=JSF Diverterless Supersonic Inlet |work=Code One magazine |date=July 2000 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124032509/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html | archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref> and is [[stealth technology|stealthier]] than a conventional intake.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> In 1999, developmental work on the DSI with the aim of improving aircraft performance commenced. The JF-17 design was finalised in 2001.<ref name="APP">{{cite news|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |title=50th indigenously produced JF-17 Thunder rolls-out at PAC Kamra |work=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115146/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Multiple models underwent wind tunnel tests; it was found that the DSI reduced weight, cost, and complexity while improving performance.<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI"/> For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing, PT-04 was fitted with a fourth-generation avionics suite that incorporates [[sensor fusion]], an electronic warfare suite, enhanced man-machine interface, [[FADEC|Digital Electronic Engine Control]] (DEEC) for the RD-93 turbofan engine, FBW flight controls, day/night precision surface attack capability, and multi-mode, pulse-Doppler radar for BVR air-to-air attack capability.<ref name="PakTribune1">{{citation|title=4th Prototype JF-17 'Thunder' aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |work=PakTribune (Pakistani news website) |url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> The sixth prototype, PT-06, made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006.<ref name="cnair">{{citation |first=Hui |last=Tong |title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder |url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm |access-date=2 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm | archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Following a competition in 2008, [[Martin-Baker]] was selected over a Chinese firm for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx|title=JF-17 Signing|date=September 2008|work=Escape (newsletter)|publisher=Martin-Baker|page=1|access-date=9 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403190614/http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx | archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:13-143 JF-17 PAKISTAN AIR FORCE LBG (18888092161).jpg|thumb|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 at the [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Airport]], Paris, France for the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]] ]] On 2 March 2007, the first consignment of two small-batch-production (SBP) aircraft arrived in a dismantled state in Pakistan. They flew for the first time on 10 March 2007 and took part in a public aerial demonstration during a [[Pakistan Day]] parade on 23 March 2007. The PAF intended to induct 200 JF-17 by 2015 to replace all its Chengdu F-7, Nanchang A-5, and Dassault Mirage III/5 aircraft. In preparation for the [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] of JF-17s, the PAF has upgraded several Mirage IIIs with IFR probes for training purposes.<ref name = "The News, JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief">{{citation |first=Mayed |last=Ali |title = JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief | newspaper = [[The News International]]|date= 31 March 2007 | place = [[Pakistan|PK]] |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 | access-date =23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> A dual-seat, combat-capable trainer was originally scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2009 Pakistan reportedly decided to develop the training model into a specialised attack variant.<ref name="IASC Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow">{{citation |first= Richard Jr. |last= Fisher |title= Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow |publisher= International Assessment and Strategy Center (IASC) |date= 20 January 2008 |url= http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |access-date= 6 August 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715131717/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |archive-date= 15 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |title=Avic, Pakistan Working on JF-17 Two-Seater |last=Perrett |first=Bradley |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007185528/http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |archive-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref> In November 2007, the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluations of aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology (NRIET), and the LETRI [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] active radar homing AAM.<ref name="Jane's&nbsp;— Chinese, French weapons for JF-17">{{citation |first=Reuben F. |last=Johnson |title=Pakistan considers mix of Chinese, French weapons for its JF-17s |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164219/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, PAC began manufacturing JF-17 components; production of sub-assemblies commenced on 22 January 2008.<ref name="paf.gov.pk, Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra">{{citation |title=Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra |publisher=[[Pakistan Air Force]] }}</ref><ref name="Dawn.com, Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra">{{citation|first=Yaqoob |last=Malik |title=Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra |publisher=[[Dawn News]] |date=23 January 2008 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154912/http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The PAF was to receive a further six pre-production aircraft in 2005, for a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft. [[Initial operating capability]] was to be achieved by the end of 2008.<ref name = "Jane's, January 2008, JF-17 production commences">{{citation |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |title=JF-17 production commences |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=24 January 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606051629/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |archive-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Final assembly of the JF-17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009; PAC expected to complete production of four to six aircraft that year. They planned to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and fifteen to sixteen aircraft per year from 2011; this could increase to twenty-five aircraft per year.<ref name="01/07/09 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Siva | last = Govindasamy | title= Pakistan begins domestic final assembly of JF-17 |work= [[Flight International]] | date = 1 July 2009 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |access-date=23 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103224634/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> On 29 December 2015, PAC announced the rollout of the 16th JF-17 Thunder fighter manufactured in the calendar year 2015, taking total number of manufactured aircraft to more than 66. Later, a PAF spokesperson said that in light of the interest shown by various countries, it has been decided that production capacity of JF-17 Thunder at PAC Kamra will be expanded.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia signed an agreement in August 2007 for re-export of 150 RD-93 engines from China to Pakistan for the JF-17.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian engines will fly to Pakistan|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|newspaper=Kommersant|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154851/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the PAF reported it was not fully satisfied with the RD-93 engine and that it would only power the first 50 aircraft; it was alleged that arrangements for a new engine, reportedly the [[Snecma M53#Variants|Snecma M53-P2]], may have been made.<ref name="New engine, Snecma M53 - defensenews.com">{{cite news|title=100 Countries Expected To Attend IDEAS 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=22 November 2008 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172647/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 }}</ref> [[Mikhail Pogosyan]], head of the MiG and Sukhoi design bureaus, recommended the Russian defence export agency [[Rosoboronexport]] block RD-93 engine sales to China to prevent export competition from the JF-17 against the MiG-29.<ref>{{cite news|location=RU |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |title=Russian combat aircraft makers fear competition with China |agency=RIA Novosti |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727082025/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |archive-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |title=Russia's Iconic MiG and Sukhoi Fighters Enter Competition with Chinese Clones |work=[[Pravda]] |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709180639/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the 2010 [[Farnborough Airshow]], the JF-17 was displayed internationally for the first time; aerial displays at the show were intended but were cancelled due to a late attendance decision as well as licence and insurance costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive |title=Farnborough Debut Heralds JF-17 Export Drive |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=19 July 2010 |work=Defence News |access-date=25 May 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103041128/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive }}</ref> According to a Rosoboronexport official at the Airshow China 2010, held on 16–21 November 2005 in [[Zhuhai]], China, Russia and China had signed a contract worth $238 million for 100 RD-93 engines with options for another 400 engines developed for the FC-1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia to sell additional RD-93 jet engines to China |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |date=16 November 2010 |publisher=Rianovosti |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021164151/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> According to media reports, Pakistan planned to increase production of JF-17s by 25% in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan to boost JF-17 production by 25% in '16|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010628/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Further development=== [[File:PAK Kamra JF-17 Thunder at PAris Air Show, June 2019 (2).jpg|thumb|JF 17 Thunder in [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan Flag Livery]] at [[Paris Air Show]] ]] Pakistan negotiated with British and Italian defence firms regarding avionics and radars for the JF-17 development. Radar options include the Italian Galileo Avionica's Grifo S7,<ref name="Grifo">{{Citation |url=http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | type = datasheet | title = Selex | contribution = Italian Grifo family | publisher = Sensors and Airborne Systems| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325204544/http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> the French Thomson-CSF's RC400 (a variant of the [[RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget)|RDY-2]]),<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower"/> and the British company SELEX Galileo's Vixen 500E AESA radar.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari">{{citation | last =Ansari | first = Usman | title= Thunder Storm&nbsp;– Pakistan's hopes for the JF-17 Thunder fighter | work=Combat Aircraft magazine | volume = 8 |issue= 4 |url=http://usmanansari.com/id16.html |access-date=11 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907034554/http://usmanansari.com/id16.html | archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In 2010, the PAF had reportedly selected ATE Aerospace Group to integrate French-built avionics and weapons systems over rival bids from Astrac, Finmeccanica and a [[Thales Group|Thales]]-[[Sagem]] joint venture. Fifty JF-17s were to be upgraded and an optional fifty from 2013 onwards, at a cost of up to {{USD|1.36 billion}}. The RC-400 radar, [[MICA (missile)|MICA]] AAMs, and several air-to-surface weapons are believed to be in the contract. The PAF also held talks with South Africa for the supply of Denel A-darter AAMs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |title= French-Led JF-17 Upgrade Likely To Raise Eyebrows |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |title= Will Westernized JF-17 Thunder Attract New Delhi's Ire? |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> In April 2010, after eighteen months of negotiations, the deal was reportedly suspended; reports cited French concerns about Pakistan's financial situation, the protection of sensitive French technology, and by Indian [[lobbying]], which operates many French-built aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |title=Paris bloque un contrat d'équipement français d'avions de chasse pakistanais |trans-title=Paris blocks a contract of French equipment for Pakistani fighter aircraft |last=Follorou |first=Jacques |date=2 April 2010 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406012337/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 |url-status=live }} [https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en Google English translation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313032215/http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en |date=13 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |title=France says arms sale to Pakistan held up |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215070013/http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref> France wanted the PAF to purchase several [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-9]] fighters from the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]], which would overlap with the upgraded JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris|title=Un contrat militaire avec le Pakistan bloqué par Paris |trans-title=A contract with the Pakistan military blocked by Paris | date= 3 April 2010 | publisher = Radio France Internationale | language= fr| access-date= 5 April 2010|location= France|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191726/http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, the PAF's Chief of Air Staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rao Qamar Suleman]], said such reports were false, stating: "I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government...someone was trying to cause mischief{{mdash}}to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want".<ref>{{cite journal| last= Warnes| first= Alan|date=July 2010 |title=On the edge&nbsp;– JF-17s, Tankers and AWACS|journal=Air Forces Monthly | type = magazine |location= United Kingdom |issue=July 2010|page= 54|quote=Reports in late March that the French Government was refusing to allow the sale of a Thales avionics system was denied by the CAS: 'I saw the report quoting unnamed sources or any French government official. I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government. I think someone is trying to cause mischief&nbsp;– to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want.'}}</ref> On 18 December 2013, production of Block 2 JF-17s began at PAC's Kamra facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 Thunder Block 2 Will be Ready till June 2014 |url=http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Pakistan Armed Forces News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134056/http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> These have an air-to-air refuelling capability, improved avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01"/> Block 2 construction was planned to run until 2016, after which the manufacturing of further developed Block III aircraft was planned.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|title=Production of improved version of JF-17 aircraft launched |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |date=19 December 2013 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605015123/http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |archive-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> In December 2015, it was announced that the 16th Block II aircraft had been handed over resulting in standing up of the 4th squadron.<ref name="Fourth">{{cite news|title=Fourth JF-17 Thunder squadron complete as PAC rolls out 16th aircraft|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177/|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406230211/https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 June 2015, Jane's Defence Weekly confirmed<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> that JF-17 Block III will have an AESA radar, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and possibly an internal infrared search and tracking (IRST) system.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | title = Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan | last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr. | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | archivedate=21 April 2016 | work = Jane's Defence Weekly | date = 17 June 2015 }}</ref> A two-seat version was also reportedly to be produced in Block III.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF to induct JF17 Thunder Block III in 2016|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513171122/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Unconfirmed reports claim that Block III will also have a better flight management system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder fighter jet impresses at Paris Air Show|url=http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503022238/http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Selex ES has promoted its next-generation cockpit as a possible upgrade of JF-17 Block III; this cockpit includes a new mission computer, an enhanced head-up display and contemporary multi-function displays, plus the capability for the pilot to use a single, large-area display instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Selex advances M-345 cockpit development|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530175651/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, despite Indian protests, Russian state-owned United Engine Corporation developed a new engine designated ''RD-93MA'' for the JF-17 fighter being built by Pakistan.<ref name="Russian engine">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=9 July 2020 |title=Russia confirms progress on new jet engine. Is it for Pak JF-17 fighter? |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html|url-status=live |work= TheWeek Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127072811/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html |archive-date= 27 January 2021}}</ref> ==ڊيزائن== [[File:JF-17 block 1 front view.jpg|upright|thumb|اڳيون ڏيک]] === مکيه فريم === ايئر فريم نيم مونوڪوڪ ڍانچي جو آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ايلومينيم مصر مان ٺهيل آهي. ڪجهه نازڪ علائقن ۾ اعليٰ طاقت وارو اسٽيل ۽ ٽائيٽينيم مصر جزوي طور تي اختيار ڪيا ويا آهن. ايئر فريم 4,000 فلائيٽ ڪلاڪن يا 25 سالن جي سروس لائف لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. پهرين اوور هال 1,200 فلائيٽ ڪلاڪن تي ٿيڻ وارو آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra2">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> JF-17s بلاڪ 2 وزن گهٽائڻ لاءِ ايئر فريم ۾ جامع مواد جو وڌيڪ استعمال شامل ڪري ٿو. ريٽريبل انڊر ڪيريج ۾ ٽرائي سائيڪل جو انتظام آهي. هڪ واحد اسٽيئربل نوز ويل ۽ ٻه مکيه انڊر ڪيريج سان. هائيڊولڪ بريڪ ۾ هڪ خودڪار اينٽي اسڪڊ سسٽم آهي. انليٽس جي پوزيشن ۽ شڪل حملي جي اعليٰ زاوين سان لاڳاپيل مشقن دوران جيٽ انجن کي گهربل هوا جي وهڪري ڏيڻ لاءِ ٺهيل آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra3">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> وچ ۾ لڳل ونگ ڪراپڊ ڊيلٽا ترتيب جا آهن. ونگ روٽ جي ويجهو <small>LERX</small> آهن. جيڪي هڪ وورٽيڪس پيدا ڪن ٿا. جيڪو حملي جي اعليٰ زاوين سان لاڳاپيل مشقن دوران ونگ کي اضافي لفٽ فراهم ڪري ٿو. هڪ روايتي ٽرائي-پلين ايمپينيج ترتيب شامل ڪئي وئي آهي. آل-موونگ اسٽيبليٽرز، سنگل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر، رڊر، ۽ ٽوئن وينٽرل فينز سان. فلائيٽ ڪنٽرول سسٽم (<small>FCS</small>) ۾ روايتي ڪنٽرول شامل آهن. ياو ۽ رول محور ۾ استحڪام وڌائڻ سان ۽ پچ محور ۾ هڪ ڊجيٽل فلائي بائي وائر (<small>FBW</small>) سسٽم موڙ جي ڪارڪردگي کي وڌائڻ لاءِ مينيوورنگ دوران ليڊنگ-ايج فليپس ۽ ٽريلنگ ايج فليپس خودڪار طريقي سان ترتيب ڏنل آهن.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra4">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سيريل پروڊڪشن جهاز جي FCS ۾ رپورٽ ڪئي وئي آهي ته پچ محور ۾ هڪ ڊجيٽل ڪواڊروپلڪس (ڪواڊ-ريڊنڊنٽ) FBW سسٽم آهي. ۽ رول ۽ ياو محور ۾ هڪ ڊپلڪس (ڊبل-ريڊنڊنٽ) FBW سسٽم آهي.<ref name="cnair2">{{citation|first=Hui|last=Tong|title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder|url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm|access-date=2 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm|archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> 3,400 lb (1,500 ڪلوگرام) تائين آرڊيننس، سامان، ۽ ايندھن کي هارڊ پوائنٽس جي هيٺان نصب ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جن مان ٻه ونگ-ٽپس تي آهن، چار ونگ هيٺ آهن ۽ هڪ فيوزليج هيٺ آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra5">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> === ڪاڪ پِٽ === [[File:JF-17 Block 1 cockpit.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 HUD]] The aircraft has three large Multifunction Colour Displays (MFD) and smart Heads-Up Display (HUD) with built-in symbol generation capability. A [[center stick]] is used for [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll]] control while [[Aircraft rudder|rudder pedals]] control yaw. A throttle is located to the left of the pilot. The cockpit incorporates [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on a Martin-Baker Mk-16LE [[zero-zero ejection seat]]. The cockpit incorporates an [[electronic flight instrument system]] (EFIS) and a wide-angle, holographic head-up display (HUD), which has a minimum total field of view of 25 degrees. The EFIS comprises three color multi-function displays, providing basic flight information, tactical information, and information on the engine, fuel, electrical, hydraulics, flight control, and environment control systems. The HUD and MFD can be configured to show any available information. Each MFD is {{cvt|20.3|cm|inch|1}} wide and {{cvt|30.5|cm|inch|1}} tall and is arranged side by side in [[page orientation|portrait orientation]]. The central MFD is placed lowest to accommodate a control panel between it and the HUD.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Avionics=== [[File:JF-17 cockpit.webp|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 cockpit avionics display]] The avionics software incorporates the concept of [[open architecture]]. Instead of the military-optimised [[Ada (programming language)|Ada programming language]], the software is written using the popular [[C++|C++ programming language]], enabling the use of the numerous civilian programmers available.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article">{{citation|title=Stuck in Sichuan: Pakistani JF-17 Program Grounded? No|date=January 2007|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|work=Defense Industry Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft also includes a health and usage monitoring system, and automatic test equipment.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf |title=8011-Ai760Datasheet.qxd |access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021927/http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=May 2021}} The JF-17 has a [[defensive aids system]] (DAS) composed of various integrated sub-systems. A [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) provides data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars, and an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin interferes with enemy radars. The EW suite is also linked to a [[Missile Approach Warning]] (MAW) system to defend against radar-guided missiles. The MAW system uses several optical sensors across the airframe to detect the rocket motors of missiles across a 360-degree coverage.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Data from the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is shown on cockpit displays and the HUD. A countermeasures dispensing system releases [[flare (countermeasure)|decoy flares]] and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] to help evade hostile radar and missiles. The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar-jamming pod that will be carried externally on a [[hardpoint]].<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The first forty-two PAF production aircraft are equipped with the [[KLJ-7|NRIET KLJ-7]] radar,<ref name="Milavia.net 2007 news report">{{citation |date=23 March 2007 |title=JF-17 Arrived in Pakistan |work=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |publisher=MILAVIA.net |url=http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |access-date=31 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218082338/http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=18 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7">{{citation |title=KLJ-7/10 Fire Control Radar (FCR) (China), Airborne radar systems |work=Jane's Avionics |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=19 January 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002180132/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> a variant of the KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) and also used on the Chengdu J-10. Multiple modes can manage the surveillance and engagement of up to forty air, ground, and sea targets; the [[Track while scan|track-while-scan]] mode can track up to ten targets at BVR and can engage two simultaneously with [[Air-to-air missile#Radar guidance|radar-homing AAMs]]. The operation range for targets with a [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) of {{Convert|5|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} is stated to be ≥ {{Convert|105|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-up mode and ≥ {{Convert|85|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-down mode.<ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7"/><ref name="Jane's, NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements">{{citation |title=China's NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=7 April 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html |access-date=6 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820152019/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html | archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> A [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) pod for low-level navigation and [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) system for passive targeting can also be integrated;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> the JF-17 Block 2 is believed to incorporate an IRST.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In April 2016, Air Marshal Muhammad Ashfaque Arain said that, "JF-17 needs a targeting pod, as the jets' usefulness in current operations was limited due to lack of precision targeting. To fulfill this gap the Air Force was interested in buying the Thales-made Damocles, a third-generation targeting pod; which was a priority."<ref>{{cite news|date=7 April 2016|title=Interview: Pakistan wants air force upgrade for prolonged militant fight|newspaper=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|url-status=dead|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420160318/http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[ASELSAN|Aselsans]] ASELPOD was tested and successfully integrated with the JF-17 and Pakistan has subsequently purchased at least eight [[targeting pod]]s from Aselsan.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Tests Turkish Targeting Pod|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235159/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|archive-date=6 December 2018|access-date=6 December 2018|website=defense-aerospace.com}}</ref> This integration has significantly enhanced the JF-17 platform's ability to launch precision strikes. A helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by [[Luoyang]] Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre of [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China|AVIC]] was developed in parallel with the JF-17; it was first tested on Prototype 04 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|title=图文：枭龙04飞行员新头盔_新浪军事_新浪网|work=sina.com.cn|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101520/http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=Strategycenter.net |date=30 December 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> It was dubbed as EO HMS, (Electro-Optical Helmet Mounted Sight) and was first revealed to the public in 2008 at the 7th [[Zhuhai Airshow]], where a partial mock-up was on display.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The HMS tracks the pilot's head and eye movements to guide missiles towards the pilot's visual target.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} An externally carried day/night [[laser designator]] [[targeting pod]] may be integrated with the avionics to guide [[laser-guided bomb]]s (LGBs).<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> An extra [[hardpoint]] may be added under the starboard air intake, opposite the cannon, for such pods. To reduce the numbers of targeting pods required, the aircraft's [[tactical data link]] can transmit target data to other aircraft not equipped with targeting pods.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} The communication systems comprise two [[VHF]]/[[UHF]] radios; the VHF radio has the capacity for [[VHF Data Link|data linking]] for communication with ground control centers, [[airborne early warning and control]] aircraft and combat aircraft with compatible data links for [[network-centric warfare]], and improved [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite web|title=VHF air-ground Digital Link |url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |publisher=etsi.org |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206100741/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref> The aircraft uses [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLGs]] along with [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] for navigation. The aircraft is equipped with an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] [[Transponder]] which allows it to differentiate between friendly aircraft and enemy aircraft. The [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]] aids in aerial combat for manoeuvring.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} ===Engine=== The first two blocks of JF-17 is powered by a single Russian RD-93 [[turbofan]] engine, which is a variant of the [[Klimov RD-33]] engine used on the [[MiG-29]] fighter. The engine gives more [[thrust]] and significantly [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|lower specific fuel consumption]] than [[turbojet]] engines fitted to older combat aircraft being replaced by the JF-17. The advantages of using a single engine are a reduction in maintenance time and cost when compared to twin-engined fighters. A [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] of 0.99 can be achieved with full internal fuel tanks and no external payload. The engine's air supply is provided by two bifurcated air inlets (see [[JF-17 Thunder#Airframe and cockpit|airframe]] section).<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan">[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ "Pakistan & China's JF-17 Fighter Program."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ |date=20 October 2013 }} ''Defense Industry Daily'', 14 November 2011</ref> The RD-93 is known to produce smoke trails.<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan"/> The [[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Guizhou Aero Engine Group]] has been developing a new turbofan engine, the [[Guizhou WS-13|WS-13 ''Taishan'']], since 2000 to replace the RD-93. It is based on the RD-33 and incorporates new technologies to boost performance and reliability. A thrust output of {{Convert|80 to 86.36|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}}, a lifespan of 2,200 hours, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 8.7 are expected. An improved version of the WS-13, developing a thrust of around {{Convert|100|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}} (22,450&nbsp;lb), is also reportedly under development.<ref name="October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace">{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center |date=30 December 2009 |first=Richard Jr. |last=Fisher |access-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> During the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]], it was announced that flight testing of a JF-17 equipped with the WS-13 engine had begun.<ref name="janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|title=Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan|work=Jane's|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, a representative of PAC said that Pakistan would continue to use the RD-93 engine on their fighters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |title=Pakistan to Stick With Russian Engine for JF-17 Fighter Jet |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=25 November 2015 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=IHS |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125095855/https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local media reports in January 2016 said that Russia was planning to sell engines for JF-17 directly to Pakistan.<ref>{{citation|title=Moscow makes a move when US loosens the noose|date=25 January 2016|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051408/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a PAC representative, Pakistan is looking to collaborate with Russia in developing and repairing engines.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ===Fuel system=== The fuel system comprises internal fuel tanks located in the wings and fuselage with a capacity of {{Convert|2330|kg|lb|abbr=on}}; they are refuelled through a single point pressure refuelling system (see [[Aircraft fuel system#Turbine fuel system|turbine fuel systems]]). Internal fuel storage can be supplemented by external fuel tanks. One {{convert|800|litre|impgal|adj=on}} [[drop tank]] can be mounted on the aircraft's centerline hard point under the fuselage and two 800-litre or {{convert|1110|litre|impgal|adj=on}} drop tanks can be mounted on the two inboard under-wing hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The fuel system is compatible with [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling (IFR)]], allowing tanker aircraft to refuel inflight, and increasing its range and loitering time significantly. All production aircraft for the PAF are to be fitted with IFR probes.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In June 2013, PAF Air Chief Marshal [[Tahir Rafique Butt]] said ground tests on the JF-17's refuelling probes had been successfully completed and the first mid-air refuelling operations would commence that summer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bokhari|first=Farhan|title=Pakistani JF-17 to start mid-air refuelling by end of summer|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=10 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer|access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107021555/http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer | archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622777).jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder with its weapons]] [[File:Pakistan Air Force, 12-139, Chengdu JF-17 Thunder (49579395248).jpg|thumb|Thunder with weapons]] ===Armaments=== The JF-17 can be armed with up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of air-to-air and [[air-to-ground weaponry]], and other equipment mounted externally on the aircraft's seven hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> One hardpoint is located under the fuselage between the main landing gear, two are underneath each wing, and one is at each wing-tip. All seven hardpoints communicate via a [[MIL-STD-1760]] data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System,<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> which is stated to be capable of integration with weaponry of any origin.<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower">{{citation|first=Usman |last=Ansari |title=Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower |work=[[Defense News]] |date=9 February 2009 |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3938427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230020953/http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/02/pakistan-surmounts-western-sanctions-to.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 }}</ref> Internal armament comprises one {{Convert|23|mm|inch|abbr=on}} GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon mounted under the [[port (nautical)|port side]] air intake, which can be replaced with a {{Convert|30|mm|inch|abbr=on}} [[GSh-30-2]] twin-barrel cannon.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com">{{cite web | work=Sino Defence | title= FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp |access-date=11 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp | archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|title=MILAVIA Aircraft – Chengdu FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Specifications|first=Niels | last = Hillebrand|work=milavia.net|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031225/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The wing-tip hard-points are typically occupied by short range infra-red homing AAMs. Many combinations of ordnance and equipment such as [[targeting pods]] can be carried on the under-wing and under-fuselage hard-points. Underwing hard-points can be fitted with [[Hard point#Ejector racks|multiple ejector racks]], allowing each hard-point to carry two {{Convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} unguided bombs or LGBs{{mdash}}[[Mk.82]] or [[GBU-12]].<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Active radar homing BVR AAMs can be integrated with the radar and data-link for mid-course updates. The aircraft can carry the [[PL-12|PL-12/SD-10]] along with the [[PL-5]]E and [[PL-9]]C Short range, infra-red homing missiles. The more advanced [[PL-10]]E High-Off Bore Sight missiles were integrated into the aircraft in April 2021, operated Within Visual Range using the HMD/S. With the Block 3 variant of the JF-17, the ability to fit and operate the [[PL-15]]E, the most advanced BVR missile developed by China for export with a claimed operating range of 145&nbsp;km, is also integrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's Production of Latest JF-17 Block 3 Variant Reaches 30 Units |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistans-production-of-latest-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jets-nears-30-units-2/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Unguided air-to-ground weaponry includes rocket pods, [[Unguided bomb|gravity bombs]] and [[Matra Durandal]] anti-runway munitions. [[Precision-guided munition]]s such as LGBs and [[Precision-guided munition#Satellite-guided weapons|satellite-guided bombs]] are also compatible with the JF-17, as are other guided weapons such as [[anti-ship missile]]s and [[anti-radiation missile]]s.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Pakistan planned to bring the Brazilian [[MAR-1]] anti-radiation missile into service on its JF-17 fleet in 2014.<ref name="janes mar1">{{cite journal|last=Hewson|first=Robert|date=17 April 2013|title=Mectron's MAR-1 to be operational in Pakistan next year|url=http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072717/http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> ==آپريشنل تاريخ== ===پاڪستان=== [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg|thumb|پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو <small>'''JF-17'''</small> <small>'''ٿنڊر'''</small> <small>'''26,660'''</small> فٽ اچي [[نانگا پربت]] جبل جي سامهون اڏامي رهيو آهي.]] سنگل سيٽ، سنگل انجن JF-17s جي ننڍي بيچ جي پيداوار جون 2006ع ۾ چين ۾ شروع ٿي. پهرين ٻه ننڍي بيچ تيار ڪيل جهاز 2 مارچ 2007ع تي پهچايا ويا ۽ پهرين 10 مارچ تي پاڪستان ۾ اڏام ڪئي. انهن 23 مارچ <small>2007</small>ع تي [[اسلام آباد]] ۾ پاڪستان ڊي جوائنٽ سروسز پريڊ جي حصي طور هڪ فضائي نمائش ۾ حصو ورتو. مارچ 2008ع تائين ٻيا ڇهه ننڍي بيچ تيار ڪيل جهاز پهچايا ويا. انهن کي پي اي ايف پاران وڏي پيماني تي پرواز جي جانچ ۽ جائزو ورتو ويو. 2009ع ۾ چين کان ٻه سيريل پروڊڪشن جهاز پهچايا ويا ۽ پهريون پاڪستاني تيار ڪيل جهاز 23 نومبر <small>2009</small>ع تي هڪ تقريب ۾ پي اي ايف کي پهچايو ويو. 18 فيبروري 2010ع تي، پهرين جي ايف-17 اسڪواڊرن، نمبر 26 بليڪ اسپائڊرز، کي سرڪاري طور تي 14 فائٽر جهازن جي شروعاتي طاقت سان پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. انهن جهازن پهريون ڀيرو ڏکڻ وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن ۾ خدمت ڪيا، جنهن دوران مختلف قسمن جي هٿيارن جو جائزو ورتو ويو. انهن 29 اپريل کان پي اي ايف جي هاءِ مارڪ 2010ع مشق ۾ حصو ورتو، جتي انهن کي بليو فورس پاران ريڊ لينڊ جي سطح جي هدفن تي هوا کان سطح جي صحيح هٿيارن سان حملو ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. 11 اپريل 2011ع تي، نمبر 26 بليڪ اسپائڊرز اسڪواڊرن لاءِ هڪ ٻيهر سامان جي تقريب ٿي، جنهن دوران اهو چيو ويو ته جي ايف-17 "پي اي ايف جي آپريشنل تصورن ۾ انقلاب آڻي ڇڏيو آهي". پوءِ ايئر چيف مارشل راؤ قمر سليمان نمبر 26 اسڪواڊرن جي ٻيهر ليس ٿيڻ ۽ نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن ۾ JF-17 ٿنڊر جي اضافي جي رپورٽ ڏني. هن جهاز جي شڪل ۾ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪرڻ ۾ چينين جي تعاون ۽ مدد جو پڻ شڪريو ادا ڪيو. آپريشن ضرب عضب 2014-2016 دوران، JF-17 کي ٽي ٽي پي جي ٺڪاڻن تي هوائي حملا ڪرڻ لاءِ بار بار مقرر ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ سوين دهشتگرد مارجي ويا. سيپٽمبر 2015 ۾، سامونڊي حملي جو ڪم ڪندڙ نمبر 2 اسڪواڊرن کي F7s جي جاءِ تي JF-17s سان ٻيهر ليس ڪيو ويو. نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن "بليڪ پينٿرز" کي پڻ JF-17 سان ليس ڪيو ويو آهي. 19 جون 2017 تي، اهو اطلاع مليو ته هڪ JF-17 پاڪستان جي ضلع پنگجور ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ هڪ ايراني UAV کي ماري ڇڏيو. فيبروري 2019 ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 جهازن پاڪستان جي هندستان خلاف جوابي هوائي حملي ۾ حصو ورتو، جنهن دوران نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن جي ٻن ٿنڊر جهازن ايم ڪي 83 آر اي ڪي سان هندستاني زميني هدفن کي نشانو بڻايو. رپورٽن مطابق، مارچ 2021 تائين، جي ايف-17 جهاز پنج ايئر بيس تي ٻڌل ست فائٽر اسڪواڊرن ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا آهن. batch production of the single-seat, single-engine JF-17s began in China in June 2006. The first two small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered on 2 March 2007 and first flew in Pakistan on 10 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6854&Cat=13&dt=3/21/2007 |title=JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> They took part in an aerial display on 23 March 2007 as part of the [[Pakistan Day Parade|Pakistan Day Joint Services Parade]] in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |title=PAF to seek more Chinese aircraft, says air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509043607/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |archive-date = 9 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="PakTribune">[http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 JF-17 Thunder main focus of attention at Pak Day fly-past] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''Pak Tribune'', 24 March 2007.</ref> Another six small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered by March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\03\15\story_15-3-2008_pg7_6 |title=Six more JF-17 Thunder fighter jets inducted into PAF |date=15 March 2008 |work=Daily Times |access-date=21 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118100559/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C03%5C15%5Cstory_15-3-2008_pg7_6 | archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> These were extensively flight-tested and evaluated by the PAF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |title=PAF to start serial production of JF-17 fighter aircraft soon |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330212502/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> Two serial production aircraft were delivered from China in 2009 and the first Pakistani-manufactured aircraft was delivered to the PAF in a ceremony on 23 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |title=Pak, China unveil first JF-17 combat jet |work=Rediff.com |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301092221/http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2010, the first JF-17 squadron, [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 ''Black Spiders'']], was officially inducted into the PAF with an initial strength of 14 fighter planes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |title=First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder inducted in PAF |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163116/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/February/international_February910.xml&section=international |title=PAF Inducts First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder Jet |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110350/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2010%2FFebruary%2Finternational_February910.xml&section=international |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> These aircraft first saw service in the [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat|anti-terrorist operation in South Waziristan]], during which various types of weapons were evaluated.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zia |last=Tanouli |language=Urdu |work=Daily Express (Pakistan) |title=جے ایف-١٧ میں باقاعدہ طور پر شامل پی اے ایف |url=http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |access-date=20 February 2010 |quote=(Translated) No.26 Squadron established in Kamra with 14 aircraft initially inducted. According to top PAF sources, fourteen aircraft were evaluated thoroughly with different kinds of weapons during the anti-terror operation in Waziristan. First squadron established in Kamra due to security concerns, will be transferred to Peshawar later. With induction of first JF-17 squadron, the two A-5 squadrons will be grounded today. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005230/http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> They took part in the PAF's ''High Mark 2010'' exercise from 29 April, where they were used by the ''Blue Force'' to attack ''Red Land'' surface targets with precision air-to-surface weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |title=JF-17 Thunder comes of age at High Mark drill |date=29 March 2010 |work=Newspaper article |publisher=Awaz Today |access-date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184851/http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |title=Pakistan inducts JF-17 jets developed with China |work=Rediff.com |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528235257/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 April 2011, a re-equipment ceremony for No. 26 ''Black Spiders'' Squadron took place, during which it was stated that the JF-17 had "revolutionized the PAF's operational concepts". Then Air Chief Marshal [[Rao Qamar Suleman]] reported the re-equipping of No. 26 squadron and the addition of the JF-17 Thunder to the [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron]]. He also thanked the contribution and support of the Chinese in helping to acquire a technological breakthrough in the shape of the aircraft.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |title=PAF re-equips No 26 Squadron with JF-17 thunder aircraft |date=12 April 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times (Pakistan) |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174246/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> During [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] 2014–2016, JF-17 were deployed frequently to carry out airstrikes against [[Pakistani Taliban|TTP]] hideouts, killing hundreds of terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Dawn com {{!}} |date=19 December 2014 |title=Top Uzbek commander among 17 terrorists killed in Khyber air strikes |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151682 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/245286-Operation-ZarbeAzb-30-militants-killed-in-fresh |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=dunyanews.tv |title=Operation Zarb-e-Azb: 30 militants killed in fresh airstrikes in Dattakhel |date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> In September 2015, the No. 2 Squadron tasked with sea strikes was re-equipped with JF-17s replacing the F7s.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder inducted in Multi Role Squadron|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414020258/http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=live|date=12 April 2016}}</ref> The No. 16 Squadron "Black Panthers" has also been equipped with the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Block-2 Update from "The Thunder City|url=http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220185954/http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2017, it was reported that a JF-17 shot down an [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Iranian]] [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] operating in [[Pakistan|Pakistan's]] [[Panjgur District|Pangjur District]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|title=JF-17 shoots down Iran's spy drone|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032625/http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2019, PAF JF-17s took part in Pakistan's [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|retaliatory airstrikes]] against India during which two Thunders of the [[No. 16 Squadron PAF|No. 16 Squadron]] struck Indian ground targets with [[Mark 83|Mk. 83 REKs]].<ref name="kaiser">{{cite web|url=https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|website=PakistanPolitico.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama: Two years on|date=18 February 2021|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208104607/https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tufail">{{cite web|url=https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|website=DefenceJournal.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama-From bluster to whimper|date=10 July 2019|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028163732/https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Brad |date=4 March 2019 |title=Crisis may be easing, but nuclear threat still hangs over India and Pakistan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519161150/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Has Pakistan's JF-17 'Thunder' Block II Fighter Jet Engaged in its First Dogfight? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516080001/https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight |url-status=live }}</ref> as of March 2021, JF-17s are operational in seven fighter squadrons based at five airbases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|title=Orbats|website=www.scramble.nl|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202214748/https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, the first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF. During the [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff|May 2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the PAF publicly showcased, for the first time, a JF-17 Block 3 fighter aircraft equipped with [[PL-15#Variants|PL-15E]] long-range [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s (BVRAAMs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Update: Pakistan shows JF-17 Block III fitted with PL-15 missiles for first time |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/update-pakistan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fitted-with-pl-15-missiles-for-first-time |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Jane |language=en}}</ref> During the conflict, the PAF deployed JF-17s and [[J-10CE]]s in combat in both the air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.<ref name="auto14"/><ref name="auto16"/><ref name="auto12"/> Pakistan claimed that its JF-17 successfully targeted and destroyed an Indian [[S-400 missile system|S-400 missile defence system]] at [[Adampur Airport|Adampur Air Force Station]] in [[Punjab]] on 10 May 2025 using two [[CM-400AKG]] long-range supersonic [[air-to-surface missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1310766-how-paf-destroyed-india-s-2-s400-air-defence-systems | title=How PAF destroyed India's 2 S400 air defence systems | date=12 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/first-strike-in-the-hypersonic-era-pakistan-claims-jf-17-launched-cm-400akg-took-out-indias-s-400/ | title=(VIDEO) First Strike in the Hypersonic Era: Pakistan Claims JF-17-Launched CM-400AKG Took Out India's S-400 | date=11 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/883212-pak-jf17-thunder-strike-destroys-indian-s400-air-defence-system | title=Pak JF-17 Thunder strike destroys Indian S400 air defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/jf-17-thunder-destroys-indias-s-400-defence-system-10-05-2025/ | title=Watch: JF-17 Thunder taking off to destroy India's S-400 defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref> On 11 May, the PAF, in a press briefing said that it had targeted the 96L6E Cheese Board radar of the S-400 system, one of the units of the combined air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim |last=Ahmad |first=Zeeshan |date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] dismissed the claim, stating that all Indian S-400 squadrons are still functional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's claim of destroying India's S-400 missile systems false: Indian military|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistans-claim-of-destroying-indias-s-400-missile-systems-false-indian-military/article69560019.ece|access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Hindu|date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the Adampur Air Force Station on 13 May 2025, and posed in front of an S-400 Launcher, which the [[Indian media]] claimed to be fully operational. According to Indian media, his visit served as a rebuttal to Pakistan's claims, reinforcing that the missile system was intact and operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=PM Modi poses in front of S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Base days after Pakistan claimed it was destroyed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-poses-in-front-of-s-400-missile-system-at-adampur-air-base-days-after-pakistan-claimed-it-was-destroyed/articleshow/121134748.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Modi fact-checks Pakistan, visits Adampur, releases video & photo with S-400 in background|url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-fact-checks-pakistan-visits-adampur-releases-video-photo-with-s-400-in-background/2624167/|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Print|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at Paris Air Show 2015.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at [[Paris Air Show]] 2015]] '''Exercises'''<br> The PAF has deployed the JF-17 Thunder in a number of bilateral and multinational air exercises since the 2010s. PAF JF-17s have participated in joint air exercises with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) under the Shaheen exercise series since at least 2014, focusing on air combat training and interoperability.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 2019 and again in 2021, PAF JF-17s took part in the Turkish Air Force–hosted multinational exercise Anatolian Eagle, operating alongside aircraft from several participating air forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2019: Pakistani JF-17s among participants |url=https://theaviationist.com/2019/07/15/pakistani-jf-17-thunders-and-turkish-elint-sigint-c-160d-transall-among-the-highlights-of-anatolian-eagle-exercise/ |website=The Aviationist |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2021 exercise |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/12072021-anatolian-eagle-2021-exercise-pakistan-improving-defense-synergies-oped/ |website=Eurasia Review |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2022, PAF JF-17s participated in the Saudi-led multinational air exercise Spears of Victory at King Abdulaziz Air Base, flying alongside Royal Saudi Air Force Tornados, Typhoons and F-15s, as well as allied aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF participates in Spears of Victory exercise in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590236/pakistan |website=Arab News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> JF-17s continued participation in subsequent editions of Spears of Victory, including 2023 and 2025, with later deployments featuring the Block-III variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17 Block-III participates in Spears of Victory 2023 |url=https://www.facebook.com/ConnectedPakistan/posts/pakistan-air-forces-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jets-have-touched-down-in-az/1213837260779670/ |website=Connected Pakistan |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PAF excels in Saudi-led Spears of Victory 2025 |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/02/14/paf-excels-in-saudi-led-air-combat-drills-jf-17-block-iii-earns-global-praise/ |website=Pakistan Today |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2025, PAF JF-17 Block-III fighters were also deployed to Azerbaijan for the bilateral air exercise Indus Shield Alpha, marking one of the type’s longest overseas deployments.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17s arrive in Azerbaijan for Indus Shield Alpha |url=https://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/912872 |website=Dunya News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> '''Airshows'''<br> The JF-17 Thunder has participated in international airshows since 2010 as part of export promotion and military diplomacy efforts by the PAF.<ref name="ISPR-2010">Inter Services Public Relations, Pakistan Air Force press releases on JF-17 international exposure, 2010.</ref> Early public appearances took place at airshows in Pakistan and China, followed by displays at major international aerospace exhibitions, including the Paris Air Show in 2011 and 2015,<ref>Paris Air Show official exhibitor catalogues, 2011 & 2015.</ref> the Dubai Airshow in 2013, 2017, 2021, and 2025<ref>Dubai Airshow official exhibitor lists, 2013, 2017, 2021.</ref> and the Farnborough International Airshow in 2014 and 2016, primarily as static displays.<ref>Farnborough International Airshow exhibitor catalogues, 2014 & 2016.</ref> The aircraft has also featured at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition, including static and flying displays, with later editions showcasing the Block III variant.<ref>China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (Zhuhai) official programmes; Global Times aviation coverage.</ref> In 2019, 2022, and 2025, PAF JF-17s participated in the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT), in static and air displays.<ref>Royal International Air Tattoo aircraft participation lists, 2019 & 2022.</ref> The aircraft was also displayed at the [[World Defense Show]] in 2024.<ref>[[World Defense Show]] 2024 exhibitor directory; Saudi Ministry of Defense releases.</ref> ===Myanmar=== In July 2015, Myanmar ordered 16 Block 2 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] for approximately $560 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-06-15/jf-17-myanmar-seen-flying-china|title=JF-17 for Myanmar Seen Flying in China|first=Chen|last=Chuanren|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> In late 2015, [[Myanmar]] ordered 16 [[Klimov RD-33|RD-93]] spare engines from [[Russia]], which were received in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=SIPRI>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI Trade Register|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 December 2018, [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] disclosed that the [[Myanmar Air Force]] had received the first batch of JF-17s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters |title=Myanmar shows off Thunder fighters |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202527/https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters/ |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An official Myanmar Air Force video released on Air Force day showcased a number of JF-17s, both on static display and in the air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|title=YouTube|website=YouTube|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2021}} As per reports, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] is in possession 11 JF-17 Block 2s.[https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html] In May 2022, a PAF cargo plane supplied spare parts for the JF-17s of the Myanmar Air Force. In June 2022, it was reported that a team of 15 PAF personnel were scheduled to visit [[Meiktila Air Base]] in Myanmar to provide technical support for the Myanmar Air Force JF-17s, including setting up of a JF-17 simulator at Meiktila Air Base to train pilots of the Myanmar Air Force and to address technical issues relating to JF-17s that Myanmar Air Force was facing. However, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] has faced significant challenges with its JF-17 fleet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2022-11-25 |title=Technical Problems Ground Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Bought From China |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/technical-problems-ground-myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-bought-from-china.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref> By late 2022, the entire fleet of 11 aircraft was grounded due to severe technical malfunctions and structural issues, including cracks in the airframe (particularly wingtips and hardpoints), poor accuracy and maintenance problems with the Chinese-made KLJ-7 radar, malfunctions in the Weapon Mission Management Computer that reduced launch zones for beyond-visual-range missiles, unreliable avionics, and issues with the Russian RD-93 engines.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar raises issue of grounded JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft to Pakistan |url=https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Asia Pacific Defense Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farid |first=Ayesha |date=2025-05-18 |title=Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Grounded Amid Conflict and Maintenance Woes |url=https://www.bdmilitary.com/analysis/geopolitics-diplomacy/myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-grounded-amid-conflict-and-maintenance-woes/1082/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Bangladesh Military Forces |language=en-GB}}</ref> These problems rendered the aircraft unfit for combat operations, forcing the air force to rely on other platforms like MiG-29s, Yak-130s, and K-8s.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The grounding was exacerbated by post-2021 military coup sanctions, which restricted access to spare parts for Western-sourced components in the avionics and electronics. Myanmar lacked the local expertise to maintain or repair the complex systems, and initial attempts by Pakistani technicians in September 2022 to set up a simulator at Pathein air base and resolve issues were only partially successful.<ref name=":5" /> In September 2023, Myanmar raised the issue directly with Pakistani leadership, including Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Armed Forces chief General Asim Munir, expressing displeasure over the aircraft's performance. The Chinese government also intervened diplomatically due to its role in the JF-17's development. As a result, Myanmar reportedly decided not to accept the remaining five aircraft from the original order and explored newer JF-17 variants as a potential resolution.<ref name=":5" /> ===Nigeria=== [[File:Nigerian JF-17 fighter aircraft.png|thumb|[[Nigerian Air Force]] JF-17 Block 2]] In December 2014, during the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar]] in Karachi, Nigeria was reportedly buying between 25 and 40 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]]. [[Nigerian Air Force]] (NAF) chief [[Air Marshal]] [[Adesola Nunayon Amosu]] had visited Pakistan earlier in October 2014.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite web|title=IDEAS 2014: Nigeria 'close to signing up' for JF-17 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |date=2 December 2014 |work=Farhan Bokhari |publisher=Janes |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226110403/http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> Nigeria became the second customer in 2016 by placing an order for three planes. However, as the news reports value the deal at US$25 million, it is not clear if the item is misreported.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria to become first JF-17 export operator|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128011517/http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FG to spend N65bn on warplanes, weapons, others|url=http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106072634/http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-date=6 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A June 2016 article in [[Jane's]] re-affirmed NAF budget for 3 JF-17, 10 [[PAC Super Mushshak|Super Mushshak]], and 2 [[Mi-35M]] aircraft in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria waiting for US to approve Super Tucano sale|url=http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608130937/http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With a confirmation from the Nigerian Air Force shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|title=Official 2016 Nigerian Budget Confirms JF-17 Order|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=4 January 2017|work=quwa.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510134827/http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018 Pakistan approved of the sale and local Nigerian production of three JF-17s for US$184.3 million. The aircraft are rumoured to be of a later version than the initially agreed sale, providing more advanced systems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binnie |first1=Jeremy |title=Pakistan approves Nigerian JF-17 production |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025144735/https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |archive-date=25 October 2018 |location=London |date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamal |first1=Sana |title=Pakistan to sell three JF-17s to Nigeria for $184.3m |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |website=Gulf News |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143150/https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |location=Islamabad |date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 December 2020 the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]] rolled out the three JF-17A Block 2s for Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |work=defenceworld.net |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live }}</ref> They were delivered to Makurdi Air Base in March 2021 aboard Pakistan Air Force Ilyushin Il-78MP freighters and were formally inducted into the Nigerian Air Force on 21 May 2021.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=First of 3 Pakistani JF-17 Jets Arrive in Nigeria |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21" /> The NAF initially indicated that it might order another 35–40 aircraft if the type met its requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref> In January 2023 the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal [[Isiaka Oladayo Amao]], confirmed that the JF-17s had been used in anti-terrorism and anti-insurgency operations inside Nigeria.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> In early December 2025 the three aircraft were reportedly deployed to the [[Benin Republic]], where they conducted airstrikes against rebel forces during an attempted coup.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Nigerian Air Force deploys JF-17 jets to foil Benin coup attempt |url=https://timesofislamabad.com/08-Dec-2025/nigerian-air-force-deploys-jf-17-jets-to-foil-benin-coup-attempt |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> ===Azerbaijan=== In January 2008, Azerbaijan engaged in talks with Pakistan over JF-17's possible sale to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |title=Azerbaijan to buy JF-17 {{sic|aircra|fts|nolink=y}} from Pakistan |date=29 January 2008 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210111145843/https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |work=[[Azeri Press Agency]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]] negotiated with China for several dozen JF-17s worth approximately {{USD|16 to 18 million}} each.<ref name="news.am">{{Citation|title=China supplies FC-1 multipurpose fighters to Azerbaijan|url=http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|newspaper=News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124131/http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|place=AM|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Pakistani Armed Forces actively discussed military and defence cooperation with Azerbaijan, culminating in the latter expressing an interest in purchasing the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shahid |last=Hussain |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |title=Pakistan and Azerbaijan: Deepening a Mutually Beneficial Relationship |date=19 May 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200519204003/https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |archive-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 February 2024, Azerbaijan had signed a contract worth US$1.6 billion with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 multi-role combat aircraft for the Azerbaijani Air Forces including aircraft, training, and ordnance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan signs largest ever fighter jet sale deal with Azerbaijan |url=https://www.azernews.az/nation/222206.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Azernews.Az |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |last=AzeMedia |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan has signed the largest deal in history with Azerbaijan for the sale of fighter jets |url=https://aze.media/pakistan-has-signed-the-largest-deal-in-history-with-azerbaijan-for-the-sale-of-fighter-jets/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Aze.Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-seals-1-6-billion-deal-with-azerbaijan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets/|title=Pakistan seals $1.6 billion deal with Azerbaijan to sell JF-17 fighter jets|date=22 February 2024}}</ref> On 25 September 2024, the JF-17 Block 3 was showcased to the President of Azerbaijan on the sidelines of 2024 Azerbaijan International Defence Exhibition (AIDEX).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title=JF-17C multirole aircrafts presented to President Ilham Aliyev |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/jf_17c_multirole_aircrafts_presented_to_president_ilham_aliyev-3196886 |work=Azertac}}</ref> On 6 June 2025, the Government of Pakistan announced that it had secured a contract for the supply of 40 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft from Azerbaijan for $4.6 billion, which builds on an initial agreement signed between Pakistan and Azerbaijan in February 2024, valued at $1.6 billion, for an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 fighter jets, alongside training and armaments.<ref name="auto11">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2025/06/jf-17-thunder-breakthrough-azerbaijan.html | title=JF-17 Thunder Breakthrough Azerbaijan Secures $4.6 Billion Deal for 40 Pakistani-Chinese Block III Fighters | date=8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto18">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/06/08/how-armenia-might-respond-to-azerbaijans-jf-17-fighter-acquisition/ | title=How Armenia Might Respond to Azerbaijan's JF-17 Fighter Acquisition | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref name="auto15">{{Cite web|url=https://defence-industry.eu/azerbaijan-signs-record-4-6-billion-deal-for-40-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/|title=Azerbaijan signs $4.6 billion deal for JF-17 fighters|date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite web | url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/azerbaijan-expands-jf-17-fighter-jet-order-to-40-units-in-46b-defense-deal-3202511 | title=Azerbaijan expands JF-17 fighter jet order to 40 units in $4.6B defense deal }}</ref><ref name="auto13">{{cite web | url=https://www.turdef.com/article/pakistan-confirms-inking-of-deal-with-azerbaijan-for-jf-17 | title=Pakistan Confirms Inking of Deal with Azerbaijan for JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=7 June 2025 }}</ref> Deliveries of the initial tranche began in October 2025, with the aircraft arriving at Nasosnaya Air Base and undergoing familiarization before formal induction. On 8 November 2025, five JF-17s (four single-seat and one twin-seat), flown by Azeri fighter pilots, participated in Azerbaijan’s Victory Day parade in Baku, marking their first public appearance in Azerbaijani service. In addition, open-source images circulated showing a total of nine JF-17 Block III aircraft present in Azerbaijan around the same period without any national markings, consistent with jets observed during early post-delivery handling and marking transitions.<ref name="azeri1">{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Waldron |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/azerbaijan-confirms-jf-17-fighter-acceptance-with-baku-flypast/165245.article |title=Azerbaijan becomes fourth JF-17 operator with five appearing in Baku military parade |website=Flightglobal.com |date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/70546 |title=Military Parade dedicated to the fifth anniversary of Victory in Patriotic War was held in Baku |work=The Official Website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan |date=8 November 2025}}</ref> ===Potential customers=== ==== Bangladesh ==== In January 2025, [[Bangladesh]] announced an interest in purchasing the JF-17C Block 3.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2522416/bangladesh-shows-interest-in-jf-17 | title=Bangladesh shows interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/bangladesh-army-delegation-meets-pakistan-air-chief-expresses-interest-in-jf-17/ | title=Bangladesh army delegation meets Pakistan Air Chief, expresses interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> In January 2026, it was reported that Bangladesh was in formal talks with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17C Block 3 fighters.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/9/why-is-pakistan-selling-its-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-bangladesh-and-others</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-eyes-defence-pact-with-bangladesh-sale-jf-17-jets-2026-01-07/</ref><ref>https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/bangladesh-explores-jf-17-acquisition-to-replace-ageing-fighters/165876.article</ref> ==== Indonesia ==== ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that Pakistan is in discussion with Indonesia on selling the JF-17s to the latter. In January 2026, Indonesia’s Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin held talks in Islamabad with PAF Chief, Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu, during which a potential defence cooperation package—including the possible acquisition of around 40 JF-17 fighter aircraft, armed drones, and associated training—was discussed, though no binding agreement was announced at the time.<ref name="ReutersJF17Indonesia2026">{{cite web |first1=Saad |last1=Sayeed |first2=Ananda |last2=Teresia |first3=Ariba |last3=Shahid |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-indonesia-closing-jets-drones-defence-deal-sources-say-2026-01-12/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan and Indonesia closing in on jets and drones defence deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> ==== Iraq ==== [[Iraq]] has expressed interest in acquiring the JF-17C Thunder multirole combat aircraft from Pakistan as part of efforts to modernise the [[Iraqi Air Force]]. During an official visit to Baghdad on 10 January 2026, Pakistan’s Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu met with Lieutenant General Staff Pilot Mohanad Ghalib Mohammed Radi Al-Asadi, Commander of the Iraqi Air Force, where discussions covered bilateral air force cooperation. During the meeting, the Iraqi Air Force Commander indicated interest in the JF-17C fighter aircraft and Super Mushshak trainer aircraft in the context of training, capacity building, and defence cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan says Iraq expressed ‘keen interest’ in JF-17 jets at air chiefs meeting |work=Arab News |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628855/pakistan}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq eyes JF-17 fighter jets as Pakistani air chief visits Baghdad |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2586411/iraq-eyes-jf-17-fighter-jets-as-pakistani-air-chief-visits-baghdad}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq seeks JF-17 Thunder jets during Pakistani air chief’s visit |work=Business Recorder |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40401540/iraq-seeks-jf-17-thunder-jets}} </ref> ==== Libya ==== It was reported on 22 December 2025 that Pakistan reached a $4-4.6 billion deal with the [[Libyan National Army]], commanded by Khalifa Haftar, which controls eastern [[Libya]], for the supply of 16 JF-17s and other military equipment.<ref name="libya1">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/12/28/why-it-took-pakistan-so-long-to-sell-jf-17-fighters-to-an-arab-country/ |title=Why It Took Pakistan So Long To Sell JF-17 Fighters To An Arab Country |website=Forbes.com |date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya2">{{cite web |first=Liu |last=Zhen |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3337888/china-pakistan-warplane-deal-libyan-faction-may-help-expand-beijings-influence |title=China-Pakistan warplane deal with Libyan faction ‘may help expand Beijing’s influence’ |website=SCMP.com|date=27 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya3">{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Asif |last2=Shahzad |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-strikes-4-billion-deal-sell-weapons-libyan-force-officials-say-2025-12-22/ |title=Pakistan strikes $4 billion deal to sell weapons to Libyan force, officials say |website=Reuters.com |date=22 December 2025}}</ref> ==== Morocco ==== Morocco has shown interest in the JF-17, having invited a sales team to showcase it in the Marrakech Air Show 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 to Star in Marrakech Air Show|url=http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202010633/http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marrakech Air Show Invites Pakistan to Showcase JF −17 Thunder Fighter Jet|url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222014010/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> According to a local analyst, a potential acquisition by Morocco may be complicated by incompatible technologies; the JF-17 Block I and Block II have broadly different electronics suites and air-to-air & air-to-surface munitions than its current Western-sourced aircraft, such as the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F-1 (MF2000)]], [[Northrop F-5|F-5E/F Tiger II]] and [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to market the JF-17 Thunder to Morocco|url=http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426114618/http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Morocco has been engaged with Pakistan in January 2026 on the JF-17.<ref>https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/01/276273/morocco-shows-interest-in-pakistani-jf-17-jets-as-talks-advance/</ref> ==== Saudi Arabia ==== In January 2014, the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] was reportedly examining potential technology transfer and co-production opportunities for the JF-17. Saudi Deputy Minister of Defence Prince [[Salman bin Sultan]] toured the JF-17 project during a visit to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 January 2014|title=Saudi eyeing Pakistan's JF-17 fighter jet, modeled from U.S. F-16|work=World Tribune|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706041729/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2014|title=Saudi Arabia May Buy Pakistani-Chinese Fighter Jets|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726081849/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=8 November 2016|title=Saudi Arabia Reportedly Interested in the JF-17 Thunder|url=http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084500/http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=9 November 2016|website=Quwa Defence News & Analysis Group}}</ref> However, by 2023, this interest seems to have fallen through, with Saudi Arabia now interested in joining the Anglo-Italian-Japanese [[Global Combat Air Programme]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2023|title=Saudi Arabia pushes to join fighter jet project with UK, Italy and Japan|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/80e9bda9-f415-4076-9037-bd6b96e1169f|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported in January 2026 that Pakistan are in discussion with Saudi Arabia to convert around US$ 2 billion of Saudi loans to Pakistan into a provision of JF-17s.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Saad |last2=Sayeed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-saudi-talks-jf-17-jets-for-loans-deal-sources-say-2026-01-07/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan, Saudi in talks on JF-17 jets-for-loans deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>However It is reported that the US government has discouraged Saudi Arabia from aquisition of both JF-17's and [[TAI TF Kaan|TF Kaan's]], instead proposing sale of [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]'s to the Saudi Arabian Air Force. <ref name=":9">{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan | title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref> ==== Other countries ==== Countries including [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Bilal|date=7 August 2016|title=Pakistan offers JF-17 & Super Mushshak to Kuwait|url=https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422190117/https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|archive-date=22 April 2020|website=Quwa - Defence News & Analysis}}</ref> [[Peru]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Pakistan's JF-17 Is A Viable Alternative To The American F-16|url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|website=Wonderful Engineering|date=21 March 2019|quote=As of right now, Saudi Arabia, Albania, Morocco, Bulgaria, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Oman, Lebanon, Argentina, Algeria, Jordan, and Peru are evaluating the JF-17 Block III|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723081234/https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|title=Pakistan, South Africa sign agreements to increase defense cooperation|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|website=Dawn|date=27 March 2017|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023533/https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Uruguay]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demerly |first=Tom |date=9 November 2017 |title=Shopping for Fighters: Is the Chinese/Pakistani JF-17 Thunder the Real "Joint Strike Fighter"? |url=https://theaviationist.com/2017/11/09/shopping-for-fighters-is-the-chinesepakistani-jf-17-thunder-the-real-joint-strike-fighter/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Confirmed: Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet Has its First Buyer |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/confirmed-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jet-has-its-first-buyer/#:~:text=Numerous%20air%20forces%20are%20toying,the%20Philippines,%20Venezuela%20and%20Zimbabwe. |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> have shown interest in the JF-17.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article" /><ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2008|title=PAF gets six JF-17 Thunder aircraft|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045150/http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> In February 2026, reports appeared that the [[Somali Air Force]] was in talks to acquire 24 Block III JF-17s.<ref>https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalia-in-talks-to-buy-24-jf-17-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/; {{cite news|title=Somalia in High-Level Talks to Acquire 24 JF-17 Thunder Block III Fighter Jets from Pakistan in US$900 Million Air Power Revival|work=Defence Security Asia|date=19 February 2026 |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/somalia-jf17-thunder-block-iii-pakistan-us900-million-air-force-revival/|access-date=22 February 2026}}; {{cite news |title=Soomaaliya oo diyaarado casri ah kasoo iibsanaysa Pakistan |work=Hiiraan Online |date=10 February 2026 |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2026/Feb/wararka_maanta09-192820.htm |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> Somalia's air force has been inactive for many years. ===Former interests=== ==== Argentina ==== At the 2013 [[Paris Air Show]], officials from Argentine aerospace conglomerate [[Fábrica Argentina de Aviones]] (FAdeA) revealed that the firm had held multiple discussions with Chinese officials over a potential co-production of the FC-1/JF-17, for the [[Argentine Air Force]] (FAA); this was regarded as the first formal effort by Argentina to possibly procure, or co-produce the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter - IHS Jane's 360 |website=www.janes.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> FAdeA officials said that the co-produced FC-1 could be classified as the "Pulqui-III", with regard to FAdeA's [[Pulqui II|Pulqui-II]] fighter.<ref name="ja23j13">{{cite news|author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter|newspaper=Jane's|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 2015, following a three-day visit by [[President of Argentina|Argentine president]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] to [[China]], Argentina announced that it would consider purchasing around 20 JF-17s from [[Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group|CAIG]]; however the deal did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |title=China to Supply 20 Thunder Fighter Jets to Argentina |website=www.defenseworld.net |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216210452/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |archive-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nikkei|title=Argentina turns to China for arms supply|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|access-date=1 March 2022|date=9 April 2015|first=Kamilia|last=Lahrichi|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210140006/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|url-status=live}}</ref> The primary reason for Argentine interest was reportedly the aircraft's lesser requirement for parts of British origin, as the United Kingdom had barred any sale of military equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina since the [[Falklands War|1982 Falklands War]].<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url = https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2021/09/28/could-britain-stop-argentina-from-buying-the-jf-17-warplane/|title = Could Britain stop Argentina from buying the JF-17 warplane?|date = 28 September 2021|access-date = 11 January 2022|archive-date = 30 September 2021|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210930015257/https://www.defensenews.com/global/the%2Damericas/2021/09/28/could%2Dbritain%2Dstop%2Dargentina%2Dfrom%2Dbuying%2Dthe%2Djf%2D17%2Dwarplane/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |title=No KAI FA-50 for Argentina under the post-1982 embargo |website=aircosmosinternational.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129073505/https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Likewise, Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other aircraft, namely, the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to diplomatic pressure from the United Kingdom, given the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain British-origin parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|publisher=Flightglobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|date=3 November 2020|access-date=1 March 2022|first=Greg|last=Waldron|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{cite web|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|access-date=1 March 2022|date=21 June 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="defensenews.com"/> In September 2021, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] presented a draft budget for the fiscal year of 2022, which contained a request of USD $664 million for the acquisition of future fighter aircraft for the FAA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Gastón |date=21 September 2021 |title=The Argentine Ministry of Defense clarifies about the JF-17 Thunder |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Aviacionline.com |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015136/https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, multiple media outlets misinterpreted this action, erroneously reporting that the request for funds were for acquiring the JF-17 Block-III.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|title=Argentina hasn't selected JF-17 fighter? Govt clarifies budget request|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=1 March 2022|date=22 September 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015142/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]] (''Ministerio de Defensa'') later clarified that the JF-17 had not been selected, asserting that the FAA was still evaluating five other aircraft as possible options.<ref name=":3" /> In May 2022, a delegation of the FAA evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dubois |first1=Gastón |title=Argentine Air Force delegation evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |website=Aviacionline |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011548/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in October 2023, the United States approved the transfer of 24 second-hand [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16 Block-15 MLU]] fighters previously owned by the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] to Argentina, countering the Chinese offer; reportedly, the deal did not necessitate an approval from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/us-approves-proposed-f-16-transfer-argentina|title=U.S. Approves Proposed F-16 Transfer To Argentina|website=aviationweek.com|date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Following the inauguration of the [[Javier Milei|Javier Milei administration]] in Argentina in 2023, the decision to select the F-16 had reportedly materialised, leaving the JF-17 out of the contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airdatanews.com/argentina-chose-the-f-16-fighter-for-its-air-force-reports/|title=Argentina chose the F-16 fighter for its Air Force – reports|website=www.airdatanews.com|date=30 January 2024}}</ref> ==== Bolivia ==== The JF-17 was a candidate for the replacement of retired [[Lockheed T-33]] aircraft of the [[Bolivian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|title=Bolivia Air Force is looking for fighter jets|work=Air Data News |date=29 May 2021|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054044/https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Congo ==== In March 2023, it was reported that China was pitching the JF-17 to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |title=Congo is considering buying JF-17 Thunder fighter jets from China |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |title=DRC: China offers Kinshasa its fighter planes |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |title=China Offers JF-17 Jet to Congo-Kinshasa, Competing with Russian Su-27 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |title=DRC : Kinshasa eyes Chinese fighter jets after buying Beijing's drones - 14/03/2023 |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162519/https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Malaysia ==== [[Malaysia]] had periodically indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the JF-17 for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its efforts to replace its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MIG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in the JF-17 emerged in 2015, although this was later denied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=21 December 2015 |title=Malaysia Denies Interest in JF-17, But Export Hopes Remain |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2015/12/21/malaysia-denies-interest-in-jf-17-but-export-hopes-remain/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Defense News |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Benjamin David |title=The Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Might Have Another Buyer in Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121257/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2019, then-visiting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian PM]] [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohammad]] was accorded an aerial-display of the JF-17's at the 2019 [[Pakistan Day Parade]]; he was also briefed about the fighter by the PAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahathir Mohamad receives briefing on JF-17 before leaving Islamabad |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=23 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121254/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Malaysian PM Mahathir shows interest in JF-17 Thunder as he concludes Pakistan visit |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701072047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft — dubbed as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainer-aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/None |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender |url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=MilitaryLeak |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF later issued a [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|date=18 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17 was widely regarded to be a leading contender in the FLIT/LCA procurement initiative, along with the [[HAL Tejas]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|title=Malaysia formally launches tender for new trainer, light combat aircraft|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in October 2021, the JF-17 was revealed to have abstained from participating in the FLIT/LCA tender; later reports confirmed that only six companies had responded to the RFP issued by the RMAF - the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] ([[Korea Aerospace Industries]]), the [[HAL Tejas]] ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]), the [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]] ([[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]]), the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]] ([[Leonardo S.p.A.]]), the [[TAI Hürjet]] ([[Turkish Aerospace Industries]]) and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35]] ([[Rosoboronexport]]).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> The JF-17's unprecedented absence from the FLIT/LCA essentially ended all speculations regarding its participation in Malaysia.<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia begins evaluating proposals to replace fleet of Hawk Mk 108/208s |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Janes.com |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121256/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Socka |first=Sherman |date=1 December 2021 |title=LETTER {{!}} RMAF purchase of Light Combat Aircraft to bolster defence industry |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.aerotime.aero |date=20 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518000844/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, the JF-17 was reportedly re-offered to the RMAF, with an estimated price-discount of about 30%; however, these reports remain unconfirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumelar |first=Tri Agung |title=Saingi HAL Tejas di Malaysia, China Turunkan Harga Jet Tempur JF-17 Thunder hingga 30 Persen - Zona Jakarta |url=https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com |language=id |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110124301/https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF eventually declined to purchase the JF-17 and proceeded instead to order 18 FA-50 Block 20 jets in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|title=Malaysia buys South Korea fighter jets as ASEAN arms market grows|website=asia.nikkei.com|date=7 March 2023|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324012111/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Qatar ==== [[Qatar]] has shown interest in the JF-17 since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|title=Qatar Plans To Buy Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet, Super Mushshak Trainer|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=27 October 2016 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506212945/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, at Qatar's invitation, PAF JF-17s participated in Qatar's National Day Flypast in Doha alongside [[Qatar Air Force]] [[Rafale]]s and [[Mirage 2000-5]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|title=Flypast during Qatar National Day Hints at Doha's Interest in Pakistani JF-17|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192401/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the offer seems to have fallen through, with Qatar ordering a mix of [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]s and [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F15E]]s. ==== Sri Lanka ==== In June 2015, Pakistani media suggested that an export order had been confirmed with the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]; claims were made that the JF-17's first sales contract had been signed with the Sri Lanka Air Force at the 51st Paris Air Show.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka revealed as first foreign buyer of JF-17|newspaper=Want China Times|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623183730/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Wasim|date=22 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka purchasing JF-17 Thunder Jets|newspaper=Business Recorder|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623170033/http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Other sources claimed that Myanmar is the first buyer of Pakistani JF-17s.<ref name="Myanmar2">{{cite news|date=9 July 2015|title=Myanmar first country to purchase JF-17 Thunder from Pakistan|newspaper=Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|url-status=live}}</ref> Reportedly, the order would cover around 18–24 aircraft and deliveries set to begin in 2017. During a state visit by [[Nawaz Sharif]] in January 2016, Sri Lanka reportedly signed an agreement to buy eight JF-17s from Pakistan;<ref>{{cite web|first=Franz-Stefan | last = Gady|title=Sri Lanka to Buy 8 Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jets|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213252/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2016|access-date=7 January 2016|work=The Diplomat}}</ref> however, the Sri Lankan government has issued denials.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2016|title=Government says no JF-17 deal with Pakistan|work=Columbo Gazette|url=http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126211056/http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The alleged deal was said to involve 10–12 aircraft, each valued at US$35 million, for a total of US$400 million<ref>{{cite news|title=Following Myanmar, Pakistan is Eager to Sell More JF-17s|url=http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213105004/http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> Reportedly, any such sale was scuppered by Indian diplomatic pressure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian pressure stalls Pakistani JF-17 sale to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213040939/http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revealed: Why Sri Lanka Backed Off the Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215193957/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 October 2013|title=Pakistan to sell JF-17 fighter jets to SL-report|work=The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523103143/http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> However, in 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=9 January 2021|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref> ==== Zimbabwe ==== The [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] reportedly planned to purchase twelve JF-17s in 2004, as part of a $240 million deal with China. No such sales have materialised.<ref name="Rotberg2009">{{cite book|first=Robert I. | last = Rotberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|title=China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0175-0|page=174|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Africa and China's Global Activism|url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616192046/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|publisher=Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> In 2010, China was reportedly in talks about the JF-17 with five or six countries, some of which had sent pilots to China to undergo test flights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian fighter requirements continue to grow|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185036/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-date=21 October 2014|access-date=21 March 2010|work=Flight International}}</ref> ==مختلف قسمون== ===تجرباتي قسمون=== تاريخي پيداوار جي ترتيب ۾: * PT-01 — انٽيڪس تي اسپلٽر پليٽن سان پهريون ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ. 31 مئي 2003 تي جاري ڪيو ويو. پهرين پرواز 25 آگسٽ 2003 تي. * PT-02 — انٽيڪس تي اسپلٽر پليٽن سان پهريون ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ. * PT-03 — انٽيڪس تي اسپلٽر پليٽن سان پهريون ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ. اپريل 2004 ۾ پهرين پرواز. * PT-04 — ڊائيورٽرليس سپرسونڪ انليٽس (DSI) ۽ تبديل ٿيل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر سان ٻيو ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ. 10 مئي 2006 تي پهرين پرواز. PT-04 ۾ DSI، وسيع LERX، وڌايل وينٽرل فين، ۽ هڪ ڊگهو، گهٽ سوئپ ٿيل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل ڪيو ويو جنهن جي چوٽي تي مستطيل فيئرنگ آهي جنهن ۾ اليڪٽرانڪ جنگي سامان ۽ ميزائل اپروچ وارننگ سينسرز تي بيس تي ننڍا بلسٽر فيئرنگ شامل آهن. PT-04 پروٽوٽائپ بنيادي طور تي ايويونڪس ۽ هٿيارن جي قابليت جي ٽيسٽن لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. * PT-05 — ٻيو ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ DSI ۽ تبديل ٿيل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر سان. * PT-06 — ٻيو ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ DSI ۽ تبديل ٿيل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر سان. *'''PT-01''' {{mdash}} *First airframe configuration prototype with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plates]] on intakes. Rolled out on 31 May 2003. First flight on 25 August 2003.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com" /> *'''PT-02''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. *'''PT-03''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. First flight in April 2004. *'''PT-04''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with [[Diverterless supersonic inlet|Diverterless Supersonic Inlets (DSI)]] and modified vertical stabiliser. First flight on 10 May 2006. PT-04 incorporated modifications such as DSI, wider LERX, extended ventral fins, and a taller, less swept vertical stabiliser with a rectangular fairing at the tip containing electronic warfare equipment and small blister fairings at the base containing Missile Approach Warning sensors. The PT-04 prototype was primarily used for avionics and weapon qualification tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |title=4th Prototype JF-17 Thunder aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |date=11 May 2006 |work=Pakistan Tribune |access-date=21 May 2011 |location=Islamabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="APP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |title=JF-17 Thunder arrives in Pakistan |date=12 March 2007 |work=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022192508/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref> *'''PT-05''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. *'''PT-06''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. ===Production variants=== In chronological production order: *'''JF-17 Block 1''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production in China began in June 2006<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com" /> and in Pakistan in 2007. The first three Chinese weapons to be integrated are the [[PL-5|PL-5E II]] AAM, the [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] AAM, and the [[C-802A|C-802AK]] anti-ship missile. Block 1 aircraft had performed "better than expected" according to PAF [[Air Commodore]] Junaid. Production of Block 1 was completed on 18 December 2013 when the fiftieth aircraft{{mdash}}58% of which was produced in Pakistan{{mdash}}was delivered.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Dave | last1 = Allport | first2 = Alan | last2 = Warnes|date=September 2010|title= JF-17 Thunders in First Public Static Display | journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue= 269|page= 8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Rolls Out 50th JF-17, Block II Production To Commence |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |date=18 December 2013 |work=Defense News |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220054215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> A Block 1 JF-17 costs approximately US$15&nbsp;million per unit.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra" /> *'''JF-17 Block 2''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production began on 18 December 2013 and initial testing began on 9 February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|work=janes.com|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119230215/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Block 2 aircraft make use of composites in the airframe for reduced weight, air-to-air refuelling capability,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Roblin|first=Sebastien|date=10 August 2019|title=Meet the JF-17 Block III Fighter: The Jet China is Helping Pakistan Build to Fight India|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|access-date=23 July 2021|website=The National Interest|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002901/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|url-status=live}}</ref> improved radar and avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |title=Pakistan Begins Producing Block-II JF-17 Aircraft |last1=Panda |first1=Ankit |date=27 December 2013 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726080602/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="dawn" /> Chairman of PAC, Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed said: "We will hand over 16 Block 2 JF-17s to the PAF every year", and that the manufacturing plant has the capacity to produce 25 units in a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to boost military export with revamped JF-17 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |date=7 December 2014 |work=Pakistan Today |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172819/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> According to local media, PAC rolled out the 16th Block 2 aircraft in December 2015 enabling the JF-17's 4th squadron formation.<ref name="Fourth" /> A Block 2 JF-17 costs approximately US$25 million per unit.<ref name="SkyWars">{{citation | url = http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | title = Sky Wars: Pakistan, India and China | first = Adnan | last = Rehmat | date = 24 May 2011 | work = Dawn | access-date = 29 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122325/http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | archive-date = 14 July 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> *'''JF-17B Block 2''' {{mdash}} Dual-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 27 April 2017.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|title=Military Flight Training MENA 2021|website=www.arabianaerospace.aero|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154514/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JF-17B">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Naveed|title=JF-17B fighter jet takes maiden test flight|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|access-date=28 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142207/https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Serial production in China and Pakistan from 2018 to 2020. A total of 26 aircraft built - first four at Chengdu and remaining 22 at Kamra.<ref name="auto4" /> Its multi-roles include use as a (i) JF-17 conversion trainer; (ii) Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT); (iii) ground-attack aircraft; and (iv) reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|title=PAF to induct dual-seater JF-17B fighter jet in April 2017|date=28 April 2016|work=[[Express Tribune]]|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503202439/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the dual-seat, larger dorsal spine, and a more swept-back tail, another difference between the JF-17B and the JF-17 is that the JF-17B carries fuel in its vertical stabiliser, which the JF-17 does not.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|title=Pride of Pakistan|website=www.airinternational.com|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310041201/https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17B houses integral fuel tanks like the F-16. Each wing houses 550 Ib while the vertical tail houses 210 lb, which, together with the internal fuel load, totals 4,910 Ib of fuel. Together with the three external fuel drop-tanks, the aircraft can carry a total 10,000 Ib fuel load.<ref name="auto" /> The JF-17B Block 2s will be retrofitted with the NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra).<ref name="auto" /> *'''JF-17C Block 3'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/adex-2024-azerbaijani-jf-17-delivery-announced | title=ADEX 2024: Azerbaijani JF-17 delivery announced | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://quwa.org/pakistan-defence-industry/pakistan-promotes-the-jf-17c-thunder-to-bangladesh-01-20-2025/ | title=Pakistan Promotes the JF-17C Thunder to Bangladesh - Quwa | date=20 January 2025 }}</ref> {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 15 December 2019. Two prototypes underwent flight tests as of December 2020, one in China and the other in Pakistan. Went into serial production at PAC Kamra on 30 December 2020.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> Projected to feature further advancements such as a NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra),<ref name="auto" /> a three-axis digital fly-by-wire flight control system,<ref name="auto" /> an infrared search and track (IRST) system,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |title=2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |format=JPG |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221746/http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Rolling Thunder|url=https://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=Asian Military Review|date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208182445/http://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system produced jointly by Pakistan and China,<ref name="auto" /> a missile approach warning system (MAWS) similar to the one used on the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]]C, [[J-16]], and [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]], a new, larger, and thinner holographic wide-angle head-up display (HUD) similar to the one used on the J-10C and J-20, an enhanced electronic warfare management system,<ref name="auto" /> a chin-mounted hardpoint,<ref name="auto" /> use of more composites for further weight reduction, eventual replacement of the [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] [[afterburning turbofan]] by the [[Guizhou WS-13]]<ref name=":2" /> with an increased thrust, and a better thrust-to-weight ratio.<ref name="dawn" /><ref name="Nigeria" /><ref name="AW17March2015">{{cite journal|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=17 March 2015|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|access-date=24 March 2015|location=Kamra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322152346/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=22 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> The KLJ-7A can simultaneously track 15 targets and engage 4 targets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=KLJ-7A: Proposed AESA Radar for the JF-17 Block-III|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507114147/http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> PAF officials have described the JF-17 Block 3 as a "fourth generation plus" fighter jet. The first PAC-produced JF-17 Block 3 aircraft are expected to roll out of the production line in late 2021.<ref name="auto" /> The PAF has placed an order for 50 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft, deliveries of which were expected to start from early 2022.<ref name="paknikkei">{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|title=Pakistan to boost air strike power with 50 enhanced fighter jets|access-date=1 March 2022|date=6 February 2022|publisher=Nikkei|first=Adnan|last=Aamir|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084243/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Pakistan to Order 50 More Fighter Jets in 2017|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054055/https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 JF-17 Block 3 production aircraft were photographed after their rollout at PAC Kamra in early January 2022. The first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF in March 2023. '''Under-Development''' *'''JF-17 Block 4 or (PFX-Alpha)''' {{mdash}} The JF-17 Block 4 or JF-17 (PFX Alpha) is an under-development 4.5+ generation version of the JF-17 Thunder under the PAF "PFX" program, where "PFX" stands for "Pakistan Fighter Experimental." Also known as the JF-17 Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU), the project aims to enhance the JF-17 beyond the capabilities of the current JF-17C Block 3, which is the most advanced variant of the fighter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/pakistan-unveils-jf-17-pfx-fighter | title=Pakistan unveils JF-17 PFX fighter | date=26 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Reveals 'JF-17 PFX' Program |url=https://quwa.org/daily-news/pakistan-reveals-jf-17-pfx-program-2/ |publisher=Quwa |date=2 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Development Program for JF-17 PFX (Pakistan Fighter Experimental) Unveiled |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/development-program-for-jf-17-pfx-pakistan-fighter-experimental-unveiled/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The PFX-Alpha focuses on improving the radar, avionics, and integrating new air-to-air and air-to-surface munitions, including indigenous weapons. It will feature an indigenously-developed passive Infrared Search and Track (IRST) sensor and an electronic warfare (EW) suite with AESA radar-jamming capability. The overall goal of the PFX program is to provide the PAF with a next-generation fighter, with the PFX-Alpha serving as a key step toward indigenization and reducing external dependence. While no official timeline has been announced, a PAF official stated in an interview with [[Geo News]] at IDEAS 2024 that the jet is expected to fly within the next 4 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wec3sH9WMQ8 |title=JF-17 PFX: Upcoming Innovation & New Chapter in Pakistan Air Force - IDEAS 2024 {{!}} Breaking News |date=21 November 2024 |last=Geo News |access-date=23 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> At the [[Royal International Air Tattoo|RIAT]] 2025 air show, Pakistan showcased a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130H Hercules]] with a custom paint job featuring artwork of various PAF aircraft; notably, the PFX was depicted highest on the tail, symbolising the Air Force’s strong commitment to the program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=PAF Showcases JF-17, C-130 at RIAT 2025 in the UK |url=https://theneutral.pk/paf-to-display-jf-17-thunder-c-130-hercules-at-riat-2025/ |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=theneutral.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> ==آپريٽرز== <!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--> [[File:JF-17 operators.png|thumb|400px|موجوده JF-17 آپريٽر ملڪن (نيري رنگ ۾) سان نقشو]] === موجوده آپريٽر === '''{{AZE}}'''<br> * آذربائيجاني ايئر فورس: 5 پهچايا ويا، 35 آرڊر تي<ref name="azeri1" /> <ref name="azeri2">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/11/17/from-azerbaijan-to-uae-iran-is-surrounded-by-more-advanced-air-forces/ |title=From Azerbaijan To UAE, Iran Is Surrounded By More Advanced Air Forces |website=Forbes.com |date=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/azerbaijan-inducts-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan |title=Azerbaijan inducts JF-17 fighters from Pakistan |website=Janes.com |date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.defcros.com/azerbaijan-receives-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan/ |title=Azerbaijan Receives JF-17 Fighters from Pakistan |website=news.defcros.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> 35 on order<ref name="azeri2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://turdef.com/article/azerbaijan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fighters-in-inventory |title=Azerbaijan Shows JF-17 Block III Fighters in Inventory |website=turdef.com |date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aze.media/jf-17-and-a-new-axis-of-partnership-the-largest-ever-defense-deal-between-pakistan-and-azerbaijan/ |title=JF-17 and a new axis of partnership: The largest-ever defense deal between Pakistan and Azerbaijan |website=aze.media |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya1" /> '''{{flag|Myanmar}}''' [[ميانمار]] * ميانمار جي ايئر فورس: 13 پهچايا ويا، 3 آرڊر تي<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |title=2021 World Air Forces |format=PDF |editor-last=Hoyle |editor-first=Craig |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208041355/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-team-sent-to-myanmar-to-repair-combat-aircraft/articleshow/98640757.cms | title=Pakistan team sent to Myanmar to repair combat aircraft | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=15 March 2023 | last1=Chaudhury | first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** ميڪٽيلا ايئر فورس بيس<ref name="ReferenceB"/> '''{{NGA}}''' * نائيجيريا جي ايئر فورس: 3 پهچايا ويا<ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21">{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17s as it awaits Super Tucanos |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=21 May 2021 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191831/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** اين اي ايف بيس ماڪرودي<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |title=Nigeria gears up to receive JF-17s |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=13 November 2020 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121054653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17 fighters |website=Janes.com |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191832/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |url-status=live }}</ref> '''{{PAK}}''' * پاڪستان ايئر فورس: 161 پهچايا ويا، 27 آرڊر تي ** پي اي ايف بيس ڀولاري ([[ڄامشورو]]) *** نمبر 18 اسڪواڊرن شارپ شوٽرز (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref name="SHEPHARD"> {{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/pakistan-receives-chinese-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-reports/ |title=Pakistan receives Chinese JF-17 Block III fighter jets, reports say| access-date=10 March 2023|work=SHEPHARD |date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141819/https://timesofislamabad.com/03-Feb-2018/six-paf-squadrons-with-over-100-jf-17-fighter-jets-become-operational-fully |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|title=The JF-17 Is No F-35 Stealth Jet, But It's Good Enough For Pakistan|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=2 January 2020|website=The National Interest|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|title=Janes {{!}} Latest defence and security news|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Janes.com|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906153101/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="paknikkei" /> ** [[PAF Base Bholari]] (Jamshoro)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** No. 18 Squadron ''Sharp Shooters'' (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|title=Pakistan inducts 14 JF-17Bs and starts Block III JF-17 Thunder production|first=Hans van|last=Herk|website=www.scramble.nl|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231094256/https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Delivers New JF-17B Batch|date=2 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119112738/https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس مسرور ([[ڪراچي]]) *** نمبر 2 اسڪواڊرن منهاسين (2015)<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |title=Pakistan's PAF Re-equip Squadron No 2 Minhas With JF-17 |work=Asian Defence |date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121101129/http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 }}</ref> *** نمبر 8 اسڪواڊرن حيدرز (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-jf17-fighter-aircrafts/ | title=Pakistan Establishes Second Squadron of JF-17 "Thunder" Block 3 Fighters | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Scramble.nl">{{cite web | url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force | title=Orbats }}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس منہاس (ڪامرا) *** JF-17 TEF (ٽيسٽ ۽ تشخيص پرواز) (2007-2010)<ref name="AFM, July 2011, JF-17 - Thunder from the East">{{cite journal|last=Warnes|first=Alan|date=July 2011|title=JF-17&nbsp;– Thunder from the East|journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue=#280|pages=47–70}}</ref> *** نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن بليڪ پينٿرز (2011)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan" /> ** پي اي ايف بيس مصحف ([[سرگوڌا]]) *** CCS JF-17 اسڪواڊرن ڊيشنگ<ref name="Scramble.nl" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|title=JF-17 Thunder aircraft inducted in PAF Combat Commanders' School|work=Business Recorder|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223224329/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس [[پشاور]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/?q=node/16871 |title=Peshawar Base to station JF-17 Thunder Aircraft Squadron: Pak Air Chief |work=Asian Tribune |date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010004/http://asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F16871 |archive-date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> *** نمبر 26 اسڪواڊرن بليڪ اسپائڊرز (2010)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan" /> ** پي اي ايف بيس رفيقي ([[شورڪوٽ]])<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** نمبر 14 اسڪواڊرن ٽيل چوپرز (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|date=16 February 2017|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132631/https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس سمنگلي ([[ڪوئيٽا]]) *** نمبر 28 اسڪواڊرن فينڪس (2018)<ref> {{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|title=Pakistan inaugurates new fighter squadron – No. 28 "Phoenix"|date=28 February 2018|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123005402/https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|title=PAF raises new multirole squadron equipped with JF-17 Thunder aircraft|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025709/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|url-status=live}}</ref> ======موجوده آپريٽر====== '''{{flag|Libya}}''' * ليبيا ايئر فورس: آرڊر تي 16<ref name="libya1" /><ref name="libya2" /><ref name="libya3" /> ==حادثا ۽ واقعا== سال 2003ع ۾ پنهنجي پهرين اڏام کان وٺي ۽ سال 2007ع ۾ آپريشنل ٿيڻ کان وٺي، پنج JF-17 جهاز حادثن ۾ تباهه ٿيا آهن: * '''14''' نومبر 2011ع: هڪ JF-17 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ضلعي [[اٽڪ ضلعو|اٽڪ]]، [[پنجاب، پاڪستان|پنجاب]] جي جبلن ۾ ملا منصور علائقي ۾ معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران تباهه ٿي ويو، جڏهن پي ائ ايف بيس منهاس کان اڏام ڪري رهيو هو. پي ائ ايف جي سرڪاري رپورٽ موجب، حادثو هڪ ٽيڪنيڪل خرابي جي ڪري ٿيو. خبرن ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته پائلٽ ٻاهر نڪري ويو پر پيراشوٽ نه کُلڻ سبب مرجي ويو ۽ زمين تي ڪو به شهري جاني نقصان نه ٿيو. پائلٽ جو لاش حادثي واري هنڌ کان ٻه ڪلوميٽر پري دريافت ٿيو. هي JF-17 جو پهريون ڄاتل سڃاتل حادثو هو.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=DUBAI: JF-17 crashes in Pakistan's Kamra |date=15 November 2011 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=FlightGlobal |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054649/https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2011|title=PAF pilot dies as a plane crashed in Attock {{!}} Pakistan {{!}} News {{!}} Newspaper {{!}} Daily {{!}} English {{!}} Online|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/14-Nov-2011/pilot-dies-in-paf-aircraft-crash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216040156/https://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/14-Nov-2011/Pilot-dies-in-PAF-aircraft-crash|archive-date=16 December 2011|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Military Flair Up Between India and Pakistan See Both Sides Blaming One Another|url=http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Paktribune|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182541/http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pti|date=14 November 2011|title=Pakistan Air Force {{!}} Jet Crashes {{!}} Pilot {{!}} Punjab|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=oneindia.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182658/https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=18 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> * <small>27</small> سيپٽمبر <small>2016</small>ع: هڪ <small>'''JF-17'''</small> جهاز [[عربي سمنڊ]] ۾ مشق "هاءِ مارڪ" دوران کري تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو ۽ کيس سمنڊ مان بچايو ويو. مارٽن-بيڪر، جي ايف-17 جي ايجيڪشن سيٽن جو ٺاهيندڙ، پوء ٽوئيٽ ڪيو ته 15 سيپٽمبر 2020ع جو حادثو جي ايف-17 مان پهريون ايجيڪشن هو.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2016|title=JF-17 crashes into Arabian Sea|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162416/https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * 15 سيپٽمبر 2020ع: هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 جهاز پنڊي گهيب، ضلعي اٽڪ، پنجاب جي ويجهو معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=15 September 2020|title=PAF aircraft crashes in Attock during routine training, pilot ejects safely|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|access-date=15 September 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916183607/https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ زمين تي به ڪنهن جاني نقصان جي اطلاع نه ملي. جڏهن ته پي اي ايف جهاز جي سڃاڻپ نه ڪئي، مارٽن-بيڪر، جن جون سيٽون جي ايف-17 ۾ نصب ٿيل آهن، هڪ ٽوئيٽر پوسٽ ۾ چيو ته، "پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو هڪ جي ايف-17 جهاز اڄ صبح معمول جي تربيتي مشن دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Jet Crashes, Pilot Ejects|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|access-date=15 September 2020|website=defenseworld.net|date=15 September 2020|archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917084418/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref>.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * 6 آگسٽ 2021ع: هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بي بلاڪ 2 جهاز ضلعي اٽڪ، پنجاب ۾ معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. ٻئي پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويا ۽ زمين تي ڪنهن به جاني نقصان جي اطلاع نه ملي.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=6 August 2021|title=PAF jet crashes during routine training mission near Attock|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|access-date=9 August 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145129/https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin-Baker|date=9 August 2021|title=A Pakistan Air Force JF-17B aircraft crashed late last week on a training mission near Attock. Both aircrew ejected successfully from the twin seat aircraft using PK16LE Ejection Seats.|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811113709/https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News & Events|url=https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815093830/https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|archive-date=15 August 2021|access-date=15 August 2021|website=Martin-Baker|language=en-US}}</ref> * 5 جون 2024ع: پنجاب جي ضلعي جهنگ ۾ هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 2 جهاز معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. ٻڌايو پيو وڃي ته اهو جنگي جهاز نمبر 14 اسڪواڊرن "ٽيل چوپرز" جو حصو هو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو. حادثي جي رپورٽ جهاز جي ايجيڪشن سيٽ ٺاهيندڙ، مارٽن بيڪر پاران ڏني وئي هئي.<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/389360</ref> ==بيان ڪيل خاصيتون== پاڪستان ايروونٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس مارڪيٽنگ بروشر ۽ سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ مان ڊيٽا. ===عام خاصيتون=== * عملو: 1 (سنگل سيٽ JF-17A/C) يا 2 (ڊبل سيٽ JF-17B) * ڊگھائي: 14.326 ميٽر (47 فوٽ 0 انچ) * پرن جو دائرو: 9.44 ميٽر (31 فوٽ 0 انچ) * اوچائي: 4.57 ميٽر (15 فوٽ 0 انچ) * پرن جو علائقو: 24.43 چورس ميٽر (263.0 چورس فوٽ) * خالي وزن: 7,965 ڪلوگرام (17,560 پائونڊ) * وڌ ۾ وڌ ٽيڪ آف وزن: 13,500 ڪلوگرام (29,762 پائونڊ) * ايندھن جي گنجائش: ** اندروني: 3,000 ليٽر (2,449 ڪلوگرام)؛ ** ٻاهرين (3 ڊراپ ٽينڪ): 1 × 800 ليٽر (180 امپ گيل) *** پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ؛ 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) *** انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ * پاور پلانٽ: 1 × ڪليموف RD-93MA آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين (91.2 kN (20,500 lbf) ٿرسٽ آفٽر برنر سان) FDEEC سان (پوئين انجن: 1 x ڪليموف RD-93 آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين (84.4 kN (18,974 lbf) ٿرسٽ آفٽر برنر سان) # ===ڪارڪردگي=== * وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار: 1,910 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (1,190 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 1,030 kn) * وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار: ماخ 1.8 (Mach 1.8) * ڪروز جي رفتار: 1,359 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (844 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 734 kn) * اسٽال جي رفتار: 150 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (93 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 81 kn) * جنگي رينج: ** اندروني ايندھن تي 900 ڪلوميٽر (560 ميل، 490 ناٽيڪل ميل) ** ڊراپ ٽينڪن سان 1,741 ڪلوميٽر (1,082 ميل، 940 ناٽيڪل ميل) * فيري رينج: ** اندروني ايندھن تي 1,800 ڪلوميٽر (1,100 ميل، 970 ناٽيڪل ميل). ** ڊراپ ٽينڪن سان 3,482 ڪلوميٽر (2,163 ميل، 1,880 ناٽيڪل ميل) * سروس جي حد: 16,916 ميٽر (55,500 فوٽ) * ڪشش ثقل g حدون: +8/-3 (فلائيٽ ڪنٽرول سسٽم پاران محدود) * چڙهڻ جي شرح: 300 ميٽر/سيڪنڊ (59,000 فوٽ/منٽ) * زور: RD-93 سان 1.07. # ===هٿيار=== * توپون: 1 × 23 ملي ميٽر GSh-23 ٽوئن بيرل توپ * هارڊ پوائنٽس: 8 (2 × ونگ ٽِپ، 4 × انڊر-ونگ، 1 × انڊر-فيوزليج، 1 × چن) هر انڊر-ونگ هارڊ پوائنٽ تي ڊبل ايجيڪٽر ريڪ جي گنجائش سان. * پي لوڊ: 3,400 ڪلوگرام (7,500 پائونڊ) ===ميزائل=== * هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ ميزائل: ** PL-5EII — (انفراريڊ-هومنگ شارٽ رينج ميزائل) ** PL-10E — (انفراريڊ-هومنگ شارٽ رينج ميزائل) ** R-Darter — (ريڊار-هومنگ بيونڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) ** PL-12 (SD-10A) — (ريڊار-هائيڊڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) ** PL-15/PL-15E — (ريڊار-هائيڊڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) * هوا کان مٿاڇري تي مار ڪندڙ ميزائل: ** CM-102 — (اينٽي ريڊيئيشن ميزائل) ** LD-10 — (تابڪاري مخالف ميزائل) ** MAR-1 — (تابڪاري مخالف ميزائل) ** رعد-II — (سبسونڪ زميني حملو/اينٽي شپ ڪروز ميزائل) ** CM-400AKG — (سپرسونڪ ڊگهي فاصلي وارو هوا کان مٿاڇري تي مار ڪندڙ ميزائل) * اينٽي شپ ميزائل ** C-601 — (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** سي-705 ڪي ڊي - (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** سي-802 اي ڪي - (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** رعد-II - (سبسونڪ لينڊ اٽيڪ/اينٽي شپ ڪروز ميزائل) ** سي ايم-400 اي ڪي جي - (سپرسونڪ ڊگھي فاصلي وارو اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ===بم=== * غير هدايت ٿيل بم: ** 250 ڪلوگرام - پري ٽڪڙا ٿيل بم ** ايم ڪي-82 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** ايم ڪي-83 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** ايم ڪي-84 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** HAFR-1/HAFR-2 - (اينٽي رن وي بم) ** RPB-1 - (اينٽي رن وي بم) * گائيڊ ٿيل بم: ** GBU-10 - (ليزر گائيڊ ٿيل بم) ** GBU-12 - (ليزر گائيڊ ٿيل بم) ** GBU-16 - (ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** LT-2 — (ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** H-2 SOW — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ گلائيڊ بم) ** H-4 SOW — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ گلائيڊ بم) ** GB-6 — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ اسٽيلٿ گلائيڊ بم) ** NORINCO GB-250A — (250 ڪلوگرام ايڪسٽينڊڊ رينج GPS/INS-گائيڊڊ بم) ** CS/BBF1 — (فيول ايئر ايڪسپلوسو (FAE) يا ٿرموبارڪ بم) ** SCP-5 — (بنڪر بسٽر بم) ** NORINCO GB-500 — (500 ڪلوگرام ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** LS-6 — (وڌايل رينج GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ** GIDS تڪبير — (GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ** GIDS رينج ايڪسٽينشن ڪٽ — (GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ===ايويونڪس=== * ريڊار: ** KLJ-7A ايڪٽو اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (AESA) ** فائر ڪنٽرول ريڊار (FCR) * ريڊار وارننگ رسيور (RWR): ** 1 × BM/KJ-8602A * ميزائل اپروچ وارننگ سسٽم (MAWS): ** 4 × S740 شناخت دوست يا دشمن (IFF) * سسٽم: JZ/YD 125 * ڊيٽا بس: ٽيڪٽيڪل ڊيٽا لنڪ: لنڪ-17 * ٻيا: ** ٻاهرين پوڊ: *** Aselsan ASELPOD — ايڊوانسڊ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ (اليڪٽرو-آپٽيڪل ريڪنيسنس، نگراني ۽ ٽارگيٽنگ سسٽم) WMD-7 — FLIR *** ڊي/نائيٽ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ KG600/KG700 — ايئر بورن اليڪٽرانڪ ڪائونٽر ميجر (ECM) / سيلف پروٽيڪشن **جامنگ پوڊ *** اندرا سسٽم ALQ-500P — ESM/ECM پوڊ * مقابلي جا طريقا: ** چاف/فليئر ڊسپينسر ACMI: *** SDT ACMI سسٽم ** ايجڪشن سيٽ: *** مارٽن-بيڪر PK16LE صفر-صفر ايجڪشن سيٽ ** ٻاهرين ايندھن جا ٽينڪ: *** وڌايل رينج/لوٽرنگ وقت لاءِ 3 ٻاهرين ڊراپ ٽينڪ تائين: **** 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ **** 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|پاڪستان|چين|هوابازي}} * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جنگي جهازن جي فهرست ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Bibliography=== * {{Cite book |last1=Medeiros |first1=Evan S |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf |title=A New Direction for China's Defense Industry |last2=Cliff |first2=Roger |last3=Crane |first3=Keith |last4=Mulvenon |first4=James C |date=2005 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] Project Air Force |isbn=978-0-8330-4079-4 |language=en |oclc=69995886}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906183937/http://www.cac.com.cn/product/product_display.aspx?id=1 Archived Factsheet FC-1 on Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) website] * [http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 Factsheet JF-17 on Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jf-17 Thunder}} [[زمرو:JF-17 ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا جنگي هٿيار]] [[زمرو:سپر سونڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سنگل انجن وارو جيٽ جهاز]] [[زمرو:چين-پاڪستان فوجي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:وچين ونگ وارا هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:چوٿين نسل جي جيٽ ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] [[زمرو:پهريون ڀيرو 2003 ۾ اڏامندڙ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس پاران تيار ڪيل ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:واپس وٺڻ واري ٽرائي سائيڪل لينڊنگ گيئر سان هوائي جهاز]] f9a7wha0btliet7f440gi8ho0ykn7c6 371084 371083 2026-04-12T10:36:24Z Memon2025 21315 371084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sino-Pakistani multirole fighter aircraft}} {{Infobox settlement | name = جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر<br> JF-17 Thunder | image = File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg | caption = پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر بلاڪ 1 | type = سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز | national_origin = | manufacturer = | first_flight = | introduction = | retired = | status = | primary_user = | more_users = | produced = | number_built = | developed_from = |other_name=ايف سي-1 شياؤ لونگ<br> FC-1 Xiaolong|subdivision_type=قومي اصل ملڪ|subdivision_type1=ٺاهيندڙ|subdivision_type2=پيداوار|subdivision_type3=تعمير ٿيل تعداد|subdivision_type4=تعارف|subdivision_name4=12 مارچ 2007ع|subdivision_type5=پهرين پرواز|subdivision_name5=25 آگسٽ 2003ع|subdivision_type6=حالت|subdivision_name6=سروس ۾|established_title=بنيادي استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date=[[پاڪستان ائيرفورس]]|established_title1=ٻيو استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date1={{ubl |[[ميانمار ايئر فورس]] |[[نائيجيريا ايئر فورس]] |[[آذربائيجاني ايئر فورسز]] }}|established_title2=دلچسپي رکندڙ ملڪ|established_date2=[[بنگلاديش]]، [[انڊونيشيا]]، [[سعودي عرب]]|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=|established_date5=|established_title6=|established_date6=|established_title7=|established_date7=|extinct_title=|extinct_date=|subdivision_name=[[پاڪستان]] / [[چين]]|subdivision_name1=[[پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] / [[چينگڊو ايئر ڪرافٽ انڊسٽري گروپ]]|subdivision_name2=چين ۾: جون 2007ع<br />پاڪستان ۾: جنوري 2008ع|subdivision_name3=182 (اضافي 6 پروٽوٽائپ)}} '''جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر''' (JF-17 Thunder؛ اردو: جے ایف-۱۷ گرج) هڪ چين-پاڪستاني سنگل انجن وارو هلڪو وزن وارو سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز آهي جيڪو [[پاڪستان]] جي [[پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] (<small>PAC</small>) ۽ [[چين]] جي چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ ڪارپوريشن (<small>CAC</small>) پاران گڏيل طور تي تيار ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|website=www.pac.org.pk|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712224651/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|url-status=live}}</ref> اهو چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر آهي ۽ [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] (<small>PAF</small>) ۾ ٽئين نسل جي <small>'''اي-5'''</small> <small>'''سي، ايف-7 پي/پي جي'''</small>، ميراج <small>III</small> ۽ ميراج <small>5</small> جنگي جهاز جي متبادل طور تي ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. <ref name=":92">{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan|title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan|date=26 September 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|title=Pakistan's tool of war: PAF's rolling thunder|first=Ali|last=Osman|date=17 December 2015|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003037/https://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''جي ايف-17'''</small> کي ڪيترن ئي ڪردارن لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جنهن ۾ فضائي دفاع، زميني حملو، اينٽي شپ ۽ فضائي جاچ شامل آهن. پاڪستاني نالو "جي ايف-17" جو مطلب آهي "جوائنٽ فائٽر-17"، جن ۾ "جوائنٽ فائٽر" جهاز جي گڏيل پاڪستاني-چيني ترقي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو ۽ "-17" جو مطلب آهي ته اهو آمريڪي [[ايف-16 جيٽ]] جو جانشين آهي. چيني نالي "ايف سي-1" جو مطلب آهي "فائٽر چائنا-1". جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر مختلف قسم جا هٿيار استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو, جنهن ۾ هوا کان هوا، هوا کان مٿاڇري ۽ اينٽي شپ ميزائل شامل آهن. گائيڊڊ ۽ ان گائيڊڊ بم. ۽ 23-ايم ايم جي ايس ايڇ-23-2 ٽوئن بيرل آٽو ڪينن. چيني گيزو ڊبليو ايس-13 يا روسي ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 ۽ 2) يا ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 ايم اي (<small>'''جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 3'''</small>) آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين انجن ذريعي طاقتور. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار <small>'''ماخ 1.6'''</small> آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-032">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''جي ايف-17'''</small> پاڪستان ايرفورس جي ريڙهه ۽ ڪم جو هارس آهي. تقريبن اڌ قيمت تي ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن کي پورو ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002224809/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> بلاڪ II قسم جي قيمت 25 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-033">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي 2007 ۾ پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو هو.[[File:Pakistan JF-17 Thunder, Pakistan - Air Force JP7136023.jpg|thumb|انفراريڊ هومنگ - هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ - [[پي ايل-5 ميزائل|PL-5 ميزائل]] سان ليس - پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو JF-17 ]] <small>'''JF-17'''</small> ايئر فريم جو <small>'''%58'''</small>، جنهن ۾ ان جو فرنٽ فيوزليج، ونگز ۽ عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل آهن، پاڪستان ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته <small>'''42'''</small> سيڪڙو چين ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي آخري اسيمبلي ۽ سيريل پيداوار پاڪستان ۾ ٿيندي آهي.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2015ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان 16 JF-17s پيدا ڪيا.<ref name="The Express Tribune2">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، PAC وٽ هر سال 20 JF-17s پيدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت آهي. اپريل <small>2017ع</small> تائين، PAC PAF لاءِ 70 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ۽ 33 بلاڪ 2 جهاز تيار ڪيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220025305/http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="quwa.org2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex delivered 70 JF-17S to the Pakistan Air Force|url=http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609031529/http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-II production crosses 30 planes|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507071327/http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس جا JF-17 ٿنڊر <small>'''19,000'''</small> کان وڌيڪ آپريشنل پرواز گڏ ڪري چڪا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Two-Seat Variant of China-Pakistan JF-17 Fighter Jet to Fly in 2016|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060126/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016|archive-date=9 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾، پي اي سي/سي اي سي هڪ ٻٽي سيٽ واري قسم کي ترقي ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو جن کي بهتر آپريشنل صلاحيت، ڪنورشن ٽريننگ ۽ ليڊ ان فائٽر ٽريننگ لاءِ <small>'''JF-17B'''</small> جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|title=Pakistan, China jointly launch production of JF-17B fighter jets|date=28 April 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155526/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>JF-17B</small> بلاڪ 2 قسم <small>2018ع</small> ۾ پي اي سي ۾ سيريل پيداوار ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> تائين <small>'''26'''</small> جهاز پي اي ايف کي پهچايا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|title=PAC Kamra rolls out final 14 JF-17B fighters for Pakistan Air Force|website=Janes.com|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111103242/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان ايئر فورس هڪ فعال اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (<small>AESA</small>) ريڊار، هڪ وڌيڪ طاقتور روسي ڪليموف <small>RD-93MA</small> انجن، هڪ وڏو ۽ وڌيڪ ترقي يافته وائڊ اينگل هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي (<small>HUD</small>)، اليڪٽرانڪ جوابي ماپ، هڪ اضافي هارڊ پوائنٽ، ۽ بهتر هٿيارن جي صلاحيت سان جهاز جي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته بلاڪ 3 ورزن جي سيريل پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref name="auto52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 جهازن فوجي ڪارروائي ڪئي آهي، هوائي کان هوائي ۽ هوائي کان زمين تي، جنهن ۾ سال <small>2014</small>ع ۽ <small>2017ع</small> ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن دوران پاڪستان-افغانستان سرحد جي ويجهو اتر وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردن جي جڳهن تي بمباري ڪرڻ، <ref>{{cite news|title=Fighter jets bomb militant hideouts in North Waziristan after Taliban attacks|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031322/https://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA3">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> هدايت يافته ۽ غير هدايت يافته (guided) هٿيارن جو استعمال ڪرڻ، سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾ بلوچستان ۾ پاڪستان-ايران حد جي ويجهو هڪ مداخلت ڪندڙ ايراني فوجي ڊرون کي ڪيرائڻ، <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|title=Iranian drone shot down by PAF, confirms FO|date=21 June 2017|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072512/https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2019ع</small> ۾ جمو ۽ ڪشمير جي هوائي حملي ۽ هندستان ۽ پاڪستان جي وچ ۾ هوائي جهڙپن دوران آپريشن سوئفٽ ريٽورٽ ۾<ref name="auto82">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ <small>2024ع</small> ۾ آپريشن مارگ بر سرمچار دوران، جن ۾ پاڪستان ايران جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي]] اندر بلوچ عليحدگي پسند گروپن کي نشانو بڻائي هوائي ۽ توپخاني جي حملي جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو. مارچ ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2024ع</small> ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-<small>'''17'''</small> جهازن کي [[افغانستان]] اندر پاڪستاني طالبان جي ٺڪاڻن خلاف سرحد پار هوائي حملي ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Abid|title=Pakistan air strikes in Afghanistan spark Taliban warning of retaliation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/25/pakistan-air-strikes-in-afghanistan-spark-taliban-warning-of-retaliation|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> [[نائيجيريا]] جي هوائي فوج (<small>NAF</small>) جي ايف-17 جهازن نائيجيريا ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف ۽ بغاوت مخالف آپريشن ۾ فوجي ڪارروائي ڏٺي آهي.<ref name="auto22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> [[ميانمار]] جي فوج پڻ مختلف باغي گروپن خلاف پنهنجي <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي بار بار تعينات ڪيو آهي. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Anthony|date=11 January 2023|title=Myanmar Air Force fiercely gunning to win the war|url=https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/myanmar-air-force-fiercely-gunning-to-win-the-war/|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref> مئي <small>2025ع</small> جي هندستان-پاڪستان تڪرار دوران، پي اي ايف <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي هوا کان هوا ۽ هوا کان زمين تي ٻنهي ڪردارن ۾ جنگ ۾ تعينات ڪيو.<ref name="auto14">{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know | title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know }}</ref><ref name="auto16">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1w3dln352vo | title=Kashmir: How China benefited from India-Pakistan hostilities | date=19 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/09/china/china-military-tech-pakistan-india-conflict-intl-hnk | title=China has spent billions developing military tech. Conflict between India and Pakistan could be its first major test | date=9 May 2025 }}</ref> ==ترقي== === پس منظر === جي ايف-17 کي بنيادي طور تي پي اي ايف جي هڪ سستي، غير منظور ٿيل، چوٿين نسل جي، هلڪي وزن واري، گھڻ-رول جنگي جهاز جي ضرورت کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Aviation Week]]|title=Pakistan expands fighter force|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awst/2010/12/20/AW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|date=22 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105212255/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fawst%2F2010%2F12%2F20%2FAW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|archive-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> ته جيئن ٽئين نسل جي نانچانگ اي-5 سي بمبارن، چينگدو ايف-7 پي/پي جي انٽرسيپٽرز، ميراج III ملٽي-رول جنگي جهاز ۽ ميراج 5 اسٽرائڪ جهاز جي وڏي بيڙي جي متبادل طور تي، جنهن جي قيمت 500 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي جيڪا پاڪستان ۽ چين جي وچ ۾ برابر ورهايل هئي. <ref name="fighter-planes.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|title=Joint Fighter-17 (JF-17) Thunder|publisher=Fighter Planes|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901205431/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|archive-date=1 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> جهاز جو مقصد وڌيڪ مهانگو مغربي ويڙهاڪن جي قيمت-مؤثر ۽ مقابلي واري متبادل جي طور تي برآمد جي صلاحيت پڻ هئي. هن جهاز جي ترقي يانگ وي جي سربراهي ۾ هئي، جنهن کي چين جو "ايس ڊيزائنر" سمجهيو ويندو هو، جنهن چينگدو جي-20 پڻ ٺاهيو.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|journal=International Relations and Security Network|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005150/http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سال 1989ع تائين، آمريڪا جي اقتصادي پابندين جي ڪري، پاڪستان پروجيڪٽ سيبر II کي ڇڏي ڏنو هو، هڪ ڊيزائن اسٽڊي جنهن ۾ آمريڪي جهاز ٺاهيندڙ گرومن ۽ چين شامل هئا، ۽ چينگدو ايف-7 کي ٻيهر ڊزائين ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو هو. <ref name="Pakistan considers new fighter plan2">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Considers new Fighter Plan|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14–20 March 1990|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II|access-date=18 October 2009|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021154725/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II}}</ref> سال1988ع ۾، چين ۽ گرومن سپر 7 جو نو مهينن جو ابتدائي ڊيزائن مطالعو ڪيو، جيڪو چينگدو ايف-7 جو اپ گريڊ هو.<ref name="Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms2">{{cite web|title=Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|date=26 November 1988|work=Flight International|access-date=15 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021140123/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> سال 1989ع جي تيانانمن اسڪوائر احتجاج جي سياسي نتيجي کان پوءِ جڏهن چين تي پابنديون لڳايون ويون ته گرومن منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو. گرومن جي چينگدو سپر 7 منصوبي کي ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ، منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو ويو ۽، ان جي جاءِ تي، فائٽر چائنا-1 (ايف سي-1) منصوبو 1991ع ۾ شروع ڪيو ويو. سال <small>1995</small>ع ۾، پاڪستان ۽ چين هڪ نئين فائٽر جي گڏيل ڊيزائن ۽ ترقي لاءِ هڪ مفاهمت جي ياداشت (MoU) تي دستخط ڪيا ۽ ايندڙ ڪجهه سالن ۾ منصوبي جي تفصيلن تي ڪم ڪيو. جون 1995ع ۾، ميڪوئان "ڊيزائن سپورٽ" مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ منصوبي ۾ شامل ٿيو، ان ۾ سي اي سي پاران ڪيترن ئي انجنيئرن جي سيڪنڊمينٽ پڻ شامل هئي.<ref name="21 June 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Mikoyan joins Chengdu on fighter|work=[[Flight International]]|date=21 June 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212115/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> === ايف سي-1 منصوبي جو آغاز === [[File:Pakistan Air Force Pakistan JF-17 Thunder Bidini-1.jpg|thumb|left|<small>2011</small> جي ازمير ايئر شو لاءِ ازمير ترڪي ۾ هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1]] آڪٽوبر <small>1995</small> ۾ رپورٽ موجب سال جي آخر تائين پاڪستان کي ايف سي-1 جي ايويونڪس فراهم ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي ضم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ڪمپني چونڊڻي هئي جنهن جي <small>1999</small> تائين پيداوار شروع ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. چيو ويندو هو ته ايويونڪس ۾ ريڊار، انرٽيل نيويگيشن سسٽم، هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي ۽ ملٽي فنڪشن ڊسپلي شامل آهن. مقابلي واريون بوليون ٿامسن-سي ايس ايف کان ريڊار ڊاپلر ملٽي ٽارگيٽ (<small>RDY</small>) جي هڪ قسم <small>SAGEM</small> <small>ROSE</small> اپ گريڊ پروجيڪٽ ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ ساڳي ايويونڪس پيڪيج ۽ مارڪوني اليڪٽرانڪ سسٽم ان جي بليو هاڪ ريڊار سان آيون. ڪمپني جي پي اي ايف سان لاڳاپن جي ڪري <small>FIAR</small> جي (هاڻي <small>SELEX</small> گيليلو) گريفو <small>S7</small> ريڊار جي چونڊ ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. <ref name="18 October 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Pakistan nears FC-1 avionics decision|work=[[Flight International]]|date=18 October 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725044013/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> فيبروري <small>1998</small> ۾ پاڪستان ۽ چين ايئر فريم ڊولپمينٽ کي ڍڪڻ واري ارادي جي خط تي دستخط ڪيا. روس جي ڪليموف فائٽر کي طاقت ڏيڻ لاءِ <small>RD-33</small> ٽربوفين انجن جو هڪ قسم پيش ڪيو. <ref name="04/03/98 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=China/Pakistan signal intent to resume FC-1 development work|work=[[Flight International]]|date=4 March 1998|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725051043/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/|url-status=live|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> اپريل <small>1999</small> ۾ ڏکڻ آفريڪا جي ڊينيل سپر 7, اڳ ۾ رپورٽ ٿيل آر-ڊارٽر جي بدران, کي ٽي-ڊارٽر بيونڊ-ويزوئل-رينج (<small>BVR</small>) ايئر-ٽو-ايئر ميزائل (<small>AAM</small>) سان هٿياربند ڪرڻ جي آڇ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/|title=Denel proposes advanced Darter derivatives|last=Lewis|first=Paul|date=28 April 1999|work=Flight International|access-date=31 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725033628/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> اڳ ۾ <small>1987</small> ۾ پراٽ ۽ وٽني سپر-<small>7</small> منصوبي کي چين يا پاڪستان ۾ مقامي پيداوار سان ٽي انجن آپشن؛ <small>PW1212</small>، <small>F404</small> ۽ <small>PW1216</small> پيش ڪيا. رولز رائس پنهنجو <small>RB199-127/128</small> ٽربوفين انجن پيش ڪيو. هي منصوبو <small>1989</small> ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|title=FC-1 JF-17 western engine options|date=15 June 2012|work=Air Force World|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042701/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> جون <small>1999</small> ۾ چينگدو <small>FC-1/سپر 7</small> کي گڏيل طور تي ترقي ۽ پيداوار جو معاهدو دستخط ڪيو ويو. <small>GEC</small>-مارڪوني پاران هڪ مربوط ايويونڪس سوٽ فراهم ڪرڻ لاءِ بولي کي ڇڏي ڏيڻ کان پوءِ <small>FIAR</small> ۽ <small>Thomson-CSF</small> ترتيب وار <small>Grifo S7</small> ۽ <small>RC400</small> ريڊار تي ٻڌل ڪيترائي ايويونڪس سوئيٽ تجويز ڪيا. جيتوڻيڪ اڳ ۾ اميد هئي ته <small>PAF</small> جي سپر 7 کي پنهنجي نئين بليو هاڪ ريڊار لانچ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو.<ref name="14 July 1999 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=China and Pakistan agree on Super 7 fighter development work|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14 July 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526190707/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> <ref name="23 June 1999 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Marconi abandons FC-1 fighter bid|work=[[Flight International]]|date=23 July 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526184233/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> ملڪ جي <small>1998</small> جي ايٽمي هٿيارن جي تجربن کان پوءِ پاڪستان تي پابندين جي ڪري ايندڙ <small>18</small> مهينن دوران ڊيزائن جو ڪم تمام سست رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌيو. <small>PAF</small> کي مغربي ايويونڪس جي ترسيل کي روڪيو ويو. <small>2001</small> جي شروعات ۾ <small>PAF</small> جو فيصلو جهاز تي ڊيزائن جي ڪم کي جاري رکڻ جي قابل بڻايو ته ايئر فريم کي ايويونڪس کان ڌار ڪيو وڃي جيئن ته ايئر فريم ترقي ڪئي وئي <small>PAF</small> پاران ڪنهن به نئين ايويونڪس گهرجن کي ايئر فريم ۾ وڌيڪ آساني سان ضم ڪري سگهجي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20042">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> پروٽوٽائپ جي پيداوار سيپٽمبر 2002 ۾ شروع ٿي. نومبر 2002 ۾ ايئر شو چائنا ۾ FC-1/Super 7 جو هڪ مڪمل سائيز جو ميڪ اپ ڏيکاريو ويو.<ref name="12/11/02 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Airshow China&nbsp;– FC-1 mock-up revealed|work=[[Flight International]]|date=12 November 2002|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021150219/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/|url-status=live|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> ڪليموف <small>RD-93</small> ٽربوفين انجن جو پهريون بيچ جيڪو پروٽوٽائپ کي طاقت ڏيندو هو، <small>2002</small> ۾ پڻ پهچايو ويو.<ref name="Janes2">{{cite web|title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong|work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> چائنا نيشنل ايرو-ٽيڪنالاجي امپورٽ اينڊ ايڪسپورٽ ڪارپوريشن (<small>CATIC</small>) جي هڪ آفيسر جي مطابق, <small>JF-17</small> جي گهٽ قيمت ڪجهه آن بورڊ سسٽم جي ڪري آهي جيڪا چينگدو J-10 جي سسٽم مان ترتيب ڏنل آهن. آفيسر چيو ته، "ٽيڪنالاجي جي منتقلي (جي-10 کان جي ايف-17 ڏانهن هوائي جهاز جي نظام کي منتقل ڪرڻ) JF-17 کي تمام گهڻو قيمتي بڻائي ٿو".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese Jets Today at Bygone Price|url=http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1|date=23 November 2010|work=AviationWeek.com|publisher=Viadeo|access-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1|archive-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> <ref name="JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price2">{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|title=JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price|date=18 November 2010|work=[[Aviation Week]]|access-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ٺهيل ڊيزائن سافٽ ويئر جي استعمال <small>JF-17</small> جي ڊيزائن جي مرحلي کي مختصر ڪري ڇڏيو.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher|first=Richard Jr.|title=China's Aviation Sector: Building Toward World Class Capabilities|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=27 May 2010|date=20 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531214709/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=31 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> === پرواز جي جاچ ۽ ٻيهر ڊيزائننگ === پهريون پروٽوٽائپ (<small>PT-01</small>) <small>31</small> مئي <small>2003</small>ع تي رول آئوٽ ڪيو ويو<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com2">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ۽ چينگدو فلائيٽ ٽيسٽ سينٽر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو، جئين ته پهرين پرواز لاءِ تيار ڪيو وڃي. اهو شروعاتي طور تي جون ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ جو منصوبو هو. پر [[سارس ڪووي 2|سارس وائرس]] جي وبا جي خدشن جي ڪري ان ۾ دير ٿي وئي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20043">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> <ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com3">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> هن نقطي جي چوڌاري، نالي "<small>'''سپر-7'''</small>" کي "<small>'''JF-17'''</small>" (<small>جوائنٽ فائٽر-17</small>) سان تبديل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> 27 جون 2003ع تي چينگدو جي وينجيانگ ايئرپورٽ تي گهٽ رفتار واري ٽيڪسي جي آزمائش شروع ٿي.<ref name="Janes3">{{cite web|title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong|work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> پهرين پرواز آگسٽ <small>2003</small>ع جي آخر ۾، <ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com3">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> <ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter flies|work=[[Flight International]]|date=9 September 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143119/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ۽ پروٽوٽائپ جي سرڪاري پهرين پرواز سيپٽمبر جي شروعات ۾ ٿي. پروٽوٽائپ کي پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي نئين نامزدگي <small>'''JF-17'''</small> سان نشان لڳايو ويو.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20044">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> مارچ <small>2004</small>ع تائين، <small>'''سي اي سي'''</small> پهرين پروٽوٽائپ جون لڳ ڀڳ <small>20</small> ٽيسٽ پروازون ٿيون.<ref name="23 March 2004 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Flight testing the FC-1/JF-17|work=[[Flight International]]|date=23 March 2004|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102181806/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/|archive-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> 7 اپريل <small>2004</small>ع تي، پي اي ايف جي ٽيسٽ پائلٽ، راشد حبيب ۽ محمد احسان الحق پهريون ڀيرو <small>'''پي ٽي-01'''</small> پروٽوٽائپ اڏايو. ٽئين پروٽوٽائپ (<small>PT-03</small>) جي پهرين پرواز <small>9</small> اپريل <small>2004</small>ع تي ٿي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20045">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> مارچ 2004ع تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200 JF-17 جهاز شامل ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|title=PAC readies for assembly ramp up|work=Flight International|access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003434/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Model of JF-17 on display with two SD-10 and four PL-5E missiles mounted on wings.jpg|thumb|چين ۾ نمائش ۾ JF-17 ٿنڊر جو ماڊل]] ٽئين پروٽوٽائپ کان پوءِ، ڊيزائن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي بهتريون تيار ڪيون ويون ۽ وڌيڪ جهازن ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون. <small>'''RD-93'''</small> انجن پاران گهڻي دونھين جي اخراج جي ڪري، انجن ۾ هوا جي انٽيڪ کي وڌايو ويو. ٽيسٽنگ ۾ مليل ڪنٽرول مسئلن جي نتيجي ۾ ونگ ليڊنگ ايج روٽ ايڪسٽينشن (LERX) ۾ تبديليون آندي ويون. <ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com4">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> عمودي ٽيل فن کي ٽپ ۾ هڪ وڌايل اليڪٽرانڪ وارفيئر سامان رکڻ لاءِ وڌايو ويو.<ref name="Jane's Sino-Pakistani fighter improved2">{{citation|first=Robert|last=Hewson|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter improved|work=[[Jane's Information Group]]|url=http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002942/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml|archive-date=28 February 2007}}</ref> ٻيهر ڊزائين ڪيل جهاز ۾ وڌ ۾ وڌ ٽيڪ آف وزن ٿورو وڌي ويو هو ۽ چيني ذريعن کان حاصل ڪيل ايونڪس جي وڌندڙ مقدار کي شامل ڪيو ويو. تنهن هوندي به پاڪستان ايئر فورس پنهنجي جهاز لاءِ مغربي ايونڪس چونڊيو. سال <small>2005</small>ع جي آخر کان <small>2007</small>ع تائين پاڪستان ايئر فورس جهازن جي ترسيل کي ملتوي ڪيو. پاڪستان برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ اطالوي ايونڪس سوئٽس جو جائزو ورتو. جنهن جي فاتح جي 2006ع ۾ حتمي شڪل ڏيڻ جي اميد هئي.<ref name="27 September 2005 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Test flaws prompt rethink on China's FC-1 light fighter look|work=[[Flight International]]|date=27 September 2005|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624173043/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html|archive-date=24 June 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''PT-04'''</small>، چوٿون پروٽوٽائپ ۽ ڊيزائن تبديلين کي شامل ڪرڻ وارو پهريون، اپريل 2006ع ۾ رول آئوٽ ڪيو ويو ۽ 28 اپريل 2006ع تي پنهنجي پهرين پرواز ڪئي.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Graham|last=Warwick|title=Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets|work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/|url-status=live|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 20062">{{citation|title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]]|date=17 May 2006|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm|access-date=25 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm|archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref>.<ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 2006">{{citation |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm |access-date=25 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm | archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622681).jpg|thumb|JF-17 and their DSI air intakes.]] The modified air intakes replaced conventional intake ramps{{mdash}}whose function is to divert turbulent [[boundary layer]] airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the engine{{mdash}}with a [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] (DSI) design.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Graham |last=Warwick |title= Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets |work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |url-status=live | archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> The DSI uses a combination of forward-swept inlet cowls and a three-dimensional compression surface to divert the boundary layer airflow at high sub-sonic and supersonic speeds. According to [[Lockheed Martin]], the DSI design prevents most of the boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to two times the [[speed of sound]], reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms,<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Hehs |title=JSF Diverterless Supersonic Inlet |work=Code One magazine |date=July 2000 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124032509/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html | archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref> and is [[stealth technology|stealthier]] than a conventional intake.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> In 1999, developmental work on the DSI with the aim of improving aircraft performance commenced. The JF-17 design was finalised in 2001.<ref name="APP">{{cite news|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |title=50th indigenously produced JF-17 Thunder rolls-out at PAC Kamra |work=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115146/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Multiple models underwent wind tunnel tests; it was found that the DSI reduced weight, cost, and complexity while improving performance.<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI"/> For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing, PT-04 was fitted with a fourth-generation avionics suite that incorporates [[sensor fusion]], an electronic warfare suite, enhanced man-machine interface, [[FADEC|Digital Electronic Engine Control]] (DEEC) for the RD-93 turbofan engine, FBW flight controls, day/night precision surface attack capability, and multi-mode, pulse-Doppler radar for BVR air-to-air attack capability.<ref name="PakTribune1">{{citation|title=4th Prototype JF-17 'Thunder' aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |work=PakTribune (Pakistani news website) |url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> The sixth prototype, PT-06, made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006.<ref name="cnair">{{citation |first=Hui |last=Tong |title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder |url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm |access-date=2 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm | archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Following a competition in 2008, [[Martin-Baker]] was selected over a Chinese firm for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx|title=JF-17 Signing|date=September 2008|work=Escape (newsletter)|publisher=Martin-Baker|page=1|access-date=9 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403190614/http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx | archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:13-143 JF-17 PAKISTAN AIR FORCE LBG (18888092161).jpg|thumb|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 at the [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Airport]], Paris, France for the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]] ]] On 2 March 2007, the first consignment of two small-batch-production (SBP) aircraft arrived in a dismantled state in Pakistan. They flew for the first time on 10 March 2007 and took part in a public aerial demonstration during a [[Pakistan Day]] parade on 23 March 2007. The PAF intended to induct 200 JF-17 by 2015 to replace all its Chengdu F-7, Nanchang A-5, and Dassault Mirage III/5 aircraft. In preparation for the [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] of JF-17s, the PAF has upgraded several Mirage IIIs with IFR probes for training purposes.<ref name = "The News, JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief">{{citation |first=Mayed |last=Ali |title = JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief | newspaper = [[The News International]]|date= 31 March 2007 | place = [[Pakistan|PK]] |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 | access-date =23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> A dual-seat, combat-capable trainer was originally scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2009 Pakistan reportedly decided to develop the training model into a specialised attack variant.<ref name="IASC Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow">{{citation |first= Richard Jr. |last= Fisher |title= Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow |publisher= International Assessment and Strategy Center (IASC) |date= 20 January 2008 |url= http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |access-date= 6 August 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715131717/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |archive-date= 15 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |title=Avic, Pakistan Working on JF-17 Two-Seater |last=Perrett |first=Bradley |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007185528/http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |archive-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref> In November 2007, the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluations of aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology (NRIET), and the LETRI [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] active radar homing AAM.<ref name="Jane's&nbsp;— Chinese, French weapons for JF-17">{{citation |first=Reuben F. |last=Johnson |title=Pakistan considers mix of Chinese, French weapons for its JF-17s |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164219/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, PAC began manufacturing JF-17 components; production of sub-assemblies commenced on 22 January 2008.<ref name="paf.gov.pk, Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra">{{citation |title=Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra |publisher=[[Pakistan Air Force]] }}</ref><ref name="Dawn.com, Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra">{{citation|first=Yaqoob |last=Malik |title=Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra |publisher=[[Dawn News]] |date=23 January 2008 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154912/http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The PAF was to receive a further six pre-production aircraft in 2005, for a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft. [[Initial operating capability]] was to be achieved by the end of 2008.<ref name = "Jane's, January 2008, JF-17 production commences">{{citation |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |title=JF-17 production commences |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=24 January 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606051629/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |archive-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Final assembly of the JF-17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009; PAC expected to complete production of four to six aircraft that year. They planned to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and fifteen to sixteen aircraft per year from 2011; this could increase to twenty-five aircraft per year.<ref name="01/07/09 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Siva | last = Govindasamy | title= Pakistan begins domestic final assembly of JF-17 |work= [[Flight International]] | date = 1 July 2009 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |access-date=23 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103224634/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> On 29 December 2015, PAC announced the rollout of the 16th JF-17 Thunder fighter manufactured in the calendar year 2015, taking total number of manufactured aircraft to more than 66. Later, a PAF spokesperson said that in light of the interest shown by various countries, it has been decided that production capacity of JF-17 Thunder at PAC Kamra will be expanded.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia signed an agreement in August 2007 for re-export of 150 RD-93 engines from China to Pakistan for the JF-17.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian engines will fly to Pakistan|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|newspaper=Kommersant|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154851/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the PAF reported it was not fully satisfied with the RD-93 engine and that it would only power the first 50 aircraft; it was alleged that arrangements for a new engine, reportedly the [[Snecma M53#Variants|Snecma M53-P2]], may have been made.<ref name="New engine, Snecma M53 - defensenews.com">{{cite news|title=100 Countries Expected To Attend IDEAS 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=22 November 2008 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172647/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 }}</ref> [[Mikhail Pogosyan]], head of the MiG and Sukhoi design bureaus, recommended the Russian defence export agency [[Rosoboronexport]] block RD-93 engine sales to China to prevent export competition from the JF-17 against the MiG-29.<ref>{{cite news|location=RU |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |title=Russian combat aircraft makers fear competition with China |agency=RIA Novosti |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727082025/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |archive-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |title=Russia's Iconic MiG and Sukhoi Fighters Enter Competition with Chinese Clones |work=[[Pravda]] |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709180639/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the 2010 [[Farnborough Airshow]], the JF-17 was displayed internationally for the first time; aerial displays at the show were intended but were cancelled due to a late attendance decision as well as licence and insurance costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive |title=Farnborough Debut Heralds JF-17 Export Drive |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=19 July 2010 |work=Defence News |access-date=25 May 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103041128/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive }}</ref> According to a Rosoboronexport official at the Airshow China 2010, held on 16–21 November 2005 in [[Zhuhai]], China, Russia and China had signed a contract worth $238 million for 100 RD-93 engines with options for another 400 engines developed for the FC-1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia to sell additional RD-93 jet engines to China |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |date=16 November 2010 |publisher=Rianovosti |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021164151/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> According to media reports, Pakistan planned to increase production of JF-17s by 25% in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan to boost JF-17 production by 25% in '16|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010628/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Further development=== [[File:PAK Kamra JF-17 Thunder at PAris Air Show, June 2019 (2).jpg|thumb|JF 17 Thunder in [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan Flag Livery]] at [[Paris Air Show]] ]] Pakistan negotiated with British and Italian defence firms regarding avionics and radars for the JF-17 development. Radar options include the Italian Galileo Avionica's Grifo S7,<ref name="Grifo">{{Citation |url=http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | type = datasheet | title = Selex | contribution = Italian Grifo family | publisher = Sensors and Airborne Systems| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325204544/http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> the French Thomson-CSF's RC400 (a variant of the [[RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget)|RDY-2]]),<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower"/> and the British company SELEX Galileo's Vixen 500E AESA radar.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari">{{citation | last =Ansari | first = Usman | title= Thunder Storm&nbsp;– Pakistan's hopes for the JF-17 Thunder fighter | work=Combat Aircraft magazine | volume = 8 |issue= 4 |url=http://usmanansari.com/id16.html |access-date=11 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907034554/http://usmanansari.com/id16.html | archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In 2010, the PAF had reportedly selected ATE Aerospace Group to integrate French-built avionics and weapons systems over rival bids from Astrac, Finmeccanica and a [[Thales Group|Thales]]-[[Sagem]] joint venture. Fifty JF-17s were to be upgraded and an optional fifty from 2013 onwards, at a cost of up to {{USD|1.36 billion}}. The RC-400 radar, [[MICA (missile)|MICA]] AAMs, and several air-to-surface weapons are believed to be in the contract. The PAF also held talks with South Africa for the supply of Denel A-darter AAMs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |title= French-Led JF-17 Upgrade Likely To Raise Eyebrows |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |title= Will Westernized JF-17 Thunder Attract New Delhi's Ire? |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> In April 2010, after eighteen months of negotiations, the deal was reportedly suspended; reports cited French concerns about Pakistan's financial situation, the protection of sensitive French technology, and by Indian [[lobbying]], which operates many French-built aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |title=Paris bloque un contrat d'équipement français d'avions de chasse pakistanais |trans-title=Paris blocks a contract of French equipment for Pakistani fighter aircraft |last=Follorou |first=Jacques |date=2 April 2010 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406012337/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 |url-status=live }} [https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en Google English translation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313032215/http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en |date=13 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |title=France says arms sale to Pakistan held up |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215070013/http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref> France wanted the PAF to purchase several [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-9]] fighters from the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]], which would overlap with the upgraded JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris|title=Un contrat militaire avec le Pakistan bloqué par Paris |trans-title=A contract with the Pakistan military blocked by Paris | date= 3 April 2010 | publisher = Radio France Internationale | language= fr| access-date= 5 April 2010|location= France|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191726/http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, the PAF's Chief of Air Staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rao Qamar Suleman]], said such reports were false, stating: "I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government...someone was trying to cause mischief{{mdash}}to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want".<ref>{{cite journal| last= Warnes| first= Alan|date=July 2010 |title=On the edge&nbsp;– JF-17s, Tankers and AWACS|journal=Air Forces Monthly | type = magazine |location= United Kingdom |issue=July 2010|page= 54|quote=Reports in late March that the French Government was refusing to allow the sale of a Thales avionics system was denied by the CAS: 'I saw the report quoting unnamed sources or any French government official. I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government. I think someone is trying to cause mischief&nbsp;– to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want.'}}</ref> On 18 December 2013, production of Block 2 JF-17s began at PAC's Kamra facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 Thunder Block 2 Will be Ready till June 2014 |url=http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Pakistan Armed Forces News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134056/http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> These have an air-to-air refuelling capability, improved avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01"/> Block 2 construction was planned to run until 2016, after which the manufacturing of further developed Block III aircraft was planned.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|title=Production of improved version of JF-17 aircraft launched |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |date=19 December 2013 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605015123/http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |archive-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> In December 2015, it was announced that the 16th Block II aircraft had been handed over resulting in standing up of the 4th squadron.<ref name="Fourth">{{cite news|title=Fourth JF-17 Thunder squadron complete as PAC rolls out 16th aircraft|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177/|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406230211/https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 June 2015, Jane's Defence Weekly confirmed<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> that JF-17 Block III will have an AESA radar, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and possibly an internal infrared search and tracking (IRST) system.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | title = Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan | last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr. | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | archivedate=21 April 2016 | work = Jane's Defence Weekly | date = 17 June 2015 }}</ref> A two-seat version was also reportedly to be produced in Block III.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF to induct JF17 Thunder Block III in 2016|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513171122/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Unconfirmed reports claim that Block III will also have a better flight management system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder fighter jet impresses at Paris Air Show|url=http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503022238/http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Selex ES has promoted its next-generation cockpit as a possible upgrade of JF-17 Block III; this cockpit includes a new mission computer, an enhanced head-up display and contemporary multi-function displays, plus the capability for the pilot to use a single, large-area display instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Selex advances M-345 cockpit development|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530175651/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, despite Indian protests, Russian state-owned United Engine Corporation developed a new engine designated ''RD-93MA'' for the JF-17 fighter being built by Pakistan.<ref name="Russian engine">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=9 July 2020 |title=Russia confirms progress on new jet engine. Is it for Pak JF-17 fighter? |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html|url-status=live |work= TheWeek Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127072811/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html |archive-date= 27 January 2021}}</ref> ==ڊيزائن== [[File:JF-17 block 1 front view.jpg|upright|thumb|اڳيون ڏيک]] === مکيه فريم === ايئر فريم نيم مونوڪوڪ ڍانچي جو آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ايلومينيم مصر مان ٺهيل آهي. ڪجهه نازڪ علائقن ۾ اعليٰ طاقت وارو اسٽيل ۽ ٽائيٽينيم مصر جزوي طور تي اختيار ڪيا ويا آهن. ايئر فريم 4,000 فلائيٽ ڪلاڪن يا 25 سالن جي سروس لائف لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. پهرين اوور هال 1,200 فلائيٽ ڪلاڪن تي ٿيڻ وارو آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra2">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> JF-17s بلاڪ 2 وزن گهٽائڻ لاءِ ايئر فريم ۾ جامع مواد جو وڌيڪ استعمال شامل ڪري ٿو. ريٽريبل انڊر ڪيريج ۾ ٽرائي سائيڪل جو انتظام آهي. هڪ واحد اسٽيئربل نوز ويل ۽ ٻه مکيه انڊر ڪيريج سان. هائيڊولڪ بريڪ ۾ هڪ خودڪار اينٽي اسڪڊ سسٽم آهي. انليٽس جي پوزيشن ۽ شڪل حملي جي اعليٰ زاوين سان لاڳاپيل مشقن دوران جيٽ انجن کي گهربل هوا جي وهڪري ڏيڻ لاءِ ٺهيل آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra3">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> وچ ۾ لڳل ونگ ڪراپڊ ڊيلٽا ترتيب جا آهن. ونگ روٽ جي ويجهو <small>LERX</small> آهن. جيڪي هڪ وورٽيڪس پيدا ڪن ٿا. جيڪو حملي جي اعليٰ زاوين سان لاڳاپيل مشقن دوران ونگ کي اضافي لفٽ فراهم ڪري ٿو. هڪ روايتي ٽرائي-پلين ايمپينيج ترتيب شامل ڪئي وئي آهي. آل-موونگ اسٽيبليٽرز، سنگل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر، رڊر، ۽ ٽوئن وينٽرل فينز سان. فلائيٽ ڪنٽرول سسٽم (<small>FCS</small>) ۾ روايتي ڪنٽرول شامل آهن. ياو ۽ رول محور ۾ استحڪام وڌائڻ سان ۽ پچ محور ۾ هڪ ڊجيٽل فلائي بائي وائر (<small>FBW</small>) سسٽم موڙ جي ڪارڪردگي کي وڌائڻ لاءِ مينيوورنگ دوران ليڊنگ-ايج فليپس ۽ ٽريلنگ ايج فليپس خودڪار طريقي سان ترتيب ڏنل آهن.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra4">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سيريل پروڊڪشن جهاز جي FCS ۾ رپورٽ ڪئي وئي آهي ته پچ محور ۾ هڪ ڊجيٽل ڪواڊروپلڪس (ڪواڊ-ريڊنڊنٽ) FBW سسٽم آهي. ۽ رول ۽ ياو محور ۾ هڪ ڊپلڪس (ڊبل-ريڊنڊنٽ) FBW سسٽم آهي.<ref name="cnair2">{{citation|first=Hui|last=Tong|title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder|url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm|access-date=2 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm|archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> 3,400 lb (1,500 ڪلوگرام) تائين آرڊيننس، سامان، ۽ ايندھن کي هارڊ پوائنٽس جي هيٺان نصب ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جن مان ٻه ونگ-ٽپس تي آهن، چار ونگ هيٺ آهن ۽ هڪ فيوزليج هيٺ آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra5">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> === ڪاڪ پِٽ === [[File:JF-17 Block 1 cockpit.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 HUD]] The aircraft has three large Multifunction Colour Displays (MFD) and smart Heads-Up Display (HUD) with built-in symbol generation capability. A [[center stick]] is used for [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll]] control while [[Aircraft rudder|rudder pedals]] control yaw. A throttle is located to the left of the pilot. The cockpit incorporates [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on a Martin-Baker Mk-16LE [[zero-zero ejection seat]]. The cockpit incorporates an [[electronic flight instrument system]] (EFIS) and a wide-angle, holographic head-up display (HUD), which has a minimum total field of view of 25 degrees. The EFIS comprises three color multi-function displays, providing basic flight information, tactical information, and information on the engine, fuel, electrical, hydraulics, flight control, and environment control systems. The HUD and MFD can be configured to show any available information. Each MFD is {{cvt|20.3|cm|inch|1}} wide and {{cvt|30.5|cm|inch|1}} tall and is arranged side by side in [[page orientation|portrait orientation]]. The central MFD is placed lowest to accommodate a control panel between it and the HUD.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Avionics=== [[File:JF-17 cockpit.webp|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 cockpit avionics display]] The avionics software incorporates the concept of [[open architecture]]. Instead of the military-optimised [[Ada (programming language)|Ada programming language]], the software is written using the popular [[C++|C++ programming language]], enabling the use of the numerous civilian programmers available.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article">{{citation|title=Stuck in Sichuan: Pakistani JF-17 Program Grounded? No|date=January 2007|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|work=Defense Industry Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft also includes a health and usage monitoring system, and automatic test equipment.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf |title=8011-Ai760Datasheet.qxd |access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021927/http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=May 2021}} The JF-17 has a [[defensive aids system]] (DAS) composed of various integrated sub-systems. A [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) provides data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars, and an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin interferes with enemy radars. The EW suite is also linked to a [[Missile Approach Warning]] (MAW) system to defend against radar-guided missiles. The MAW system uses several optical sensors across the airframe to detect the rocket motors of missiles across a 360-degree coverage.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Data from the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is shown on cockpit displays and the HUD. A countermeasures dispensing system releases [[flare (countermeasure)|decoy flares]] and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] to help evade hostile radar and missiles. The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar-jamming pod that will be carried externally on a [[hardpoint]].<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The first forty-two PAF production aircraft are equipped with the [[KLJ-7|NRIET KLJ-7]] radar,<ref name="Milavia.net 2007 news report">{{citation |date=23 March 2007 |title=JF-17 Arrived in Pakistan |work=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |publisher=MILAVIA.net |url=http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |access-date=31 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218082338/http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=18 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7">{{citation |title=KLJ-7/10 Fire Control Radar (FCR) (China), Airborne radar systems |work=Jane's Avionics |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=19 January 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002180132/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> a variant of the KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) and also used on the Chengdu J-10. Multiple modes can manage the surveillance and engagement of up to forty air, ground, and sea targets; the [[Track while scan|track-while-scan]] mode can track up to ten targets at BVR and can engage two simultaneously with [[Air-to-air missile#Radar guidance|radar-homing AAMs]]. The operation range for targets with a [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) of {{Convert|5|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} is stated to be ≥ {{Convert|105|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-up mode and ≥ {{Convert|85|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-down mode.<ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7"/><ref name="Jane's, NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements">{{citation |title=China's NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=7 April 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html |access-date=6 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820152019/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html | archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> A [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) pod for low-level navigation and [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) system for passive targeting can also be integrated;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> the JF-17 Block 2 is believed to incorporate an IRST.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In April 2016, Air Marshal Muhammad Ashfaque Arain said that, "JF-17 needs a targeting pod, as the jets' usefulness in current operations was limited due to lack of precision targeting. To fulfill this gap the Air Force was interested in buying the Thales-made Damocles, a third-generation targeting pod; which was a priority."<ref>{{cite news|date=7 April 2016|title=Interview: Pakistan wants air force upgrade for prolonged militant fight|newspaper=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|url-status=dead|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420160318/http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[ASELSAN|Aselsans]] ASELPOD was tested and successfully integrated with the JF-17 and Pakistan has subsequently purchased at least eight [[targeting pod]]s from Aselsan.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Tests Turkish Targeting Pod|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235159/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|archive-date=6 December 2018|access-date=6 December 2018|website=defense-aerospace.com}}</ref> This integration has significantly enhanced the JF-17 platform's ability to launch precision strikes. A helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by [[Luoyang]] Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre of [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China|AVIC]] was developed in parallel with the JF-17; it was first tested on Prototype 04 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|title=图文：枭龙04飞行员新头盔_新浪军事_新浪网|work=sina.com.cn|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101520/http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=Strategycenter.net |date=30 December 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> It was dubbed as EO HMS, (Electro-Optical Helmet Mounted Sight) and was first revealed to the public in 2008 at the 7th [[Zhuhai Airshow]], where a partial mock-up was on display.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The HMS tracks the pilot's head and eye movements to guide missiles towards the pilot's visual target.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} An externally carried day/night [[laser designator]] [[targeting pod]] may be integrated with the avionics to guide [[laser-guided bomb]]s (LGBs).<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> An extra [[hardpoint]] may be added under the starboard air intake, opposite the cannon, for such pods. To reduce the numbers of targeting pods required, the aircraft's [[tactical data link]] can transmit target data to other aircraft not equipped with targeting pods.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} The communication systems comprise two [[VHF]]/[[UHF]] radios; the VHF radio has the capacity for [[VHF Data Link|data linking]] for communication with ground control centers, [[airborne early warning and control]] aircraft and combat aircraft with compatible data links for [[network-centric warfare]], and improved [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite web|title=VHF air-ground Digital Link |url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |publisher=etsi.org |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206100741/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref> The aircraft uses [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLGs]] along with [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] for navigation. The aircraft is equipped with an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] [[Transponder]] which allows it to differentiate between friendly aircraft and enemy aircraft. The [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]] aids in aerial combat for manoeuvring.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} ===Engine=== The first two blocks of JF-17 is powered by a single Russian RD-93 [[turbofan]] engine, which is a variant of the [[Klimov RD-33]] engine used on the [[MiG-29]] fighter. The engine gives more [[thrust]] and significantly [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|lower specific fuel consumption]] than [[turbojet]] engines fitted to older combat aircraft being replaced by the JF-17. The advantages of using a single engine are a reduction in maintenance time and cost when compared to twin-engined fighters. A [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] of 0.99 can be achieved with full internal fuel tanks and no external payload. The engine's air supply is provided by two bifurcated air inlets (see [[JF-17 Thunder#Airframe and cockpit|airframe]] section).<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan">[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ "Pakistan & China's JF-17 Fighter Program."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ |date=20 October 2013 }} ''Defense Industry Daily'', 14 November 2011</ref> The RD-93 is known to produce smoke trails.<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan"/> The [[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Guizhou Aero Engine Group]] has been developing a new turbofan engine, the [[Guizhou WS-13|WS-13 ''Taishan'']], since 2000 to replace the RD-93. It is based on the RD-33 and incorporates new technologies to boost performance and reliability. A thrust output of {{Convert|80 to 86.36|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}}, a lifespan of 2,200 hours, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 8.7 are expected. An improved version of the WS-13, developing a thrust of around {{Convert|100|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}} (22,450&nbsp;lb), is also reportedly under development.<ref name="October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace">{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center |date=30 December 2009 |first=Richard Jr. |last=Fisher |access-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> During the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]], it was announced that flight testing of a JF-17 equipped with the WS-13 engine had begun.<ref name="janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|title=Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan|work=Jane's|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, a representative of PAC said that Pakistan would continue to use the RD-93 engine on their fighters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |title=Pakistan to Stick With Russian Engine for JF-17 Fighter Jet |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=25 November 2015 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=IHS |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125095855/https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local media reports in January 2016 said that Russia was planning to sell engines for JF-17 directly to Pakistan.<ref>{{citation|title=Moscow makes a move when US loosens the noose|date=25 January 2016|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051408/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a PAC representative, Pakistan is looking to collaborate with Russia in developing and repairing engines.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ===Fuel system=== The fuel system comprises internal fuel tanks located in the wings and fuselage with a capacity of {{Convert|2330|kg|lb|abbr=on}}; they are refuelled through a single point pressure refuelling system (see [[Aircraft fuel system#Turbine fuel system|turbine fuel systems]]). Internal fuel storage can be supplemented by external fuel tanks. One {{convert|800|litre|impgal|adj=on}} [[drop tank]] can be mounted on the aircraft's centerline hard point under the fuselage and two 800-litre or {{convert|1110|litre|impgal|adj=on}} drop tanks can be mounted on the two inboard under-wing hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The fuel system is compatible with [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling (IFR)]], allowing tanker aircraft to refuel inflight, and increasing its range and loitering time significantly. All production aircraft for the PAF are to be fitted with IFR probes.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In June 2013, PAF Air Chief Marshal [[Tahir Rafique Butt]] said ground tests on the JF-17's refuelling probes had been successfully completed and the first mid-air refuelling operations would commence that summer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bokhari|first=Farhan|title=Pakistani JF-17 to start mid-air refuelling by end of summer|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=10 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer|access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107021555/http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer | archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622777).jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder with its weapons]] [[File:Pakistan Air Force, 12-139, Chengdu JF-17 Thunder (49579395248).jpg|thumb|Thunder with weapons]] ===Armaments=== The JF-17 can be armed with up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of air-to-air and [[air-to-ground weaponry]], and other equipment mounted externally on the aircraft's seven hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> One hardpoint is located under the fuselage between the main landing gear, two are underneath each wing, and one is at each wing-tip. All seven hardpoints communicate via a [[MIL-STD-1760]] data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System,<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> which is stated to be capable of integration with weaponry of any origin.<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower">{{citation|first=Usman |last=Ansari |title=Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower |work=[[Defense News]] |date=9 February 2009 |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3938427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230020953/http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/02/pakistan-surmounts-western-sanctions-to.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 }}</ref> Internal armament comprises one {{Convert|23|mm|inch|abbr=on}} GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon mounted under the [[port (nautical)|port side]] air intake, which can be replaced with a {{Convert|30|mm|inch|abbr=on}} [[GSh-30-2]] twin-barrel cannon.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com">{{cite web | work=Sino Defence | title= FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp |access-date=11 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp | archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|title=MILAVIA Aircraft – Chengdu FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Specifications|first=Niels | last = Hillebrand|work=milavia.net|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031225/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The wing-tip hard-points are typically occupied by short range infra-red homing AAMs. Many combinations of ordnance and equipment such as [[targeting pods]] can be carried on the under-wing and under-fuselage hard-points. Underwing hard-points can be fitted with [[Hard point#Ejector racks|multiple ejector racks]], allowing each hard-point to carry two {{Convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} unguided bombs or LGBs{{mdash}}[[Mk.82]] or [[GBU-12]].<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Active radar homing BVR AAMs can be integrated with the radar and data-link for mid-course updates. The aircraft can carry the [[PL-12|PL-12/SD-10]] along with the [[PL-5]]E and [[PL-9]]C Short range, infra-red homing missiles. The more advanced [[PL-10]]E High-Off Bore Sight missiles were integrated into the aircraft in April 2021, operated Within Visual Range using the HMD/S. With the Block 3 variant of the JF-17, the ability to fit and operate the [[PL-15]]E, the most advanced BVR missile developed by China for export with a claimed operating range of 145&nbsp;km, is also integrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's Production of Latest JF-17 Block 3 Variant Reaches 30 Units |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistans-production-of-latest-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jets-nears-30-units-2/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Unguided air-to-ground weaponry includes rocket pods, [[Unguided bomb|gravity bombs]] and [[Matra Durandal]] anti-runway munitions. [[Precision-guided munition]]s such as LGBs and [[Precision-guided munition#Satellite-guided weapons|satellite-guided bombs]] are also compatible with the JF-17, as are other guided weapons such as [[anti-ship missile]]s and [[anti-radiation missile]]s.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Pakistan planned to bring the Brazilian [[MAR-1]] anti-radiation missile into service on its JF-17 fleet in 2014.<ref name="janes mar1">{{cite journal|last=Hewson|first=Robert|date=17 April 2013|title=Mectron's MAR-1 to be operational in Pakistan next year|url=http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072717/http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> ==آپريشنل تاريخ== ===پاڪستان=== [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg|thumb|پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو <small>'''JF-17'''</small> <small>'''ٿنڊر'''</small> <small>'''26,660'''</small> فٽ اچي [[نانگا پربت]] جبل جي سامهون اڏامي رهيو آهي.]] سنگل سيٽ، سنگل انجن JF-17s جي ننڍي بيچ جي پيداوار جون 2006ع ۾ چين ۾ شروع ٿي. پهرين ٻه ننڍي بيچ تيار ڪيل جهاز 2 مارچ 2007ع تي پهچايا ويا ۽ پهرين 10 مارچ تي پاڪستان ۾ اڏام ڪئي. انهن 23 مارچ <small>2007</small>ع تي [[اسلام آباد]] ۾ پاڪستان ڊي جوائنٽ سروسز پريڊ جي حصي طور هڪ فضائي نمائش ۾ حصو ورتو. مارچ 2008ع تائين ٻيا ڇهه ننڍي بيچ تيار ڪيل جهاز پهچايا ويا. انهن کي پي اي ايف پاران وڏي پيماني تي پرواز جي جانچ ۽ جائزو ورتو ويو. 2009ع ۾ چين کان ٻه سيريل پروڊڪشن جهاز پهچايا ويا ۽ پهريون پاڪستاني تيار ڪيل جهاز 23 نومبر <small>2009</small>ع تي هڪ تقريب ۾ پي اي ايف کي پهچايو ويو. 18 فيبروري 2010ع تي، پهرين جي ايف-17 اسڪواڊرن، نمبر 26 بليڪ اسپائڊرز، کي سرڪاري طور تي 14 فائٽر جهازن جي شروعاتي طاقت سان پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. انهن جهازن پهريون ڀيرو ڏکڻ وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن ۾ خدمت ڪيا، جنهن دوران مختلف قسمن جي هٿيارن جو جائزو ورتو ويو. انهن 29 اپريل کان پي اي ايف جي هاءِ مارڪ 2010ع مشق ۾ حصو ورتو، جتي انهن کي بليو فورس پاران ريڊ لينڊ جي سطح جي هدفن تي هوا کان سطح جي صحيح هٿيارن سان حملو ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. 11 اپريل 2011ع تي، نمبر 26 بليڪ اسپائڊرز اسڪواڊرن لاءِ هڪ ٻيهر سامان جي تقريب ٿي، جنهن دوران اهو چيو ويو ته جي ايف-17 "پي اي ايف جي آپريشنل تصورن ۾ انقلاب آڻي ڇڏيو آهي". پوءِ ايئر چيف مارشل راؤ قمر سليمان نمبر 26 اسڪواڊرن جي ٻيهر ليس ٿيڻ ۽ نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن ۾ JF-17 ٿنڊر جي اضافي جي رپورٽ ڏني. هن جهاز جي شڪل ۾ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪرڻ ۾ چينين جي تعاون ۽ مدد جو پڻ شڪريو ادا ڪيو. آپريشن ضرب عضب 2014-2016 دوران، JF-17 کي ٽي ٽي پي جي ٺڪاڻن تي هوائي حملا ڪرڻ لاءِ بار بار مقرر ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ سوين دهشتگرد مارجي ويا. سيپٽمبر 2015 ۾، سامونڊي حملي جو ڪم ڪندڙ نمبر 2 اسڪواڊرن کي F7s جي جاءِ تي JF-17s سان ٻيهر ليس ڪيو ويو. نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن "بليڪ پينٿرز" کي پڻ JF-17 سان ليس ڪيو ويو آهي. 19 جون 2017 تي، اهو اطلاع مليو ته هڪ JF-17 پاڪستان جي ضلع پنگجور ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ هڪ ايراني UAV کي ماري ڇڏيو. فيبروري 2019 ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 جهازن پاڪستان جي هندستان خلاف جوابي هوائي حملي ۾ حصو ورتو، جنهن دوران نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن جي ٻن ٿنڊر جهازن ايم ڪي 83 آر اي ڪي سان هندستاني زميني هدفن کي نشانو بڻايو. رپورٽن مطابق، مارچ 2021 تائين، جي ايف-17 جهاز پنج ايئر بيس تي ٻڌل ست فائٽر اسڪواڊرن ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا آهن. batch production of the single-seat, single-engine JF-17s began in China in June 2006. The first two small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered on 2 March 2007 and first flew in Pakistan on 10 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6854&Cat=13&dt=3/21/2007 |title=JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> They took part in an aerial display on 23 March 2007 as part of the [[Pakistan Day Parade|Pakistan Day Joint Services Parade]] in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |title=PAF to seek more Chinese aircraft, says air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509043607/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |archive-date = 9 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="PakTribune">[http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 JF-17 Thunder main focus of attention at Pak Day fly-past] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''Pak Tribune'', 24 March 2007.</ref> Another six small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered by March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\03\15\story_15-3-2008_pg7_6 |title=Six more JF-17 Thunder fighter jets inducted into PAF |date=15 March 2008 |work=Daily Times |access-date=21 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118100559/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C03%5C15%5Cstory_15-3-2008_pg7_6 | archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> These were extensively flight-tested and evaluated by the PAF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |title=PAF to start serial production of JF-17 fighter aircraft soon |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330212502/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> Two serial production aircraft were delivered from China in 2009 and the first Pakistani-manufactured aircraft was delivered to the PAF in a ceremony on 23 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |title=Pak, China unveil first JF-17 combat jet |work=Rediff.com |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301092221/http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2010, the first JF-17 squadron, [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 ''Black Spiders'']], was officially inducted into the PAF with an initial strength of 14 fighter planes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |title=First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder inducted in PAF |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163116/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/February/international_February910.xml&section=international |title=PAF Inducts First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder Jet |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110350/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2010%2FFebruary%2Finternational_February910.xml&section=international |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> These aircraft first saw service in the [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat|anti-terrorist operation in South Waziristan]], during which various types of weapons were evaluated.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zia |last=Tanouli |language=Urdu |work=Daily Express (Pakistan) |title=جے ایف-١٧ میں باقاعدہ طور پر شامل پی اے ایف |url=http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |access-date=20 February 2010 |quote=(Translated) No.26 Squadron established in Kamra with 14 aircraft initially inducted. According to top PAF sources, fourteen aircraft were evaluated thoroughly with different kinds of weapons during the anti-terror operation in Waziristan. First squadron established in Kamra due to security concerns, will be transferred to Peshawar later. With induction of first JF-17 squadron, the two A-5 squadrons will be grounded today. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005230/http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> They took part in the PAF's ''High Mark 2010'' exercise from 29 April, where they were used by the ''Blue Force'' to attack ''Red Land'' surface targets with precision air-to-surface weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |title=JF-17 Thunder comes of age at High Mark drill |date=29 March 2010 |work=Newspaper article |publisher=Awaz Today |access-date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184851/http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |title=Pakistan inducts JF-17 jets developed with China |work=Rediff.com |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528235257/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 April 2011, a re-equipment ceremony for No. 26 ''Black Spiders'' Squadron took place, during which it was stated that the JF-17 had "revolutionized the PAF's operational concepts". Then Air Chief Marshal [[Rao Qamar Suleman]] reported the re-equipping of No. 26 squadron and the addition of the JF-17 Thunder to the [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron]]. He also thanked the contribution and support of the Chinese in helping to acquire a technological breakthrough in the shape of the aircraft.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |title=PAF re-equips No 26 Squadron with JF-17 thunder aircraft |date=12 April 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times (Pakistan) |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174246/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> During [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] 2014–2016, JF-17 were deployed frequently to carry out airstrikes against [[Pakistani Taliban|TTP]] hideouts, killing hundreds of terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Dawn com {{!}} |date=19 December 2014 |title=Top Uzbek commander among 17 terrorists killed in Khyber air strikes |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151682 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/245286-Operation-ZarbeAzb-30-militants-killed-in-fresh |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=dunyanews.tv |title=Operation Zarb-e-Azb: 30 militants killed in fresh airstrikes in Dattakhel |date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> In September 2015, the No. 2 Squadron tasked with sea strikes was re-equipped with JF-17s replacing the F7s.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder inducted in Multi Role Squadron|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414020258/http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=live|date=12 April 2016}}</ref> The No. 16 Squadron "Black Panthers" has also been equipped with the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Block-2 Update from "The Thunder City|url=http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220185954/http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2017, it was reported that a JF-17 shot down an [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Iranian]] [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] operating in [[Pakistan|Pakistan's]] [[Panjgur District|Pangjur District]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|title=JF-17 shoots down Iran's spy drone|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032625/http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2019, PAF JF-17s took part in Pakistan's [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|retaliatory airstrikes]] against India during which two Thunders of the [[No. 16 Squadron PAF|No. 16 Squadron]] struck Indian ground targets with [[Mark 83|Mk. 83 REKs]].<ref name="kaiser">{{cite web|url=https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|website=PakistanPolitico.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama: Two years on|date=18 February 2021|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208104607/https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tufail">{{cite web|url=https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|website=DefenceJournal.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama-From bluster to whimper|date=10 July 2019|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028163732/https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Brad |date=4 March 2019 |title=Crisis may be easing, but nuclear threat still hangs over India and Pakistan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519161150/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Has Pakistan's JF-17 'Thunder' Block II Fighter Jet Engaged in its First Dogfight? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516080001/https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight |url-status=live }}</ref> as of March 2021, JF-17s are operational in seven fighter squadrons based at five airbases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|title=Orbats|website=www.scramble.nl|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202214748/https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, the first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF. During the [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff|May 2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the PAF publicly showcased, for the first time, a JF-17 Block 3 fighter aircraft equipped with [[PL-15#Variants|PL-15E]] long-range [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s (BVRAAMs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Update: Pakistan shows JF-17 Block III fitted with PL-15 missiles for first time |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/update-pakistan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fitted-with-pl-15-missiles-for-first-time |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Jane |language=en}}</ref> During the conflict, the PAF deployed JF-17s and [[J-10CE]]s in combat in both the air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.<ref name="auto14"/><ref name="auto16"/><ref name="auto12"/> Pakistan claimed that its JF-17 successfully targeted and destroyed an Indian [[S-400 missile system|S-400 missile defence system]] at [[Adampur Airport|Adampur Air Force Station]] in [[Punjab]] on 10 May 2025 using two [[CM-400AKG]] long-range supersonic [[air-to-surface missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1310766-how-paf-destroyed-india-s-2-s400-air-defence-systems | title=How PAF destroyed India's 2 S400 air defence systems | date=12 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/first-strike-in-the-hypersonic-era-pakistan-claims-jf-17-launched-cm-400akg-took-out-indias-s-400/ | title=(VIDEO) First Strike in the Hypersonic Era: Pakistan Claims JF-17-Launched CM-400AKG Took Out India's S-400 | date=11 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/883212-pak-jf17-thunder-strike-destroys-indian-s400-air-defence-system | title=Pak JF-17 Thunder strike destroys Indian S400 air defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/jf-17-thunder-destroys-indias-s-400-defence-system-10-05-2025/ | title=Watch: JF-17 Thunder taking off to destroy India's S-400 defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref> On 11 May, the PAF, in a press briefing said that it had targeted the 96L6E Cheese Board radar of the S-400 system, one of the units of the combined air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim |last=Ahmad |first=Zeeshan |date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] dismissed the claim, stating that all Indian S-400 squadrons are still functional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's claim of destroying India's S-400 missile systems false: Indian military|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistans-claim-of-destroying-indias-s-400-missile-systems-false-indian-military/article69560019.ece|access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Hindu|date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the Adampur Air Force Station on 13 May 2025, and posed in front of an S-400 Launcher, which the [[Indian media]] claimed to be fully operational. According to Indian media, his visit served as a rebuttal to Pakistan's claims, reinforcing that the missile system was intact and operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=PM Modi poses in front of S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Base days after Pakistan claimed it was destroyed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-poses-in-front-of-s-400-missile-system-at-adampur-air-base-days-after-pakistan-claimed-it-was-destroyed/articleshow/121134748.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Modi fact-checks Pakistan, visits Adampur, releases video & photo with S-400 in background|url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-fact-checks-pakistan-visits-adampur-releases-video-photo-with-s-400-in-background/2624167/|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Print|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at Paris Air Show 2015.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at [[Paris Air Show]] 2015]] '''Exercises'''<br> The PAF has deployed the JF-17 Thunder in a number of bilateral and multinational air exercises since the 2010s. PAF JF-17s have participated in joint air exercises with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) under the Shaheen exercise series since at least 2014, focusing on air combat training and interoperability.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 2019 and again in 2021, PAF JF-17s took part in the Turkish Air Force–hosted multinational exercise Anatolian Eagle, operating alongside aircraft from several participating air forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2019: Pakistani JF-17s among participants |url=https://theaviationist.com/2019/07/15/pakistani-jf-17-thunders-and-turkish-elint-sigint-c-160d-transall-among-the-highlights-of-anatolian-eagle-exercise/ |website=The Aviationist |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2021 exercise |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/12072021-anatolian-eagle-2021-exercise-pakistan-improving-defense-synergies-oped/ |website=Eurasia Review |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2022, PAF JF-17s participated in the Saudi-led multinational air exercise Spears of Victory at King Abdulaziz Air Base, flying alongside Royal Saudi Air Force Tornados, Typhoons and F-15s, as well as allied aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF participates in Spears of Victory exercise in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590236/pakistan |website=Arab News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> JF-17s continued participation in subsequent editions of Spears of Victory, including 2023 and 2025, with later deployments featuring the Block-III variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17 Block-III participates in Spears of Victory 2023 |url=https://www.facebook.com/ConnectedPakistan/posts/pakistan-air-forces-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jets-have-touched-down-in-az/1213837260779670/ |website=Connected Pakistan |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PAF excels in Saudi-led Spears of Victory 2025 |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/02/14/paf-excels-in-saudi-led-air-combat-drills-jf-17-block-iii-earns-global-praise/ |website=Pakistan Today |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2025, PAF JF-17 Block-III fighters were also deployed to Azerbaijan for the bilateral air exercise Indus Shield Alpha, marking one of the type’s longest overseas deployments.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17s arrive in Azerbaijan for Indus Shield Alpha |url=https://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/912872 |website=Dunya News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> '''Airshows'''<br> The JF-17 Thunder has participated in international airshows since 2010 as part of export promotion and military diplomacy efforts by the PAF.<ref name="ISPR-2010">Inter Services Public Relations, Pakistan Air Force press releases on JF-17 international exposure, 2010.</ref> Early public appearances took place at airshows in Pakistan and China, followed by displays at major international aerospace exhibitions, including the Paris Air Show in 2011 and 2015,<ref>Paris Air Show official exhibitor catalogues, 2011 & 2015.</ref> the Dubai Airshow in 2013, 2017, 2021, and 2025<ref>Dubai Airshow official exhibitor lists, 2013, 2017, 2021.</ref> and the Farnborough International Airshow in 2014 and 2016, primarily as static displays.<ref>Farnborough International Airshow exhibitor catalogues, 2014 & 2016.</ref> The aircraft has also featured at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition, including static and flying displays, with later editions showcasing the Block III variant.<ref>China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (Zhuhai) official programmes; Global Times aviation coverage.</ref> In 2019, 2022, and 2025, PAF JF-17s participated in the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT), in static and air displays.<ref>Royal International Air Tattoo aircraft participation lists, 2019 & 2022.</ref> The aircraft was also displayed at the [[World Defense Show]] in 2024.<ref>[[World Defense Show]] 2024 exhibitor directory; Saudi Ministry of Defense releases.</ref> ===Myanmar=== In July 2015, Myanmar ordered 16 Block 2 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] for approximately $560 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-06-15/jf-17-myanmar-seen-flying-china|title=JF-17 for Myanmar Seen Flying in China|first=Chen|last=Chuanren|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> In late 2015, [[Myanmar]] ordered 16 [[Klimov RD-33|RD-93]] spare engines from [[Russia]], which were received in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=SIPRI>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI Trade Register|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 December 2018, [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] disclosed that the [[Myanmar Air Force]] had received the first batch of JF-17s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters |title=Myanmar shows off Thunder fighters |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202527/https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters/ |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An official Myanmar Air Force video released on Air Force day showcased a number of JF-17s, both on static display and in the air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|title=YouTube|website=YouTube|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2021}} As per reports, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] is in possession 11 JF-17 Block 2s.[https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html] In May 2022, a PAF cargo plane supplied spare parts for the JF-17s of the Myanmar Air Force. In June 2022, it was reported that a team of 15 PAF personnel were scheduled to visit [[Meiktila Air Base]] in Myanmar to provide technical support for the Myanmar Air Force JF-17s, including setting up of a JF-17 simulator at Meiktila Air Base to train pilots of the Myanmar Air Force and to address technical issues relating to JF-17s that Myanmar Air Force was facing. However, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] has faced significant challenges with its JF-17 fleet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2022-11-25 |title=Technical Problems Ground Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Bought From China |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/technical-problems-ground-myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-bought-from-china.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref> By late 2022, the entire fleet of 11 aircraft was grounded due to severe technical malfunctions and structural issues, including cracks in the airframe (particularly wingtips and hardpoints), poor accuracy and maintenance problems with the Chinese-made KLJ-7 radar, malfunctions in the Weapon Mission Management Computer that reduced launch zones for beyond-visual-range missiles, unreliable avionics, and issues with the Russian RD-93 engines.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar raises issue of grounded JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft to Pakistan |url=https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Asia Pacific Defense Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farid |first=Ayesha |date=2025-05-18 |title=Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Grounded Amid Conflict and Maintenance Woes |url=https://www.bdmilitary.com/analysis/geopolitics-diplomacy/myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-grounded-amid-conflict-and-maintenance-woes/1082/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Bangladesh Military Forces |language=en-GB}}</ref> These problems rendered the aircraft unfit for combat operations, forcing the air force to rely on other platforms like MiG-29s, Yak-130s, and K-8s.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The grounding was exacerbated by post-2021 military coup sanctions, which restricted access to spare parts for Western-sourced components in the avionics and electronics. Myanmar lacked the local expertise to maintain or repair the complex systems, and initial attempts by Pakistani technicians in September 2022 to set up a simulator at Pathein air base and resolve issues were only partially successful.<ref name=":5" /> In September 2023, Myanmar raised the issue directly with Pakistani leadership, including Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Armed Forces chief General Asim Munir, expressing displeasure over the aircraft's performance. The Chinese government also intervened diplomatically due to its role in the JF-17's development. As a result, Myanmar reportedly decided not to accept the remaining five aircraft from the original order and explored newer JF-17 variants as a potential resolution.<ref name=":5" /> ===Nigeria=== [[File:Nigerian JF-17 fighter aircraft.png|thumb|[[Nigerian Air Force]] JF-17 Block 2]] In December 2014, during the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar]] in Karachi, Nigeria was reportedly buying between 25 and 40 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]]. [[Nigerian Air Force]] (NAF) chief [[Air Marshal]] [[Adesola Nunayon Amosu]] had visited Pakistan earlier in October 2014.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite web|title=IDEAS 2014: Nigeria 'close to signing up' for JF-17 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |date=2 December 2014 |work=Farhan Bokhari |publisher=Janes |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226110403/http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> Nigeria became the second customer in 2016 by placing an order for three planes. However, as the news reports value the deal at US$25 million, it is not clear if the item is misreported.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria to become first JF-17 export operator|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128011517/http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FG to spend N65bn on warplanes, weapons, others|url=http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106072634/http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-date=6 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A June 2016 article in [[Jane's]] re-affirmed NAF budget for 3 JF-17, 10 [[PAC Super Mushshak|Super Mushshak]], and 2 [[Mi-35M]] aircraft in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria waiting for US to approve Super Tucano sale|url=http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608130937/http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With a confirmation from the Nigerian Air Force shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|title=Official 2016 Nigerian Budget Confirms JF-17 Order|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=4 January 2017|work=quwa.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510134827/http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018 Pakistan approved of the sale and local Nigerian production of three JF-17s for US$184.3 million. The aircraft are rumoured to be of a later version than the initially agreed sale, providing more advanced systems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binnie |first1=Jeremy |title=Pakistan approves Nigerian JF-17 production |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025144735/https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |archive-date=25 October 2018 |location=London |date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamal |first1=Sana |title=Pakistan to sell three JF-17s to Nigeria for $184.3m |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |website=Gulf News |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143150/https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |location=Islamabad |date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 December 2020 the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]] rolled out the three JF-17A Block 2s for Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |work=defenceworld.net |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live }}</ref> They were delivered to Makurdi Air Base in March 2021 aboard Pakistan Air Force Ilyushin Il-78MP freighters and were formally inducted into the Nigerian Air Force on 21 May 2021.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=First of 3 Pakistani JF-17 Jets Arrive in Nigeria |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21" /> The NAF initially indicated that it might order another 35–40 aircraft if the type met its requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref> In January 2023 the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal [[Isiaka Oladayo Amao]], confirmed that the JF-17s had been used in anti-terrorism and anti-insurgency operations inside Nigeria.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> In early December 2025 the three aircraft were reportedly deployed to the [[Benin Republic]], where they conducted airstrikes against rebel forces during an attempted coup.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Nigerian Air Force deploys JF-17 jets to foil Benin coup attempt |url=https://timesofislamabad.com/08-Dec-2025/nigerian-air-force-deploys-jf-17-jets-to-foil-benin-coup-attempt |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> ===Azerbaijan=== In January 2008, Azerbaijan engaged in talks with Pakistan over JF-17's possible sale to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |title=Azerbaijan to buy JF-17 {{sic|aircra|fts|nolink=y}} from Pakistan |date=29 January 2008 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210111145843/https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |work=[[Azeri Press Agency]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]] negotiated with China for several dozen JF-17s worth approximately {{USD|16 to 18 million}} each.<ref name="news.am">{{Citation|title=China supplies FC-1 multipurpose fighters to Azerbaijan|url=http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|newspaper=News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124131/http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|place=AM|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Pakistani Armed Forces actively discussed military and defence cooperation with Azerbaijan, culminating in the latter expressing an interest in purchasing the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shahid |last=Hussain |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |title=Pakistan and Azerbaijan: Deepening a Mutually Beneficial Relationship |date=19 May 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200519204003/https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |archive-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 February 2024, Azerbaijan had signed a contract worth US$1.6 billion with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 multi-role combat aircraft for the Azerbaijani Air Forces including aircraft, training, and ordnance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan signs largest ever fighter jet sale deal with Azerbaijan |url=https://www.azernews.az/nation/222206.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Azernews.Az |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |last=AzeMedia |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan has signed the largest deal in history with Azerbaijan for the sale of fighter jets |url=https://aze.media/pakistan-has-signed-the-largest-deal-in-history-with-azerbaijan-for-the-sale-of-fighter-jets/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Aze.Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-seals-1-6-billion-deal-with-azerbaijan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets/|title=Pakistan seals $1.6 billion deal with Azerbaijan to sell JF-17 fighter jets|date=22 February 2024}}</ref> On 25 September 2024, the JF-17 Block 3 was showcased to the President of Azerbaijan on the sidelines of 2024 Azerbaijan International Defence Exhibition (AIDEX).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title=JF-17C multirole aircrafts presented to President Ilham Aliyev |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/jf_17c_multirole_aircrafts_presented_to_president_ilham_aliyev-3196886 |work=Azertac}}</ref> On 6 June 2025, the Government of Pakistan announced that it had secured a contract for the supply of 40 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft from Azerbaijan for $4.6 billion, which builds on an initial agreement signed between Pakistan and Azerbaijan in February 2024, valued at $1.6 billion, for an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 fighter jets, alongside training and armaments.<ref name="auto11">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2025/06/jf-17-thunder-breakthrough-azerbaijan.html | title=JF-17 Thunder Breakthrough Azerbaijan Secures $4.6 Billion Deal for 40 Pakistani-Chinese Block III Fighters | date=8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto18">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/06/08/how-armenia-might-respond-to-azerbaijans-jf-17-fighter-acquisition/ | title=How Armenia Might Respond to Azerbaijan's JF-17 Fighter Acquisition | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref name="auto15">{{Cite web|url=https://defence-industry.eu/azerbaijan-signs-record-4-6-billion-deal-for-40-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/|title=Azerbaijan signs $4.6 billion deal for JF-17 fighters|date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite web | url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/azerbaijan-expands-jf-17-fighter-jet-order-to-40-units-in-46b-defense-deal-3202511 | title=Azerbaijan expands JF-17 fighter jet order to 40 units in $4.6B defense deal }}</ref><ref name="auto13">{{cite web | url=https://www.turdef.com/article/pakistan-confirms-inking-of-deal-with-azerbaijan-for-jf-17 | title=Pakistan Confirms Inking of Deal with Azerbaijan for JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=7 June 2025 }}</ref> Deliveries of the initial tranche began in October 2025, with the aircraft arriving at Nasosnaya Air Base and undergoing familiarization before formal induction. On 8 November 2025, five JF-17s (four single-seat and one twin-seat), flown by Azeri fighter pilots, participated in Azerbaijan’s Victory Day parade in Baku, marking their first public appearance in Azerbaijani service. In addition, open-source images circulated showing a total of nine JF-17 Block III aircraft present in Azerbaijan around the same period without any national markings, consistent with jets observed during early post-delivery handling and marking transitions.<ref name="azeri1">{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Waldron |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/azerbaijan-confirms-jf-17-fighter-acceptance-with-baku-flypast/165245.article |title=Azerbaijan becomes fourth JF-17 operator with five appearing in Baku military parade |website=Flightglobal.com |date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/70546 |title=Military Parade dedicated to the fifth anniversary of Victory in Patriotic War was held in Baku |work=The Official Website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan |date=8 November 2025}}</ref> ===Potential customers=== ==== Bangladesh ==== In January 2025, [[Bangladesh]] announced an interest in purchasing the JF-17C Block 3.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2522416/bangladesh-shows-interest-in-jf-17 | title=Bangladesh shows interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/bangladesh-army-delegation-meets-pakistan-air-chief-expresses-interest-in-jf-17/ | title=Bangladesh army delegation meets Pakistan Air Chief, expresses interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> In January 2026, it was reported that Bangladesh was in formal talks with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17C Block 3 fighters.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/9/why-is-pakistan-selling-its-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-bangladesh-and-others</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-eyes-defence-pact-with-bangladesh-sale-jf-17-jets-2026-01-07/</ref><ref>https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/bangladesh-explores-jf-17-acquisition-to-replace-ageing-fighters/165876.article</ref> ==== Indonesia ==== ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that Pakistan is in discussion with Indonesia on selling the JF-17s to the latter. In January 2026, Indonesia’s Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin held talks in Islamabad with PAF Chief, Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu, during which a potential defence cooperation package—including the possible acquisition of around 40 JF-17 fighter aircraft, armed drones, and associated training—was discussed, though no binding agreement was announced at the time.<ref name="ReutersJF17Indonesia2026">{{cite web |first1=Saad |last1=Sayeed |first2=Ananda |last2=Teresia |first3=Ariba |last3=Shahid |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-indonesia-closing-jets-drones-defence-deal-sources-say-2026-01-12/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan and Indonesia closing in on jets and drones defence deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> ==== Iraq ==== [[Iraq]] has expressed interest in acquiring the JF-17C Thunder multirole combat aircraft from Pakistan as part of efforts to modernise the [[Iraqi Air Force]]. During an official visit to Baghdad on 10 January 2026, Pakistan’s Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu met with Lieutenant General Staff Pilot Mohanad Ghalib Mohammed Radi Al-Asadi, Commander of the Iraqi Air Force, where discussions covered bilateral air force cooperation. During the meeting, the Iraqi Air Force Commander indicated interest in the JF-17C fighter aircraft and Super Mushshak trainer aircraft in the context of training, capacity building, and defence cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan says Iraq expressed ‘keen interest’ in JF-17 jets at air chiefs meeting |work=Arab News |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628855/pakistan}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq eyes JF-17 fighter jets as Pakistani air chief visits Baghdad |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2586411/iraq-eyes-jf-17-fighter-jets-as-pakistani-air-chief-visits-baghdad}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq seeks JF-17 Thunder jets during Pakistani air chief’s visit |work=Business Recorder |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40401540/iraq-seeks-jf-17-thunder-jets}} </ref> ==== Libya ==== It was reported on 22 December 2025 that Pakistan reached a $4-4.6 billion deal with the [[Libyan National Army]], commanded by Khalifa Haftar, which controls eastern [[Libya]], for the supply of 16 JF-17s and other military equipment.<ref name="libya1">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/12/28/why-it-took-pakistan-so-long-to-sell-jf-17-fighters-to-an-arab-country/ |title=Why It Took Pakistan So Long To Sell JF-17 Fighters To An Arab Country |website=Forbes.com |date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya2">{{cite web |first=Liu |last=Zhen |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3337888/china-pakistan-warplane-deal-libyan-faction-may-help-expand-beijings-influence |title=China-Pakistan warplane deal with Libyan faction ‘may help expand Beijing’s influence’ |website=SCMP.com|date=27 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya3">{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Asif |last2=Shahzad |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-strikes-4-billion-deal-sell-weapons-libyan-force-officials-say-2025-12-22/ |title=Pakistan strikes $4 billion deal to sell weapons to Libyan force, officials say |website=Reuters.com |date=22 December 2025}}</ref> ==== Morocco ==== Morocco has shown interest in the JF-17, having invited a sales team to showcase it in the Marrakech Air Show 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 to Star in Marrakech Air Show|url=http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202010633/http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marrakech Air Show Invites Pakistan to Showcase JF −17 Thunder Fighter Jet|url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222014010/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> According to a local analyst, a potential acquisition by Morocco may be complicated by incompatible technologies; the JF-17 Block I and Block II have broadly different electronics suites and air-to-air & air-to-surface munitions than its current Western-sourced aircraft, such as the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F-1 (MF2000)]], [[Northrop F-5|F-5E/F Tiger II]] and [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to market the JF-17 Thunder to Morocco|url=http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426114618/http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Morocco has been engaged with Pakistan in January 2026 on the JF-17.<ref>https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/01/276273/morocco-shows-interest-in-pakistani-jf-17-jets-as-talks-advance/</ref> ==== Saudi Arabia ==== In January 2014, the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] was reportedly examining potential technology transfer and co-production opportunities for the JF-17. Saudi Deputy Minister of Defence Prince [[Salman bin Sultan]] toured the JF-17 project during a visit to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 January 2014|title=Saudi eyeing Pakistan's JF-17 fighter jet, modeled from U.S. F-16|work=World Tribune|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706041729/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2014|title=Saudi Arabia May Buy Pakistani-Chinese Fighter Jets|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726081849/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=8 November 2016|title=Saudi Arabia Reportedly Interested in the JF-17 Thunder|url=http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084500/http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=9 November 2016|website=Quwa Defence News & Analysis Group}}</ref> However, by 2023, this interest seems to have fallen through, with Saudi Arabia now interested in joining the Anglo-Italian-Japanese [[Global Combat Air Programme]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2023|title=Saudi Arabia pushes to join fighter jet project with UK, Italy and Japan|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/80e9bda9-f415-4076-9037-bd6b96e1169f|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported in January 2026 that Pakistan are in discussion with Saudi Arabia to convert around US$ 2 billion of Saudi loans to Pakistan into a provision of JF-17s.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Saad |last2=Sayeed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-saudi-talks-jf-17-jets-for-loans-deal-sources-say-2026-01-07/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan, Saudi in talks on JF-17 jets-for-loans deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>However It is reported that the US government has discouraged Saudi Arabia from aquisition of both JF-17's and [[TAI TF Kaan|TF Kaan's]], instead proposing sale of [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]'s to the Saudi Arabian Air Force. <ref name=":9">{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan | title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref> ==== Other countries ==== Countries including [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Bilal|date=7 August 2016|title=Pakistan offers JF-17 & Super Mushshak to Kuwait|url=https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422190117/https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|archive-date=22 April 2020|website=Quwa - Defence News & Analysis}}</ref> [[Peru]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Pakistan's JF-17 Is A Viable Alternative To The American F-16|url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|website=Wonderful Engineering|date=21 March 2019|quote=As of right now, Saudi Arabia, Albania, Morocco, Bulgaria, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Oman, Lebanon, Argentina, Algeria, Jordan, and Peru are evaluating the JF-17 Block III|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723081234/https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|title=Pakistan, South Africa sign agreements to increase defense cooperation|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|website=Dawn|date=27 March 2017|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023533/https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Uruguay]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demerly |first=Tom |date=9 November 2017 |title=Shopping for Fighters: Is the Chinese/Pakistani JF-17 Thunder the Real "Joint Strike Fighter"? |url=https://theaviationist.com/2017/11/09/shopping-for-fighters-is-the-chinesepakistani-jf-17-thunder-the-real-joint-strike-fighter/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Confirmed: Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet Has its First Buyer |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/confirmed-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jet-has-its-first-buyer/#:~:text=Numerous%20air%20forces%20are%20toying,the%20Philippines,%20Venezuela%20and%20Zimbabwe. |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> have shown interest in the JF-17.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article" /><ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2008|title=PAF gets six JF-17 Thunder aircraft|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045150/http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> In February 2026, reports appeared that the [[Somali Air Force]] was in talks to acquire 24 Block III JF-17s.<ref>https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalia-in-talks-to-buy-24-jf-17-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/; {{cite news|title=Somalia in High-Level Talks to Acquire 24 JF-17 Thunder Block III Fighter Jets from Pakistan in US$900 Million Air Power Revival|work=Defence Security Asia|date=19 February 2026 |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/somalia-jf17-thunder-block-iii-pakistan-us900-million-air-force-revival/|access-date=22 February 2026}}; {{cite news |title=Soomaaliya oo diyaarado casri ah kasoo iibsanaysa Pakistan |work=Hiiraan Online |date=10 February 2026 |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2026/Feb/wararka_maanta09-192820.htm |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> Somalia's air force has been inactive for many years. ===Former interests=== ==== Argentina ==== At the 2013 [[Paris Air Show]], officials from Argentine aerospace conglomerate [[Fábrica Argentina de Aviones]] (FAdeA) revealed that the firm had held multiple discussions with Chinese officials over a potential co-production of the FC-1/JF-17, for the [[Argentine Air Force]] (FAA); this was regarded as the first formal effort by Argentina to possibly procure, or co-produce the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter - IHS Jane's 360 |website=www.janes.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> FAdeA officials said that the co-produced FC-1 could be classified as the "Pulqui-III", with regard to FAdeA's [[Pulqui II|Pulqui-II]] fighter.<ref name="ja23j13">{{cite news|author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter|newspaper=Jane's|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 2015, following a three-day visit by [[President of Argentina|Argentine president]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] to [[China]], Argentina announced that it would consider purchasing around 20 JF-17s from [[Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group|CAIG]]; however the deal did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |title=China to Supply 20 Thunder Fighter Jets to Argentina |website=www.defenseworld.net |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216210452/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |archive-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nikkei|title=Argentina turns to China for arms supply|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|access-date=1 March 2022|date=9 April 2015|first=Kamilia|last=Lahrichi|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210140006/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|url-status=live}}</ref> The primary reason for Argentine interest was reportedly the aircraft's lesser requirement for parts of British origin, as the United Kingdom had barred any sale of military equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina since the [[Falklands War|1982 Falklands War]].<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url = https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2021/09/28/could-britain-stop-argentina-from-buying-the-jf-17-warplane/|title = Could Britain stop Argentina from buying the JF-17 warplane?|date = 28 September 2021|access-date = 11 January 2022|archive-date = 30 September 2021|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210930015257/https://www.defensenews.com/global/the%2Damericas/2021/09/28/could%2Dbritain%2Dstop%2Dargentina%2Dfrom%2Dbuying%2Dthe%2Djf%2D17%2Dwarplane/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |title=No KAI FA-50 for Argentina under the post-1982 embargo |website=aircosmosinternational.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129073505/https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Likewise, Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other aircraft, namely, the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to diplomatic pressure from the United Kingdom, given the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain British-origin parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|publisher=Flightglobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|date=3 November 2020|access-date=1 March 2022|first=Greg|last=Waldron|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{cite web|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|access-date=1 March 2022|date=21 June 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="defensenews.com"/> In September 2021, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] presented a draft budget for the fiscal year of 2022, which contained a request of USD $664 million for the acquisition of future fighter aircraft for the FAA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Gastón |date=21 September 2021 |title=The Argentine Ministry of Defense clarifies about the JF-17 Thunder |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Aviacionline.com |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015136/https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, multiple media outlets misinterpreted this action, erroneously reporting that the request for funds were for acquiring the JF-17 Block-III.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|title=Argentina hasn't selected JF-17 fighter? Govt clarifies budget request|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=1 March 2022|date=22 September 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015142/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]] (''Ministerio de Defensa'') later clarified that the JF-17 had not been selected, asserting that the FAA was still evaluating five other aircraft as possible options.<ref name=":3" /> In May 2022, a delegation of the FAA evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dubois |first1=Gastón |title=Argentine Air Force delegation evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |website=Aviacionline |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011548/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in October 2023, the United States approved the transfer of 24 second-hand [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16 Block-15 MLU]] fighters previously owned by the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] to Argentina, countering the Chinese offer; reportedly, the deal did not necessitate an approval from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/us-approves-proposed-f-16-transfer-argentina|title=U.S. Approves Proposed F-16 Transfer To Argentina|website=aviationweek.com|date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Following the inauguration of the [[Javier Milei|Javier Milei administration]] in Argentina in 2023, the decision to select the F-16 had reportedly materialised, leaving the JF-17 out of the contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airdatanews.com/argentina-chose-the-f-16-fighter-for-its-air-force-reports/|title=Argentina chose the F-16 fighter for its Air Force – reports|website=www.airdatanews.com|date=30 January 2024}}</ref> ==== Bolivia ==== The JF-17 was a candidate for the replacement of retired [[Lockheed T-33]] aircraft of the [[Bolivian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|title=Bolivia Air Force is looking for fighter jets|work=Air Data News |date=29 May 2021|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054044/https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Congo ==== In March 2023, it was reported that China was pitching the JF-17 to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |title=Congo is considering buying JF-17 Thunder fighter jets from China |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |title=DRC: China offers Kinshasa its fighter planes |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |title=China Offers JF-17 Jet to Congo-Kinshasa, Competing with Russian Su-27 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |title=DRC : Kinshasa eyes Chinese fighter jets after buying Beijing's drones - 14/03/2023 |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162519/https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Malaysia ==== [[Malaysia]] had periodically indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the JF-17 for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its efforts to replace its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MIG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in the JF-17 emerged in 2015, although this was later denied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=21 December 2015 |title=Malaysia Denies Interest in JF-17, But Export Hopes Remain |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2015/12/21/malaysia-denies-interest-in-jf-17-but-export-hopes-remain/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Defense News |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Benjamin David |title=The Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Might Have Another Buyer in Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121257/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2019, then-visiting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian PM]] [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohammad]] was accorded an aerial-display of the JF-17's at the 2019 [[Pakistan Day Parade]]; he was also briefed about the fighter by the PAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahathir Mohamad receives briefing on JF-17 before leaving Islamabad |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=23 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121254/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Malaysian PM Mahathir shows interest in JF-17 Thunder as he concludes Pakistan visit |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701072047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft — dubbed as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainer-aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/None |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender |url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=MilitaryLeak |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF later issued a [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|date=18 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17 was widely regarded to be a leading contender in the FLIT/LCA procurement initiative, along with the [[HAL Tejas]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|title=Malaysia formally launches tender for new trainer, light combat aircraft|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in October 2021, the JF-17 was revealed to have abstained from participating in the FLIT/LCA tender; later reports confirmed that only six companies had responded to the RFP issued by the RMAF - the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] ([[Korea Aerospace Industries]]), the [[HAL Tejas]] ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]), the [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]] ([[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]]), the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]] ([[Leonardo S.p.A.]]), the [[TAI Hürjet]] ([[Turkish Aerospace Industries]]) and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35]] ([[Rosoboronexport]]).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> The JF-17's unprecedented absence from the FLIT/LCA essentially ended all speculations regarding its participation in Malaysia.<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia begins evaluating proposals to replace fleet of Hawk Mk 108/208s |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Janes.com |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121256/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Socka |first=Sherman |date=1 December 2021 |title=LETTER {{!}} RMAF purchase of Light Combat Aircraft to bolster defence industry |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.aerotime.aero |date=20 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518000844/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, the JF-17 was reportedly re-offered to the RMAF, with an estimated price-discount of about 30%; however, these reports remain unconfirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumelar |first=Tri Agung |title=Saingi HAL Tejas di Malaysia, China Turunkan Harga Jet Tempur JF-17 Thunder hingga 30 Persen - Zona Jakarta |url=https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com |language=id |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110124301/https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF eventually declined to purchase the JF-17 and proceeded instead to order 18 FA-50 Block 20 jets in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|title=Malaysia buys South Korea fighter jets as ASEAN arms market grows|website=asia.nikkei.com|date=7 March 2023|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324012111/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Qatar ==== [[Qatar]] has shown interest in the JF-17 since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|title=Qatar Plans To Buy Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet, Super Mushshak Trainer|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=27 October 2016 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506212945/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, at Qatar's invitation, PAF JF-17s participated in Qatar's National Day Flypast in Doha alongside [[Qatar Air Force]] [[Rafale]]s and [[Mirage 2000-5]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|title=Flypast during Qatar National Day Hints at Doha's Interest in Pakistani JF-17|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192401/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the offer seems to have fallen through, with Qatar ordering a mix of [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]s and [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F15E]]s. ==== Sri Lanka ==== In June 2015, Pakistani media suggested that an export order had been confirmed with the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]; claims were made that the JF-17's first sales contract had been signed with the Sri Lanka Air Force at the 51st Paris Air Show.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka revealed as first foreign buyer of JF-17|newspaper=Want China Times|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623183730/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Wasim|date=22 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka purchasing JF-17 Thunder Jets|newspaper=Business Recorder|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623170033/http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Other sources claimed that Myanmar is the first buyer of Pakistani JF-17s.<ref name="Myanmar2">{{cite news|date=9 July 2015|title=Myanmar first country to purchase JF-17 Thunder from Pakistan|newspaper=Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|url-status=live}}</ref> Reportedly, the order would cover around 18–24 aircraft and deliveries set to begin in 2017. During a state visit by [[Nawaz Sharif]] in January 2016, Sri Lanka reportedly signed an agreement to buy eight JF-17s from Pakistan;<ref>{{cite web|first=Franz-Stefan | last = Gady|title=Sri Lanka to Buy 8 Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jets|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213252/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2016|access-date=7 January 2016|work=The Diplomat}}</ref> however, the Sri Lankan government has issued denials.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2016|title=Government says no JF-17 deal with Pakistan|work=Columbo Gazette|url=http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126211056/http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The alleged deal was said to involve 10–12 aircraft, each valued at US$35 million, for a total of US$400 million<ref>{{cite news|title=Following Myanmar, Pakistan is Eager to Sell More JF-17s|url=http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213105004/http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> Reportedly, any such sale was scuppered by Indian diplomatic pressure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian pressure stalls Pakistani JF-17 sale to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213040939/http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revealed: Why Sri Lanka Backed Off the Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215193957/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 October 2013|title=Pakistan to sell JF-17 fighter jets to SL-report|work=The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523103143/http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> However, in 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=9 January 2021|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref> ==== Zimbabwe ==== The [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] reportedly planned to purchase twelve JF-17s in 2004, as part of a $240 million deal with China. No such sales have materialised.<ref name="Rotberg2009">{{cite book|first=Robert I. | last = Rotberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|title=China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0175-0|page=174|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Africa and China's Global Activism|url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616192046/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|publisher=Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> In 2010, China was reportedly in talks about the JF-17 with five or six countries, some of which had sent pilots to China to undergo test flights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian fighter requirements continue to grow|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185036/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-date=21 October 2014|access-date=21 March 2010|work=Flight International}}</ref> ==مختلف قسمون== ===تجرباتي قسمون=== تاريخي پيداوار جي ترتيب ۾: * '''PT-01''' — انٽيڪس تي اسپلٽر پليٽن سان پهريون ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ. 31 مئي 2003 تي جاري ڪيو ويو. پهرين پرواز 25 آگسٽ 2003 تي.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com5">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> * '''PT-02''' — انٽيڪس تي اسپلٽر پليٽن سان پهريون ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ. * '''PT-03''' — انٽيڪس تي اسپلٽر پليٽن سان پهريون ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ. اپريل 2004 ۾ پهرين پرواز. * '''PT-04''' — ڊائيورٽرليس سپرسونڪ انليٽس (DSI) ۽ تبديل ٿيل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر سان ٻيو ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ. 10 مئي 2006 تي پهرين پرواز. PT-04 ۾ DSI، وسيع LERX، وڌايل وينٽرل فين، ۽ هڪ ڊگهو، گهٽ سوئپ ٿيل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل ڪيو ويو جنهن جي چوٽي تي مستطيل فيئرنگ آهي جنهن ۾ اليڪٽرانڪ جنگي سامان ۽ ميزائل اپروچ وارننگ سينسرز تي بيس تي ننڍا بلسٽر فيئرنگ شامل آهن. PT-04 پروٽوٽائپ بنيادي طور تي ايويونڪس ۽ هٿيارن جي قابليت جي ٽيسٽن لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |title=4th Prototype JF-17 Thunder aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |date=11 May 2006 |work=Pakistan Tribune |access-date=21 May 2011 |location=Islamabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="APP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |title=JF-17 Thunder arrives in Pakistan |date=12 March 2007 |work=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022192508/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref> *'''PT-05''' — ٻيو ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ DSI ۽ تبديل ٿيل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر سان. *'''PT-06''' — ٻيو ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ DSI ۽ تبديل ٿيل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر سان. ===Production variants=== In chronological production order: *'''JF-17 Block 1''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production in China began in June 2006<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com" /> and in Pakistan in 2007. The first three Chinese weapons to be integrated are the [[PL-5|PL-5E II]] AAM, the [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] AAM, and the [[C-802A|C-802AK]] anti-ship missile. Block 1 aircraft had performed "better than expected" according to PAF [[Air Commodore]] Junaid. Production of Block 1 was completed on 18 December 2013 when the fiftieth aircraft{{mdash}}58% of which was produced in Pakistan{{mdash}}was delivered.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Dave | last1 = Allport | first2 = Alan | last2 = Warnes|date=September 2010|title= JF-17 Thunders in First Public Static Display | journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue= 269|page= 8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Rolls Out 50th JF-17, Block II Production To Commence |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |date=18 December 2013 |work=Defense News |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220054215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> A Block 1 JF-17 costs approximately US$15&nbsp;million per unit.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra" /> *'''JF-17 Block 2''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production began on 18 December 2013 and initial testing began on 9 February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|work=janes.com|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119230215/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Block 2 aircraft make use of composites in the airframe for reduced weight, air-to-air refuelling capability,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Roblin|first=Sebastien|date=10 August 2019|title=Meet the JF-17 Block III Fighter: The Jet China is Helping Pakistan Build to Fight India|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|access-date=23 July 2021|website=The National Interest|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002901/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|url-status=live}}</ref> improved radar and avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |title=Pakistan Begins Producing Block-II JF-17 Aircraft |last1=Panda |first1=Ankit |date=27 December 2013 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726080602/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="dawn" /> Chairman of PAC, Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed said: "We will hand over 16 Block 2 JF-17s to the PAF every year", and that the manufacturing plant has the capacity to produce 25 units in a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to boost military export with revamped JF-17 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |date=7 December 2014 |work=Pakistan Today |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172819/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> According to local media, PAC rolled out the 16th Block 2 aircraft in December 2015 enabling the JF-17's 4th squadron formation.<ref name="Fourth" /> A Block 2 JF-17 costs approximately US$25 million per unit.<ref name="SkyWars">{{citation | url = http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | title = Sky Wars: Pakistan, India and China | first = Adnan | last = Rehmat | date = 24 May 2011 | work = Dawn | access-date = 29 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122325/http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | archive-date = 14 July 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> *'''JF-17B Block 2''' {{mdash}} Dual-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 27 April 2017.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|title=Military Flight Training MENA 2021|website=www.arabianaerospace.aero|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154514/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JF-17B">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Naveed|title=JF-17B fighter jet takes maiden test flight|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|access-date=28 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142207/https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Serial production in China and Pakistan from 2018 to 2020. A total of 26 aircraft built - first four at Chengdu and remaining 22 at Kamra.<ref name="auto4" /> Its multi-roles include use as a (i) JF-17 conversion trainer; (ii) Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT); (iii) ground-attack aircraft; and (iv) reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|title=PAF to induct dual-seater JF-17B fighter jet in April 2017|date=28 April 2016|work=[[Express Tribune]]|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503202439/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the dual-seat, larger dorsal spine, and a more swept-back tail, another difference between the JF-17B and the JF-17 is that the JF-17B carries fuel in its vertical stabiliser, which the JF-17 does not.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|title=Pride of Pakistan|website=www.airinternational.com|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310041201/https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17B houses integral fuel tanks like the F-16. Each wing houses 550 Ib while the vertical tail houses 210 lb, which, together with the internal fuel load, totals 4,910 Ib of fuel. Together with the three external fuel drop-tanks, the aircraft can carry a total 10,000 Ib fuel load.<ref name="auto" /> The JF-17B Block 2s will be retrofitted with the NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra).<ref name="auto" /> *'''JF-17C Block 3'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/adex-2024-azerbaijani-jf-17-delivery-announced | title=ADEX 2024: Azerbaijani JF-17 delivery announced | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://quwa.org/pakistan-defence-industry/pakistan-promotes-the-jf-17c-thunder-to-bangladesh-01-20-2025/ | title=Pakistan Promotes the JF-17C Thunder to Bangladesh - Quwa | date=20 January 2025 }}</ref> {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 15 December 2019. Two prototypes underwent flight tests as of December 2020, one in China and the other in Pakistan. Went into serial production at PAC Kamra on 30 December 2020.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> Projected to feature further advancements such as a NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra),<ref name="auto" /> a three-axis digital fly-by-wire flight control system,<ref name="auto" /> an infrared search and track (IRST) system,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |title=2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |format=JPG |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221746/http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Rolling Thunder|url=https://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=Asian Military Review|date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208182445/http://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system produced jointly by Pakistan and China,<ref name="auto" /> a missile approach warning system (MAWS) similar to the one used on the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]]C, [[J-16]], and [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]], a new, larger, and thinner holographic wide-angle head-up display (HUD) similar to the one used on the J-10C and J-20, an enhanced electronic warfare management system,<ref name="auto" /> a chin-mounted hardpoint,<ref name="auto" /> use of more composites for further weight reduction, eventual replacement of the [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] [[afterburning turbofan]] by the [[Guizhou WS-13]]<ref name=":2" /> with an increased thrust, and a better thrust-to-weight ratio.<ref name="dawn" /><ref name="Nigeria" /><ref name="AW17March2015">{{cite journal|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=17 March 2015|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|access-date=24 March 2015|location=Kamra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322152346/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=22 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> The KLJ-7A can simultaneously track 15 targets and engage 4 targets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=KLJ-7A: Proposed AESA Radar for the JF-17 Block-III|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507114147/http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> PAF officials have described the JF-17 Block 3 as a "fourth generation plus" fighter jet. The first PAC-produced JF-17 Block 3 aircraft are expected to roll out of the production line in late 2021.<ref name="auto" /> The PAF has placed an order for 50 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft, deliveries of which were expected to start from early 2022.<ref name="paknikkei">{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|title=Pakistan to boost air strike power with 50 enhanced fighter jets|access-date=1 March 2022|date=6 February 2022|publisher=Nikkei|first=Adnan|last=Aamir|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084243/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Pakistan to Order 50 More Fighter Jets in 2017|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054055/https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 JF-17 Block 3 production aircraft were photographed after their rollout at PAC Kamra in early January 2022. The first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF in March 2023. '''Under-Development''' *'''JF-17 Block 4 or (PFX-Alpha)''' {{mdash}} The JF-17 Block 4 or JF-17 (PFX Alpha) is an under-development 4.5+ generation version of the JF-17 Thunder under the PAF "PFX" program, where "PFX" stands for "Pakistan Fighter Experimental." Also known as the JF-17 Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU), the project aims to enhance the JF-17 beyond the capabilities of the current JF-17C Block 3, which is the most advanced variant of the fighter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/pakistan-unveils-jf-17-pfx-fighter | title=Pakistan unveils JF-17 PFX fighter | date=26 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Reveals 'JF-17 PFX' Program |url=https://quwa.org/daily-news/pakistan-reveals-jf-17-pfx-program-2/ |publisher=Quwa |date=2 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Development Program for JF-17 PFX (Pakistan Fighter Experimental) Unveiled |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/development-program-for-jf-17-pfx-pakistan-fighter-experimental-unveiled/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The PFX-Alpha focuses on improving the radar, avionics, and integrating new air-to-air and air-to-surface munitions, including indigenous weapons. It will feature an indigenously-developed passive Infrared Search and Track (IRST) sensor and an electronic warfare (EW) suite with AESA radar-jamming capability. The overall goal of the PFX program is to provide the PAF with a next-generation fighter, with the PFX-Alpha serving as a key step toward indigenization and reducing external dependence. While no official timeline has been announced, a PAF official stated in an interview with [[Geo News]] at IDEAS 2024 that the jet is expected to fly within the next 4 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wec3sH9WMQ8 |title=JF-17 PFX: Upcoming Innovation & New Chapter in Pakistan Air Force - IDEAS 2024 {{!}} Breaking News |date=21 November 2024 |last=Geo News |access-date=23 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> At the [[Royal International Air Tattoo|RIAT]] 2025 air show, Pakistan showcased a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130H Hercules]] with a custom paint job featuring artwork of various PAF aircraft; notably, the PFX was depicted highest on the tail, symbolising the Air Force’s strong commitment to the program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=PAF Showcases JF-17, C-130 at RIAT 2025 in the UK |url=https://theneutral.pk/paf-to-display-jf-17-thunder-c-130-hercules-at-riat-2025/ |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=theneutral.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> ==آپريٽرز== <!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--> [[File:JF-17 operators.png|thumb|400px|موجوده JF-17 آپريٽر ملڪن (نيري رنگ ۾) سان نقشو]] === موجوده آپريٽر === '''{{AZE}}'''<br> * آذربائيجاني ايئر فورس: 5 پهچايا ويا، 35 آرڊر تي<ref name="azeri1" /> <ref name="azeri2">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/11/17/from-azerbaijan-to-uae-iran-is-surrounded-by-more-advanced-air-forces/ |title=From Azerbaijan To UAE, Iran Is Surrounded By More Advanced Air Forces |website=Forbes.com |date=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/azerbaijan-inducts-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan |title=Azerbaijan inducts JF-17 fighters from Pakistan |website=Janes.com |date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.defcros.com/azerbaijan-receives-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan/ |title=Azerbaijan Receives JF-17 Fighters from Pakistan |website=news.defcros.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> 35 on order<ref name="azeri2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://turdef.com/article/azerbaijan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fighters-in-inventory |title=Azerbaijan Shows JF-17 Block III Fighters in Inventory |website=turdef.com |date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aze.media/jf-17-and-a-new-axis-of-partnership-the-largest-ever-defense-deal-between-pakistan-and-azerbaijan/ |title=JF-17 and a new axis of partnership: The largest-ever defense deal between Pakistan and Azerbaijan |website=aze.media |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya1" /> '''{{flag|Myanmar}}''' [[ميانمار]] * ميانمار جي ايئر فورس: 13 پهچايا ويا، 3 آرڊر تي<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |title=2021 World Air Forces |format=PDF |editor-last=Hoyle |editor-first=Craig |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208041355/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-team-sent-to-myanmar-to-repair-combat-aircraft/articleshow/98640757.cms | title=Pakistan team sent to Myanmar to repair combat aircraft | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=15 March 2023 | last1=Chaudhury | first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** ميڪٽيلا ايئر فورس بيس<ref name="ReferenceB"/> '''{{NGA}}''' * نائيجيريا جي ايئر فورس: 3 پهچايا ويا<ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21">{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17s as it awaits Super Tucanos |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=21 May 2021 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191831/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** اين اي ايف بيس ماڪرودي<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |title=Nigeria gears up to receive JF-17s |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=13 November 2020 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121054653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17 fighters |website=Janes.com |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191832/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |url-status=live }}</ref> '''{{PAK}}''' * پاڪستان ايئر فورس: 161 پهچايا ويا، 27 آرڊر تي ** پي اي ايف بيس ڀولاري ([[ڄامشورو]]) *** نمبر 18 اسڪواڊرن شارپ شوٽرز (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref name="SHEPHARD"> {{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/pakistan-receives-chinese-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-reports/ |title=Pakistan receives Chinese JF-17 Block III fighter jets, reports say| access-date=10 March 2023|work=SHEPHARD |date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141819/https://timesofislamabad.com/03-Feb-2018/six-paf-squadrons-with-over-100-jf-17-fighter-jets-become-operational-fully |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|title=The JF-17 Is No F-35 Stealth Jet, But It's Good Enough For Pakistan|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=2 January 2020|website=The National Interest|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|title=Janes {{!}} Latest defence and security news|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Janes.com|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906153101/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="paknikkei" /> ** [[PAF Base Bholari]] (Jamshoro)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** No. 18 Squadron ''Sharp Shooters'' (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|title=Pakistan inducts 14 JF-17Bs and starts Block III JF-17 Thunder production|first=Hans van|last=Herk|website=www.scramble.nl|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231094256/https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Delivers New JF-17B Batch|date=2 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119112738/https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس مسرور ([[ڪراچي]]) *** نمبر 2 اسڪواڊرن منهاسين (2015)<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |title=Pakistan's PAF Re-equip Squadron No 2 Minhas With JF-17 |work=Asian Defence |date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121101129/http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 }}</ref> *** نمبر 8 اسڪواڊرن حيدرز (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-jf17-fighter-aircrafts/ | title=Pakistan Establishes Second Squadron of JF-17 "Thunder" Block 3 Fighters | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Scramble.nl">{{cite web | url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force | title=Orbats }}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس منہاس (ڪامرا) *** JF-17 TEF (ٽيسٽ ۽ تشخيص پرواز) (2007-2010)<ref name="AFM, July 2011, JF-17 - Thunder from the East">{{cite journal|last=Warnes|first=Alan|date=July 2011|title=JF-17&nbsp;– Thunder from the East|journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue=#280|pages=47–70}}</ref> *** نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن بليڪ پينٿرز (2011)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan" /> ** پي اي ايف بيس مصحف ([[سرگوڌا]]) *** CCS JF-17 اسڪواڊرن ڊيشنگ<ref name="Scramble.nl" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|title=JF-17 Thunder aircraft inducted in PAF Combat Commanders' School|work=Business Recorder|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223224329/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس [[پشاور]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/?q=node/16871 |title=Peshawar Base to station JF-17 Thunder Aircraft Squadron: Pak Air Chief |work=Asian Tribune |date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010004/http://asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F16871 |archive-date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> *** نمبر 26 اسڪواڊرن بليڪ اسپائڊرز (2010)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan" /> ** پي اي ايف بيس رفيقي ([[شورڪوٽ]])<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** نمبر 14 اسڪواڊرن ٽيل چوپرز (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|date=16 February 2017|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132631/https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس سمنگلي ([[ڪوئيٽا]]) *** نمبر 28 اسڪواڊرن فينڪس (2018)<ref> {{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|title=Pakistan inaugurates new fighter squadron – No. 28 "Phoenix"|date=28 February 2018|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123005402/https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|title=PAF raises new multirole squadron equipped with JF-17 Thunder aircraft|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025709/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|url-status=live}}</ref> ======موجوده آپريٽر====== '''{{flag|Libya}}''' * ليبيا ايئر فورس: آرڊر تي 16<ref name="libya1" /><ref name="libya2" /><ref name="libya3" /> ==حادثا ۽ واقعا== سال 2003ع ۾ پنهنجي پهرين اڏام کان وٺي ۽ سال 2007ع ۾ آپريشنل ٿيڻ کان وٺي، پنج JF-17 جهاز حادثن ۾ تباهه ٿيا آهن: * '''14''' نومبر 2011ع: هڪ JF-17 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ضلعي [[اٽڪ ضلعو|اٽڪ]]، [[پنجاب، پاڪستان|پنجاب]] جي جبلن ۾ ملا منصور علائقي ۾ معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران تباهه ٿي ويو، جڏهن پي ائ ايف بيس منهاس کان اڏام ڪري رهيو هو. پي ائ ايف جي سرڪاري رپورٽ موجب، حادثو هڪ ٽيڪنيڪل خرابي جي ڪري ٿيو. خبرن ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته پائلٽ ٻاهر نڪري ويو پر پيراشوٽ نه کُلڻ سبب مرجي ويو ۽ زمين تي ڪو به شهري جاني نقصان نه ٿيو. پائلٽ جو لاش حادثي واري هنڌ کان ٻه ڪلوميٽر پري دريافت ٿيو. هي JF-17 جو پهريون ڄاتل سڃاتل حادثو هو.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=DUBAI: JF-17 crashes in Pakistan's Kamra |date=15 November 2011 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=FlightGlobal |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054649/https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2011|title=PAF pilot dies as a plane crashed in Attock {{!}} Pakistan {{!}} News {{!}} Newspaper {{!}} Daily {{!}} English {{!}} Online|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/14-Nov-2011/pilot-dies-in-paf-aircraft-crash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216040156/https://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/14-Nov-2011/Pilot-dies-in-PAF-aircraft-crash|archive-date=16 December 2011|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Military Flair Up Between India and Pakistan See Both Sides Blaming One Another|url=http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Paktribune|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182541/http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pti|date=14 November 2011|title=Pakistan Air Force {{!}} Jet Crashes {{!}} Pilot {{!}} Punjab|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=oneindia.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182658/https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=18 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> * <small>27</small> سيپٽمبر <small>2016</small>ع: هڪ <small>'''JF-17'''</small> جهاز [[عربي سمنڊ]] ۾ مشق "هاءِ مارڪ" دوران کري تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو ۽ کيس سمنڊ مان بچايو ويو. مارٽن-بيڪر، جي ايف-17 جي ايجيڪشن سيٽن جو ٺاهيندڙ، پوء ٽوئيٽ ڪيو ته 15 سيپٽمبر 2020ع جو حادثو جي ايف-17 مان پهريون ايجيڪشن هو.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2016|title=JF-17 crashes into Arabian Sea|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162416/https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * 15 سيپٽمبر 2020ع: هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 جهاز پنڊي گهيب، ضلعي اٽڪ، پنجاب جي ويجهو معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=15 September 2020|title=PAF aircraft crashes in Attock during routine training, pilot ejects safely|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|access-date=15 September 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916183607/https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ زمين تي به ڪنهن جاني نقصان جي اطلاع نه ملي. جڏهن ته پي اي ايف جهاز جي سڃاڻپ نه ڪئي، مارٽن-بيڪر، جن جون سيٽون جي ايف-17 ۾ نصب ٿيل آهن، هڪ ٽوئيٽر پوسٽ ۾ چيو ته، "پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو هڪ جي ايف-17 جهاز اڄ صبح معمول جي تربيتي مشن دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Jet Crashes, Pilot Ejects|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|access-date=15 September 2020|website=defenseworld.net|date=15 September 2020|archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917084418/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref>.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * 6 آگسٽ 2021ع: هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بي بلاڪ 2 جهاز ضلعي اٽڪ، پنجاب ۾ معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. ٻئي پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويا ۽ زمين تي ڪنهن به جاني نقصان جي اطلاع نه ملي.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=6 August 2021|title=PAF jet crashes during routine training mission near Attock|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|access-date=9 August 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145129/https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin-Baker|date=9 August 2021|title=A Pakistan Air Force JF-17B aircraft crashed late last week on a training mission near Attock. Both aircrew ejected successfully from the twin seat aircraft using PK16LE Ejection Seats.|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811113709/https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News & Events|url=https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815093830/https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|archive-date=15 August 2021|access-date=15 August 2021|website=Martin-Baker|language=en-US}}</ref> * 5 جون 2024ع: پنجاب جي ضلعي جهنگ ۾ هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 2 جهاز معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. ٻڌايو پيو وڃي ته اهو جنگي جهاز نمبر 14 اسڪواڊرن "ٽيل چوپرز" جو حصو هو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو. حادثي جي رپورٽ جهاز جي ايجيڪشن سيٽ ٺاهيندڙ، مارٽن بيڪر پاران ڏني وئي هئي.<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/389360</ref> ==بيان ڪيل خاصيتون== پاڪستان ايروونٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس مارڪيٽنگ بروشر ۽ سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ مان ڊيٽا. ===عام خاصيتون=== * عملو: 1 (سنگل سيٽ JF-17A/C) يا 2 (ڊبل سيٽ JF-17B) * ڊگھائي: 14.326 ميٽر (47 فوٽ 0 انچ) * پرن جو دائرو: 9.44 ميٽر (31 فوٽ 0 انچ) * اوچائي: 4.57 ميٽر (15 فوٽ 0 انچ) * پرن جو علائقو: 24.43 چورس ميٽر (263.0 چورس فوٽ) * خالي وزن: 7,965 ڪلوگرام (17,560 پائونڊ) * وڌ ۾ وڌ ٽيڪ آف وزن: 13,500 ڪلوگرام (29,762 پائونڊ) * ايندھن جي گنجائش: ** اندروني: 3,000 ليٽر (2,449 ڪلوگرام)؛ ** ٻاهرين (3 ڊراپ ٽينڪ): 1 × 800 ليٽر (180 امپ گيل) *** پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ؛ 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) *** انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ * پاور پلانٽ: 1 × ڪليموف RD-93MA آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين (91.2 kN (20,500 lbf) ٿرسٽ آفٽر برنر سان) FDEEC سان (پوئين انجن: 1 x ڪليموف RD-93 آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين (84.4 kN (18,974 lbf) ٿرسٽ آفٽر برنر سان) # ===ڪارڪردگي=== * وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار: 1,910 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (1,190 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 1,030 kn) * وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار: ماخ 1.8 (Mach 1.8) * ڪروز جي رفتار: 1,359 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (844 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 734 kn) * اسٽال جي رفتار: 150 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (93 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 81 kn) * جنگي رينج: ** اندروني ايندھن تي 900 ڪلوميٽر (560 ميل، 490 ناٽيڪل ميل) ** ڊراپ ٽينڪن سان 1,741 ڪلوميٽر (1,082 ميل، 940 ناٽيڪل ميل) * فيري رينج: ** اندروني ايندھن تي 1,800 ڪلوميٽر (1,100 ميل، 970 ناٽيڪل ميل). ** ڊراپ ٽينڪن سان 3,482 ڪلوميٽر (2,163 ميل، 1,880 ناٽيڪل ميل) * سروس جي حد: 16,916 ميٽر (55,500 فوٽ) * ڪشش ثقل g حدون: +8/-3 (فلائيٽ ڪنٽرول سسٽم پاران محدود) * چڙهڻ جي شرح: 300 ميٽر/سيڪنڊ (59,000 فوٽ/منٽ) * زور: RD-93 سان 1.07. # ===هٿيار=== * توپون: 1 × 23 ملي ميٽر GSh-23 ٽوئن بيرل توپ * هارڊ پوائنٽس: 8 (2 × ونگ ٽِپ، 4 × انڊر-ونگ، 1 × انڊر-فيوزليج، 1 × چن) هر انڊر-ونگ هارڊ پوائنٽ تي ڊبل ايجيڪٽر ريڪ جي گنجائش سان. * پي لوڊ: 3,400 ڪلوگرام (7,500 پائونڊ) ===ميزائل=== * هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ ميزائل: ** PL-5EII — (انفراريڊ-هومنگ شارٽ رينج ميزائل) ** PL-10E — (انفراريڊ-هومنگ شارٽ رينج ميزائل) ** R-Darter — (ريڊار-هومنگ بيونڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) ** PL-12 (SD-10A) — (ريڊار-هائيڊڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) ** PL-15/PL-15E — (ريڊار-هائيڊڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) * هوا کان مٿاڇري تي مار ڪندڙ ميزائل: ** CM-102 — (اينٽي ريڊيئيشن ميزائل) ** LD-10 — (تابڪاري مخالف ميزائل) ** MAR-1 — (تابڪاري مخالف ميزائل) ** رعد-II — (سبسونڪ زميني حملو/اينٽي شپ ڪروز ميزائل) ** CM-400AKG — (سپرسونڪ ڊگهي فاصلي وارو هوا کان مٿاڇري تي مار ڪندڙ ميزائل) * اينٽي شپ ميزائل ** C-601 — (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** سي-705 ڪي ڊي - (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** سي-802 اي ڪي - (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** رعد-II - (سبسونڪ لينڊ اٽيڪ/اينٽي شپ ڪروز ميزائل) ** سي ايم-400 اي ڪي جي - (سپرسونڪ ڊگھي فاصلي وارو اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ===بم=== * غير هدايت ٿيل بم: ** 250 ڪلوگرام - پري ٽڪڙا ٿيل بم ** ايم ڪي-82 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** ايم ڪي-83 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** ايم ڪي-84 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** HAFR-1/HAFR-2 - (اينٽي رن وي بم) ** RPB-1 - (اينٽي رن وي بم) * گائيڊ ٿيل بم: ** GBU-10 - (ليزر گائيڊ ٿيل بم) ** GBU-12 - (ليزر گائيڊ ٿيل بم) ** GBU-16 - (ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** LT-2 — (ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** H-2 SOW — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ گلائيڊ بم) ** H-4 SOW — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ گلائيڊ بم) ** GB-6 — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ اسٽيلٿ گلائيڊ بم) ** NORINCO GB-250A — (250 ڪلوگرام ايڪسٽينڊڊ رينج GPS/INS-گائيڊڊ بم) ** CS/BBF1 — (فيول ايئر ايڪسپلوسو (FAE) يا ٿرموبارڪ بم) ** SCP-5 — (بنڪر بسٽر بم) ** NORINCO GB-500 — (500 ڪلوگرام ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** LS-6 — (وڌايل رينج GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ** GIDS تڪبير — (GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ** GIDS رينج ايڪسٽينشن ڪٽ — (GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ===ايويونڪس=== * ريڊار: ** KLJ-7A ايڪٽو اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (AESA) ** فائر ڪنٽرول ريڊار (FCR) * ريڊار وارننگ رسيور (RWR): ** 1 × BM/KJ-8602A * ميزائل اپروچ وارننگ سسٽم (MAWS): ** 4 × S740 شناخت دوست يا دشمن (IFF) * سسٽم: JZ/YD 125 * ڊيٽا بس: ٽيڪٽيڪل ڊيٽا لنڪ: لنڪ-17 * ٻيا: ** ٻاهرين پوڊ: *** Aselsan ASELPOD — ايڊوانسڊ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ (اليڪٽرو-آپٽيڪل ريڪنيسنس، نگراني ۽ ٽارگيٽنگ سسٽم) WMD-7 — FLIR *** ڊي/نائيٽ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ KG600/KG700 — ايئر بورن اليڪٽرانڪ ڪائونٽر ميجر (ECM) / سيلف پروٽيڪشن **جامنگ پوڊ *** اندرا سسٽم ALQ-500P — ESM/ECM پوڊ * مقابلي جا طريقا: ** چاف/فليئر ڊسپينسر ACMI: *** SDT ACMI سسٽم ** ايجڪشن سيٽ: *** مارٽن-بيڪر PK16LE صفر-صفر ايجڪشن سيٽ ** ٻاهرين ايندھن جا ٽينڪ: *** وڌايل رينج/لوٽرنگ وقت لاءِ 3 ٻاهرين ڊراپ ٽينڪ تائين: **** 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ **** 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|پاڪستان|چين|هوابازي}} * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جنگي جهازن جي فهرست ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Bibliography=== * {{Cite book |last1=Medeiros |first1=Evan S |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf |title=A New Direction for China's Defense Industry |last2=Cliff |first2=Roger |last3=Crane |first3=Keith |last4=Mulvenon |first4=James C |date=2005 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] Project Air Force |isbn=978-0-8330-4079-4 |language=en |oclc=69995886}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906183937/http://www.cac.com.cn/product/product_display.aspx?id=1 Archived Factsheet FC-1 on Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) website] * [http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 Factsheet JF-17 on Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jf-17 Thunder}} [[زمرو:JF-17 ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا جنگي هٿيار]] [[زمرو:سپر سونڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سنگل انجن وارو جيٽ جهاز]] [[زمرو:چين-پاڪستان فوجي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:وچين ونگ وارا هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:چوٿين نسل جي جيٽ ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] [[زمرو:پهريون ڀيرو 2003 ۾ اڏامندڙ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس پاران تيار ڪيل ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:واپس وٺڻ واري ٽرائي سائيڪل لينڊنگ گيئر سان هوائي جهاز]] m6okk9cfdjxvth4pqmp2820mencvbcg 371096 371084 2026-04-12T11:10:12Z Memon2025 21315 371096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sino-Pakistani multirole fighter aircraft}} {{Infobox settlement | name = جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر<br> JF-17 Thunder | image = File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg | caption = پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر بلاڪ 1 | type = سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز | national_origin = | manufacturer = | first_flight = | introduction = | retired = | status = | primary_user = | more_users = | produced = | number_built = | developed_from = |other_name=ايف سي-1 شياؤ لونگ<br> FC-1 Xiaolong|subdivision_type=قومي اصل ملڪ|subdivision_type1=ٺاهيندڙ|subdivision_type2=پيداوار|subdivision_type3=تعمير ٿيل تعداد|subdivision_type4=تعارف|subdivision_name4=12 مارچ 2007ع|subdivision_type5=پهرين پرواز|subdivision_name5=25 آگسٽ 2003ع|subdivision_type6=حالت|subdivision_name6=سروس ۾|established_title=بنيادي استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date=[[پاڪستان ائيرفورس]]|established_title1=ٻيو استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date1={{ubl |[[ميانمار ايئر فورس]] |[[نائيجيريا ايئر فورس]] |[[آذربائيجاني ايئر فورسز]] }}|established_title2=دلچسپي رکندڙ ملڪ|established_date2=[[بنگلاديش]]، [[انڊونيشيا]]، [[سعودي عرب]]|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=|established_date5=|established_title6=|established_date6=|established_title7=|established_date7=|extinct_title=|extinct_date=|subdivision_name=[[پاڪستان]] / [[چين]]|subdivision_name1=[[پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] / [[چينگڊو ايئر ڪرافٽ انڊسٽري گروپ]]|subdivision_name2=چين ۾: جون 2007ع<br />پاڪستان ۾: جنوري 2008ع|subdivision_name3=182 (اضافي 6 پروٽوٽائپ)}} '''جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر''' (JF-17 Thunder؛ اردو: جے ایف-۱۷ گرج) هڪ چين-پاڪستاني سنگل انجن وارو هلڪو وزن وارو سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز آهي جيڪو [[پاڪستان]] جي [[پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] (<small>PAC</small>) ۽ [[چين]] جي چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ ڪارپوريشن (<small>CAC</small>) پاران گڏيل طور تي تيار ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|website=www.pac.org.pk|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712224651/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|url-status=live}}</ref> اهو چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر آهي ۽ [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] (<small>PAF</small>) ۾ ٽئين نسل جي <small>'''اي-5'''</small> <small>'''سي، ايف-7 پي/پي جي'''</small>، ميراج <small>III</small> ۽ ميراج <small>5</small> جنگي جهاز جي متبادل طور تي ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. <ref name=":92">{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan|title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan|date=26 September 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|title=Pakistan's tool of war: PAF's rolling thunder|first=Ali|last=Osman|date=17 December 2015|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003037/https://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''جي ايف-17'''</small> کي ڪيترن ئي ڪردارن لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جنهن ۾ فضائي دفاع، زميني حملو، اينٽي شپ ۽ فضائي جاچ شامل آهن. پاڪستاني نالو "جي ايف-17" جو مطلب آهي "جوائنٽ فائٽر-17"، جن ۾ "جوائنٽ فائٽر" جهاز جي گڏيل پاڪستاني-چيني ترقي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو ۽ "-17" جو مطلب آهي ته اهو آمريڪي [[ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن|ايف-16 جيٽ]] جو جانشين آهي. چيني نالي "ايف سي-1" جو مطلب آهي "فائٽر چائنا-1". جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر مختلف قسم جا هٿيار استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو, جنهن ۾ هوا کان هوا، هوا کان مٿاڇري ۽ اينٽي شپ ميزائل شامل آهن. گائيڊڊ ۽ ان گائيڊڊ بم. ۽ 23-ايم ايم جي ايس ايڇ-23-2 ٽوئن بيرل آٽو ڪينن. چيني گيزو ڊبليو ايس-13 يا روسي ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 ۽ 2) يا ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 ايم اي (<small>'''جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 3'''</small>) آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين انجن ذريعي طاقتور. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار <small>'''ماخ 1.6'''</small> آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-032">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''جي ايف-17'''</small> پاڪستان ايرفورس جي ريڙهه ۽ ڪم جو هارس آهي. تقريبن اڌ قيمت تي ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن کي پورو ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002224809/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> بلاڪ II قسم جي قيمت 25 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-033">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي 2007 ۾ پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو هو.[[File:Pakistan JF-17 Thunder, Pakistan - Air Force JP7136023.jpg|thumb|انفراريڊ هومنگ - هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ - [[پي ايل-5 ميزائل|PL-5 ميزائل]] سان ليس - پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو JF-17 ]] <small>'''JF-17'''</small> ايئر فريم جو <small>'''%58'''</small>، جنهن ۾ ان جو فرنٽ فيوزليج، ونگز ۽ عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل آهن، پاڪستان ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته <small>'''42'''</small> سيڪڙو چين ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي آخري اسيمبلي ۽ سيريل پيداوار پاڪستان ۾ ٿيندي آهي.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2015ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان 16 JF-17s پيدا ڪيا.<ref name="The Express Tribune2">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، PAC وٽ هر سال 20 JF-17s پيدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت آهي. اپريل <small>2017ع</small> تائين، PAC PAF لاءِ 70 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ۽ 33 بلاڪ 2 جهاز تيار ڪيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220025305/http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="quwa.org2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex delivered 70 JF-17S to the Pakistan Air Force|url=http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609031529/http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-II production crosses 30 planes|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507071327/http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس جا JF-17 ٿنڊر <small>'''19,000'''</small> کان وڌيڪ آپريشنل پرواز گڏ ڪري چڪا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Two-Seat Variant of China-Pakistan JF-17 Fighter Jet to Fly in 2016|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060126/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016|archive-date=9 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾، پي اي سي/سي اي سي هڪ ٻٽي سيٽ واري قسم کي ترقي ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو جن کي بهتر آپريشنل صلاحيت، ڪنورشن ٽريننگ ۽ ليڊ ان فائٽر ٽريننگ لاءِ <small>'''JF-17B'''</small> جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|title=Pakistan, China jointly launch production of JF-17B fighter jets|date=28 April 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155526/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>JF-17B</small> بلاڪ 2 قسم <small>2018ع</small> ۾ پي اي سي ۾ سيريل پيداوار ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> تائين <small>'''26'''</small> جهاز پي اي ايف کي پهچايا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|title=PAC Kamra rolls out final 14 JF-17B fighters for Pakistan Air Force|website=Janes.com|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111103242/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان ايئر فورس هڪ فعال اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (<small>AESA</small>) ريڊار، هڪ وڌيڪ طاقتور روسي ڪليموف <small>RD-93MA</small> انجن، هڪ وڏو ۽ وڌيڪ ترقي يافته وائڊ اينگل هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي (<small>HUD</small>)، اليڪٽرانڪ جوابي ماپ، هڪ اضافي هارڊ پوائنٽ، ۽ بهتر هٿيارن جي صلاحيت سان جهاز جي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته بلاڪ 3 ورزن جي سيريل پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref name="auto52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 جهازن فوجي ڪارروائي ڪئي آهي، هوائي کان هوائي ۽ هوائي کان زمين تي، جنهن ۾ سال <small>2014</small>ع ۽ <small>2017ع</small> ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن دوران پاڪستان-افغانستان سرحد جي ويجهو اتر وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردن جي جڳهن تي بمباري ڪرڻ، <ref>{{cite news|title=Fighter jets bomb militant hideouts in North Waziristan after Taliban attacks|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031322/https://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA3">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> هدايت يافته ۽ غير هدايت يافته (guided) هٿيارن جو استعمال ڪرڻ، سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾ بلوچستان ۾ پاڪستان-ايران حد جي ويجهو هڪ مداخلت ڪندڙ ايراني فوجي ڊرون کي ڪيرائڻ، <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|title=Iranian drone shot down by PAF, confirms FO|date=21 June 2017|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072512/https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2019ع</small> ۾ جمو ۽ ڪشمير جي هوائي حملي ۽ هندستان ۽ پاڪستان جي وچ ۾ هوائي جهڙپن دوران آپريشن سوئفٽ ريٽورٽ ۾<ref name="auto82">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ <small>2024ع</small> ۾ آپريشن مارگ بر سرمچار دوران، جن ۾ پاڪستان ايران جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي]] اندر بلوچ عليحدگي پسند گروپن کي نشانو بڻائي هوائي ۽ توپخاني جي حملي جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو. مارچ ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2024ع</small> ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-<small>'''17'''</small> جهازن کي [[افغانستان]] اندر پاڪستاني طالبان جي ٺڪاڻن خلاف سرحد پار هوائي حملي ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Abid|title=Pakistan air strikes in Afghanistan spark Taliban warning of retaliation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/25/pakistan-air-strikes-in-afghanistan-spark-taliban-warning-of-retaliation|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> [[نائيجيريا]] جي هوائي فوج (<small>NAF</small>) جي ايف-17 جهازن نائيجيريا ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف ۽ بغاوت مخالف آپريشن ۾ فوجي ڪارروائي ڏٺي آهي.<ref name="auto22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> [[ميانمار]] جي فوج پڻ مختلف باغي گروپن خلاف پنهنجي <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي بار بار تعينات ڪيو آهي. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Anthony|date=11 January 2023|title=Myanmar Air Force fiercely gunning to win the war|url=https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/myanmar-air-force-fiercely-gunning-to-win-the-war/|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref> مئي <small>2025ع</small> جي هندستان-پاڪستان تڪرار دوران، پي اي ايف <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي هوا کان هوا ۽ هوا کان زمين تي ٻنهي ڪردارن ۾ جنگ ۾ تعينات ڪيو.<ref name="auto14">{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know | title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know }}</ref><ref name="auto16">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1w3dln352vo | title=Kashmir: How China benefited from India-Pakistan hostilities | date=19 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/09/china/china-military-tech-pakistan-india-conflict-intl-hnk | title=China has spent billions developing military tech. Conflict between India and Pakistan could be its first major test | date=9 May 2025 }}</ref> ==ترقي== === پس منظر === جي ايف-17 کي بنيادي طور تي پي اي ايف جي هڪ سستي، غير منظور ٿيل، چوٿين نسل جي، هلڪي وزن واري، گھڻ-رول جنگي جهاز جي ضرورت کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Aviation Week]]|title=Pakistan expands fighter force|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awst/2010/12/20/AW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|date=22 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105212255/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fawst%2F2010%2F12%2F20%2FAW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|archive-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> ته جيئن ٽئين نسل جي نانچانگ اي-5 سي بمبارن، چينگدو ايف-7 پي/پي جي انٽرسيپٽرز، ميراج III ملٽي-رول جنگي جهاز ۽ ميراج 5 اسٽرائڪ جهاز جي وڏي بيڙي جي متبادل طور تي، جنهن جي قيمت 500 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي جيڪا پاڪستان ۽ چين جي وچ ۾ برابر ورهايل هئي. <ref name="fighter-planes.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|title=Joint Fighter-17 (JF-17) Thunder|publisher=Fighter Planes|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901205431/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|archive-date=1 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> جهاز جو مقصد وڌيڪ مهانگو مغربي ويڙهاڪن جي قيمت-مؤثر ۽ مقابلي واري متبادل جي طور تي برآمد جي صلاحيت پڻ هئي. هن جهاز جي ترقي يانگ وي جي سربراهي ۾ هئي، جنهن کي چين جو "ايس ڊيزائنر" سمجهيو ويندو هو، جنهن چينگدو جي-20 پڻ ٺاهيو.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|journal=International Relations and Security Network|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005150/http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سال 1989ع تائين، آمريڪا جي اقتصادي پابندين جي ڪري، پاڪستان پروجيڪٽ سيبر II کي ڇڏي ڏنو هو، هڪ ڊيزائن اسٽڊي جنهن ۾ آمريڪي جهاز ٺاهيندڙ گرومن ۽ چين شامل هئا، ۽ چينگدو ايف-7 کي ٻيهر ڊزائين ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو هو. <ref name="Pakistan considers new fighter plan2">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Considers new Fighter Plan|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14–20 March 1990|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II|access-date=18 October 2009|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021154725/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II}}</ref> سال1988ع ۾، چين ۽ گرومن سپر 7 جو نو مهينن جو ابتدائي ڊيزائن مطالعو ڪيو، جيڪو چينگدو ايف-7 جو اپ گريڊ هو.<ref name="Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms2">{{cite web|title=Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|date=26 November 1988|work=Flight International|access-date=15 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021140123/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> سال 1989ع جي تيانانمن اسڪوائر احتجاج جي سياسي نتيجي کان پوءِ جڏهن چين تي پابنديون لڳايون ويون ته گرومن منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو. گرومن جي چينگدو سپر 7 منصوبي کي ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ، منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو ويو ۽، ان جي جاءِ تي، فائٽر چائنا-1 (ايف سي-1) منصوبو 1991ع ۾ شروع ڪيو ويو. سال <small>1995</small>ع ۾، پاڪستان ۽ چين هڪ نئين فائٽر جي گڏيل ڊيزائن ۽ ترقي لاءِ هڪ مفاهمت جي ياداشت (MoU) تي دستخط ڪيا ۽ ايندڙ ڪجهه سالن ۾ منصوبي جي تفصيلن تي ڪم ڪيو. جون 1995ع ۾، ميڪوئان "ڊيزائن سپورٽ" مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ منصوبي ۾ شامل ٿيو، ان ۾ سي اي سي پاران ڪيترن ئي انجنيئرن جي سيڪنڊمينٽ پڻ شامل هئي.<ref name="21 June 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Mikoyan joins Chengdu on fighter|work=[[Flight International]]|date=21 June 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212115/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> === ايف سي-1 منصوبي جو آغاز === [[File:Pakistan Air Force Pakistan JF-17 Thunder Bidini-1.jpg|thumb|left|<small>2011</small> جي ازمير ايئر شو لاءِ ازمير ترڪي ۾ هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1]] آڪٽوبر <small>1995</small> ۾ رپورٽ موجب سال جي آخر تائين پاڪستان کي ايف سي-1 جي ايويونڪس فراهم ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي ضم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ڪمپني چونڊڻي هئي جنهن جي <small>1999</small> تائين پيداوار شروع ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. چيو ويندو هو ته ايويونڪس ۾ ريڊار، انرٽيل نيويگيشن سسٽم، هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي ۽ ملٽي فنڪشن ڊسپلي شامل آهن. مقابلي واريون بوليون ٿامسن-سي ايس ايف کان ريڊار ڊاپلر ملٽي ٽارگيٽ (<small>RDY</small>) جي هڪ قسم <small>SAGEM</small> <small>ROSE</small> اپ گريڊ پروجيڪٽ ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ ساڳي ايويونڪس پيڪيج ۽ مارڪوني اليڪٽرانڪ سسٽم ان جي بليو هاڪ ريڊار سان آيون. ڪمپني جي پي اي ايف سان لاڳاپن جي ڪري <small>FIAR</small> جي (هاڻي <small>SELEX</small> گيليلو) گريفو <small>S7</small> ريڊار جي چونڊ ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. <ref name="18 October 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Pakistan nears FC-1 avionics decision|work=[[Flight International]]|date=18 October 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725044013/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> فيبروري <small>1998</small> ۾ پاڪستان ۽ چين ايئر فريم ڊولپمينٽ کي ڍڪڻ واري ارادي جي خط تي دستخط ڪيا. روس جي ڪليموف فائٽر کي طاقت ڏيڻ لاءِ <small>RD-33</small> ٽربوفين انجن جو هڪ قسم پيش ڪيو. <ref name="04/03/98 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=China/Pakistan signal intent to resume FC-1 development work|work=[[Flight International]]|date=4 March 1998|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725051043/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/|url-status=live|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> اپريل <small>1999</small> ۾ ڏکڻ آفريڪا جي ڊينيل سپر 7, اڳ ۾ رپورٽ ٿيل آر-ڊارٽر جي بدران, کي ٽي-ڊارٽر بيونڊ-ويزوئل-رينج (<small>BVR</small>) ايئر-ٽو-ايئر ميزائل (<small>AAM</small>) سان هٿياربند ڪرڻ جي آڇ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/|title=Denel proposes advanced Darter derivatives|last=Lewis|first=Paul|date=28 April 1999|work=Flight International|access-date=31 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725033628/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> اڳ ۾ <small>1987</small> ۾ پراٽ ۽ وٽني سپر-<small>7</small> منصوبي کي چين يا پاڪستان ۾ مقامي پيداوار سان ٽي انجن آپشن؛ <small>PW1212</small>، <small>F404</small> ۽ <small>PW1216</small> پيش ڪيا. رولز رائس پنهنجو <small>RB199-127/128</small> ٽربوفين انجن پيش ڪيو. هي منصوبو <small>1989</small> ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|title=FC-1 JF-17 western engine options|date=15 June 2012|work=Air Force World|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042701/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> جون <small>1999</small> ۾ چينگدو <small>FC-1/سپر 7</small> کي گڏيل طور تي ترقي ۽ پيداوار جو معاهدو دستخط ڪيو ويو. <small>GEC</small>-مارڪوني پاران هڪ مربوط ايويونڪس سوٽ فراهم ڪرڻ لاءِ بولي کي ڇڏي ڏيڻ کان پوءِ <small>FIAR</small> ۽ <small>Thomson-CSF</small> ترتيب وار <small>Grifo S7</small> ۽ <small>RC400</small> ريڊار تي ٻڌل ڪيترائي ايويونڪس سوئيٽ تجويز ڪيا. جيتوڻيڪ اڳ ۾ اميد هئي ته <small>PAF</small> جي سپر 7 کي پنهنجي نئين بليو هاڪ ريڊار لانچ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو.<ref name="14 July 1999 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=China and Pakistan agree on Super 7 fighter development work|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14 July 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526190707/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> <ref name="23 June 1999 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Marconi abandons FC-1 fighter bid|work=[[Flight International]]|date=23 July 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526184233/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/|archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> ملڪ جي <small>1998</small> جي ايٽمي هٿيارن جي تجربن کان پوءِ پاڪستان تي پابندين جي ڪري ايندڙ <small>18</small> مهينن دوران ڊيزائن جو ڪم تمام سست رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌيو. <small>PAF</small> کي مغربي ايويونڪس جي ترسيل کي روڪيو ويو. <small>2001</small> جي شروعات ۾ <small>PAF</small> جو فيصلو جهاز تي ڊيزائن جي ڪم کي جاري رکڻ جي قابل بڻايو ته ايئر فريم کي ايويونڪس کان ڌار ڪيو وڃي جيئن ته ايئر فريم ترقي ڪئي وئي <small>PAF</small> پاران ڪنهن به نئين ايويونڪس گهرجن کي ايئر فريم ۾ وڌيڪ آساني سان ضم ڪري سگهجي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20042">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> پروٽوٽائپ جي پيداوار سيپٽمبر 2002 ۾ شروع ٿي. نومبر 2002 ۾ ايئر شو چائنا ۾ FC-1/Super 7 جو هڪ مڪمل سائيز جو ميڪ اپ ڏيکاريو ويو.<ref name="12/11/02 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Airshow China&nbsp;– FC-1 mock-up revealed|work=[[Flight International]]|date=12 November 2002|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021150219/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/|url-status=live|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> ڪليموف <small>RD-93</small> ٽربوفين انجن جو پهريون بيچ جيڪو پروٽوٽائپ کي طاقت ڏيندو هو، <small>2002</small> ۾ پڻ پهچايو ويو.<ref name="Janes2">{{cite web|title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong|work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> چائنا نيشنل ايرو-ٽيڪنالاجي امپورٽ اينڊ ايڪسپورٽ ڪارپوريشن (<small>CATIC</small>) جي هڪ آفيسر جي مطابق, <small>JF-17</small> جي گهٽ قيمت ڪجهه آن بورڊ سسٽم جي ڪري آهي جيڪا چينگدو J-10 جي سسٽم مان ترتيب ڏنل آهن. آفيسر چيو ته، "ٽيڪنالاجي جي منتقلي (جي-10 کان جي ايف-17 ڏانهن هوائي جهاز جي نظام کي منتقل ڪرڻ) JF-17 کي تمام گهڻو قيمتي بڻائي ٿو".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese Jets Today at Bygone Price|url=http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1|date=23 November 2010|work=AviationWeek.com|publisher=Viadeo|access-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1|archive-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> <ref name="JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price2">{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|title=JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price|date=18 November 2010|work=[[Aviation Week]]|access-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ٺهيل ڊيزائن سافٽ ويئر جي استعمال <small>JF-17</small> جي ڊيزائن جي مرحلي کي مختصر ڪري ڇڏيو.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher|first=Richard Jr.|title=China's Aviation Sector: Building Toward World Class Capabilities|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=27 May 2010|date=20 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531214709/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=31 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> === پرواز جي جاچ ۽ ٻيهر ڊيزائننگ === پهريون پروٽوٽائپ (<small>PT-01</small>) <small>31</small> مئي <small>2003</small>ع تي رول آئوٽ ڪيو ويو<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com2">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ۽ چينگدو فلائيٽ ٽيسٽ سينٽر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو، جئين ته پهرين پرواز لاءِ تيار ڪيو وڃي. اهو شروعاتي طور تي جون ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ جو منصوبو هو. پر [[سارس ڪووي 2|سارس وائرس]] جي وبا جي خدشن جي ڪري ان ۾ دير ٿي وئي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20043">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> <ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com3">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> هن نقطي جي چوڌاري، نالي "<small>'''سپر-7'''</small>" کي "<small>'''JF-17'''</small>" (<small>جوائنٽ فائٽر-17</small>) سان تبديل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests|work=[[Flight International]]|date=29 July 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> 27 جون 2003ع تي چينگدو جي وينجيانگ ايئرپورٽ تي گهٽ رفتار واري ٽيڪسي جي آزمائش شروع ٿي.<ref name="Janes3">{{cite web|title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong|work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]]|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html|access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> پهرين پرواز آگسٽ <small>2003</small>ع جي آخر ۾، <ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com3">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> <ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter flies|work=[[Flight International]]|date=9 September 2003|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143119/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ۽ پروٽوٽائپ جي سرڪاري پهرين پرواز سيپٽمبر جي شروعات ۾ ٿي. پروٽوٽائپ کي پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي نئين نامزدگي <small>'''JF-17'''</small> سان نشان لڳايو ويو.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20044">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> مارچ <small>2004</small>ع تائين، <small>'''سي اي سي'''</small> پهرين پروٽوٽائپ جون لڳ ڀڳ <small>20</small> ٽيسٽ پروازون ٿيون.<ref name="23 March 2004 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Flight testing the FC-1/JF-17|work=[[Flight International]]|date=23 March 2004|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102181806/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/|archive-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> 7 اپريل <small>2004</small>ع تي، پي اي ايف جي ٽيسٽ پائلٽ، راشد حبيب ۽ محمد احسان الحق پهريون ڀيرو <small>'''پي ٽي-01'''</small> پروٽوٽائپ اڏايو. ٽئين پروٽوٽائپ (<small>PT-03</small>) جي پهرين پرواز <small>9</small> اپريل <small>2004</small>ع تي ٿي.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 20045">{{citation|first=Alan|last=Warnes|title=Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap|work=[[Air Forces Monthly]]|date=July 2004|page=33}}</ref> مارچ 2004ع تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200 JF-17 جهاز شامل ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|title=PAC readies for assembly ramp up|work=Flight International|access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003434/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Model of JF-17 on display with two SD-10 and four PL-5E missiles mounted on wings.jpg|thumb|چين ۾ نمائش ۾ JF-17 ٿنڊر جو ماڊل]] ٽئين پروٽوٽائپ کان پوءِ، ڊيزائن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي بهتريون تيار ڪيون ويون ۽ وڌيڪ جهازن ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون. <small>'''RD-93'''</small> انجن پاران گهڻي دونھين جي اخراج جي ڪري، انجن ۾ هوا جي انٽيڪ کي وڌايو ويو. ٽيسٽنگ ۾ مليل ڪنٽرول مسئلن جي نتيجي ۾ ونگ ليڊنگ ايج روٽ ايڪسٽينشن (LERX) ۾ تبديليون آندي ويون. <ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com4">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> عمودي ٽيل فن کي ٽپ ۾ هڪ وڌايل اليڪٽرانڪ وارفيئر سامان رکڻ لاءِ وڌايو ويو.<ref name="Jane's Sino-Pakistani fighter improved2">{{citation|first=Robert|last=Hewson|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter improved|work=[[Jane's Information Group]]|url=http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002942/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml|archive-date=28 February 2007}}</ref> ٻيهر ڊزائين ڪيل جهاز ۾ وڌ ۾ وڌ ٽيڪ آف وزن ٿورو وڌي ويو هو ۽ چيني ذريعن کان حاصل ڪيل ايونڪس جي وڌندڙ مقدار کي شامل ڪيو ويو. تنهن هوندي به پاڪستان ايئر فورس پنهنجي جهاز لاءِ مغربي ايونڪس چونڊيو. سال <small>2005</small>ع جي آخر کان <small>2007</small>ع تائين پاڪستان ايئر فورس جهازن جي ترسيل کي ملتوي ڪيو. پاڪستان برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ اطالوي ايونڪس سوئٽس جو جائزو ورتو. جنهن جي فاتح جي 2006ع ۾ حتمي شڪل ڏيڻ جي اميد هئي.<ref name="27 September 2005 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|title=Test flaws prompt rethink on China's FC-1 light fighter look|work=[[Flight International]]|date=27 September 2005|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624173043/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html|archive-date=24 June 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>'''PT-04'''</small>، چوٿون پروٽوٽائپ ۽ ڊيزائن تبديلين کي شامل ڪرڻ وارو پهريون، اپريل 2006ع ۾ رول آئوٽ ڪيو ويو ۽ 28 اپريل 2006ع تي پنهنجي پهرين پرواز ڪئي.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|first=Graham|last=Warwick|title=Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets|work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/|access-date=28 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/|url-status=live|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 20062">{{citation|title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]]|date=17 May 2006|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm|access-date=25 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm|archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref>.<ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 2006">{{citation |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm |access-date=25 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm | archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622681).jpg|thumb|JF-17 and their DSI air intakes.]] The modified air intakes replaced conventional intake ramps{{mdash}}whose function is to divert turbulent [[boundary layer]] airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the engine{{mdash}}with a [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] (DSI) design.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Graham |last=Warwick |title= Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets |work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |url-status=live | archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> The DSI uses a combination of forward-swept inlet cowls and a three-dimensional compression surface to divert the boundary layer airflow at high sub-sonic and supersonic speeds. According to [[Lockheed Martin]], the DSI design prevents most of the boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to two times the [[speed of sound]], reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms,<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Hehs |title=JSF Diverterless Supersonic Inlet |work=Code One magazine |date=July 2000 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124032509/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html | archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref> and is [[stealth technology|stealthier]] than a conventional intake.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> In 1999, developmental work on the DSI with the aim of improving aircraft performance commenced. The JF-17 design was finalised in 2001.<ref name="APP">{{cite news|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |title=50th indigenously produced JF-17 Thunder rolls-out at PAC Kamra |work=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115146/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Multiple models underwent wind tunnel tests; it was found that the DSI reduced weight, cost, and complexity while improving performance.<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI"/> For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing, PT-04 was fitted with a fourth-generation avionics suite that incorporates [[sensor fusion]], an electronic warfare suite, enhanced man-machine interface, [[FADEC|Digital Electronic Engine Control]] (DEEC) for the RD-93 turbofan engine, FBW flight controls, day/night precision surface attack capability, and multi-mode, pulse-Doppler radar for BVR air-to-air attack capability.<ref name="PakTribune1">{{citation|title=4th Prototype JF-17 'Thunder' aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |work=PakTribune (Pakistani news website) |url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> The sixth prototype, PT-06, made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006.<ref name="cnair">{{citation |first=Hui |last=Tong |title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder |url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm |access-date=2 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm | archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Following a competition in 2008, [[Martin-Baker]] was selected over a Chinese firm for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx|title=JF-17 Signing|date=September 2008|work=Escape (newsletter)|publisher=Martin-Baker|page=1|access-date=9 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403190614/http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx | archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:13-143 JF-17 PAKISTAN AIR FORCE LBG (18888092161).jpg|thumb|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 at the [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Airport]], Paris, France for the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]] ]] On 2 March 2007, the first consignment of two small-batch-production (SBP) aircraft arrived in a dismantled state in Pakistan. They flew for the first time on 10 March 2007 and took part in a public aerial demonstration during a [[Pakistan Day]] parade on 23 March 2007. The PAF intended to induct 200 JF-17 by 2015 to replace all its Chengdu F-7, Nanchang A-5, and Dassault Mirage III/5 aircraft. In preparation for the [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] of JF-17s, the PAF has upgraded several Mirage IIIs with IFR probes for training purposes.<ref name = "The News, JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief">{{citation |first=Mayed |last=Ali |title = JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief | newspaper = [[The News International]]|date= 31 March 2007 | place = [[Pakistan|PK]] |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 | access-date =23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> A dual-seat, combat-capable trainer was originally scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2009 Pakistan reportedly decided to develop the training model into a specialised attack variant.<ref name="IASC Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow">{{citation |first= Richard Jr. |last= Fisher |title= Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow |publisher= International Assessment and Strategy Center (IASC) |date= 20 January 2008 |url= http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |access-date= 6 August 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715131717/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |archive-date= 15 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |title=Avic, Pakistan Working on JF-17 Two-Seater |last=Perrett |first=Bradley |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007185528/http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |archive-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref> In November 2007, the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluations of aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology (NRIET), and the LETRI [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] active radar homing AAM.<ref name="Jane's&nbsp;— Chinese, French weapons for JF-17">{{citation |first=Reuben F. |last=Johnson |title=Pakistan considers mix of Chinese, French weapons for its JF-17s |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164219/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, PAC began manufacturing JF-17 components; production of sub-assemblies commenced on 22 January 2008.<ref name="paf.gov.pk, Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra">{{citation |title=Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra |publisher=[[Pakistan Air Force]] }}</ref><ref name="Dawn.com, Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra">{{citation|first=Yaqoob |last=Malik |title=Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra |publisher=[[Dawn News]] |date=23 January 2008 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154912/http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The PAF was to receive a further six pre-production aircraft in 2005, for a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft. [[Initial operating capability]] was to be achieved by the end of 2008.<ref name = "Jane's, January 2008, JF-17 production commences">{{citation |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |title=JF-17 production commences |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=24 January 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606051629/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |archive-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Final assembly of the JF-17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009; PAC expected to complete production of four to six aircraft that year. They planned to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and fifteen to sixteen aircraft per year from 2011; this could increase to twenty-five aircraft per year.<ref name="01/07/09 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Siva | last = Govindasamy | title= Pakistan begins domestic final assembly of JF-17 |work= [[Flight International]] | date = 1 July 2009 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |access-date=23 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103224634/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> On 29 December 2015, PAC announced the rollout of the 16th JF-17 Thunder fighter manufactured in the calendar year 2015, taking total number of manufactured aircraft to more than 66. Later, a PAF spokesperson said that in light of the interest shown by various countries, it has been decided that production capacity of JF-17 Thunder at PAC Kamra will be expanded.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia signed an agreement in August 2007 for re-export of 150 RD-93 engines from China to Pakistan for the JF-17.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian engines will fly to Pakistan|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|newspaper=Kommersant|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154851/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the PAF reported it was not fully satisfied with the RD-93 engine and that it would only power the first 50 aircraft; it was alleged that arrangements for a new engine, reportedly the [[Snecma M53#Variants|Snecma M53-P2]], may have been made.<ref name="New engine, Snecma M53 - defensenews.com">{{cite news|title=100 Countries Expected To Attend IDEAS 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=22 November 2008 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172647/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 }}</ref> [[Mikhail Pogosyan]], head of the MiG and Sukhoi design bureaus, recommended the Russian defence export agency [[Rosoboronexport]] block RD-93 engine sales to China to prevent export competition from the JF-17 against the MiG-29.<ref>{{cite news|location=RU |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |title=Russian combat aircraft makers fear competition with China |agency=RIA Novosti |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727082025/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |archive-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |title=Russia's Iconic MiG and Sukhoi Fighters Enter Competition with Chinese Clones |work=[[Pravda]] |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709180639/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the 2010 [[Farnborough Airshow]], the JF-17 was displayed internationally for the first time; aerial displays at the show were intended but were cancelled due to a late attendance decision as well as licence and insurance costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive |title=Farnborough Debut Heralds JF-17 Export Drive |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=19 July 2010 |work=Defence News |access-date=25 May 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103041128/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive }}</ref> According to a Rosoboronexport official at the Airshow China 2010, held on 16–21 November 2005 in [[Zhuhai]], China, Russia and China had signed a contract worth $238 million for 100 RD-93 engines with options for another 400 engines developed for the FC-1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia to sell additional RD-93 jet engines to China |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |date=16 November 2010 |publisher=Rianovosti |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021164151/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> According to media reports, Pakistan planned to increase production of JF-17s by 25% in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan to boost JF-17 production by 25% in '16|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010628/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Further development=== [[File:PAK Kamra JF-17 Thunder at PAris Air Show, June 2019 (2).jpg|thumb|JF 17 Thunder in [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan Flag Livery]] at [[Paris Air Show]] ]] Pakistan negotiated with British and Italian defence firms regarding avionics and radars for the JF-17 development. Radar options include the Italian Galileo Avionica's Grifo S7,<ref name="Grifo">{{Citation |url=http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | type = datasheet | title = Selex | contribution = Italian Grifo family | publisher = Sensors and Airborne Systems| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325204544/http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> the French Thomson-CSF's RC400 (a variant of the [[RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget)|RDY-2]]),<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower"/> and the British company SELEX Galileo's Vixen 500E AESA radar.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari">{{citation | last =Ansari | first = Usman | title= Thunder Storm&nbsp;– Pakistan's hopes for the JF-17 Thunder fighter | work=Combat Aircraft magazine | volume = 8 |issue= 4 |url=http://usmanansari.com/id16.html |access-date=11 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907034554/http://usmanansari.com/id16.html | archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In 2010, the PAF had reportedly selected ATE Aerospace Group to integrate French-built avionics and weapons systems over rival bids from Astrac, Finmeccanica and a [[Thales Group|Thales]]-[[Sagem]] joint venture. Fifty JF-17s were to be upgraded and an optional fifty from 2013 onwards, at a cost of up to {{USD|1.36 billion}}. The RC-400 radar, [[MICA (missile)|MICA]] AAMs, and several air-to-surface weapons are believed to be in the contract. The PAF also held talks with South Africa for the supply of Denel A-darter AAMs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |title= French-Led JF-17 Upgrade Likely To Raise Eyebrows |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |title= Will Westernized JF-17 Thunder Attract New Delhi's Ire? |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> In April 2010, after eighteen months of negotiations, the deal was reportedly suspended; reports cited French concerns about Pakistan's financial situation, the protection of sensitive French technology, and by Indian [[lobbying]], which operates many French-built aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |title=Paris bloque un contrat d'équipement français d'avions de chasse pakistanais |trans-title=Paris blocks a contract of French equipment for Pakistani fighter aircraft |last=Follorou |first=Jacques |date=2 April 2010 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406012337/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 |url-status=live }} [https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en Google English translation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313032215/http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en |date=13 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |title=France says arms sale to Pakistan held up |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215070013/http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref> France wanted the PAF to purchase several [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-9]] fighters from the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]], which would overlap with the upgraded JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris|title=Un contrat militaire avec le Pakistan bloqué par Paris |trans-title=A contract with the Pakistan military blocked by Paris | date= 3 April 2010 | publisher = Radio France Internationale | language= fr| access-date= 5 April 2010|location= France|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191726/http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, the PAF's Chief of Air Staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rao Qamar Suleman]], said such reports were false, stating: "I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government...someone was trying to cause mischief{{mdash}}to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want".<ref>{{cite journal| last= Warnes| first= Alan|date=July 2010 |title=On the edge&nbsp;– JF-17s, Tankers and AWACS|journal=Air Forces Monthly | type = magazine |location= United Kingdom |issue=July 2010|page= 54|quote=Reports in late March that the French Government was refusing to allow the sale of a Thales avionics system was denied by the CAS: 'I saw the report quoting unnamed sources or any French government official. I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government. I think someone is trying to cause mischief&nbsp;– to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want.'}}</ref> On 18 December 2013, production of Block 2 JF-17s began at PAC's Kamra facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 Thunder Block 2 Will be Ready till June 2014 |url=http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Pakistan Armed Forces News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134056/http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> These have an air-to-air refuelling capability, improved avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01"/> Block 2 construction was planned to run until 2016, after which the manufacturing of further developed Block III aircraft was planned.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|title=Production of improved version of JF-17 aircraft launched |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |date=19 December 2013 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605015123/http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |archive-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> In December 2015, it was announced that the 16th Block II aircraft had been handed over resulting in standing up of the 4th squadron.<ref name="Fourth">{{cite news|title=Fourth JF-17 Thunder squadron complete as PAC rolls out 16th aircraft|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177/|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406230211/https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 June 2015, Jane's Defence Weekly confirmed<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> that JF-17 Block III will have an AESA radar, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and possibly an internal infrared search and tracking (IRST) system.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | title = Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan | last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr. | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | archivedate=21 April 2016 | work = Jane's Defence Weekly | date = 17 June 2015 }}</ref> A two-seat version was also reportedly to be produced in Block III.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF to induct JF17 Thunder Block III in 2016|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513171122/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Unconfirmed reports claim that Block III will also have a better flight management system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder fighter jet impresses at Paris Air Show|url=http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503022238/http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Selex ES has promoted its next-generation cockpit as a possible upgrade of JF-17 Block III; this cockpit includes a new mission computer, an enhanced head-up display and contemporary multi-function displays, plus the capability for the pilot to use a single, large-area display instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Selex advances M-345 cockpit development|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530175651/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, despite Indian protests, Russian state-owned United Engine Corporation developed a new engine designated ''RD-93MA'' for the JF-17 fighter being built by Pakistan.<ref name="Russian engine">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=9 July 2020 |title=Russia confirms progress on new jet engine. Is it for Pak JF-17 fighter? |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html|url-status=live |work= TheWeek Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127072811/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html |archive-date= 27 January 2021}}</ref> ==ڊيزائن== [[File:JF-17 block 1 front view.jpg|upright|thumb|اڳيون ڏيک]] === مکيه فريم === ايئر فريم نيم مونوڪوڪ ڍانچي جو آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي ايلومينيم مصر مان ٺهيل آهي. ڪجهه نازڪ علائقن ۾ اعليٰ طاقت وارو اسٽيل ۽ ٽائيٽينيم مصر جزوي طور تي اختيار ڪيا ويا آهن. ايئر فريم 4,000 فلائيٽ ڪلاڪن يا 25 سالن جي سروس لائف لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. پهرين اوور هال 1,200 فلائيٽ ڪلاڪن تي ٿيڻ وارو آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra2">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> JF-17s بلاڪ 2 وزن گهٽائڻ لاءِ ايئر فريم ۾ جامع مواد جو وڌيڪ استعمال شامل ڪري ٿو. ريٽريبل انڊر ڪيريج ۾ ٽرائي سائيڪل جو انتظام آهي. هڪ واحد اسٽيئربل نوز ويل ۽ ٻه مکيه انڊر ڪيريج سان. هائيڊولڪ بريڪ ۾ هڪ خودڪار اينٽي اسڪڊ سسٽم آهي. انليٽس جي پوزيشن ۽ شڪل حملي جي اعليٰ زاوين سان لاڳاپيل مشقن دوران جيٽ انجن کي گهربل هوا جي وهڪري ڏيڻ لاءِ ٺهيل آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra3">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> وچ ۾ لڳل ونگ ڪراپڊ ڊيلٽا ترتيب جا آهن. ونگ روٽ جي ويجهو <small>LERX</small> آهن. جيڪي هڪ وورٽيڪس پيدا ڪن ٿا. جيڪو حملي جي اعليٰ زاوين سان لاڳاپيل مشقن دوران ونگ کي اضافي لفٽ فراهم ڪري ٿو. هڪ روايتي ٽرائي-پلين ايمپينيج ترتيب شامل ڪئي وئي آهي. آل-موونگ اسٽيبليٽرز، سنگل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر، رڊر، ۽ ٽوئن وينٽرل فينز سان. فلائيٽ ڪنٽرول سسٽم (<small>FCS</small>) ۾ روايتي ڪنٽرول شامل آهن. ياو ۽ رول محور ۾ استحڪام وڌائڻ سان ۽ پچ محور ۾ هڪ ڊجيٽل فلائي بائي وائر (<small>FBW</small>) سسٽم موڙ جي ڪارڪردگي کي وڌائڻ لاءِ مينيوورنگ دوران ليڊنگ-ايج فليپس ۽ ٽريلنگ ايج فليپس خودڪار طريقي سان ترتيب ڏنل آهن.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra4">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سيريل پروڊڪشن جهاز جي FCS ۾ رپورٽ ڪئي وئي آهي ته پچ محور ۾ هڪ ڊجيٽل ڪواڊروپلڪس (ڪواڊ-ريڊنڊنٽ) FBW سسٽم آهي. ۽ رول ۽ ياو محور ۾ هڪ ڊپلڪس (ڊبل-ريڊنڊنٽ) FBW سسٽم آهي.<ref name="cnair2">{{citation|first=Hui|last=Tong|title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder|url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm|access-date=2 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm|archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> 3,400 lb (1,500 ڪلوگرام) تائين آرڊيننس، سامان، ۽ ايندھن کي هارڊ پوائنٽس جي هيٺان نصب ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جن مان ٻه ونگ-ٽپس تي آهن، چار ونگ هيٺ آهن ۽ هڪ فيوزليج هيٺ آهي.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra5">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> === ڪاڪ پِٽ === [[File:JF-17 Block 1 cockpit.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 HUD]] The aircraft has three large Multifunction Colour Displays (MFD) and smart Heads-Up Display (HUD) with built-in symbol generation capability. A [[center stick]] is used for [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll]] control while [[Aircraft rudder|rudder pedals]] control yaw. A throttle is located to the left of the pilot. The cockpit incorporates [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on a Martin-Baker Mk-16LE [[zero-zero ejection seat]]. The cockpit incorporates an [[electronic flight instrument system]] (EFIS) and a wide-angle, holographic head-up display (HUD), which has a minimum total field of view of 25 degrees. The EFIS comprises three color multi-function displays, providing basic flight information, tactical information, and information on the engine, fuel, electrical, hydraulics, flight control, and environment control systems. The HUD and MFD can be configured to show any available information. Each MFD is {{cvt|20.3|cm|inch|1}} wide and {{cvt|30.5|cm|inch|1}} tall and is arranged side by side in [[page orientation|portrait orientation]]. The central MFD is placed lowest to accommodate a control panel between it and the HUD.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Avionics=== [[File:JF-17 cockpit.webp|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 cockpit avionics display]] The avionics software incorporates the concept of [[open architecture]]. Instead of the military-optimised [[Ada (programming language)|Ada programming language]], the software is written using the popular [[C++|C++ programming language]], enabling the use of the numerous civilian programmers available.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article">{{citation|title=Stuck in Sichuan: Pakistani JF-17 Program Grounded? No|date=January 2007|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|work=Defense Industry Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft also includes a health and usage monitoring system, and automatic test equipment.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf |title=8011-Ai760Datasheet.qxd |access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021927/http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=May 2021}} The JF-17 has a [[defensive aids system]] (DAS) composed of various integrated sub-systems. A [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) provides data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars, and an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin interferes with enemy radars. The EW suite is also linked to a [[Missile Approach Warning]] (MAW) system to defend against radar-guided missiles. The MAW system uses several optical sensors across the airframe to detect the rocket motors of missiles across a 360-degree coverage.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Data from the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is shown on cockpit displays and the HUD. A countermeasures dispensing system releases [[flare (countermeasure)|decoy flares]] and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] to help evade hostile radar and missiles. The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar-jamming pod that will be carried externally on a [[hardpoint]].<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The first forty-two PAF production aircraft are equipped with the [[KLJ-7|NRIET KLJ-7]] radar,<ref name="Milavia.net 2007 news report">{{citation |date=23 March 2007 |title=JF-17 Arrived in Pakistan |work=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |publisher=MILAVIA.net |url=http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |access-date=31 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218082338/http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=18 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7">{{citation |title=KLJ-7/10 Fire Control Radar (FCR) (China), Airborne radar systems |work=Jane's Avionics |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=19 January 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002180132/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> a variant of the KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) and also used on the Chengdu J-10. Multiple modes can manage the surveillance and engagement of up to forty air, ground, and sea targets; the [[Track while scan|track-while-scan]] mode can track up to ten targets at BVR and can engage two simultaneously with [[Air-to-air missile#Radar guidance|radar-homing AAMs]]. The operation range for targets with a [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) of {{Convert|5|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} is stated to be ≥ {{Convert|105|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-up mode and ≥ {{Convert|85|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-down mode.<ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7"/><ref name="Jane's, NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements">{{citation |title=China's NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=7 April 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html |access-date=6 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820152019/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html | archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> A [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) pod for low-level navigation and [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) system for passive targeting can also be integrated;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> the JF-17 Block 2 is believed to incorporate an IRST.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In April 2016, Air Marshal Muhammad Ashfaque Arain said that, "JF-17 needs a targeting pod, as the jets' usefulness in current operations was limited due to lack of precision targeting. To fulfill this gap the Air Force was interested in buying the Thales-made Damocles, a third-generation targeting pod; which was a priority."<ref>{{cite news|date=7 April 2016|title=Interview: Pakistan wants air force upgrade for prolonged militant fight|newspaper=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|url-status=dead|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420160318/http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[ASELSAN|Aselsans]] ASELPOD was tested and successfully integrated with the JF-17 and Pakistan has subsequently purchased at least eight [[targeting pod]]s from Aselsan.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Tests Turkish Targeting Pod|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235159/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|archive-date=6 December 2018|access-date=6 December 2018|website=defense-aerospace.com}}</ref> This integration has significantly enhanced the JF-17 platform's ability to launch precision strikes. A helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by [[Luoyang]] Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre of [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China|AVIC]] was developed in parallel with the JF-17; it was first tested on Prototype 04 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|title=图文：枭龙04飞行员新头盔_新浪军事_新浪网|work=sina.com.cn|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101520/http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=Strategycenter.net |date=30 December 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> It was dubbed as EO HMS, (Electro-Optical Helmet Mounted Sight) and was first revealed to the public in 2008 at the 7th [[Zhuhai Airshow]], where a partial mock-up was on display.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The HMS tracks the pilot's head and eye movements to guide missiles towards the pilot's visual target.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} An externally carried day/night [[laser designator]] [[targeting pod]] may be integrated with the avionics to guide [[laser-guided bomb]]s (LGBs).<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> An extra [[hardpoint]] may be added under the starboard air intake, opposite the cannon, for such pods. To reduce the numbers of targeting pods required, the aircraft's [[tactical data link]] can transmit target data to other aircraft not equipped with targeting pods.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} The communication systems comprise two [[VHF]]/[[UHF]] radios; the VHF radio has the capacity for [[VHF Data Link|data linking]] for communication with ground control centers, [[airborne early warning and control]] aircraft and combat aircraft with compatible data links for [[network-centric warfare]], and improved [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite web|title=VHF air-ground Digital Link |url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |publisher=etsi.org |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206100741/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref> The aircraft uses [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLGs]] along with [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] for navigation. The aircraft is equipped with an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] [[Transponder]] which allows it to differentiate between friendly aircraft and enemy aircraft. The [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]] aids in aerial combat for manoeuvring.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} ===Engine=== The first two blocks of JF-17 is powered by a single Russian RD-93 [[turbofan]] engine, which is a variant of the [[Klimov RD-33]] engine used on the [[MiG-29]] fighter. The engine gives more [[thrust]] and significantly [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|lower specific fuel consumption]] than [[turbojet]] engines fitted to older combat aircraft being replaced by the JF-17. The advantages of using a single engine are a reduction in maintenance time and cost when compared to twin-engined fighters. A [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] of 0.99 can be achieved with full internal fuel tanks and no external payload. The engine's air supply is provided by two bifurcated air inlets (see [[JF-17 Thunder#Airframe and cockpit|airframe]] section).<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan">[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ "Pakistan & China's JF-17 Fighter Program."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ |date=20 October 2013 }} ''Defense Industry Daily'', 14 November 2011</ref> The RD-93 is known to produce smoke trails.<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan"/> The [[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Guizhou Aero Engine Group]] has been developing a new turbofan engine, the [[Guizhou WS-13|WS-13 ''Taishan'']], since 2000 to replace the RD-93. It is based on the RD-33 and incorporates new technologies to boost performance and reliability. A thrust output of {{Convert|80 to 86.36|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}}, a lifespan of 2,200 hours, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 8.7 are expected. An improved version of the WS-13, developing a thrust of around {{Convert|100|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}} (22,450&nbsp;lb), is also reportedly under development.<ref name="October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace">{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center |date=30 December 2009 |first=Richard Jr. |last=Fisher |access-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> During the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]], it was announced that flight testing of a JF-17 equipped with the WS-13 engine had begun.<ref name="janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|title=Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan|work=Jane's|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, a representative of PAC said that Pakistan would continue to use the RD-93 engine on their fighters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |title=Pakistan to Stick With Russian Engine for JF-17 Fighter Jet |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=25 November 2015 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=IHS |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125095855/https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local media reports in January 2016 said that Russia was planning to sell engines for JF-17 directly to Pakistan.<ref>{{citation|title=Moscow makes a move when US loosens the noose|date=25 January 2016|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051408/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a PAC representative, Pakistan is looking to collaborate with Russia in developing and repairing engines.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ===Fuel system=== The fuel system comprises internal fuel tanks located in the wings and fuselage with a capacity of {{Convert|2330|kg|lb|abbr=on}}; they are refuelled through a single point pressure refuelling system (see [[Aircraft fuel system#Turbine fuel system|turbine fuel systems]]). Internal fuel storage can be supplemented by external fuel tanks. One {{convert|800|litre|impgal|adj=on}} [[drop tank]] can be mounted on the aircraft's centerline hard point under the fuselage and two 800-litre or {{convert|1110|litre|impgal|adj=on}} drop tanks can be mounted on the two inboard under-wing hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The fuel system is compatible with [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling (IFR)]], allowing tanker aircraft to refuel inflight, and increasing its range and loitering time significantly. All production aircraft for the PAF are to be fitted with IFR probes.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In June 2013, PAF Air Chief Marshal [[Tahir Rafique Butt]] said ground tests on the JF-17's refuelling probes had been successfully completed and the first mid-air refuelling operations would commence that summer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bokhari|first=Farhan|title=Pakistani JF-17 to start mid-air refuelling by end of summer|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=10 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer|access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107021555/http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer | archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622777).jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder with its weapons]] [[File:Pakistan Air Force, 12-139, Chengdu JF-17 Thunder (49579395248).jpg|thumb|Thunder with weapons]] ===Armaments=== The JF-17 can be armed with up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of air-to-air and [[air-to-ground weaponry]], and other equipment mounted externally on the aircraft's seven hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> One hardpoint is located under the fuselage between the main landing gear, two are underneath each wing, and one is at each wing-tip. All seven hardpoints communicate via a [[MIL-STD-1760]] data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System,<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> which is stated to be capable of integration with weaponry of any origin.<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower">{{citation|first=Usman |last=Ansari |title=Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower |work=[[Defense News]] |date=9 February 2009 |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3938427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230020953/http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/02/pakistan-surmounts-western-sanctions-to.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 }}</ref> Internal armament comprises one {{Convert|23|mm|inch|abbr=on}} GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon mounted under the [[port (nautical)|port side]] air intake, which can be replaced with a {{Convert|30|mm|inch|abbr=on}} [[GSh-30-2]] twin-barrel cannon.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com">{{cite web | work=Sino Defence | title= FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp |access-date=11 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp | archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|title=MILAVIA Aircraft – Chengdu FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Specifications|first=Niels | last = Hillebrand|work=milavia.net|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031225/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The wing-tip hard-points are typically occupied by short range infra-red homing AAMs. Many combinations of ordnance and equipment such as [[targeting pods]] can be carried on the under-wing and under-fuselage hard-points. Underwing hard-points can be fitted with [[Hard point#Ejector racks|multiple ejector racks]], allowing each hard-point to carry two {{Convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} unguided bombs or LGBs{{mdash}}[[Mk.82]] or [[GBU-12]].<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Active radar homing BVR AAMs can be integrated with the radar and data-link for mid-course updates. The aircraft can carry the [[PL-12|PL-12/SD-10]] along with the [[PL-5]]E and [[PL-9]]C Short range, infra-red homing missiles. The more advanced [[PL-10]]E High-Off Bore Sight missiles were integrated into the aircraft in April 2021, operated Within Visual Range using the HMD/S. With the Block 3 variant of the JF-17, the ability to fit and operate the [[PL-15]]E, the most advanced BVR missile developed by China for export with a claimed operating range of 145&nbsp;km, is also integrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's Production of Latest JF-17 Block 3 Variant Reaches 30 Units |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistans-production-of-latest-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jets-nears-30-units-2/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Unguided air-to-ground weaponry includes rocket pods, [[Unguided bomb|gravity bombs]] and [[Matra Durandal]] anti-runway munitions. [[Precision-guided munition]]s such as LGBs and [[Precision-guided munition#Satellite-guided weapons|satellite-guided bombs]] are also compatible with the JF-17, as are other guided weapons such as [[anti-ship missile]]s and [[anti-radiation missile]]s.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Pakistan planned to bring the Brazilian [[MAR-1]] anti-radiation missile into service on its JF-17 fleet in 2014.<ref name="janes mar1">{{cite journal|last=Hewson|first=Robert|date=17 April 2013|title=Mectron's MAR-1 to be operational in Pakistan next year|url=http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072717/http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> ==آپريشنل تاريخ== ===پاڪستان=== [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg|thumb|پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو <small>'''JF-17'''</small> <small>'''ٿنڊر'''</small> <small>'''26,660'''</small> فٽ اچي [[نانگا پربت]] جبل جي سامهون اڏامي رهيو آهي.]] سنگل سيٽ، سنگل انجن JF-17s جي ننڍي بيچ جي پيداوار جون 2006ع ۾ چين ۾ شروع ٿي. پهرين ٻه ننڍي بيچ تيار ڪيل جهاز 2 مارچ 2007ع تي پهچايا ويا ۽ پهرين 10 مارچ تي پاڪستان ۾ اڏام ڪئي. انهن 23 مارچ <small>2007</small>ع تي [[اسلام آباد]] ۾ پاڪستان ڊي جوائنٽ سروسز پريڊ جي حصي طور هڪ فضائي نمائش ۾ حصو ورتو. مارچ 2008ع تائين ٻيا ڇهه ننڍي بيچ تيار ڪيل جهاز پهچايا ويا. انهن کي پي اي ايف پاران وڏي پيماني تي پرواز جي جانچ ۽ جائزو ورتو ويو. 2009ع ۾ چين کان ٻه سيريل پروڊڪشن جهاز پهچايا ويا ۽ پهريون پاڪستاني تيار ڪيل جهاز 23 نومبر <small>2009</small>ع تي هڪ تقريب ۾ پي اي ايف کي پهچايو ويو. 18 فيبروري 2010ع تي، پهرين جي ايف-17 اسڪواڊرن، نمبر 26 بليڪ اسپائڊرز، کي سرڪاري طور تي 14 فائٽر جهازن جي شروعاتي طاقت سان پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. انهن جهازن پهريون ڀيرو ڏکڻ وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن ۾ خدمت ڪيا، جنهن دوران مختلف قسمن جي هٿيارن جو جائزو ورتو ويو. انهن 29 اپريل کان پي اي ايف جي هاءِ مارڪ 2010ع مشق ۾ حصو ورتو، جتي انهن کي بليو فورس پاران ريڊ لينڊ جي سطح جي هدفن تي هوا کان سطح جي صحيح هٿيارن سان حملو ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. 11 اپريل 2011ع تي، نمبر 26 بليڪ اسپائڊرز اسڪواڊرن لاءِ هڪ ٻيهر سامان جي تقريب ٿي، جنهن دوران اهو چيو ويو ته جي ايف-17 "پي اي ايف جي آپريشنل تصورن ۾ انقلاب آڻي ڇڏيو آهي". پوءِ ايئر چيف مارشل راؤ قمر سليمان نمبر 26 اسڪواڊرن جي ٻيهر ليس ٿيڻ ۽ نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن ۾ JF-17 ٿنڊر جي اضافي جي رپورٽ ڏني. هن جهاز جي شڪل ۾ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪرڻ ۾ چينين جي تعاون ۽ مدد جو پڻ شڪريو ادا ڪيو. آپريشن ضرب عضب 2014-2016 دوران، JF-17 کي ٽي ٽي پي جي ٺڪاڻن تي هوائي حملا ڪرڻ لاءِ بار بار مقرر ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ سوين دهشتگرد مارجي ويا. سيپٽمبر 2015 ۾، سامونڊي حملي جو ڪم ڪندڙ نمبر 2 اسڪواڊرن کي F7s جي جاءِ تي JF-17s سان ٻيهر ليس ڪيو ويو. نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن "بليڪ پينٿرز" کي پڻ JF-17 سان ليس ڪيو ويو آهي. 19 جون 2017 تي، اهو اطلاع مليو ته هڪ JF-17 پاڪستان جي ضلع پنگجور ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ هڪ ايراني UAV کي ماري ڇڏيو. فيبروري 2019 ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 جهازن پاڪستان جي هندستان خلاف جوابي هوائي حملي ۾ حصو ورتو، جنهن دوران نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن جي ٻن ٿنڊر جهازن ايم ڪي 83 آر اي ڪي سان هندستاني زميني هدفن کي نشانو بڻايو. رپورٽن مطابق، مارچ 2021 تائين، جي ايف-17 جهاز پنج ايئر بيس تي ٻڌل ست فائٽر اسڪواڊرن ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا آهن. batch production of the single-seat, single-engine JF-17s began in China in June 2006. The first two small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered on 2 March 2007 and first flew in Pakistan on 10 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6854&Cat=13&dt=3/21/2007 |title=JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> They took part in an aerial display on 23 March 2007 as part of the [[Pakistan Day Parade|Pakistan Day Joint Services Parade]] in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |title=PAF to seek more Chinese aircraft, says air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509043607/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |archive-date = 9 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="PakTribune">[http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 JF-17 Thunder main focus of attention at Pak Day fly-past] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''Pak Tribune'', 24 March 2007.</ref> Another six small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered by March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\03\15\story_15-3-2008_pg7_6 |title=Six more JF-17 Thunder fighter jets inducted into PAF |date=15 March 2008 |work=Daily Times |access-date=21 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118100559/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C03%5C15%5Cstory_15-3-2008_pg7_6 | archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> These were extensively flight-tested and evaluated by the PAF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |title=PAF to start serial production of JF-17 fighter aircraft soon |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330212502/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> Two serial production aircraft were delivered from China in 2009 and the first Pakistani-manufactured aircraft was delivered to the PAF in a ceremony on 23 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |title=Pak, China unveil first JF-17 combat jet |work=Rediff.com |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301092221/http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2010, the first JF-17 squadron, [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 ''Black Spiders'']], was officially inducted into the PAF with an initial strength of 14 fighter planes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |title=First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder inducted in PAF |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163116/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/February/international_February910.xml&section=international |title=PAF Inducts First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder Jet |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110350/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2010%2FFebruary%2Finternational_February910.xml&section=international |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> These aircraft first saw service in the [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat|anti-terrorist operation in South Waziristan]], during which various types of weapons were evaluated.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zia |last=Tanouli |language=Urdu |work=Daily Express (Pakistan) |title=جے ایف-١٧ میں باقاعدہ طور پر شامل پی اے ایف |url=http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |access-date=20 February 2010 |quote=(Translated) No.26 Squadron established in Kamra with 14 aircraft initially inducted. According to top PAF sources, fourteen aircraft were evaluated thoroughly with different kinds of weapons during the anti-terror operation in Waziristan. First squadron established in Kamra due to security concerns, will be transferred to Peshawar later. With induction of first JF-17 squadron, the two A-5 squadrons will be grounded today. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005230/http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> They took part in the PAF's ''High Mark 2010'' exercise from 29 April, where they were used by the ''Blue Force'' to attack ''Red Land'' surface targets with precision air-to-surface weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |title=JF-17 Thunder comes of age at High Mark drill |date=29 March 2010 |work=Newspaper article |publisher=Awaz Today |access-date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184851/http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |title=Pakistan inducts JF-17 jets developed with China |work=Rediff.com |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528235257/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 April 2011, a re-equipment ceremony for No. 26 ''Black Spiders'' Squadron took place, during which it was stated that the JF-17 had "revolutionized the PAF's operational concepts". Then Air Chief Marshal [[Rao Qamar Suleman]] reported the re-equipping of No. 26 squadron and the addition of the JF-17 Thunder to the [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron]]. He also thanked the contribution and support of the Chinese in helping to acquire a technological breakthrough in the shape of the aircraft.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |title=PAF re-equips No 26 Squadron with JF-17 thunder aircraft |date=12 April 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times (Pakistan) |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174246/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> During [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] 2014–2016, JF-17 were deployed frequently to carry out airstrikes against [[Pakistani Taliban|TTP]] hideouts, killing hundreds of terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Dawn com {{!}} |date=19 December 2014 |title=Top Uzbek commander among 17 terrorists killed in Khyber air strikes |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151682 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/245286-Operation-ZarbeAzb-30-militants-killed-in-fresh |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=dunyanews.tv |title=Operation Zarb-e-Azb: 30 militants killed in fresh airstrikes in Dattakhel |date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> In September 2015, the No. 2 Squadron tasked with sea strikes was re-equipped with JF-17s replacing the F7s.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder inducted in Multi Role Squadron|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414020258/http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=live|date=12 April 2016}}</ref> The No. 16 Squadron "Black Panthers" has also been equipped with the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Block-2 Update from "The Thunder City|url=http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220185954/http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2017, it was reported that a JF-17 shot down an [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Iranian]] [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] operating in [[Pakistan|Pakistan's]] [[Panjgur District|Pangjur District]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|title=JF-17 shoots down Iran's spy drone|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032625/http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2019, PAF JF-17s took part in Pakistan's [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|retaliatory airstrikes]] against India during which two Thunders of the [[No. 16 Squadron PAF|No. 16 Squadron]] struck Indian ground targets with [[Mark 83|Mk. 83 REKs]].<ref name="kaiser">{{cite web|url=https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|website=PakistanPolitico.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama: Two years on|date=18 February 2021|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208104607/https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tufail">{{cite web|url=https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|website=DefenceJournal.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama-From bluster to whimper|date=10 July 2019|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028163732/https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Brad |date=4 March 2019 |title=Crisis may be easing, but nuclear threat still hangs over India and Pakistan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519161150/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Has Pakistan's JF-17 'Thunder' Block II Fighter Jet Engaged in its First Dogfight? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516080001/https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight |url-status=live }}</ref> as of March 2021, JF-17s are operational in seven fighter squadrons based at five airbases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|title=Orbats|website=www.scramble.nl|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202214748/https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, the first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF. During the [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff|May 2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the PAF publicly showcased, for the first time, a JF-17 Block 3 fighter aircraft equipped with [[PL-15#Variants|PL-15E]] long-range [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s (BVRAAMs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Update: Pakistan shows JF-17 Block III fitted with PL-15 missiles for first time |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/update-pakistan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fitted-with-pl-15-missiles-for-first-time |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Jane |language=en}}</ref> During the conflict, the PAF deployed JF-17s and [[J-10CE]]s in combat in both the air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.<ref name="auto14"/><ref name="auto16"/><ref name="auto12"/> Pakistan claimed that its JF-17 successfully targeted and destroyed an Indian [[S-400 missile system|S-400 missile defence system]] at [[Adampur Airport|Adampur Air Force Station]] in [[Punjab]] on 10 May 2025 using two [[CM-400AKG]] long-range supersonic [[air-to-surface missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1310766-how-paf-destroyed-india-s-2-s400-air-defence-systems | title=How PAF destroyed India's 2 S400 air defence systems | date=12 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/first-strike-in-the-hypersonic-era-pakistan-claims-jf-17-launched-cm-400akg-took-out-indias-s-400/ | title=(VIDEO) First Strike in the Hypersonic Era: Pakistan Claims JF-17-Launched CM-400AKG Took Out India's S-400 | date=11 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/883212-pak-jf17-thunder-strike-destroys-indian-s400-air-defence-system | title=Pak JF-17 Thunder strike destroys Indian S400 air defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/jf-17-thunder-destroys-indias-s-400-defence-system-10-05-2025/ | title=Watch: JF-17 Thunder taking off to destroy India's S-400 defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref> On 11 May, the PAF, in a press briefing said that it had targeted the 96L6E Cheese Board radar of the S-400 system, one of the units of the combined air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim |last=Ahmad |first=Zeeshan |date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] dismissed the claim, stating that all Indian S-400 squadrons are still functional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's claim of destroying India's S-400 missile systems false: Indian military|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistans-claim-of-destroying-indias-s-400-missile-systems-false-indian-military/article69560019.ece|access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Hindu|date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the Adampur Air Force Station on 13 May 2025, and posed in front of an S-400 Launcher, which the [[Indian media]] claimed to be fully operational. According to Indian media, his visit served as a rebuttal to Pakistan's claims, reinforcing that the missile system was intact and operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=PM Modi poses in front of S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Base days after Pakistan claimed it was destroyed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-poses-in-front-of-s-400-missile-system-at-adampur-air-base-days-after-pakistan-claimed-it-was-destroyed/articleshow/121134748.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Modi fact-checks Pakistan, visits Adampur, releases video & photo with S-400 in background|url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-fact-checks-pakistan-visits-adampur-releases-video-photo-with-s-400-in-background/2624167/|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Print|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at Paris Air Show 2015.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at [[Paris Air Show]] 2015]] '''Exercises'''<br> The PAF has deployed the JF-17 Thunder in a number of bilateral and multinational air exercises since the 2010s. PAF JF-17s have participated in joint air exercises with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) under the Shaheen exercise series since at least 2014, focusing on air combat training and interoperability.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 2019 and again in 2021, PAF JF-17s took part in the Turkish Air Force–hosted multinational exercise Anatolian Eagle, operating alongside aircraft from several participating air forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2019: Pakistani JF-17s among participants |url=https://theaviationist.com/2019/07/15/pakistani-jf-17-thunders-and-turkish-elint-sigint-c-160d-transall-among-the-highlights-of-anatolian-eagle-exercise/ |website=The Aviationist |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2021 exercise |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/12072021-anatolian-eagle-2021-exercise-pakistan-improving-defense-synergies-oped/ |website=Eurasia Review |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2022, PAF JF-17s participated in the Saudi-led multinational air exercise Spears of Victory at King Abdulaziz Air Base, flying alongside Royal Saudi Air Force Tornados, Typhoons and F-15s, as well as allied aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF participates in Spears of Victory exercise in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590236/pakistan |website=Arab News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> JF-17s continued participation in subsequent editions of Spears of Victory, including 2023 and 2025, with later deployments featuring the Block-III variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17 Block-III participates in Spears of Victory 2023 |url=https://www.facebook.com/ConnectedPakistan/posts/pakistan-air-forces-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jets-have-touched-down-in-az/1213837260779670/ |website=Connected Pakistan |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PAF excels in Saudi-led Spears of Victory 2025 |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/02/14/paf-excels-in-saudi-led-air-combat-drills-jf-17-block-iii-earns-global-praise/ |website=Pakistan Today |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2025, PAF JF-17 Block-III fighters were also deployed to Azerbaijan for the bilateral air exercise Indus Shield Alpha, marking one of the type’s longest overseas deployments.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17s arrive in Azerbaijan for Indus Shield Alpha |url=https://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/912872 |website=Dunya News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> '''Airshows'''<br> The JF-17 Thunder has participated in international airshows since 2010 as part of export promotion and military diplomacy efforts by the PAF.<ref name="ISPR-2010">Inter Services Public Relations, Pakistan Air Force press releases on JF-17 international exposure, 2010.</ref> Early public appearances took place at airshows in Pakistan and China, followed by displays at major international aerospace exhibitions, including the Paris Air Show in 2011 and 2015,<ref>Paris Air Show official exhibitor catalogues, 2011 & 2015.</ref> the Dubai Airshow in 2013, 2017, 2021, and 2025<ref>Dubai Airshow official exhibitor lists, 2013, 2017, 2021.</ref> and the Farnborough International Airshow in 2014 and 2016, primarily as static displays.<ref>Farnborough International Airshow exhibitor catalogues, 2014 & 2016.</ref> The aircraft has also featured at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition, including static and flying displays, with later editions showcasing the Block III variant.<ref>China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (Zhuhai) official programmes; Global Times aviation coverage.</ref> In 2019, 2022, and 2025, PAF JF-17s participated in the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT), in static and air displays.<ref>Royal International Air Tattoo aircraft participation lists, 2019 & 2022.</ref> The aircraft was also displayed at the [[World Defense Show]] in 2024.<ref>[[World Defense Show]] 2024 exhibitor directory; Saudi Ministry of Defense releases.</ref> ===Myanmar=== In July 2015, Myanmar ordered 16 Block 2 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] for approximately $560 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-06-15/jf-17-myanmar-seen-flying-china|title=JF-17 for Myanmar Seen Flying in China|first=Chen|last=Chuanren|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> In late 2015, [[Myanmar]] ordered 16 [[Klimov RD-33|RD-93]] spare engines from [[Russia]], which were received in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=SIPRI>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI Trade Register|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 December 2018, [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] disclosed that the [[Myanmar Air Force]] had received the first batch of JF-17s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters |title=Myanmar shows off Thunder fighters |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202527/https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters/ |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An official Myanmar Air Force video released on Air Force day showcased a number of JF-17s, both on static display and in the air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|title=YouTube|website=YouTube|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2021}} As per reports, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] is in possession 11 JF-17 Block 2s.[https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html] In May 2022, a PAF cargo plane supplied spare parts for the JF-17s of the Myanmar Air Force. In June 2022, it was reported that a team of 15 PAF personnel were scheduled to visit [[Meiktila Air Base]] in Myanmar to provide technical support for the Myanmar Air Force JF-17s, including setting up of a JF-17 simulator at Meiktila Air Base to train pilots of the Myanmar Air Force and to address technical issues relating to JF-17s that Myanmar Air Force was facing. However, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] has faced significant challenges with its JF-17 fleet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2022-11-25 |title=Technical Problems Ground Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Bought From China |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/technical-problems-ground-myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-bought-from-china.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref> By late 2022, the entire fleet of 11 aircraft was grounded due to severe technical malfunctions and structural issues, including cracks in the airframe (particularly wingtips and hardpoints), poor accuracy and maintenance problems with the Chinese-made KLJ-7 radar, malfunctions in the Weapon Mission Management Computer that reduced launch zones for beyond-visual-range missiles, unreliable avionics, and issues with the Russian RD-93 engines.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar raises issue of grounded JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft to Pakistan |url=https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Asia Pacific Defense Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farid |first=Ayesha |date=2025-05-18 |title=Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Grounded Amid Conflict and Maintenance Woes |url=https://www.bdmilitary.com/analysis/geopolitics-diplomacy/myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-grounded-amid-conflict-and-maintenance-woes/1082/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Bangladesh Military Forces |language=en-GB}}</ref> These problems rendered the aircraft unfit for combat operations, forcing the air force to rely on other platforms like MiG-29s, Yak-130s, and K-8s.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The grounding was exacerbated by post-2021 military coup sanctions, which restricted access to spare parts for Western-sourced components in the avionics and electronics. Myanmar lacked the local expertise to maintain or repair the complex systems, and initial attempts by Pakistani technicians in September 2022 to set up a simulator at Pathein air base and resolve issues were only partially successful.<ref name=":5" /> In September 2023, Myanmar raised the issue directly with Pakistani leadership, including Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Armed Forces chief General Asim Munir, expressing displeasure over the aircraft's performance. The Chinese government also intervened diplomatically due to its role in the JF-17's development. As a result, Myanmar reportedly decided not to accept the remaining five aircraft from the original order and explored newer JF-17 variants as a potential resolution.<ref name=":5" /> ===Nigeria=== [[File:Nigerian JF-17 fighter aircraft.png|thumb|[[Nigerian Air Force]] JF-17 Block 2]] In December 2014, during the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar]] in Karachi, Nigeria was reportedly buying between 25 and 40 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]]. [[Nigerian Air Force]] (NAF) chief [[Air Marshal]] [[Adesola Nunayon Amosu]] had visited Pakistan earlier in October 2014.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite web|title=IDEAS 2014: Nigeria 'close to signing up' for JF-17 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |date=2 December 2014 |work=Farhan Bokhari |publisher=Janes |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226110403/http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> Nigeria became the second customer in 2016 by placing an order for three planes. However, as the news reports value the deal at US$25 million, it is not clear if the item is misreported.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria to become first JF-17 export operator|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128011517/http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FG to spend N65bn on warplanes, weapons, others|url=http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106072634/http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-date=6 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A June 2016 article in [[Jane's]] re-affirmed NAF budget for 3 JF-17, 10 [[PAC Super Mushshak|Super Mushshak]], and 2 [[Mi-35M]] aircraft in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria waiting for US to approve Super Tucano sale|url=http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608130937/http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With a confirmation from the Nigerian Air Force shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|title=Official 2016 Nigerian Budget Confirms JF-17 Order|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=4 January 2017|work=quwa.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510134827/http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018 Pakistan approved of the sale and local Nigerian production of three JF-17s for US$184.3 million. The aircraft are rumoured to be of a later version than the initially agreed sale, providing more advanced systems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binnie |first1=Jeremy |title=Pakistan approves Nigerian JF-17 production |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025144735/https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |archive-date=25 October 2018 |location=London |date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamal |first1=Sana |title=Pakistan to sell three JF-17s to Nigeria for $184.3m |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |website=Gulf News |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143150/https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |location=Islamabad |date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 December 2020 the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]] rolled out the three JF-17A Block 2s for Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |work=defenceworld.net |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live }}</ref> They were delivered to Makurdi Air Base in March 2021 aboard Pakistan Air Force Ilyushin Il-78MP freighters and were formally inducted into the Nigerian Air Force on 21 May 2021.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=First of 3 Pakistani JF-17 Jets Arrive in Nigeria |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21" /> The NAF initially indicated that it might order another 35–40 aircraft if the type met its requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref> In January 2023 the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal [[Isiaka Oladayo Amao]], confirmed that the JF-17s had been used in anti-terrorism and anti-insurgency operations inside Nigeria.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> In early December 2025 the three aircraft were reportedly deployed to the [[Benin Republic]], where they conducted airstrikes against rebel forces during an attempted coup.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Nigerian Air Force deploys JF-17 jets to foil Benin coup attempt |url=https://timesofislamabad.com/08-Dec-2025/nigerian-air-force-deploys-jf-17-jets-to-foil-benin-coup-attempt |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> ===Azerbaijan=== In January 2008, Azerbaijan engaged in talks with Pakistan over JF-17's possible sale to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |title=Azerbaijan to buy JF-17 {{sic|aircra|fts|nolink=y}} from Pakistan |date=29 January 2008 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210111145843/https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |work=[[Azeri Press Agency]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]] negotiated with China for several dozen JF-17s worth approximately {{USD|16 to 18 million}} each.<ref name="news.am">{{Citation|title=China supplies FC-1 multipurpose fighters to Azerbaijan|url=http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|newspaper=News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124131/http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|place=AM|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Pakistani Armed Forces actively discussed military and defence cooperation with Azerbaijan, culminating in the latter expressing an interest in purchasing the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shahid |last=Hussain |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |title=Pakistan and Azerbaijan: Deepening a Mutually Beneficial Relationship |date=19 May 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200519204003/https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |archive-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 February 2024, Azerbaijan had signed a contract worth US$1.6 billion with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 multi-role combat aircraft for the Azerbaijani Air Forces including aircraft, training, and ordnance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan signs largest ever fighter jet sale deal with Azerbaijan |url=https://www.azernews.az/nation/222206.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Azernews.Az |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |last=AzeMedia |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan has signed the largest deal in history with Azerbaijan for the sale of fighter jets |url=https://aze.media/pakistan-has-signed-the-largest-deal-in-history-with-azerbaijan-for-the-sale-of-fighter-jets/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Aze.Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-seals-1-6-billion-deal-with-azerbaijan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets/|title=Pakistan seals $1.6 billion deal with Azerbaijan to sell JF-17 fighter jets|date=22 February 2024}}</ref> On 25 September 2024, the JF-17 Block 3 was showcased to the President of Azerbaijan on the sidelines of 2024 Azerbaijan International Defence Exhibition (AIDEX).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title=JF-17C multirole aircrafts presented to President Ilham Aliyev |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/jf_17c_multirole_aircrafts_presented_to_president_ilham_aliyev-3196886 |work=Azertac}}</ref> On 6 June 2025, the Government of Pakistan announced that it had secured a contract for the supply of 40 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft from Azerbaijan for $4.6 billion, which builds on an initial agreement signed between Pakistan and Azerbaijan in February 2024, valued at $1.6 billion, for an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 fighter jets, alongside training and armaments.<ref name="auto11">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2025/06/jf-17-thunder-breakthrough-azerbaijan.html | title=JF-17 Thunder Breakthrough Azerbaijan Secures $4.6 Billion Deal for 40 Pakistani-Chinese Block III Fighters | date=8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto18">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/06/08/how-armenia-might-respond-to-azerbaijans-jf-17-fighter-acquisition/ | title=How Armenia Might Respond to Azerbaijan's JF-17 Fighter Acquisition | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref name="auto15">{{Cite web|url=https://defence-industry.eu/azerbaijan-signs-record-4-6-billion-deal-for-40-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/|title=Azerbaijan signs $4.6 billion deal for JF-17 fighters|date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite web | url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/azerbaijan-expands-jf-17-fighter-jet-order-to-40-units-in-46b-defense-deal-3202511 | title=Azerbaijan expands JF-17 fighter jet order to 40 units in $4.6B defense deal }}</ref><ref name="auto13">{{cite web | url=https://www.turdef.com/article/pakistan-confirms-inking-of-deal-with-azerbaijan-for-jf-17 | title=Pakistan Confirms Inking of Deal with Azerbaijan for JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=7 June 2025 }}</ref> Deliveries of the initial tranche began in October 2025, with the aircraft arriving at Nasosnaya Air Base and undergoing familiarization before formal induction. On 8 November 2025, five JF-17s (four single-seat and one twin-seat), flown by Azeri fighter pilots, participated in Azerbaijan’s Victory Day parade in Baku, marking their first public appearance in Azerbaijani service. In addition, open-source images circulated showing a total of nine JF-17 Block III aircraft present in Azerbaijan around the same period without any national markings, consistent with jets observed during early post-delivery handling and marking transitions.<ref name="azeri1">{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Waldron |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/azerbaijan-confirms-jf-17-fighter-acceptance-with-baku-flypast/165245.article |title=Azerbaijan becomes fourth JF-17 operator with five appearing in Baku military parade |website=Flightglobal.com |date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/70546 |title=Military Parade dedicated to the fifth anniversary of Victory in Patriotic War was held in Baku |work=The Official Website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan |date=8 November 2025}}</ref> ===Potential customers=== ==== Bangladesh ==== In January 2025, [[Bangladesh]] announced an interest in purchasing the JF-17C Block 3.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2522416/bangladesh-shows-interest-in-jf-17 | title=Bangladesh shows interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/bangladesh-army-delegation-meets-pakistan-air-chief-expresses-interest-in-jf-17/ | title=Bangladesh army delegation meets Pakistan Air Chief, expresses interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> In January 2026, it was reported that Bangladesh was in formal talks with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17C Block 3 fighters.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/9/why-is-pakistan-selling-its-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-bangladesh-and-others</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-eyes-defence-pact-with-bangladesh-sale-jf-17-jets-2026-01-07/</ref><ref>https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/bangladesh-explores-jf-17-acquisition-to-replace-ageing-fighters/165876.article</ref> ==== Indonesia ==== ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that Pakistan is in discussion with Indonesia on selling the JF-17s to the latter. In January 2026, Indonesia’s Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin held talks in Islamabad with PAF Chief, Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu, during which a potential defence cooperation package—including the possible acquisition of around 40 JF-17 fighter aircraft, armed drones, and associated training—was discussed, though no binding agreement was announced at the time.<ref name="ReutersJF17Indonesia2026">{{cite web |first1=Saad |last1=Sayeed |first2=Ananda |last2=Teresia |first3=Ariba |last3=Shahid |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-indonesia-closing-jets-drones-defence-deal-sources-say-2026-01-12/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan and Indonesia closing in on jets and drones defence deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> ==== Iraq ==== [[Iraq]] has expressed interest in acquiring the JF-17C Thunder multirole combat aircraft from Pakistan as part of efforts to modernise the [[Iraqi Air Force]]. During an official visit to Baghdad on 10 January 2026, Pakistan’s Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu met with Lieutenant General Staff Pilot Mohanad Ghalib Mohammed Radi Al-Asadi, Commander of the Iraqi Air Force, where discussions covered bilateral air force cooperation. During the meeting, the Iraqi Air Force Commander indicated interest in the JF-17C fighter aircraft and Super Mushshak trainer aircraft in the context of training, capacity building, and defence cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan says Iraq expressed ‘keen interest’ in JF-17 jets at air chiefs meeting |work=Arab News |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628855/pakistan}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq eyes JF-17 fighter jets as Pakistani air chief visits Baghdad |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2586411/iraq-eyes-jf-17-fighter-jets-as-pakistani-air-chief-visits-baghdad}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq seeks JF-17 Thunder jets during Pakistani air chief’s visit |work=Business Recorder |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40401540/iraq-seeks-jf-17-thunder-jets}} </ref> ==== Libya ==== It was reported on 22 December 2025 that Pakistan reached a $4-4.6 billion deal with the [[Libyan National Army]], commanded by Khalifa Haftar, which controls eastern [[Libya]], for the supply of 16 JF-17s and other military equipment.<ref name="libya1">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/12/28/why-it-took-pakistan-so-long-to-sell-jf-17-fighters-to-an-arab-country/ |title=Why It Took Pakistan So Long To Sell JF-17 Fighters To An Arab Country |website=Forbes.com |date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya2">{{cite web |first=Liu |last=Zhen |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3337888/china-pakistan-warplane-deal-libyan-faction-may-help-expand-beijings-influence |title=China-Pakistan warplane deal with Libyan faction ‘may help expand Beijing’s influence’ |website=SCMP.com|date=27 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya3">{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Asif |last2=Shahzad |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-strikes-4-billion-deal-sell-weapons-libyan-force-officials-say-2025-12-22/ |title=Pakistan strikes $4 billion deal to sell weapons to Libyan force, officials say |website=Reuters.com |date=22 December 2025}}</ref> ==== Morocco ==== Morocco has shown interest in the JF-17, having invited a sales team to showcase it in the Marrakech Air Show 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 to Star in Marrakech Air Show|url=http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202010633/http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marrakech Air Show Invites Pakistan to Showcase JF −17 Thunder Fighter Jet|url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222014010/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> According to a local analyst, a potential acquisition by Morocco may be complicated by incompatible technologies; the JF-17 Block I and Block II have broadly different electronics suites and air-to-air & air-to-surface munitions than its current Western-sourced aircraft, such as the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F-1 (MF2000)]], [[Northrop F-5|F-5E/F Tiger II]] and [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to market the JF-17 Thunder to Morocco|url=http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426114618/http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Morocco has been engaged with Pakistan in January 2026 on the JF-17.<ref>https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/01/276273/morocco-shows-interest-in-pakistani-jf-17-jets-as-talks-advance/</ref> ==== Saudi Arabia ==== In January 2014, the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] was reportedly examining potential technology transfer and co-production opportunities for the JF-17. Saudi Deputy Minister of Defence Prince [[Salman bin Sultan]] toured the JF-17 project during a visit to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 January 2014|title=Saudi eyeing Pakistan's JF-17 fighter jet, modeled from U.S. F-16|work=World Tribune|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706041729/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2014|title=Saudi Arabia May Buy Pakistani-Chinese Fighter Jets|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726081849/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=8 November 2016|title=Saudi Arabia Reportedly Interested in the JF-17 Thunder|url=http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084500/http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=9 November 2016|website=Quwa Defence News & Analysis Group}}</ref> However, by 2023, this interest seems to have fallen through, with Saudi Arabia now interested in joining the Anglo-Italian-Japanese [[Global Combat Air Programme]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2023|title=Saudi Arabia pushes to join fighter jet project with UK, Italy and Japan|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/80e9bda9-f415-4076-9037-bd6b96e1169f|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported in January 2026 that Pakistan are in discussion with Saudi Arabia to convert around US$ 2 billion of Saudi loans to Pakistan into a provision of JF-17s.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Saad |last2=Sayeed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-saudi-talks-jf-17-jets-for-loans-deal-sources-say-2026-01-07/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan, Saudi in talks on JF-17 jets-for-loans deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>However It is reported that the US government has discouraged Saudi Arabia from aquisition of both JF-17's and [[TAI TF Kaan|TF Kaan's]], instead proposing sale of [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]'s to the Saudi Arabian Air Force. <ref name=":9">{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan | title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref> ==== Other countries ==== Countries including [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Bilal|date=7 August 2016|title=Pakistan offers JF-17 & Super Mushshak to Kuwait|url=https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422190117/https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|archive-date=22 April 2020|website=Quwa - Defence News & Analysis}}</ref> [[Peru]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Pakistan's JF-17 Is A Viable Alternative To The American F-16|url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|website=Wonderful Engineering|date=21 March 2019|quote=As of right now, Saudi Arabia, Albania, Morocco, Bulgaria, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Oman, Lebanon, Argentina, Algeria, Jordan, and Peru are evaluating the JF-17 Block III|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723081234/https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|title=Pakistan, South Africa sign agreements to increase defense cooperation|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|website=Dawn|date=27 March 2017|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023533/https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Uruguay]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demerly |first=Tom |date=9 November 2017 |title=Shopping for Fighters: Is the Chinese/Pakistani JF-17 Thunder the Real "Joint Strike Fighter"? |url=https://theaviationist.com/2017/11/09/shopping-for-fighters-is-the-chinesepakistani-jf-17-thunder-the-real-joint-strike-fighter/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Confirmed: Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet Has its First Buyer |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/confirmed-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jet-has-its-first-buyer/#:~:text=Numerous%20air%20forces%20are%20toying,the%20Philippines,%20Venezuela%20and%20Zimbabwe. |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> have shown interest in the JF-17.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article" /><ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2008|title=PAF gets six JF-17 Thunder aircraft|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045150/http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> In February 2026, reports appeared that the [[Somali Air Force]] was in talks to acquire 24 Block III JF-17s.<ref>https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalia-in-talks-to-buy-24-jf-17-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/; {{cite news|title=Somalia in High-Level Talks to Acquire 24 JF-17 Thunder Block III Fighter Jets from Pakistan in US$900 Million Air Power Revival|work=Defence Security Asia|date=19 February 2026 |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/somalia-jf17-thunder-block-iii-pakistan-us900-million-air-force-revival/|access-date=22 February 2026}}; {{cite news |title=Soomaaliya oo diyaarado casri ah kasoo iibsanaysa Pakistan |work=Hiiraan Online |date=10 February 2026 |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2026/Feb/wararka_maanta09-192820.htm |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> Somalia's air force has been inactive for many years. ===Former interests=== ==== Argentina ==== At the 2013 [[Paris Air Show]], officials from Argentine aerospace conglomerate [[Fábrica Argentina de Aviones]] (FAdeA) revealed that the firm had held multiple discussions with Chinese officials over a potential co-production of the FC-1/JF-17, for the [[Argentine Air Force]] (FAA); this was regarded as the first formal effort by Argentina to possibly procure, or co-produce the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter - IHS Jane's 360 |website=www.janes.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> FAdeA officials said that the co-produced FC-1 could be classified as the "Pulqui-III", with regard to FAdeA's [[Pulqui II|Pulqui-II]] fighter.<ref name="ja23j13">{{cite news|author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter|newspaper=Jane's|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 2015, following a three-day visit by [[President of Argentina|Argentine president]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] to [[China]], Argentina announced that it would consider purchasing around 20 JF-17s from [[Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group|CAIG]]; however the deal did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |title=China to Supply 20 Thunder Fighter Jets to Argentina |website=www.defenseworld.net |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216210452/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |archive-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nikkei|title=Argentina turns to China for arms supply|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|access-date=1 March 2022|date=9 April 2015|first=Kamilia|last=Lahrichi|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210140006/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|url-status=live}}</ref> The primary reason for Argentine interest was reportedly the aircraft's lesser requirement for parts of British origin, as the United Kingdom had barred any sale of military equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina since the [[Falklands War|1982 Falklands War]].<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url = https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2021/09/28/could-britain-stop-argentina-from-buying-the-jf-17-warplane/|title = Could Britain stop Argentina from buying the JF-17 warplane?|date = 28 September 2021|access-date = 11 January 2022|archive-date = 30 September 2021|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210930015257/https://www.defensenews.com/global/the%2Damericas/2021/09/28/could%2Dbritain%2Dstop%2Dargentina%2Dfrom%2Dbuying%2Dthe%2Djf%2D17%2Dwarplane/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |title=No KAI FA-50 for Argentina under the post-1982 embargo |website=aircosmosinternational.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129073505/https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Likewise, Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other aircraft, namely, the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to diplomatic pressure from the United Kingdom, given the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain British-origin parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|publisher=Flightglobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|date=3 November 2020|access-date=1 March 2022|first=Greg|last=Waldron|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{cite web|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|access-date=1 March 2022|date=21 June 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="defensenews.com"/> In September 2021, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] presented a draft budget for the fiscal year of 2022, which contained a request of USD $664 million for the acquisition of future fighter aircraft for the FAA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Gastón |date=21 September 2021 |title=The Argentine Ministry of Defense clarifies about the JF-17 Thunder |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Aviacionline.com |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015136/https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, multiple media outlets misinterpreted this action, erroneously reporting that the request for funds were for acquiring the JF-17 Block-III.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|title=Argentina hasn't selected JF-17 fighter? Govt clarifies budget request|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=1 March 2022|date=22 September 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015142/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]] (''Ministerio de Defensa'') later clarified that the JF-17 had not been selected, asserting that the FAA was still evaluating five other aircraft as possible options.<ref name=":3" /> In May 2022, a delegation of the FAA evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dubois |first1=Gastón |title=Argentine Air Force delegation evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |website=Aviacionline |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011548/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in October 2023, the United States approved the transfer of 24 second-hand [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16 Block-15 MLU]] fighters previously owned by the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] to Argentina, countering the Chinese offer; reportedly, the deal did not necessitate an approval from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/us-approves-proposed-f-16-transfer-argentina|title=U.S. Approves Proposed F-16 Transfer To Argentina|website=aviationweek.com|date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Following the inauguration of the [[Javier Milei|Javier Milei administration]] in Argentina in 2023, the decision to select the F-16 had reportedly materialised, leaving the JF-17 out of the contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airdatanews.com/argentina-chose-the-f-16-fighter-for-its-air-force-reports/|title=Argentina chose the F-16 fighter for its Air Force – reports|website=www.airdatanews.com|date=30 January 2024}}</ref> ==== Bolivia ==== The JF-17 was a candidate for the replacement of retired [[Lockheed T-33]] aircraft of the [[Bolivian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|title=Bolivia Air Force is looking for fighter jets|work=Air Data News |date=29 May 2021|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054044/https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Congo ==== In March 2023, it was reported that China was pitching the JF-17 to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |title=Congo is considering buying JF-17 Thunder fighter jets from China |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |title=DRC: China offers Kinshasa its fighter planes |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |title=China Offers JF-17 Jet to Congo-Kinshasa, Competing with Russian Su-27 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |title=DRC : Kinshasa eyes Chinese fighter jets after buying Beijing's drones - 14/03/2023 |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162519/https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Malaysia ==== [[Malaysia]] had periodically indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the JF-17 for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its efforts to replace its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MIG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in the JF-17 emerged in 2015, although this was later denied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=21 December 2015 |title=Malaysia Denies Interest in JF-17, But Export Hopes Remain |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2015/12/21/malaysia-denies-interest-in-jf-17-but-export-hopes-remain/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Defense News |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Benjamin David |title=The Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Might Have Another Buyer in Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121257/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2019, then-visiting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian PM]] [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohammad]] was accorded an aerial-display of the JF-17's at the 2019 [[Pakistan Day Parade]]; he was also briefed about the fighter by the PAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahathir Mohamad receives briefing on JF-17 before leaving Islamabad |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=23 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121254/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Malaysian PM Mahathir shows interest in JF-17 Thunder as he concludes Pakistan visit |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701072047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft — dubbed as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainer-aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/None |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender |url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=MilitaryLeak |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF later issued a [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|date=18 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17 was widely regarded to be a leading contender in the FLIT/LCA procurement initiative, along with the [[HAL Tejas]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|title=Malaysia formally launches tender for new trainer, light combat aircraft|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in October 2021, the JF-17 was revealed to have abstained from participating in the FLIT/LCA tender; later reports confirmed that only six companies had responded to the RFP issued by the RMAF - the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] ([[Korea Aerospace Industries]]), the [[HAL Tejas]] ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]), the [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]] ([[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]]), the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]] ([[Leonardo S.p.A.]]), the [[TAI Hürjet]] ([[Turkish Aerospace Industries]]) and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35]] ([[Rosoboronexport]]).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> The JF-17's unprecedented absence from the FLIT/LCA essentially ended all speculations regarding its participation in Malaysia.<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia begins evaluating proposals to replace fleet of Hawk Mk 108/208s |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Janes.com |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121256/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Socka |first=Sherman |date=1 December 2021 |title=LETTER {{!}} RMAF purchase of Light Combat Aircraft to bolster defence industry |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.aerotime.aero |date=20 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518000844/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, the JF-17 was reportedly re-offered to the RMAF, with an estimated price-discount of about 30%; however, these reports remain unconfirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumelar |first=Tri Agung |title=Saingi HAL Tejas di Malaysia, China Turunkan Harga Jet Tempur JF-17 Thunder hingga 30 Persen - Zona Jakarta |url=https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com |language=id |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110124301/https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF eventually declined to purchase the JF-17 and proceeded instead to order 18 FA-50 Block 20 jets in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|title=Malaysia buys South Korea fighter jets as ASEAN arms market grows|website=asia.nikkei.com|date=7 March 2023|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324012111/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Qatar ==== [[Qatar]] has shown interest in the JF-17 since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|title=Qatar Plans To Buy Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet, Super Mushshak Trainer|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=27 October 2016 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506212945/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, at Qatar's invitation, PAF JF-17s participated in Qatar's National Day Flypast in Doha alongside [[Qatar Air Force]] [[Rafale]]s and [[Mirage 2000-5]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|title=Flypast during Qatar National Day Hints at Doha's Interest in Pakistani JF-17|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192401/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the offer seems to have fallen through, with Qatar ordering a mix of [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]s and [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F15E]]s. ==== Sri Lanka ==== In June 2015, Pakistani media suggested that an export order had been confirmed with the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]; claims were made that the JF-17's first sales contract had been signed with the Sri Lanka Air Force at the 51st Paris Air Show.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka revealed as first foreign buyer of JF-17|newspaper=Want China Times|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623183730/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Wasim|date=22 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka purchasing JF-17 Thunder Jets|newspaper=Business Recorder|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623170033/http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Other sources claimed that Myanmar is the first buyer of Pakistani JF-17s.<ref name="Myanmar2">{{cite news|date=9 July 2015|title=Myanmar first country to purchase JF-17 Thunder from Pakistan|newspaper=Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|url-status=live}}</ref> Reportedly, the order would cover around 18–24 aircraft and deliveries set to begin in 2017. During a state visit by [[Nawaz Sharif]] in January 2016, Sri Lanka reportedly signed an agreement to buy eight JF-17s from Pakistan;<ref>{{cite web|first=Franz-Stefan | last = Gady|title=Sri Lanka to Buy 8 Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jets|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213252/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2016|access-date=7 January 2016|work=The Diplomat}}</ref> however, the Sri Lankan government has issued denials.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2016|title=Government says no JF-17 deal with Pakistan|work=Columbo Gazette|url=http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126211056/http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The alleged deal was said to involve 10–12 aircraft, each valued at US$35 million, for a total of US$400 million<ref>{{cite news|title=Following Myanmar, Pakistan is Eager to Sell More JF-17s|url=http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213105004/http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> Reportedly, any such sale was scuppered by Indian diplomatic pressure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian pressure stalls Pakistani JF-17 sale to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213040939/http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revealed: Why Sri Lanka Backed Off the Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215193957/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 October 2013|title=Pakistan to sell JF-17 fighter jets to SL-report|work=The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523103143/http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> However, in 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=9 January 2021|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref> ==== Zimbabwe ==== The [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] reportedly planned to purchase twelve JF-17s in 2004, as part of a $240 million deal with China. No such sales have materialised.<ref name="Rotberg2009">{{cite book|first=Robert I. | last = Rotberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|title=China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0175-0|page=174|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Africa and China's Global Activism|url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616192046/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|publisher=Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> In 2010, China was reportedly in talks about the JF-17 with five or six countries, some of which had sent pilots to China to undergo test flights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian fighter requirements continue to grow|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185036/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-date=21 October 2014|access-date=21 March 2010|work=Flight International}}</ref> ==مختلف قسمون== ===تجرباتي قسمون=== تاريخي پيداوار جي ترتيب ۾: * '''PT-01''' — انٽيڪس تي اسپلٽر پليٽن سان پهريون ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ. 31 مئي 2003 تي جاري ڪيو ويو. پهرين پرواز 25 آگسٽ 2003 تي.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com5">{{cite web|work=Sino Defence|title=FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> * '''PT-02''' — انٽيڪس تي اسپلٽر پليٽن سان پهريون ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ. * '''PT-03''' — انٽيڪس تي اسپلٽر پليٽن سان پهريون ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ. اپريل 2004 ۾ پهرين پرواز. * '''PT-04''' — ڊائيورٽرليس سپرسونڪ انليٽس (DSI) ۽ تبديل ٿيل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر سان ٻيو ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ. 10 مئي 2006 تي پهرين پرواز. PT-04 ۾ DSI، وسيع LERX، وڌايل وينٽرل فين، ۽ هڪ ڊگهو، گهٽ سوئپ ٿيل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل ڪيو ويو جنهن جي چوٽي تي مستطيل فيئرنگ آهي جنهن ۾ اليڪٽرانڪ جنگي سامان ۽ ميزائل اپروچ وارننگ سينسرز تي بيس تي ننڍا بلسٽر فيئرنگ شامل آهن. PT-04 پروٽوٽائپ بنيادي طور تي ايويونڪس ۽ هٿيارن جي قابليت جي ٽيسٽن لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |title=4th Prototype JF-17 Thunder aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |date=11 May 2006 |work=Pakistan Tribune |access-date=21 May 2011 |location=Islamabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="APP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |title=JF-17 Thunder arrives in Pakistan |date=12 March 2007 |work=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022192508/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref> *'''PT-05''' — ٻيو ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ DSI ۽ تبديل ٿيل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر سان. *'''PT-06''' — ٻيو ايئر فريم ترتيب پروٽوٽائپ DSI ۽ تبديل ٿيل عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر سان. ===Production variants=== In chronological production order: *'''JF-17 Block 1''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production in China began in June 2006<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com" /> and in Pakistan in 2007. The first three Chinese weapons to be integrated are the [[PL-5|PL-5E II]] AAM, the [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] AAM, and the [[C-802A|C-802AK]] anti-ship missile. Block 1 aircraft had performed "better than expected" according to PAF [[Air Commodore]] Junaid. Production of Block 1 was completed on 18 December 2013 when the fiftieth aircraft{{mdash}}58% of which was produced in Pakistan{{mdash}}was delivered.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Dave | last1 = Allport | first2 = Alan | last2 = Warnes|date=September 2010|title= JF-17 Thunders in First Public Static Display | journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue= 269|page= 8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Rolls Out 50th JF-17, Block II Production To Commence |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |date=18 December 2013 |work=Defense News |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220054215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> A Block 1 JF-17 costs approximately US$15&nbsp;million per unit.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra" /> *'''JF-17 Block 2''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production began on 18 December 2013 and initial testing began on 9 February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|work=janes.com|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119230215/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Block 2 aircraft make use of composites in the airframe for reduced weight, air-to-air refuelling capability,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Roblin|first=Sebastien|date=10 August 2019|title=Meet the JF-17 Block III Fighter: The Jet China is Helping Pakistan Build to Fight India|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|access-date=23 July 2021|website=The National Interest|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002901/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|url-status=live}}</ref> improved radar and avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |title=Pakistan Begins Producing Block-II JF-17 Aircraft |last1=Panda |first1=Ankit |date=27 December 2013 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726080602/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="dawn" /> Chairman of PAC, Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed said: "We will hand over 16 Block 2 JF-17s to the PAF every year", and that the manufacturing plant has the capacity to produce 25 units in a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to boost military export with revamped JF-17 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |date=7 December 2014 |work=Pakistan Today |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172819/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> According to local media, PAC rolled out the 16th Block 2 aircraft in December 2015 enabling the JF-17's 4th squadron formation.<ref name="Fourth" /> A Block 2 JF-17 costs approximately US$25 million per unit.<ref name="SkyWars">{{citation | url = http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | title = Sky Wars: Pakistan, India and China | first = Adnan | last = Rehmat | date = 24 May 2011 | work = Dawn | access-date = 29 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122325/http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | archive-date = 14 July 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> *'''JF-17B Block 2''' {{mdash}} Dual-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 27 April 2017.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|title=Military Flight Training MENA 2021|website=www.arabianaerospace.aero|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154514/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JF-17B">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Naveed|title=JF-17B fighter jet takes maiden test flight|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|access-date=28 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142207/https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Serial production in China and Pakistan from 2018 to 2020. A total of 26 aircraft built - first four at Chengdu and remaining 22 at Kamra.<ref name="auto4" /> Its multi-roles include use as a (i) JF-17 conversion trainer; (ii) Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT); (iii) ground-attack aircraft; and (iv) reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|title=PAF to induct dual-seater JF-17B fighter jet in April 2017|date=28 April 2016|work=[[Express Tribune]]|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503202439/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the dual-seat, larger dorsal spine, and a more swept-back tail, another difference between the JF-17B and the JF-17 is that the JF-17B carries fuel in its vertical stabiliser, which the JF-17 does not.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|title=Pride of Pakistan|website=www.airinternational.com|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310041201/https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17B houses integral fuel tanks like the F-16. Each wing houses 550 Ib while the vertical tail houses 210 lb, which, together with the internal fuel load, totals 4,910 Ib of fuel. Together with the three external fuel drop-tanks, the aircraft can carry a total 10,000 Ib fuel load.<ref name="auto" /> The JF-17B Block 2s will be retrofitted with the NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra).<ref name="auto" /> *'''JF-17C Block 3'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/adex-2024-azerbaijani-jf-17-delivery-announced | title=ADEX 2024: Azerbaijani JF-17 delivery announced | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://quwa.org/pakistan-defence-industry/pakistan-promotes-the-jf-17c-thunder-to-bangladesh-01-20-2025/ | title=Pakistan Promotes the JF-17C Thunder to Bangladesh - Quwa | date=20 January 2025 }}</ref> {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 15 December 2019. Two prototypes underwent flight tests as of December 2020, one in China and the other in Pakistan. Went into serial production at PAC Kamra on 30 December 2020.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> Projected to feature further advancements such as a NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra),<ref name="auto" /> a three-axis digital fly-by-wire flight control system,<ref name="auto" /> an infrared search and track (IRST) system,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |title=2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |format=JPG |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221746/http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Rolling Thunder|url=https://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=Asian Military Review|date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208182445/http://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system produced jointly by Pakistan and China,<ref name="auto" /> a missile approach warning system (MAWS) similar to the one used on the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]]C, [[J-16]], and [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]], a new, larger, and thinner holographic wide-angle head-up display (HUD) similar to the one used on the J-10C and J-20, an enhanced electronic warfare management system,<ref name="auto" /> a chin-mounted hardpoint,<ref name="auto" /> use of more composites for further weight reduction, eventual replacement of the [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] [[afterburning turbofan]] by the [[Guizhou WS-13]]<ref name=":2" /> with an increased thrust, and a better thrust-to-weight ratio.<ref name="dawn" /><ref name="Nigeria" /><ref name="AW17March2015">{{cite journal|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=17 March 2015|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|access-date=24 March 2015|location=Kamra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322152346/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=22 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> The KLJ-7A can simultaneously track 15 targets and engage 4 targets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=KLJ-7A: Proposed AESA Radar for the JF-17 Block-III|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507114147/http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> PAF officials have described the JF-17 Block 3 as a "fourth generation plus" fighter jet. The first PAC-produced JF-17 Block 3 aircraft are expected to roll out of the production line in late 2021.<ref name="auto" /> The PAF has placed an order for 50 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft, deliveries of which were expected to start from early 2022.<ref name="paknikkei">{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|title=Pakistan to boost air strike power with 50 enhanced fighter jets|access-date=1 March 2022|date=6 February 2022|publisher=Nikkei|first=Adnan|last=Aamir|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084243/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Pakistan to Order 50 More Fighter Jets in 2017|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054055/https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 JF-17 Block 3 production aircraft were photographed after their rollout at PAC Kamra in early January 2022. The first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF in March 2023. '''Under-Development''' *'''JF-17 Block 4 or (PFX-Alpha)''' {{mdash}} The JF-17 Block 4 or JF-17 (PFX Alpha) is an under-development 4.5+ generation version of the JF-17 Thunder under the PAF "PFX" program, where "PFX" stands for "Pakistan Fighter Experimental." Also known as the JF-17 Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU), the project aims to enhance the JF-17 beyond the capabilities of the current JF-17C Block 3, which is the most advanced variant of the fighter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/pakistan-unveils-jf-17-pfx-fighter | title=Pakistan unveils JF-17 PFX fighter | date=26 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Reveals 'JF-17 PFX' Program |url=https://quwa.org/daily-news/pakistan-reveals-jf-17-pfx-program-2/ |publisher=Quwa |date=2 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Development Program for JF-17 PFX (Pakistan Fighter Experimental) Unveiled |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/development-program-for-jf-17-pfx-pakistan-fighter-experimental-unveiled/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The PFX-Alpha focuses on improving the radar, avionics, and integrating new air-to-air and air-to-surface munitions, including indigenous weapons. It will feature an indigenously-developed passive Infrared Search and Track (IRST) sensor and an electronic warfare (EW) suite with AESA radar-jamming capability. The overall goal of the PFX program is to provide the PAF with a next-generation fighter, with the PFX-Alpha serving as a key step toward indigenization and reducing external dependence. While no official timeline has been announced, a PAF official stated in an interview with [[Geo News]] at IDEAS 2024 that the jet is expected to fly within the next 4 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wec3sH9WMQ8 |title=JF-17 PFX: Upcoming Innovation & New Chapter in Pakistan Air Force - IDEAS 2024 {{!}} Breaking News |date=21 November 2024 |last=Geo News |access-date=23 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> At the [[Royal International Air Tattoo|RIAT]] 2025 air show, Pakistan showcased a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130H Hercules]] with a custom paint job featuring artwork of various PAF aircraft; notably, the PFX was depicted highest on the tail, symbolising the Air Force’s strong commitment to the program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=PAF Showcases JF-17, C-130 at RIAT 2025 in the UK |url=https://theneutral.pk/paf-to-display-jf-17-thunder-c-130-hercules-at-riat-2025/ |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=theneutral.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> ==آپريٽرز== <!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--> [[File:JF-17 operators.png|thumb|400px|موجوده JF-17 آپريٽر ملڪن (نيري رنگ ۾) سان نقشو]] === موجوده آپريٽر === '''{{AZE}}'''<br> * آذربائيجاني ايئر فورس: 5 پهچايا ويا، 35 آرڊر تي<ref name="azeri1" /> <ref name="azeri2">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/11/17/from-azerbaijan-to-uae-iran-is-surrounded-by-more-advanced-air-forces/ |title=From Azerbaijan To UAE, Iran Is Surrounded By More Advanced Air Forces |website=Forbes.com |date=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/azerbaijan-inducts-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan |title=Azerbaijan inducts JF-17 fighters from Pakistan |website=Janes.com |date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.defcros.com/azerbaijan-receives-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan/ |title=Azerbaijan Receives JF-17 Fighters from Pakistan |website=news.defcros.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> 35 on order<ref name="azeri2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://turdef.com/article/azerbaijan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fighters-in-inventory |title=Azerbaijan Shows JF-17 Block III Fighters in Inventory |website=turdef.com |date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aze.media/jf-17-and-a-new-axis-of-partnership-the-largest-ever-defense-deal-between-pakistan-and-azerbaijan/ |title=JF-17 and a new axis of partnership: The largest-ever defense deal between Pakistan and Azerbaijan |website=aze.media |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya1" /> '''{{flag|Myanmar}}''' [[ميانمار]] * ميانمار جي ايئر فورس: 13 پهچايا ويا، 3 آرڊر تي<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |title=2021 World Air Forces |format=PDF |editor-last=Hoyle |editor-first=Craig |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208041355/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-team-sent-to-myanmar-to-repair-combat-aircraft/articleshow/98640757.cms | title=Pakistan team sent to Myanmar to repair combat aircraft | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=15 March 2023 | last1=Chaudhury | first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** ميڪٽيلا ايئر فورس بيس<ref name="ReferenceB"/> '''{{NGA}}''' * نائيجيريا جي ايئر فورس: 3 پهچايا ويا<ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21">{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17s as it awaits Super Tucanos |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=21 May 2021 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191831/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** اين اي ايف بيس ماڪرودي<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |title=Nigeria gears up to receive JF-17s |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=13 November 2020 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121054653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17 fighters |website=Janes.com |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191832/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |url-status=live }}</ref> '''{{PAK}}''' * پاڪستان ايئر فورس: 161 پهچايا ويا، 27 آرڊر تي ** پي اي ايف بيس ڀولاري ([[ڄامشورو]]) *** نمبر 18 اسڪواڊرن شارپ شوٽرز (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref name="SHEPHARD"> {{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/pakistan-receives-chinese-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-reports/ |title=Pakistan receives Chinese JF-17 Block III fighter jets, reports say| access-date=10 March 2023|work=SHEPHARD |date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141819/https://timesofislamabad.com/03-Feb-2018/six-paf-squadrons-with-over-100-jf-17-fighter-jets-become-operational-fully |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|title=The JF-17 Is No F-35 Stealth Jet, But It's Good Enough For Pakistan|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=2 January 2020|website=The National Interest|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|title=Janes {{!}} Latest defence and security news|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Janes.com|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906153101/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="paknikkei" /> ** [[PAF Base Bholari]] (Jamshoro)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** No. 18 Squadron ''Sharp Shooters'' (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|title=Pakistan inducts 14 JF-17Bs and starts Block III JF-17 Thunder production|first=Hans van|last=Herk|website=www.scramble.nl|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231094256/https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Delivers New JF-17B Batch|date=2 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119112738/https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس مسرور ([[ڪراچي]]) *** نمبر 2 اسڪواڊرن منهاسين (2015)<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |title=Pakistan's PAF Re-equip Squadron No 2 Minhas With JF-17 |work=Asian Defence |date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121101129/http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 }}</ref> *** نمبر 8 اسڪواڊرن حيدرز (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-jf17-fighter-aircrafts/ | title=Pakistan Establishes Second Squadron of JF-17 "Thunder" Block 3 Fighters | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Scramble.nl">{{cite web | url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force | title=Orbats }}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس منہاس (ڪامرا) *** JF-17 TEF (ٽيسٽ ۽ تشخيص پرواز) (2007-2010)<ref name="AFM, July 2011, JF-17 - Thunder from the East">{{cite journal|last=Warnes|first=Alan|date=July 2011|title=JF-17&nbsp;– Thunder from the East|journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue=#280|pages=47–70}}</ref> *** نمبر 16 اسڪواڊرن بليڪ پينٿرز (2011)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan" /> ** پي اي ايف بيس مصحف ([[سرگوڌا]]) *** CCS JF-17 اسڪواڊرن ڊيشنگ<ref name="Scramble.nl" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|title=JF-17 Thunder aircraft inducted in PAF Combat Commanders' School|work=Business Recorder|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223224329/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس [[پشاور]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/?q=node/16871 |title=Peshawar Base to station JF-17 Thunder Aircraft Squadron: Pak Air Chief |work=Asian Tribune |date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010004/http://asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F16871 |archive-date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> *** نمبر 26 اسڪواڊرن بليڪ اسپائڊرز (2010)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan" /> ** پي اي ايف بيس رفيقي ([[شورڪوٽ]])<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** نمبر 14 اسڪواڊرن ٽيل چوپرز (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|date=16 February 2017|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132631/https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|url-status=live}}</ref> ** پي اي ايف بيس سمنگلي ([[ڪوئيٽا]]) *** نمبر 28 اسڪواڊرن فينڪس (2018)<ref> {{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|title=Pakistan inaugurates new fighter squadron – No. 28 "Phoenix"|date=28 February 2018|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123005402/https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|title=PAF raises new multirole squadron equipped with JF-17 Thunder aircraft|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025709/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|url-status=live}}</ref> ======موجوده آپريٽر====== '''{{flag|Libya}}''' * ليبيا ايئر فورس: آرڊر تي 16<ref name="libya1" /><ref name="libya2" /><ref name="libya3" /> ==حادثا ۽ واقعا== سال 2003ع ۾ پنهنجي پهرين اڏام کان وٺي ۽ سال 2007ع ۾ آپريشنل ٿيڻ کان وٺي، پنج JF-17 جهاز حادثن ۾ تباهه ٿيا آهن: * '''14''' نومبر 2011ع: هڪ JF-17 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ضلعي [[اٽڪ ضلعو|اٽڪ]]، [[پنجاب، پاڪستان|پنجاب]] جي جبلن ۾ ملا منصور علائقي ۾ معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران تباهه ٿي ويو، جڏهن پي ائ ايف بيس منهاس کان اڏام ڪري رهيو هو. پي ائ ايف جي سرڪاري رپورٽ موجب، حادثو هڪ ٽيڪنيڪل خرابي جي ڪري ٿيو. خبرن ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته پائلٽ ٻاهر نڪري ويو پر پيراشوٽ نه کُلڻ سبب مرجي ويو ۽ زمين تي ڪو به شهري جاني نقصان نه ٿيو. پائلٽ جو لاش حادثي واري هنڌ کان ٻه ڪلوميٽر پري دريافت ٿيو. هي JF-17 جو پهريون ڄاتل سڃاتل حادثو هو.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=DUBAI: JF-17 crashes in Pakistan's Kamra |date=15 November 2011 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=FlightGlobal |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054649/https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2011|title=PAF pilot dies as a plane crashed in Attock {{!}} Pakistan {{!}} News {{!}} Newspaper {{!}} Daily {{!}} English {{!}} Online|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/14-Nov-2011/pilot-dies-in-paf-aircraft-crash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216040156/https://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/14-Nov-2011/Pilot-dies-in-PAF-aircraft-crash|archive-date=16 December 2011|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Military Flair Up Between India and Pakistan See Both Sides Blaming One Another|url=http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Paktribune|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182541/http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pti|date=14 November 2011|title=Pakistan Air Force {{!}} Jet Crashes {{!}} Pilot {{!}} Punjab|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=oneindia.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182658/https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=18 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> * <small>27</small> سيپٽمبر <small>2016</small>ع: هڪ <small>'''JF-17'''</small> جهاز [[عربي سمنڊ]] ۾ مشق "هاءِ مارڪ" دوران کري تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو ۽ کيس سمنڊ مان بچايو ويو. مارٽن-بيڪر، جي ايف-17 جي ايجيڪشن سيٽن جو ٺاهيندڙ، پوء ٽوئيٽ ڪيو ته 15 سيپٽمبر 2020ع جو حادثو جي ايف-17 مان پهريون ايجيڪشن هو.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2016|title=JF-17 crashes into Arabian Sea|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162416/https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * 15 سيپٽمبر 2020ع: هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 جهاز پنڊي گهيب، ضلعي اٽڪ، پنجاب جي ويجهو معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=15 September 2020|title=PAF aircraft crashes in Attock during routine training, pilot ejects safely|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|access-date=15 September 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916183607/https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ زمين تي به ڪنهن جاني نقصان جي اطلاع نه ملي. جڏهن ته پي اي ايف جهاز جي سڃاڻپ نه ڪئي، مارٽن-بيڪر، جن جون سيٽون جي ايف-17 ۾ نصب ٿيل آهن، هڪ ٽوئيٽر پوسٽ ۾ چيو ته، "پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو هڪ جي ايف-17 جهاز اڄ صبح معمول جي تربيتي مشن دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Jet Crashes, Pilot Ejects|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|access-date=15 September 2020|website=defenseworld.net|date=15 September 2020|archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917084418/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref>.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * 6 آگسٽ 2021ع: هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بي بلاڪ 2 جهاز ضلعي اٽڪ، پنجاب ۾ معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. ٻئي پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويا ۽ زمين تي ڪنهن به جاني نقصان جي اطلاع نه ملي.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=6 August 2021|title=PAF jet crashes during routine training mission near Attock|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|access-date=9 August 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145129/https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin-Baker|date=9 August 2021|title=A Pakistan Air Force JF-17B aircraft crashed late last week on a training mission near Attock. Both aircrew ejected successfully from the twin seat aircraft using PK16LE Ejection Seats.|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811113709/https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News & Events|url=https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815093830/https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|archive-date=15 August 2021|access-date=15 August 2021|website=Martin-Baker|language=en-US}}</ref> * 5 جون 2024ع: پنجاب جي ضلعي جهنگ ۾ هڪ پي اي ايف جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 2 جهاز معمول جي تربيتي پرواز دوران ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. ٻڌايو پيو وڃي ته اهو جنگي جهاز نمبر 14 اسڪواڊرن "ٽيل چوپرز" جو حصو هو. پائلٽ ڪاميابي سان ٻاهر نڪري ويو. حادثي جي رپورٽ جهاز جي ايجيڪشن سيٽ ٺاهيندڙ، مارٽن بيڪر پاران ڏني وئي هئي.<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/389360</ref> ==بيان ڪيل خاصيتون== پاڪستان ايروونٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس مارڪيٽنگ بروشر ۽ سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ مان ڊيٽا. ===عام خاصيتون=== * عملو: 1 (سنگل سيٽ JF-17A/C) يا 2 (ڊبل سيٽ JF-17B) * ڊگھائي: 14.326 ميٽر (47 فوٽ 0 انچ) * پرن جو دائرو: 9.44 ميٽر (31 فوٽ 0 انچ) * اوچائي: 4.57 ميٽر (15 فوٽ 0 انچ) * پرن جو علائقو: 24.43 چورس ميٽر (263.0 چورس فوٽ) * خالي وزن: 7,965 ڪلوگرام (17,560 پائونڊ) * وڌ ۾ وڌ ٽيڪ آف وزن: 13,500 ڪلوگرام (29,762 پائونڊ) * ايندھن جي گنجائش: ** اندروني: 3,000 ليٽر (2,449 ڪلوگرام)؛ ** ٻاهرين (3 ڊراپ ٽينڪ): 1 × 800 ليٽر (180 امپ گيل) *** پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ؛ 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) *** انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ * پاور پلانٽ: 1 × ڪليموف RD-93MA آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين (91.2 kN (20,500 lbf) ٿرسٽ آفٽر برنر سان) FDEEC سان (پوئين انجن: 1 x ڪليموف RD-93 آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين (84.4 kN (18,974 lbf) ٿرسٽ آفٽر برنر سان) # ===ڪارڪردگي=== * وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار: 1,910 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (1,190 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 1,030 kn) * وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار: ماخ 1.8 (Mach 1.8) * ڪروز جي رفتار: 1,359 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (844 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 734 kn) * اسٽال جي رفتار: 150 ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ (93 ميل في ڪلاڪ، 81 kn) * جنگي رينج: ** اندروني ايندھن تي 900 ڪلوميٽر (560 ميل، 490 ناٽيڪل ميل) ** ڊراپ ٽينڪن سان 1,741 ڪلوميٽر (1,082 ميل، 940 ناٽيڪل ميل) * فيري رينج: ** اندروني ايندھن تي 1,800 ڪلوميٽر (1,100 ميل، 970 ناٽيڪل ميل). ** ڊراپ ٽينڪن سان 3,482 ڪلوميٽر (2,163 ميل، 1,880 ناٽيڪل ميل) * سروس جي حد: 16,916 ميٽر (55,500 فوٽ) * ڪشش ثقل g حدون: +8/-3 (فلائيٽ ڪنٽرول سسٽم پاران محدود) * چڙهڻ جي شرح: 300 ميٽر/سيڪنڊ (59,000 فوٽ/منٽ) * زور: RD-93 سان 1.07. # ===هٿيار=== * توپون: 1 × 23 ملي ميٽر GSh-23 ٽوئن بيرل توپ * هارڊ پوائنٽس: 8 (2 × ونگ ٽِپ، 4 × انڊر-ونگ، 1 × انڊر-فيوزليج، 1 × چن) هر انڊر-ونگ هارڊ پوائنٽ تي ڊبل ايجيڪٽر ريڪ جي گنجائش سان. * پي لوڊ: 3,400 ڪلوگرام (7,500 پائونڊ) ===ميزائل=== * هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ ميزائل: ** PL-5EII — (انفراريڊ-هومنگ شارٽ رينج ميزائل) ** PL-10E — (انفراريڊ-هومنگ شارٽ رينج ميزائل) ** R-Darter — (ريڊار-هومنگ بيونڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) ** PL-12 (SD-10A) — (ريڊار-هائيڊڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) ** PL-15/PL-15E — (ريڊار-هائيڊڊ بصري رينج ميزائل) * هوا کان مٿاڇري تي مار ڪندڙ ميزائل: ** CM-102 — (اينٽي ريڊيئيشن ميزائل) ** LD-10 — (تابڪاري مخالف ميزائل) ** MAR-1 — (تابڪاري مخالف ميزائل) ** رعد-II — (سبسونڪ زميني حملو/اينٽي شپ ڪروز ميزائل) ** CM-400AKG — (سپرسونڪ ڊگهي فاصلي وارو هوا کان مٿاڇري تي مار ڪندڙ ميزائل) * اينٽي شپ ميزائل ** C-601 — (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** سي-705 ڪي ڊي - (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** سي-802 اي ڪي - (اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ** رعد-II - (سبسونڪ لينڊ اٽيڪ/اينٽي شپ ڪروز ميزائل) ** سي ايم-400 اي ڪي جي - (سپرسونڪ ڊگھي فاصلي وارو اينٽي شپ ميزائل) ===بم=== * غير هدايت ٿيل بم: ** 250 ڪلوگرام - پري ٽڪڙا ٿيل بم ** ايم ڪي-82 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** ايم ڪي-83 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** ايم ڪي-84 - (جنرل پرپز بم) ** HAFR-1/HAFR-2 - (اينٽي رن وي بم) ** RPB-1 - (اينٽي رن وي بم) * گائيڊ ٿيل بم: ** GBU-10 - (ليزر گائيڊ ٿيل بم) ** GBU-12 - (ليزر گائيڊ ٿيل بم) ** GBU-16 - (ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** LT-2 — (ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** H-2 SOW — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ گلائيڊ بم) ** H-4 SOW — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ گلائيڊ بم) ** GB-6 — (پريزيسن گائيڊڊ اسٽيلٿ گلائيڊ بم) ** NORINCO GB-250A — (250 ڪلوگرام ايڪسٽينڊڊ رينج GPS/INS-گائيڊڊ بم) ** CS/BBF1 — (فيول ايئر ايڪسپلوسو (FAE) يا ٿرموبارڪ بم) ** SCP-5 — (بنڪر بسٽر بم) ** NORINCO GB-500 — (500 ڪلوگرام ليزر گائيڊڊ بم) ** LS-6 — (وڌايل رينج GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ** GIDS تڪبير — (GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ** GIDS رينج ايڪسٽينشن ڪٽ — (GPS/INS گائيڊڊ بم) ===ايويونڪس=== * ريڊار: ** KLJ-7A ايڪٽو اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (AESA) ** فائر ڪنٽرول ريڊار (FCR) * ريڊار وارننگ رسيور (RWR): ** 1 × BM/KJ-8602A * ميزائل اپروچ وارننگ سسٽم (MAWS): ** 4 × S740 شناخت دوست يا دشمن (IFF) * سسٽم: JZ/YD 125 * ڊيٽا بس: ٽيڪٽيڪل ڊيٽا لنڪ: لنڪ-17 * ٻيا: ** ٻاهرين پوڊ: *** Aselsan ASELPOD — ايڊوانسڊ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ (اليڪٽرو-آپٽيڪل ريڪنيسنس، نگراني ۽ ٽارگيٽنگ سسٽم) WMD-7 — FLIR *** ڊي/نائيٽ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ KG600/KG700 — ايئر بورن اليڪٽرانڪ ڪائونٽر ميجر (ECM) / سيلف پروٽيڪشن **جامنگ پوڊ *** اندرا سسٽم ALQ-500P — ESM/ECM پوڊ * مقابلي جا طريقا: ** چاف/فليئر ڊسپينسر ACMI: *** SDT ACMI سسٽم ** ايجڪشن سيٽ: *** مارٽن-بيڪر PK16LE صفر-صفر ايجڪشن سيٽ ** ٻاهرين ايندھن جا ٽينڪ: *** وڌايل رينج/لوٽرنگ وقت لاءِ 3 ٻاهرين ڊراپ ٽينڪ تائين: **** 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ **** 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|پاڪستان|چين|هوابازي}} * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جنگي جهازن جي فهرست ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Bibliography=== * {{Cite book |last1=Medeiros |first1=Evan S |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf |title=A New Direction for China's Defense Industry |last2=Cliff |first2=Roger |last3=Crane |first3=Keith |last4=Mulvenon |first4=James C |date=2005 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] Project Air Force |isbn=978-0-8330-4079-4 |language=en |oclc=69995886}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906183937/http://www.cac.com.cn/product/product_display.aspx?id=1 Archived Factsheet FC-1 on Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) website] * [http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 Factsheet JF-17 on Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jf-17 Thunder}} [[زمرو:JF-17 ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا جنگي هٿيار]] [[زمرو:سپر سونڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سنگل انجن وارو جيٽ جهاز]] [[زمرو:چين-پاڪستان فوجي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:وچين ونگ وارا هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايروناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:چوٿين نسل جي جيٽ ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] [[زمرو:پهريون ڀيرو 2003 ۾ اڏامندڙ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس پاران تيار ڪيل ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:واپس وٺڻ واري ٽرائي سائيڪل لينڊنگ گيئر سان هوائي جهاز]] ptwoh90dqvqyrf23bwo8bsqg0ktktzz زمرو:جنگي هوائي جهاز 14 94686 371043 370301 2026-04-12T05:19:03Z Ibne maryam 17680 371043 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فوجي سواريون]] [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز جون قسمون]] 3zpvspsph1p492fedpttpnub77ziqqd سانچو:Taxonomy/Acontias 10 94765 371028 370697 2026-04-11T12:38:16Z Intisar Ali 8681 371028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=genus |link=Acontias |parent=Acontinae |extinct= |refs={{BioRef|reptileDB| taxon=Acontinae|access-date=10 October 2019}}<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }} 2p6puoa6o53g6o62u8mtv8yfliew09p 371030 371028 2026-04-11T12:49:12Z Intisar Ali 8681 371030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=جنس |link=Acontias |parent=Acontinae |extinct= |refs={{BioRef|reptileDB| taxon=Acontinae|access-date=10 October 2019}}<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }} 639j37o06a5stp287x4wgs1e4a7913c سانچو:BioRef 10 94766 371029 370698 2026-04-11T12:42:34Z Intisar Ali 8681 371029 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude><!-- نوٽ: هن وقت Module:Cite taxon استعمال ڪيو پيو وڃي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هي هڪ واڌارو آهي --> </noinclude><includeonly>{{#invoke:FishRef|main|{{{1|}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- زمرا /doc ذيلي صفحي ۾ شامل ڪريو، هتي نه! --> </noinclude> piofuujopj10wyp9obqmz2a1zcquyg3 يهودين جي تاريخ 0 94821 371033 371014 2026-04-11T13:25:58Z Ibne maryam 17680 371033 wikitext text/x-wiki يهودي (<small>Jews</small>) تاريخي اسرائيل ۽ يهوديه، ٻه لاڳاپيل بادشاهتن جيڪيون [[لوهه جو دور|لوهه جي دور]] ۾ [[سر زمين شام (ليوانت)|سرزمين شام (ليونٽ)]] ۾ ظاهر ٿيون، جي بني اسرائيل ۽ عبرانين مان پيدا ٿيا.<ref name="Finkelstein-20012">{{cite book|last1=Finkelstein|first1=Israel|title=The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories|last2=Silberman|first2=Neil Asher|date=2001|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-86912-4|edition=1st Touchstone|location=New York}}</ref><ref name="The Pitcher Is Broken2">[https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160404/https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229|date=April 9, 2023}} Quote: "For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to date."</ref> بني اسرائيل جو پهريون ذڪر، 1213-1203 ق.م. جو مرنيپتا اسٽيل تي لکيل آهي؛ بعد ۾ مذهبي ادب بني اسرائيلن جي ڪهاڻي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1500 ق.م. تائين ٻڌائي ٿو. روايتي طور تي، اسرائيل جو نالو عبراني بزرگ [[يعقوب عليہ السلام|يعقوب]] سان شروع ٿيو آهي، جيڪو نالي لاءِ هڪ داستاني ايٽولوجي فراهم ڪري ٿو - هڪ فرشتي سان وڙهڻ کان پوءِ، يعقوب جو نالو اسرائيل رکيو ويو، جنهن جو مطلب آهي "اهو جيڪو خدا سان ويڙهي ٿو". سامريه ۾ قائم اسرائيل جي بادشاهت 720 ق.م. ڌاري نيو-آشوري سلطنت جي هٿ ۾ اچي وئي<ref name="Broshi-20012">{{cite book|last=Broshi|first=Maguen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PAPA174|title=Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2001|isbn=978-1-84127-201-6|page=174}}</ref> ۽ 586 ق.م. ڌاري يهودين جي بادشاهت نيو-بابلي سلطنت جي هٿ ۾ اچي وئي.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Faust|first=Avraham|title=Judah in the Neo-Babylonian Period|date=August 29, 2012|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature|isbn=978-1-58983-641-9|pages=1|doi=10.2307/j.ctt5vjz28}}</ref> يهودي آبادي جو هڪ حصو [[بابل]] ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيو ويو. آشور ۽ بابل ۾ قيد ٿيل يهودين کي ڊائاسپورا جي شروعات جي نمائندگي ڪندڙ سمجهيو ويندو آهي. {{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2025}} [[File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 063.jpg|thumb|يهودي روايت موجب، يعقوب، جيڪو ريمبران جي هن تصوير ۾ ملائڪ سان وڙهندي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي، اسرائيل جي قبيلن جو پيءُ هو. ]][[هخامنشي سلطنت]] طرفان هن علائقي کي فتح ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، جلاوطن يهودين کي واپس اچڻ ۽ مندر کي ٻيهر تعمير ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي؛ اها واقعا ٻئي مندر جي دور جي شروعات جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا. <ref>{{cite book|first1=Jonathan|last1=Stökl|first2=Caroline|last2=Waerzegger|title=Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context|date=2015|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|pages=7–11, 30, 226}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Judaica|edition=2nd|volume=3|page=27}}</ref> ڪيترن ئي صدين جي پرڏيهي حڪمراني کانپوءِ، سيليوسڊ سلطنت جي خلاف مڪابي بغاوت هڪ آزاد هاشموني بادشاهت جو سبب بڻي، <ref>{{cite book|first1=Peter Fibiger|last1=Bang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GCj09AmtvvwC&pg=PAPA184|title=The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean|first2=Walter|last2=Scheidel|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-518831-8|pages=184–187}}</ref> پر ان رياست کي بتدريج [[رومي سلطنت]] ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{cite book|first=Abraham|last=Malamat|url={{Google books|2kSovzudhFUC|page=PA223|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=A History of the Jewish People|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1976|isbn=978-0-674-39731-6|pages=223–239}}</ref> يهودي-رومن جنگيون، پهرين ۽ ٻي صدي عيسوي ۾ رومن جي خلاف ناڪام بغاوتن جو هڪ سلسلو، [[يروشلم]] ۽ ٻئي مندر جي تباهي <ref>{{Cite book|last=Zissu|first=Boaz|title=Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE|date=2018|isbn=978-90-04-34986-5|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|page=19|chapter=Interbellum Judea 70-132 CE: An Archaeological Perspective|oclc=988856967}}</ref> ۽ ڪيترن ئي يهودين کي نيڪالي ڏيڻ جو سبب بڻيون.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Erwin|last1=Fahlbusch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PAPA15|title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity|first2=Geoffrey William|last2=Bromiley|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5|page=15}}</ref> سر زمين شام فلسطين ۾ يهودي آبادي ايندڙ صدين دوران بتدريج گهٽجي وئي، يهودي ڊائاسپورا جي ڪردار کي وڌايو ۽ روحاني ۽ آبادي جي مرڪز کي خالي ٿيل يهوديا کان گليلي ۽ پوءِ بابل ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو، يهودين جون ننڍيون برادريون رومن سلطنت ۾ پکڙيل هيون. ساڳئي عرصي دوران، مشناه ۽ تلمود، مرڪزي يهودي متن، ترتيب ڏنا ويا. ايندڙ هزار سالن ۾، ڊائاسپورا برادريون ٽن وڏن نسلي ذيلي تقسيم ۾، جتي انهن جا ابا ڏاڏا آباد ٿيا هئا: وچ ۽ اوڀر يورپ ۾ اشڪنازي، [[جزیرو نما آئیبیریا|آئبيريا]] ۾ سيفاردي ۽ [[وچ اوڀر]] ۽ [[اتر آفريڪا]] ۾ مزراهي طور گڏ ٿي ويون.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GkzdBDuhoRgC&pg=PA87 "Heritage: Civilization and the Jews; The Uses of Adversity." p. 87.] Eban, Abba Solomon. "Heritage: Civilization and the Jews." Summit Books Syracuse, New York: 1984. p. 87.</ref> <ref>Dosick (2007), pp. 59–60.</ref> شروعاتي اسلامي فتحون اوڀرين رومي سمنڊ جي علائقن تي [[بازنطيني سلطنت|بازنطيني]] ڪنٽرول ختم ڪري ڇڏيو، نئين قائم ٿيل راشدون خلافت 7هين صدي دوران [[سر زمين شام (ليوانت)|ليونٽ]]، [[ميسوپوٽيميا]] ۽ اتر آفريڪا تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 8هين صدي دوران [[جزیرو نما آئیبیریا|آئبيرين جزيره نما]] تي قبضو ڪيو. يهودي ثقافت مسلم [[اندلس]] ۾ هڪ سونهري دور مان لطف اندوز ٿي، يهودين کي سماج ۾ وڏي پيماني تي قبول ڪيو ويو ۽ انهن جي مذهبي، ثقافتي ۽ معاشي زندگي عدم برداشت واري الموحدين جي اچڻ کان اڳ ڦٽي نڪتي. سال 1492ع ۾ ڪيٿولڪ حڪمران، راڻي ازابيل اول ۽ بادشاهه فرڊيننڊ II پاران يهودين کي اسپين ڇڏڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو، جنهن کان پوءِ اهي وڏي تعداد ۾ [[عثماني سلطنت]] ۽ [[اٽلي]] ڏانهن لڏپلاڻ ڪئي. 12هين ۽ 15هين صدي جي وچ ۾، اشڪنازي يهودين وچ يورپ ۾ انتهائي ظلم جو تجربو ڪيو، جنهن جي ڪري انهن جي [[پولينڊ]] ڏانهن وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ ٿي. <ref>Mosk (2013), p. 143. "Encouraged to move out of the Holy Roman Empire as persecution of their communities intensified during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the Ashkenazi community increasingly gravitated toward Poland."</ref> <ref>Harshav, Benjamin (1999). ''The Meaning of Yiddish''. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 6. "From the fourteenth and certainly by the sixteenth century, the centre of European Jewry had shifted to Poland, then ... comprising the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (including today's Byelorussia), Crown Poland, Galicia, the Ukraine and stretching, at times, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, from the approaches to Berlin to a short distance from Moscow."</ref> <small>18</small>هين صدي ۾ هسڪاله دانشورانه تحريڪ جو عروج ڏٺو ويو. <small>18</small>هين صدي جي شروعات ۾، يهودي يهودين کي پابندين وارن قانونن کان آزاد ڪرڻ ۽ وسيع يورپي سماج ۾ ضم ڪرڻ لاءِ مهم هلائڻ شروع ڪئي. 19هين صدي ۾، جڏهن اولهائين يورپ ۾ يهودين کي قانون جي سامهون برابري ڏني پئي وئي، ته آبادڪاري جي ميدان ۾ يهودين کي وڌندڙ ظلم، قانوني پابندين ۽ وڏي پيماني تي قتل عام جو سامنا ڪرڻ پيو. 1870 ۽ 1880 جي ڏهاڪن دوران، يورپ ۾ يهودي آبادي فلسطين ۾ يهودي رياست کي ٻيهر قائم ڪرڻ جي مقصد سان عثماني شام ڏانهن هجرت تي وڌيڪ سرگرم بحث ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. صهيوني تحريڪ سرڪاري طور تي سال 1897ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي هئي. سال 1881ع ۽ 1924ع جي وچ ۾ [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ڏانهن 20 لک کان وڌيڪ يهودين جي وڏي پيماني تي هجرت کي به شروع ڪيو. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Lewin|first=Rhoda G.|date=1979|title=Stereotype and reality in the Jewish immigrant experience in Minneapolis|url=http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/46/v46i07p258-273.pdf|journal=Minnesota History|volume=46|issue=7|page=259|access-date=August 10, 2020|archive-date=July 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721002023/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/46/v46i07p258-273.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> يورپ ۽ آمريڪا جا يهودي سائنس، ثقافت ۽ معيشت جي شعبن ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪيا. عام طور تي سڀ کان وڌيڪ مشهور سمجهيا ويندڙن ۾ [[البرٽ آئنسٽائن|البرٽ آئن اسٽائن]] ۽ لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن شامل هئا. هن وقت ڪيترائي [[نوبل انعام حاصل ڪندڙن جي فهرست|نوبل انعام يافته]] يهودي هئا، جيئن اڃا تائين آهن.<ref name="jinfo.org2">{{cite web|url=http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html|title=Jewish Nobel Prize Winners|publisher=jinfo.org|access-date=October 7, 2011|archive-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211039/http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>1933</small>ع ۾، [[جرمنيا|جرمني]] ۾ [[هٽلر|ايڊولف هٽلر]] ۽ نازي پارٽي جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ سان، يهودين لاءِ صورتحال سخت ٿي وئي. معاشي بحران، نسل پرست يهودي مخالف قانون ۽ ايندڙ جنگ جي خوف سبب ڪيترائي ماڻهو [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] کان [[فلسطين|لازمي فلسطين]]، آمريڪا ۽ [[سوويت يونين]] ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. سال 1939ع ۾، [[ٻين مھاڀاري جنگ|ٻي مهاڀاري جنگ]] شروع ٿي ۽ سال 1941ع تائين جرمني تقريبن سڄي يورپ تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. سال 1941ع ۾، سوويت يونين جي حملي کان پوءِ، آخري حل شروع ٿيو، هڪ غير معمولي پيماني تي هڪ وسيع منظم آپريشن، جنهن جو مقصد يهودي ماڻهن کي ختم ڪرڻ هو ۽ نتيجي ۾ يورپ ۽ اتر آفريڪا ۾ يهودين جو قتل عام ٿيو. پولينڊ ۾، سڀني ڪنسنٽريشن ڪيمپن ۾ گيس چيمبرن ۾ 30 لک يهودي قتل ڪيا ويا، جن ۾ صرف آشوٽز ڪيمپ ڪمپليڪس ۾ 10 لک شامل هئا. هي نسل ڪشي، جنهن ۾ تقريبن 60 لک يهودين کي طريقي سان ختم ڪيو ويو، هولوڪاسٽ جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. هولوڪاسٽ کان اڳ ۽ دوران، يهودين جي وڏي تعداد لازمي فلسطين ڏانهن هجرت ڪئي. 14 مئي 1948ع تي، برطانوي مينڊيٽ جي خاتمي تي، ڊيوڊ بين-گورين ارض اسرائيل (اسرائيل جي سرزمين) ۾ هڪ يهودي ۽ جمهوري رياست، [[اسرائيل]] جي رياست جي قيام جو اعلان ڪيو. ان کان پوءِ فوري طور تي، سڀني پاڙيسري عرب رياستون اسرائيل تي حملو ڪيو، پر نئين ٺهيل اسرائيلي دفاعي فوج (IDF) مزاحمت ڪئي. سال 1949ع ۾ جنگ ختم ٿي وئي ۽ اسرائيل رياست جي تعمير شروع ڪئي ۽ سڄي يورپ ۽ وچ اوڀر جي ملڪن مان ايندڙ يهودين جي وڏين لهرن کي جذب ڪيو. سال 2022ع تائين، اسرائيل هڪ پارلياماني جمهوريت آهي جنهن جي آبادي 96 لک ماڻهن جي آهي، جن مان 70 لک يهودي آهن. ([[غزه جي پٽي|غزا]] ۽ [[فلسطين جي رياست|مغربي ڪناري]] جي 35 لک آبادي کانسواء). اسرائيل کان ٻاهر سڀ کان وڏي يهودي برادري آمريڪا ۾ آهي، جڏهن ته ٻيون وڏي برادريون [[فرانس]]، [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[ارجنٽائن]]، [[روس]]، [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]]، [[آسٽريليا]] ۽ [[جرمني]] ۾ پڻ موجود آهن. هن وقت، يهودي نسل جون ٻه خودمختيار رياستون؛ اسرائيل ۽ روس ۾ يهودي خودمختيار اوبلاست آهن جيڪي انهن جي اختيار هيٺ آهن ته اهي پناهه گاهه طور ڪم ڪن. ==جائزو== قديم يهودي تاريخ بائيبل ۽ غير بائيبل ذريعن، اپوڪرائيفا ۽ سوڊيپيگرافا، جوزيفس جي لکڻين، گريڪو-رومن ليکڪن ۽ چرچ جي پادرين، گڏوگڏ آثار قديمه جي دريافتن، لکتن، قديم دستاويزن، جهڙوڪ ايليفينٽائن ۽ فيوم مان پيپيري، مردار سمنڊ جا اسڪرول، بار ڪوخبا خط، باباٿا آرڪائيوز ۽ قاهره جينيزا دستاويزن، مان معلوم ٿئي ٿي، جيڪي زباني تاريخ ۽ مدراش ۽ تلمود ۾ تبصرن جي مجموعن سان گڏ آهن. ابتدائي جديد دور ۾ پرنٽنگ پريس جي آمد سان، يهودين جي تاريخ ۽ عبراني بائيبل جا شروعاتي ايڊيشن شايع ٿيا جيڪي يهودي مذهب جي تاريخ ۽ وڌندڙ طور تي، يهودين جي قومي تاريخن، يهودي قوم ۽ سڃاڻپ سان لاڳاپيل هئا، هڪ مسودي يا لکندڙ ڪلچر کان هڪ پرنٽنگ ڪلچر ڏانهن منتقلي هئي. يهودي مورخن پنهنجن اجتماعي تجربن جا احوال لکيا، پر سياسي، ثقافتي ۽ سائنسي يا فلسفياتي ڳولا لاءِ تاريخ کي پڻ وڌندڙ طور تي استعمال ڪيو. ليکڪن ثقافتي طور تي ورثي ۾ مليل متن جي هڪ مجموعي کي استعمال ڪيو ته جيئن فن جي حالت تي تنقيد ڪرڻ يا اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ هڪ منطقي داستان تيار ڪري سگهجي. جديد يهودي تاريخ نويسي يورپي نشاۃِ ثانيه ۽ روشن خيالي جي دور جهڙين دانشورانه تحريڪن سان جڙيل آهي، پر وچين دور جي آخر ۾ ۽ قديم زماني ۾ مختلف ذريعن ۾ اڳوڻين ڪمن تي ڌيان ڏنو. اڄ، يهودين ۽ يهوديت جي تاريخ کي اڪثر ست دورن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي: # قديم اسرائيل ۽ يهوديه رياست (1200 ق.م. کان 586 ق.م.) # ٻيو مندر وارو دور (516 ق.م. کان 70 عيسوي) # ربانڪ يا تلمودي دور (70 کان 640 عيسوي) # وچين دور (640 کان 1492 عيسوي) # ابتدائي جديد دور (1492-1750 عيسوي) # جديد دور (1750ع کان 20هين صدي) # صيهونيت، هولوڪاسٽ ۽ اسرائيل جو قيام (19 کان 21هين صدي) # [[Ancient Israel and Judah]] (c. 1200–586 BCE) # [[Second Temple period]] (c. 516 BCE – 70 CE)<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |editor-last=Goodman |editor-first=Martin |chapter=Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period |pages=36–52 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0003 |isbn=0-19-928032-0}}</ref> # [[Rabbinic period|Rabbinic or Talmudic period]] (70–640 CE)<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |editor-last=Goodman |editor-first=Martin |chapter=Historiography on the Jews in the ‘Talmudic Period’ (70–640 ce) |pages=79–114 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0005 |isbn=0-19-928032-0}}</ref> # [[History of European Jews in the Middle Ages|Middle Ages]] (640–1492) # Early Modern period (1492–1750) # Modern period (1750–20th century) # [[History of Zionism|Zionism]], [[Timeline of the Holocaust|the Holocaust]] and the establishment of [[History of Israel|Israel]] (19th–21st centuries) <imagemap> File:Chronology of Israel eng.png|center|800px default [[#Time periods in Jewish history|Jewish history]] rect 658 156 833 176 [[Aliyah|Periods of massive immigration to Palestine]] rect 564 156 647 175 [[Jewish diaspora|Periods in which the majority of Jews lived in exile]] rect 460 156 554 175 [[Land of Israel|Periods in which the majority of Jews lived in the southern Levant, with full or partial independence]] rect 314 156 452 175 [[Temple in Jerusalem|Periods in which a Jewish Temple existed]] rect 196 156 309 175 [[#Time periods in Jewish history|Jewish history]] rect 26 102 134 122 [[Book of Judges|Shoftim]] rect 134 102 265 121 [[Books of Kings|Melakhim]] rect 146 83 266 104 [[First Temple]] rect 286 83 418 103 [[Second Temple]] rect 341 103 392 121 [[Zugot]] rect 393 103 453 121 [[Tannaim]] rect 452 102 534 221 [[Amoraim]] rect 534 102 560 121 [[Savoraim]] rect 559 103 691 121 [[Geonim]] rect 691 102 825 121 [[Rishonim]] rect 825 100 940 120 [[Acharonim]] rect 939 94 959 120 [[Aliyah|Aliyot]] rect 957 65 975 121 [[Israel]] rect 940 62 958 94 [[The Holocaust]] rect 825 62 941 100 [[Jewish diaspora|Diaspora]] rect 808 61 825 101 [[Alhambra decree|Expulsion from Spain]] rect 428 62 808 103 [[Dispersion of the Jews in the Roman Empire|Roman exile]] poly 226 82 410 82 410 92 428 92 428 61 226 62 [[Ten Lost Tribes|Assyrian Exile (Ten Lost Tribes)]] rect 264 82 284 122 [[Babylonian captivity]] rect 283 103 341 121 [[Second Temple of Jerusalem|Second Temple period]] poly 26 121 17 121 17 63 225 63 226 81 145 82 145 101 26 101 [[Chronology of the Bible|Ancient Jewish History]] rect 58 136 375 146 [[Chronology of the Bible]] rect 356 122 373 135 [[Common Era]] desc none </imagemap> ==قديم اسرائيل== {{Main|يهوديت جي اصل}} ===شروعاتي بني اسرائيل=== {{Main|بني اسرائيل}} [[File:Ruins atop Tel Megiddo with circular altar-like shrine and a series of temples on top of the other dating from the early bronze-age through the iron-age periods, Tel Meggido, Israel (19888642855).jpg|thumb|[[Tel Megiddo]], the ruins of a [[Canaan]]ite and later [[Israelites|Israelite]] city]] The history of the early Jews, and their neighbours, centres on the [[Fertile Crescent]] and east coast of the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. It begins among those people who occupied the area lying between the [[Nile]] and [[Mesopotamia]]. Surrounded by ancient seats of culture in [[Egypt]] and [[Babylonia]], by the deserts of [[Arabia]], and by the highlands of [[Asia Minor]], the land of [[Canaan]] (roughly corresponding to modern Israel, Palestine, Jordan, and Lebanon) was a meeting place of civilizations. [[File:Map Israel Judea 926 BC-fr.svg|thumb|Kingdoms of Israel and Judah in 926 BCE]] The earliest recorded evidence of a people by the name of Israel appears in the [[Merneptah Stele]] of [[ancient Egypt]], dated to {{cx|1200 BCE}}. According to the modern archaeological account, the Israelites and their culture branched out of the [[Canaan]]ite peoples and their cultures through the development of a distinct [[monolatristic]]—and later [[monotheistic]]—religion centred on the national god [[Yahweh]].<ref>Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000&nbsp;BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's)</ref><ref>Rendsberg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". In Frederick E. Greenspahn. The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship. NYU Press, pp. 3–5</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gnuse |first1=Robert Karl |title=No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel |date=1997 |publisher=Sheffield Academic Press Ltd |isbn=1-85075-657-0 |location=England |pages=28, 31}}</ref> They spoke an archaic form of the [[Hebrew language]], known today as [[Biblical Hebrew]].<ref>Steiner, Richard C. (1997), "Ancient Hebrew", in Hetzron, Robert (ed.), ''The Semitic Languages'', Routledge, pp. 145–173, {{ISBN|978-0-415-05767-7}}</ref> From the mid-1st millennium BCE, the understanding Jews traditionally had of their own history was centred around the narratives in the [[Hebrew Bible]]. According to this view, [[Abraham]], signifying that he is both the biological progenitor of the Jews and the father of Judaism, is the first Jew.{{sfn|Levenson|2012|p=3}} Later, [[Isaac]] was born to Abraham, and [[Jacob]] was born to Isaac. Following a [[Jacob wrestling with the angel|struggle with an angel]], Jacob was given the name [[Israel (name)|Israel]]. Following a severe drought, Jacob and his twelve sons fled to [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], where they eventually formed the [[Twelve Tribes of Israel]]. The Israelites were later [[The Exodus|led out of slavery in Egypt and subsequently brought to Canaan]] by [[Moses]]; they eventually [[Book of Joshua|conquered Canaan]] under the leadership of [[Joshua]]. Modern scholars agree that the Bible does not provide an authentic account of the Israelites' origins; the consensus supports that the archaeological evidence showing largely indigenous origins of Israel in Canaan, not Egypt, is "overwhelming" and leaves "no room for an Exodus from Egypt or a 40-year pilgrimage through the Sinai wilderness".<ref name="Dever-2002">{{cite book |last=Dever |first=William G. |title=What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It? |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8028-2126-3}} p. 99</ref> Many archaeologists have abandoned the archaeological investigation of Moses and the Exodus as "a fruitless pursuit".<ref name="Dever-2002" /> However, it is accepted that this narrative does have a "historical core" to it.<ref>For more about the historicity of Jewish history as it pertains to [[Oral Torah|rabbinic]] sources, see {{cite journal |first1=Reuven Chaim |last1=Klein |date=2023 |title=Are historical sections of the Talmud actually historical? Critical tools for understanding historical claims in rabbinic literature |url=https://www.academia.edu/127965994 |journal=Journal of Philological Pedagogy |volume=12 |publisher=Chandler School of Education |pages=42–75 |doi=10.17613/rjp5a-md343 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>{{sfn|Faust|2015|loc=p.476: "While there is a consensus among scholars that the Exodus did not take place in the manner described in the Bible, surprisingly most scholars agree that the narrative has a historical core, and that some of the highland settlers came, one way or another, from Egypt.."}}{{sfn|Redmount|2001|p=61|ps=: "A few authorities have concluded that the core events of the Exodus saga are entirely literary fabrications. But most biblical scholars still subscribe to some variation of the Documentary Hypothesis, and support the basic historicity of the biblical narrative."}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Dever |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC |title=What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It? |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2001 |isbn=3-927120-37-5 |pages=98–99 |quote=After a century of exhaustive investigation, all respectable archaeologists have given up hope of recovering any context that would make Abraham, Isaac, or Jacob credible "historical figures" [...] archaeological investigation of Moses and the Exodus has similarly been discarded as a fruitless pursuit.}}</ref> A century of research by archaeologists and Egyptologists has arguably found no evidence that can be directly related to the Exodus narrative of an Egyptian captivity and the escape and travels through the wilderness, leading to the suggestion that [[Iron Age]] Israel—the kingdoms of Judah and Israel—has its origins in Canaan, not in Egypt:<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Finkelstein |editor-first1=Israel |editor-first2=Nadav |editor-last2=Naaman |title=From Nomadism to Monarchy: Archaeological and Historical Aspects of Early Israel |publisher=[[Israel Exploration Society]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-880317-20-4}}</ref><ref>Compare: {{cite book |first=Ian |last=Shaw |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmvNogJO2ZgC&q=%22Iron+Age+Israel%22+origins+in+Canaan%2C&pg=PA313 |title=A Dictionary of Archaeology |author2=Robert Jameson |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-631-23583-5 |editor=Ian Shaw |edition=New |page=313 |quote=The Biblical account of the origins of the people of Israel (principally recounted in Numbers, Joshua and Judges) often conflicts with non-Biblical textual sources and with the archaeological evidence for the settlement of Canaan in the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age. [...] Israel is first textually attested as a political entity in Egyptian texts of the late 13th century BCE and the Egyptologist Donald Redford argues that the Israelites must have been emerging as a distinct group within the Canaanite culture during the century or so prior to this. It has been suggested that the early Israelites were an oppressed rural group of Canaanites who rebelled against the more urbanized coastal Canaanites (Gottwald 1979). Alternatively, it has been argued that the Israelites were survivors of the decline in the fortunes of Canaan who established themselves in the highlands at the end of the late Bronze Age (Ahlstrom 1986: 27). Redford, however, makes a good case for equating the very earliest Israelites with a semi-nomadic people in the highlands of central Palestine whom the Egyptians called Shasu (Redford 1992:2689–80; although see Stager 1985 for strong arguments against the identification with the Shasu). These Shasu were a persistent thorn in the side of the Ramessid pharaohs' empire in Syria-Palestine, well-attested in Egyptian texts, but their pastoral lifestyle has left scant traces in the archaeological record. By the end of the 13th century BCE, however, the Shasu/Israelites were beginning to establish small settlements in the uplands, the architecture of which closely resembles contemporary Canaanite villages. |author-link=Israel, Israelites |access-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160406/https://books.google.com/books?id=zmvNogJO2ZgC&q=%22Iron+Age+Israel%22+origins+in+Canaan%2C&pg=PA313 |url-status=live}}</ref> The culture of the [[Israelite highland settlement|earliest Israelite settlements]] is Canaanite, their cult-objects are those of the Canaanite god [[El (deity)|El]], the pottery remains in the local Canaanite tradition, and the alphabet used is early Canaanite. The almost sole marker distinguishing the "Israelite" villages from Canaanite sites is an absence of pig bones, although whether this can be taken as an ethnic marker or is due to other factors remains a matter of dispute.<ref>{{cite book |last=Killebrew |first=Ann E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC |title=Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E. |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-58983-097-4 |location=Atlanta |page=176 |quote=Much has been made of the scarcity of pig bones at highland sites. Since small quantities of pig bones do appear in Late Bronze Age assemblages, some archaeologists have interpreted this to indicate that the ethnic identity of the highland inhabitants was distinct from Late Bronze Age indigenous peoples (see Finkelstein 1997, 227–230). Brian Hesse and Paula Wapnish (1997) advise caution, however, since the lack of pig bones at Iron I highland settlements could be a result of other factors that have little to do with ethnicity. |access-date=August 12, 2012 |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117055402/https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[Historicity of the Bible|Biblical narrative]], the [[Land of Israel]] was organized into a confederacy of twelve tribes ruled by a series of [[Biblical judges|Judges]] for several hundred years. === Ancient Israel and Judah === {{Main|History of ancient Israel and Judah}} [[File:LMLK, Ezekiah seals.jpg|thumb|A stamped bulla ([[LMLK seal]]) of [[Hezekiah]], "Of Hezekiah (son of) Ahaz King of Judah", [[Israel Museum]]]] Two Israelite kingdoms emerged during Iron Age II: [[Israel and Judah]]. The Bible portrays Israel and Judah as the successors of an earlier [[United Kingdom of Israel]], although [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)#Archaeological record|its historicity is disputed]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Zachary |date=April 22, 2016 |title=Debating the United Monarchy: Let's See How Far We've Come |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146107916639208 |journal=Biblical Theology Bulletin |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=59–69 |doi=10.1177/0146107916639208 |issn=0146-1079 |s2cid=147053561 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lipschits |first1=Oded |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ |title=The Jewish Study Bible |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-997846-5 |editor1-last=Berlin |editor1-first=Adele |edition=2nd |pages=2107–2119 |language=en |chapter=The history of Israel in the biblical period |quote=As this essay will show, however, the premonarchic period long ago became a literary description of the mythological roots, the early beginnings of the nation and the way to describe the right of Israel on its land. The archeological evidence also does not support the existence of a united monarchy under David and Solomon as described in the Bible, so the rubric of "united monarchy" is best abandoned, although it remains useful for discussing how the Bible views the Israelite past. [...] Although the kingdom of Judah is mentioned in some ancient inscriptions, they never suggest that it was part of a unit {{sic|comprised |hide=y|of}} Israel and Judah. There are no extrabiblical indications of a united monarchy called "Israel." |editor2-last=Brettler |editor2-first=Marc Zvi |access-date=August 19, 2022 |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160917/https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Historians and archaeologists agree that the northern [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]] existed from {{circa|900 BCE}}<ref name="Finkelstein-2001">{{cite book |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Israel |title=The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories |last2=Silberman |first2=Neil Asher |date=2001 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-86912-4 |edition=1st Touchstone |location=New York}}</ref>{{rp|169–195}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wright |first1=Jacob L. |date=July 2014 |title=David, King of Judah (Not Israel) |url=http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/2014/07/wri388001.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301164250/http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/2014/07/wri388001.shtml |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=The Bible and Interpretation}}</ref> and that the [[Kingdom of Judah]] existed from {{Abbr|ca.|circa}} 700 BCE.<ref name="The Pitcher Is Broken">[https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160404/https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 |date=April 9, 2023 }} Quote: "For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to date."</ref> The [[Tel Dan Stele]], discovered in 1993, shows that the kingdom, at least in some form, existed by the middle of the 9th century BCE, but it does not indicate the extent of its power.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grabbe |first=Lester L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcVmBAEo5rcC&pg=PA333 |title=Ahab Agonistes: The Rise and Fall of the Omri Dynasty |date=April 28, 2007 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-0-567-25171-8 |quote=The Tel Dan inscription generated a good deal of debate and a flurry of articles when it first appeared, but it is now widely regarded (a) as genuine and (b) as referring to the Davidic dynasty and the Aramaic kingdom of Damascus. |access-date=August 19, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cline |first=Eric H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uGzRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |title=Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction |date=September 28, 2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-971162-8 |quote=Today, after much further discussion in academic journals, it is accepted by most archaeologists that the inscription is not only genuine but that the reference is indeed to the House of David, thus representing the first allusion found anywhere outside the Bible to the biblical David. |access-date=August 19, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mykytiuk |first=Lawrence J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eprY1Qd0veAC&pg=PA113 |title=Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200-539 B.C.E. |date=January 1, 2004 |publisher=Society of Biblical Lit |isbn=978-1-58983-062-2 |quote=Some unfounded accusations of forgery have had little or no effect on the scholarly acceptance of this inscription as genuine.}}</ref> Biblical tradition tells that the Israelite monarchy was established in 1037 BCE under [[Saul]], who was anointed by the prophet Samuel,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Was the First King of Israel? |url=https://shopisrael.com/blogs/about-israel/first-king-of-israel |access-date=February 5, 2025 |website=Shop Israel |language=en}}</ref> and continued under [[David]] and his son, [[Solomon]]. David greatly expanded the kingdom's borders and [[Siege of Jebus|conquered Jerusalem]] from the [[Jebusites]], turning it into the national, political and religious capital of the kingdom. Solomon, his son, later built the [[First Temple]] on [[Moriah|Mount Moriah]] in Jerusalem. Upon his death, traditionally dated to c. 930 BCE, a civil war erupted between the ten northern Israelite tribes, and the tribes of [[Tribe of Judah|Judah]] ([[Tribe of Simeon|Simeon]] was absorbed into Judah) and [[Tribe of Benjamin|Benjamin]] in the south. The kingdom then split into the Kingdom of Israel in the north, and the Kingdom of Judah in the south. The Kingdom of Israel was the more prosperous of the two kingdoms and soon developed into a regional power.{{sfn|Finkelstein|Silberman|2002|pp=146-147|loc=Put simply, while Judah was still economically marginal and backward, Israel was booming. ... In the next chapter we will see how the northern kingdom suddenly appeared on the ancient Near Eastern stage as a major regional power}} During the days of the [[Omride Dynasty|Omride dynasty]], it controlled [[Samaria]], [[Galilee]], the upper [[Jordan Valley]], the [[Sharon plain|Sharon]] and large parts of the [[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Israel |last=Finkelstein |title=The forgotten kingdom : the archaeology and history of Northern Israel |isbn=978-1-58983-910-6 |pages=74 |oclc=949151323}}</ref> [[Samaria (ancient city)|Samaria]], the capital, was home to one of the largest Iron Age palaces in the Levant.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |title=The Forgotten Kingdom: the archaeology and history of Northern Israel |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-58983-911-3 |pages=65–66; 73; 78; 87–94 |oclc=880456140}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |date=November 1, 2011 |title=Observations on the Layout of Iron Age Samaria |url=https://doi.org/10.1179/033443511x13099584885303 |journal=Tel Aviv |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=194–207 |doi=10.1179/033443511x13099584885303 |issn=0334-4355 |s2cid=128814117 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The kingdom of Israel was destroyed {{cx|720 BCE}}, when it was [[Samerina|conquered]] by the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]].<ref name="Broshi-2001">{{cite book |last=Broshi |first=Maguen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PAPA174 |title=Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-84127-201-6 |page=174}}</ref> The Kingdom of Judah, with its capital in [[Jerusalem]], controlled the [[Judaean Mountains]], the [[Shephelah]], the [[Judaean Desert]] and parts of the [[Negev]]. After the fall of Israel, Judah became a [[client state]] of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. In the 7th century BCE, the kingdom's population increased greatly, prospering under [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Assyrian]] [[Vassal state|vassalage]], despite [[Hezekiah#Assyrian invasion|Hezekiah's revolt]] against the Assyrian king [[Sennacherib]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2kSovzudhFUC |title=A History of the Jewish People |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |editor-last=Ben-Sasson |editor-first=Haim Hillel |editor-link=H. H. Ben-Sasson |page=142 |quote=Sargon's heir, Sennacherib (705–681), could not deal with Hezekiah's revolt until he gained control of Babylon in 702 BCE.}}</ref> [[File:Mesad Hashavyahu ostracon.jpg|thumb|The [[Yavne-Yam ostracon]], a [[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet|Paleo-Hebrew]] inscription documenting administration in [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]]]] Large parts of the Hebrew Bible were written during this period. This includes the earliest portions of [[Book of Hosea|Hosea]],{{sfn|Kelle|2005|p=9}} [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]],{{sfn|Brettler|2010|pp=161–162}} [[Book of Amos|Amos]]{{sfn|Radine|2010|pp=71–72}} and [[Book of Micah|Micah]],{{sfn|Rogerson|2003a|p=690}} along with [[Book of Nahum|Nahum]],{{sfn|O'Brien|2002|p=14}} [[Book of Zephaniah|Zephaniah]],{{sfn|Gelston|2003c|p=715}} most of [[Deuteronomy]],{{sfn|Rogerson|2003b|p=154}} the first edition of the [[Deuteronomistic history]] (the books of [[Book of Joshua|Joshua]]/[[Book of Judges|Judges]]/[[Books of Samuel|Samuel]]/[[Books of Kings|Kings]]),{{sfn|Campbell|O'Brien|2000|p=2 and fn.6}} and [[Book of Habakkuk|Habakkuk]].{{sfn|Gelston|2003a|p=710}} With the collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 605 BCE, a power struggle emerged between [[Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt|Egypt]] and the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] for control of the [[Levant]],<ref name="Bickerman-2007">{{Citation |last=Bickerman |first=E. J. |title=Nebuchadnezzar And Jerusalem |date=January 1, 2007 |work=Studies in Jewish and Christian History (2 vols) |pages=961–974 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789047420729/Bej.9789004152946.i-1242_044.xml |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004152946.i-1242.280 |isbn=978-90-474-2072-9 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> leading to Judah's rapid decline. In 601 BCE, King [[Jehoiakim]] of Judah, who had recently submitted to Babylon, rebelled against the empire. He was soon succeeded by his son, Jehoiachin, who continued his father's policy and faced a Babylonian invasion.<ref name="Bickerman-2007" /> In March 597 BCE,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galil |first=Gershon |date=1991 |title=The Babylonian Calendar and the Chronology of the Last Kings of Judah |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42611193 |journal=Biblica |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=367–378 |jstor=42611193 |issn=0006-0887 |quote=All the scholars, without exception, establish the date of the surrender of Jehoiachin, king of Judah, as the second day of Adar, the seventh year of Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon (March 16, 597 BC), following the Babylonian chronicle ... This unique date is undoubtedly the most precise in Israelite history during the biblical period.}}</ref> Jehoiachin surrendered to the Babylonians and was taken captive to Babylon.<ref name="Bickerman-2007" /> This defeat is documented in the [[Babylonian Chronicles]].<ref>{{cite web |title=British Museum – Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605–594 BCE) |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030154541/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx |archive-date=October 30, 2014 |access-date=October 30, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ABC 5 (Jerusalem Chronicle) – Livius |url=https://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505195611/https://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html |archive-date=May 5, 2019 |access-date=March 26, 2020 |website=www.livius.org}}</ref> [[Zedekiah]], Jehoiachin's uncle, was then installed as king by the Babylonians.<ref name="Bickerman-2007" /> In 587 or 586 BCE, [[Nebuchadnezzar II]], responding to a second revolt in Judah, [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|besieged and destroyed Jerusalem]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shalom |first1=N. |last2=Vaknin |first2=Y. |last3=Shaar |first3=R. |last4=Ben-Yosef |first4=E. |last5=Lipschits |first5=O. |last6=Shalev |first6=Y. |last7=Gadot |first7=Y. |last8=Boaretto |first8=E. |date=2023 |title=Destruction by fire: Reconstructing the evidence of the 586 BCE Babylonian destruction in a monumental building in Jerusalem |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305440323001036 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=157 |article-number=105823 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2023.105823 |bibcode=2023JArSc.157j5823S |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Bickerman-2007" /> The [[First Temple]] was razed, and its sacred vessels were seized as spoils.<ref name="Bedford-2001a">{{Citation |last=Bedford |first=Peter Ross |title=Introduction |date=2001 |work=Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah |pages=1–39 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004498051/B9789004498051_s004.xml |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/9789004498051_004 |isbn=978-90-04-49805-1 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The destruction was followed by a mass exile: the surviving inhabitants of the city, including other segments of the population, were carried off to Mesopotamia,<ref name="Bedford-2001a" /> marking the onset of the era known in Jewish history as the "[[Babylonian Captivity]]". Zedekiah himself was captured, blinded, and transported to Babylon.<ref name="Bedford-2001a" /> Others [[History of the Jews in Egypt|fled to Egypt]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} The people of Judah lost their statehood, and, for those in exile, their homeland.<ref name="Bedford-2001b">{{Citation |last=Bedford |first=Peter Ross |title=Living Without the Jerusalem Temple—In Judah and Babylonia |date=January 1, 2001 |work=Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah |page=42 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004498051/B9789004498051_s005.xml |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/9789004498051_005 |isbn=978-90-04-49805-1 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Following the dissolution of the monarchy, the former kingdom was annexed as a province of the Babylonian Empire.<ref name="Bickerman-2007" /><ref name="Bedford-2001a" /> === Babylonian captivity (c. 587–538 BCE)<!--[[Exilic]] redirects directly here.--> === {{Main|Babylonian captivity}} [[File:Tissot The Flight of the Prisoners.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Deportation and exile of the ancient [[Kingdom of Judah|Judeans]] to [[Babylon]] and the destruction of Jerusalem and [[Solomon's temple]]]]During the several decades between the fall of Judah and their [[return to Zion]] under Persian rule, Jewish history enters an obscure phase. Many Jews were exiled across [[Babylonia]], [[Elam]], and [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], while others remained in [[Yehud (Babylonian province)|Judea under Babylonian rule]]. [[Jeremiah]] refers to communities in Egypt, including settlements in [[Migdol]], [[Tahpanhes]], [[Noph]], and [[Pathros]]. Moreover, a Jewish military colony existed at [[Elephantine]], established before the exile, where they built their own shrine.<ref name="Bedford-2001b" /> Deuteronomy was expanded and earlier scriptures were edited during the exilic period. The first edition of [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]], the [[Book of Ezekiel]], the majority of [[Book of Obadiah|Obadiah]], and what is referred to in research as "[[Book of Isaiah|Second Isaiah]]" were all written during this time period as well.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} ==هيڪل سليماني جي ٻيهر تعمير== ===<span class="anchor" id="Post-exilic_period"></span>هخامنشي دور (332 کان 538ع)<!--"Post-exilic period", "Post-Exilic period", "Post-exilic", "Post-Exilic", Postexilic, "Pre-exilic period", "Pre-Exilic period", "Pre-Exilic" and "Pre-exilic" redirect here-->=== [[File:109.Ezra Reads the Law to the People.jpg|thumb|[[Ezra]] Reads the Law to the People, Gustav Dore]] According to the Book of Ezra, Persian [[Cyrus the Great]], king of the [[Achaemenid Empire]], brought an end to the [[Babylonian exile]] in 538 BCE,<ref name="Biu.ac.il">{{cite web |title=Second Temple Period (538 BCE. to 70 CE) Persian Rule |url=http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_4.html |access-date=March 15, 2014 |publisher=Biu.ac.il}}</ref> a year after his conquest of Babylon.<ref>''Harper's Bible Dictionary'', ed. by Achtemeier, etc., Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1985, p. 103</ref> The return from exile was led by [[Zerubbabel]], a prince from the royal line of David, and Joshua the Priest, descended from former High Priests of the Temple. They oversaw the construction of the [[Second Temple]], completed between 521 and 516 BCE.<ref name="Biu.ac.il" /> As part of the [[Persian Empire]], the former Kingdom of Judah became the province of Judah (''[[Yehud Medinata]]'')<ref>Yehud being the Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew Yehuda, or "Judah", and "medinata" the word for province</ref> with different borders, covering a smaller territory.<ref>{{cite book |last=Grabbe |first=Lester L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MnE5T_0RbMC&q=gave+the+Jews+permission+to+return+to+Yehud+province+and+to+rebuild+the&pg=PA355 |title=A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud – A History of the Persian Province of Judah |volume=1 |publisher=T&T Clark |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-567-08998-4 |page=355}}</ref> Contemporary scholars point to a gradual return process that extended into the late 6th and early 5th centuries BCE.<ref>{{Citation |last=Lipschits |first=Oded |title=Judah in the Biblical Period |chapter=Between Archaeology and Text: A Reevaluation of the Development Process of Jerusalem in the Persian Period |date=March 18, 2024 |page=374 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110487442-020/html |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110487442-020 |isbn=978-3-11-048744-2}}</ref> The population of Persian Judah was greatly reduced from that of the kingdom, archaeological surveys showing a population of around 30,000 during the 5th—4th centuries BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Israel |title=The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories |last2=Silberman |first2=Neil Asher |date=2001 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=0-684-86912-8 |edition=1st Touchstone |location=New York}}</ref>{{rp|308}} The final Torah is widely seen as a product of the [[Persian period]] (539–333 BCE, probably 450–350 BCE).{{Sfn|Frei|2001|p=6}} This consensus echoes a traditional Jewish view which gives [[Ezra]], the leader of the Jewish community on its return from Babylon, a pivotal role in its promulgation.{{sfn|Romer|2008|p=2 and fn.3}} Three prophets, considered the last in Jewish tradition, were active during this period: [[Haggai]], [[Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)|Zechariah]], and [[Malachi]].<ref>[[Jerusalem Bible]] (1966), ''Haggai'', ''Zechariah'', ''Malachi'' in ''Introduction to the Prophets'', London: Darton, Longman & Todd, pp. 1138–1140</ref> After the death of the last Jewish prophet and while still under Persian rule, the leadership of the [[Jewish people]] passed into the hands of five successive generations of [[zugot]] (pairs) of leaders. They flourished first [[Yehud Medinata|under the Persians]] and then under the Greeks. As a result, the [[Pharisees]] and [[Sadducees]] were formed. Under the Persians then under the Greeks, Jewish coins were minted in Judea as [[Yehud coinage]].{{citation needed|date=February 2012}} === Hellenistic period (c. 332–110 BCE) === {{Main|Hellenistic Judaism}} [[File:Jews Byzantine Greek Alexander Manuscript (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Alexander the Great]], clad as a [[Byzantine emperor]], receives a delegation of Jewish [[rabbi]]s. Miniature from the 14th-century ''Alexander Romance'']] In 332 BCE, [[Alexander the Great]] of [[Macedon]] defeated the Persians. After Alexander's death and the division of his empire among his generals, the [[Seleucid Kingdom]] was formed. The Alexandrian conquests spread Greek culture to the Levant. During this time, currents of Judaism were influenced by [[Hellenistic philosophy]] developed from the 3rd century BCE, notably the [[Jewish diaspora]] in [[Alexandrian Jews|Alexandria]], culminating in the compilation of the [[Septuagint]]. An important advocate of the symbiosis of Jewish theology and Hellenistic thought is [[Philo]]. === Hasmonean dynasty (110–63 BCE) === {{Main|Hasmonean dynasty}} [[File:John Hyrcanus.jpg|thumb|JUDAEA, Hasmoneans. John Hyrcanus I (Yehohanan). 135–104 BCE. Æ Prutah (13mm, 2.02&nbsp;gm, 12h). "Yehohanan the High Priest and the Council of the Jews" (in Hebrew) in five lines within wreath / Double cornucopiae adorned with ribbons; pomegranate between horns; small A to lower left. Meshorer Group B, 11; Hendin 457.]] Triggered by anti-Jewish decrees from Seleucid king [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]] and tensions between Hellenized and conservative Jews, the [[Maccabean Revolt]] erupted in Judea in 167 BCE under the leadership of [[Mattathias]]. His son, [[Judas Maccabeus]], recaptured Jerusalem in 164 BCE, purifying the Second Temple and reinstating sacrificial worship.<ref name="Atkinson-2016">{{Cite book |last=Atkinson |first=Kenneth |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/949219870 |title=A History of the Hasmonean State: Josephus and Beyond |date=2016 |publisher=T&T Clark |isbn=978-0-567-66902-5 |series=T&T Clark Jewish and Christian texts series |location=London; New York |pages=2, 23–28 |oclc=949219870}}</ref> The successful revolt eventually led to the formation of an independent Jewish state under the [[Hasmonean dynasty]], which lasted from 165 to 63 BCE.<ref>See: *[[William David Davies]]. ''The Hellenistic Age''. Volume 2 of Cambridge History of Judaism. Cambridge University Press, 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-521-21929-7}}. pp. 292–312. *Jeff S. Anderson. ''The Internal Diversification of Second Temple Judaism: An Introduction to the Second Temple Period''. University Press of America, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-7618-2327-8}}. pp. 37–38. *Howard N. Lupovitch. ''Jews and Judaism in World History''. Taylor & Francis. 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-415-46205-1}}. pp. 26–30.</ref> Initially governing as both political leaders and High Priests, the [[Hasmoneans]] later assumed the title of kings. They employed military campaigns and diplomacy to consolidate power.<ref name="Atkinson-2016" /> Under the rule of [[Alexander Jannaeus]] and [[Salome Alexandra]], [[Hasmonean Judea]] reached its zenith in size and influence. However, internal strife erupted between Salome Alexandra's sons, [[Hyrcanus II]] and [[Aristobulus II]], leading to civil war and appeals to Roman authorities for intervention. Responding to these appeals, Pompey led a Roman campaign of conquest and annexation, which marked the end of Hasmonean sovereignty and ushered in Roman rule over Judea.<ref>Hooker, Richard. {{cite web |title=The Hebrews: The Diaspora |url=http://www.wsu.edu:8000/~dee/HEBREWS/HEBREWS.HTM |access-date=April 7, 2018 |archive-date=August 29, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829230214/http://www.wsu.edu:8000/%7Edee/HEBREWS/HEBREWS.HTM |url-status=dead}} World Civilizations Learning Modules. Washington State University, 1999.</ref> === Roman period (63 BCE – 135 CE) === {{Main|Herodian dynasty|History of the Jews in the Roman Empire|Roman Palestine|Judaea (Roman province)|Jewish–Roman wars}} [[File:Monnaie - Prutah, bronze, Jérusalem, Judée, Mattathias Antigonos - btv1b8480202s (1 of 2).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Hasmonean coinage|Hasmonean coin]] of [[Antigonus II Mattathias]], depicting the [[Temple menorah]]]] Judea had been an independent Jewish kingdom under the Hasmoneans, but it was [[Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)|conquered and reorganized as a client state by the Roman general Pompey in 63 BCE]]. [[Roman expansion]] was going on in other areas as well, and it would continue for more than a hundred and fifty years. Later, [[Herod the Great]] was appointed "King of the Jews" by the [[Roman Senate]], supplanting the Hasmonean dynasty. Some of his offspring held various positions after him, known as the [[Herodian dynasty]]. Briefly, from 4 BCE to 6 CE, [[Herod Archelaus]] ruled the [[Tetrarchy (Judea)|tetrarchy of Judea]] as [[ethnarch]], the Romans denying him the title of King. After the [[Census of Quirinius]] in 6 CE, the [[Roman province of Judaea]] was formed as a satellite of [[Roman Syria]] under the rule of a [[prefect]] (as was [[Roman Egypt]]) until 41 CE, then [[Procurator (Roman)|procurators]] after 44 CE. The empire was often callous and brutal in its treatment of its Jewish subjects, (see [[Anti-Judaism#Pre-Christian Roman Empire|Anti-Judaism in the pre-Christian Roman Empire]]). In 30 CE (or 33 CE), [[Jesus of Nazareth]], an itinerant [[rabbi]] from [[Galilee]], and the central figure of [[Christianity]], was put to death by [[crucifixion]] in Jerusalem under the Roman prefect of [[Judaea]], [[Pontius Pilate]].<ref>Charlesworth, James H. (2008). The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide. {{ISBN|978-1-4267-2475-6}}</ref> For a short time Judea was reunited and semi-independent under [[Agrippa the Great]] who had good relations with both the Roman aristocracy and local Jewish citizens. After his death Judea was again annexed by Rome and his less popular son [[Herod Agrippa II]] was made ethnarch.<ref>Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, livre XVIII, § V, 4, (132).</ref> [[File:19 Shrine of the Book 005 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Reconstruction of the [[Second Temple]], following renovations by [[Herod the Great|Herod]] in the 1st century CE]] [[File:Roberts Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Siege of Jerusalem (70)|Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans]] (1850 painting by [[David Roberts (painter)|David Roberts]])]] Roman oppressive rule, combined with economic, religious, and ethnic tensions, eventually led to the outbreak of the [[First Jewish–Roman War]], also known as the Great Revolt, in 66 CE. Future emperor [[Vespasian]] quelled the rebellion in [[Galilee]] by 67 CE, capturing key strongholds.<ref>Jensen, M. H. (2014). The Political History in Galilee from the First Century BCE to the end of the Second Century CE. ''Galilee in the late Second Temple and Mishnaic periods. Volume 1. Life, culture and society'', pp. 69-70. "According to Jewish War, Vespasian laid siege to and conquered all the major strongholds of Galilee [...] Since the entire campaign was short and lasted only for some months in the spring and summer of 67, there is no reason to believe that Galilee was entirely devastated when the Romans set their course south. However, the places that were conquered, were in a typical Roman fashion levelled more or less to the ground and many people sold of as slaves.</ref> He was succeeded by his son [[Titus]], who led the brutal [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|siege of Jerusalem]], culminating in the city's fall in 70 CE. The Romans burned Jerusalem and destroyed the Second Temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weksler-Bdolah |first=Shlomit |title=Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman period: in light of archaeological research |publisher=Brill |year=2019 |isbn=978-90-04-41707-6 |page=3 |oclc=1170143447 |quote=The historical description is consistent with the archeological finds. Collapses of massive stones from the walls of the Temple Mount were exposed lying over the Herodian street running along the Western Wall of the Temple Mount. The residential buildings of the Ophel and the Upper City were destroyed by great fire. The large urban drainage channel and the Pool of Siloam in the Lower City silted up and ceased to function, and in many places the city walls collapsed. [...] Following the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE, a new era began in the city's history. The Herodian city was destroyed and a military camp of the Tenth Roman Legion established on part of the ruins.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reich |first=Ronny |date=2009 |title=The Sack of Jerusalem in 70 CE: Flavius Josephus' Description and the Archaeological Record |script-title=he:חורבן ירושלים בשנת 70 לסה"נ: תיאורו של יוסף בן מתתיהו והממצא הארכאולוגי |journal=Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv |script-journal=he:קתדרה: לתולדות ארץ ישראל ויישובה |issue=131 |pages=25–42 |issn=0334-4657 |jstor=23407359}}</ref> The Roman victory was celebrated with a [[Roman triumph|triumph]] in Rome, showcasing Jewish artefacts like the [[Temple menorah|menorah]], which were then put on display in the new [[Temple of Peace, Rome|Temple of Peace]].<ref>Huitink, Luuk. "Between Triumph and Tragedy: Josephus, Bellum Judaicum 7.121–157." ''Reading Greek, Hellenistic and Roman spolia. Objects, appropriation and cultural change, Euhormos: Greco-Roman Studies in Anchoring Innovation. Leiden: Brill'' (2023). pp. 215–216, 234</ref> The Flavian dynasty leveraged this victory for political gain, erecting monuments in Rome and minting [[Judaea Capta coinage|Judaea Capta coins]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Overman |first1=J. Andrew |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134518326 |title=The First Jewish Revolt |last2=Overman |first2=J. Andrew |date=September 2, 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-51832-6 |chapter=The First Revolt and Flavian politics |doi=10.4324/9780203167441}}</ref> The war concluded with the [[siege of Masada]] (73–74 CE). The Jewish population suffered widespread devastation, with displacement, enslavement, and Roman confiscation of Jewish-owned land.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Herr |first=Moshe David |title=The History of Eretz Israel: The Roman Byzantine period: the Roman period from the conquest to the Ben Kozba War (63 B.C.E-135 C.E.) |publisher=Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi |year=1984 |editor-last=Shtern |editor-first=Menahem |location=Jerusalem |page=288}}</ref> The destruction of the Second Temple marked a cataclysmic event in Jewish history, triggering far-reaching transformations within Judaism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maclean Rogers |first=Guy |title=For the Freedom of Zion: The Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66–74 CE |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-300-26256-8 |location=New Haven and London |pages=3–5 |oclc=1294393934}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Neusner |first=Jacob |title=Judaism in a Time of Crisis: Four Responses to the Destruction of the Second Temple |date=November 28, 2017 |work=Neusner on Judaism |pages=399–413 |editor-last1=Hinnells |editor-first1=John |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351152761-20 |access-date=May 22, 2022 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781351152761-20 |isbn=978-1-351-15276-1 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Karesh-2006">{{Cite book |last=Karesh |first=Sara E. |title=Encyclopedia of Judaism |publisher=Facts On File |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-78785-171-9 |oclc=1162305378 |quote=Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. Without the Temple, the Sadducees no longer had any claim to authority, and they faded away. The sage Yochanan ben Zakkai, with permission from Rome, set up the outpost of Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism.}}</ref> With the central role of sacrificial worship obliterated, religious practices shifted towards [[Jewish prayer|prayer]], [[Torah study]], and communal gatherings in [[synagogue]]s. According to Rabbinic tradition, Yohanan ben Zakkai secured permission from the Romans to establish a center for Torah study in [[Yavne]]h, which then served as a focal point for Jewish religious and cultural life for a generation.<ref name="Stemberger-2003">{{Citation |last=Stemberger |first=Guenter |title=The Formation of Rabbinic Judaism, 70–640 CE |date=2003 |work=The Blackwell Companion to Judaism |pages=78–79 |editor-last=Neusner |editor-first=Jacob |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470758014.ch5 |access-date=July 2, 2024 |edition=1 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |doi=10.1002/9780470758014.ch5 |isbn=978-1-57718-058-6 |editor2-last=Avery-Peck |editor2-first=Alan J. |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-judaism/3F4F0A32983FC0DCDB414553888DC394 |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |volume=4 |page=268 |doi=10.1017/chol9780521772488 |quote=Under the leadership of R. Yohanan ben Zakkai and his circle at Yavneh, Judaism sought to reconstitute itself and find a new equilibrium in the face of the disaster of 70.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neusner |first=Jacob |title=Religion (Judentum: Palästinisches Judentum &#91;Forts.&#93;) |date=September 26, 2016 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-083904-3 |editor-last1=Haase |editor-first1=Wolfgang |language=de |chapter=The Formation of Rabbinic Judaism: Yavneh (Jamnia) from A.D. 70 to 100 |pages=3–42 |doi=10.1515/9783110839043-002 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110839043-002/html}}</ref> Judaism also underwent a significant shift away from its sectarian divisions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Shaye J. D. |date=1984 |title=The Significance of Yavneh: Pharisees, Rabbis, and the End of Jewish Sectarianism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507609 |journal=Hebrew Union College Annual |volume=55 |page=29 |jstor=23507609 |issn=0360-9049 |quote=The goal was not the triumph over other sects but the elimination of the need for sectarianism itself. [...] The destruction of the temple provided the impetus for this process: it warned the Jews of the dangers of internal divisiveness and it removed one of the major focal points of Jewish sectarianism.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Jodi |last=Magness |title=Was 70 CE a Watershed in Jewish History?: On Jews and Judaism before and after the Destruction of the Second Temple |publisher=Brill |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-04-21744-7 |editor-first=Daniel R. |editor-last=Schwartz |chapter=Sectarianism before and after 70 CE |editor-first2=Zeev |editor-last2=Weiss |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VecxAQAAQBAJ&q=diaspora+70+ce&pg=PA189}}</ref> The [[Sadducees]] and [[Essenes]], two prominent sects in the late Second Temple period, faded into obscurity,<ref name="Karesh-2006" /> while the traditions of the [[Pharisees]], including their halakhic interpretations, the centrality of the [[Oral Torah]], and [[Jewish eschatology|belief in resurrection]] became the foundation of [[Rabbinic Judaism]].<ref name="Stemberger-2003" />[[File:Arch of Titus Menorah.png|upright=1.15|thumb|The sack of Jerusalem depicted on the inside wall of the [[Arch of Titus]] in [[Rome]]]] === Diaspora during the Second Temple period === {{Main|Jewish diaspora}} The [[Jewish diaspora]] existed well before the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE and had been ongoing for centuries, with the dispersal driven by both forced expulsions and voluntary migrations.<ref>[[Erich S. Gruen]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=t1IR4WtFjGUC&pg=PA3 Diaspora: Jews Amidst Greeks and Romans] [[Harvard University Press]], 2009 pp. 3–4, 233–234: 'Compulsory dislocation, .…cannot have accounted for more than a fraction of the diaspora. … The vast bulk of Jews who dwelled abroad in the Second Temple Period did so voluntarily.' (2)' .Diaspora did not await the fall of Jerusalem to Roman power and destructiveness. The scattering of Jews had begun long before-occasionally through forced expulsion, much more frequently through voluntary migration.'</ref><ref name="Goodman-2018">{{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=Martin |title=A History of Judaism |date=2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18127-1 |location=Princeton Oxford |pages=21, 232}}</ref> In Mesopotamia, a testimony to the beginnings of the Jewish community can be found in [[Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets|Joachin's ration tablets]], listing provisions allotted to the exiled Judean king and his family by [[Nebuchadnezzar II]], and further evidence are the [[Al-Yahudu Tablets|Al-Yahudu tablets]], dated to the 6th-5th centuries BCE and related to the exiles from Judea arriving after the destruction of the [[First Temple]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Luke |date=February 3, 2017 |title=Ancient tablets reveal life of Jews in Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-archaeology-babylon-idUSKBN0L71EK20150203 |newspaper=Reuters}}</ref> though there is ample evidence for the presence of Jews in Babylonia even from 626 BCE.<ref>Zadok R. Judeans in Babylonia–Updating the Dossier. in U. Gabbay and Sh. Secunda. (eds.). ''Encounters by the Rivers of Babylon: Scholarly Conversations between Jews, Iranians and Babylonians in Antiquity'', Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism 160. Tübingen: MohrSiebeck. pp. 109–110.</ref> In Egypt, the [[Elephantine papyri and ostraca|documents from Elephantine]] reveal the trials of a community founded by a Persian Jewish garrison at two fortresses on the frontier during the 5th-4th centuries BCE, and according to [[Josephus]] the Jewish community in Alexandria existed since the founding of the city in the 4th century BCE by [[Alexander the Great]].<ref>Josephus Flavius, ''Against Appion''. 4.II</ref> By 200 BCE, there were well established Jewish communities both in Egypt and Mesopotamia ("[[History of the Jews in Iraq|Babylonia]]" in Jewish sources) and in the two centuries that followed, Jewish populations were also present in [[Asia Minor]], [[Greece]], [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]], [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]], and, beginning in the middle of the 1st century BCE, in the city of [[Rome]].<ref>{{cite book |first=E. Mary |last=Smallwood |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism: The early Roman period, Volume 3 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-521-24377-3 |editor1=William David Davies |chapter=The Diaspora in the Roman period before AD 70 |editor2=Louis Finkelstein |editor3=William Horbury |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AW2BuWcalXIC&q=Diaspora+before+70&pg=PA168}}</ref><ref name="Goodman-2018" /> In the first centuries CE, as a result of the [[Jewish–Roman wars]],<ref name="מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת">מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת "עם ישראל – תולדות 4000 שנה – מימי האבות ועד חוזה השלום", ע"מ 95. (Translation: Mordechai Vermebrand and Betzalel S. Ruth – "The People of Israel – the history of 4000 years – from the days of the Forefathers to the Peace Treaty", 1981, p. 95)</ref> a large number of Jews were taken as captives, sold into slavery, or compelled to flee from the regions affected by the wars, contributing to the formation and expansion of Jewish communities across the [[Roman Empire]] as well as in Arabia and Mesopotamia. Jewish communities across Cyrenaica, Cyprus, and Egypt were almost entirely obliterated due to the harsh Roman response to the Diaspora Revolt.<ref name="Kerkeslager-2006" /><ref name="Zeev-2006b" /> The [[New Testament]] Book of [[Acts]], as well as other [[Pauline epistles|Pauline]] texts, make frequent reference to the large populations of [[Hellenized Jews]] in the cities of the Roman world. These Hellenized Jews were affected by the diaspora only in its spiritual sense, absorbing the feeling of loss and homelessness that became a cornerstone of the Jewish creed, much supported by persecutions in various parts of the world. Of critical importance to the reshaping of Jewish tradition from the Temple-based religion to the rabbinic traditions of the Diaspora, was the development of the interpretations of the Torah found in the [[Mishnah]] and [[Talmud]]. ==تالمود وارو دور== ===پھرين يهودي بغاوت (115 کان 117ع)=== During the [[Diaspora Revolt]] (115–117 CE), [[Jewish diaspora]] communities across several eastern provinces of the [[Roman Empire]] engaged in widespread rebellion.<ref name="Zeev-2006a">{{Citation |last=Zeev |first=Miriam Pucci Ben |title=The uprisings in the Jewish Diaspora, 116–117 |date=June 22, 2006 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism |pages=93–106 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781139055130A007/type/book_part |access-date=September 8, 2024 |edition=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/chol9780521772488.005 |isbn=978-1-139-05513-0 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Driven by messianic fervor and hopes for the [[Gathering of Israel|ingathering of exiles]] and the [[Third Temple|reconstruction of the Temple]], these communities may have sought to spark a broader movement possibly aimed at returning to [[Judea]] and rebuilding Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smallwood |first=E. Mary |title=The Jews under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diocletian |publisher=SBL Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-90-04-50204-8 |pages=394–397}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Horbury |first=William |title=Jewish War under Trajan and Hadrian |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-139-04905-4 |pages=276}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Barclay |first=John M. G. |title=Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora: from Alexander to Trajan (323 BCE–117 CE) |date=1998 |publisher=T&T Clark |isbn=978-0-567-08651-8 |edition= |location=Edinburgh |pages=241}}</ref> Ancient sources describe the revolt as extremely brutal, with cases of cannibalism and mutilation, though modern scholars often consider these accounts to be exaggerated.<ref name="Zeev-2006a" /> The Roman suppression of the revolt was marked by severe measures, including [[ethnic cleansing]], leading to the near-total destruction of Jewish diaspora communities in [[Roman Libya|Libya]], [[Roman Cyprus|Cyprus]] and [[Roman Egypt|Egypt]],<ref name="Kerkeslager-2006">{{Citation |last1=Kerkeslager |first1=Allen |title=The Diaspora from 66 to c. 235 ce |date=2006 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |volume=4 |pages=62–63 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-judaism/diaspora-from-66-to-c-235-ce/5AECAD54BE6CA31C7968EED92D6CA36A |access-date=September 10, 2024 |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/chol9780521772488.004 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |last2=Setzer |first2=Claudia |last3=Trebilco |first3=Paul |last4=Goodblatt |first4=David}}</ref><ref name="Zeev-2006b">{{Citation |last=Zeev |first=Miriam Pucci Ben |title=The uprisings in the Jewish Diaspora, 116–117 |date=June 22, 2006 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism |page=98 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781139055130A007/type/book_part |access-date=September 8, 2024 |edition=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/chol9780521772488.005 |isbn=978-1-139-05513-0 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> including the significant and influential community in [[Alexandria]].<ref name="Goodman-2018" /><ref name="Kerkeslager-2006" /> ===بار ڪوخبا بغاوت (132 کان 136ع=== {{Main|بار ڪوخبا بغاوت}} [[File:Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg|thumb|A tetradrachm minted during the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]], featuring the former Second Temple, a ''lulav'', and the slogan 'to the freedom of Jerusalem']] From 132 to 136 CE, Judaea was the center of the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]], triggered by Hadrian's decision to establish the pagan colony of [[Aelia Capitolina]] on the ruins of Jerusalem.<ref name="Eck-2015">{{Citation |last=Eck |first=Werner |editor-first1=Werner |editor-last1=Eck |title=Bar Kokhba |date=July 30, 2015 |work=Oxford Classical Dictionary |url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-1056 |access-date=July 2, 2024 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1056 |isbn=978-0-19-938113-5 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Early successes led to the establishment of a short-lived Jewish state in Judea under the leadership of [[Simon Bar Kokhba]], styled as ''[[Nasi (Hebrew title)|nasi]]'' or prince of Israel.<ref name="Eck-2015" /> The [[Bar Kokhba revolt coinage|rebel state's coinage]] proclaimed "Freedom of Israel" and "For the Freedom of Jerusalem", using [[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet|ancient Hebrew script]] for nationalistic symbolism.<ref name="Eck-1999">{{Cite journal |last=Eck |first=Werner |date=1999 |title=The Bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of View |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/abs/bar-kokhba-revolt-the-roman-point-of-view/27E95F52A627562F93178F17A51D5FD4 |journal=The Journal of Roman Studies |volume=89 |pages=76, 80 |doi=10.2307/300735 |jstor=300735 |issn=1753-528X |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Eck-2015" /> However, the Romans soon amassed six legions and additional auxiliaries under [[Julius Severus]], who then brutally crushed the uprising. Historical accounts report the destruction of fifty major strongholds and 985 villages, resulting in 580,000 Jewish deaths and widespread famine and disease.<ref name="Raviv-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Raviv |first1=Dvir |last2=David |first2=Chaim Ben |date=2021 |title=Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account? |journal=Journal of Roman Archaeology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=585–607 |doi=10.1017/S1047759421000271 |issn=1047-7594 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Archaeological research confirms the widespread destruction and depopulation of the Jewish heartland in [[Judea]] proper, where most of the Jewish population was either killed, sold into slavery, expelled, or forced to flee.<ref name="Raviv-2021" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=A. H. M. |title=The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces |publisher=Oxford |year=1971 |edition=2nd |pages=277 |quote=This provoked the last Jewish war, which seems from our meager accounts [...] to have resulted in the desolation of Judaea and the practical extermination of its Jewish population.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Mor|2016|pp=483–484}}: "Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the [[Sicaricon|sikarikon laws]] were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it."</ref> The Romans also suffered heavy losses.<ref name="Eck-1999" /> Post-revolt, Jews were prohibited from entering Jerusalem, and Hadrian issued religious edicts,<ref>Hanan Eshel,[[iarchive:cambridgehis xxxx 1984 004 8494287/page/n1082|<!-- pg=105 --> 'The Bar Kochba revolt, 132-135,']] in William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.) ''The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period,'' pp. 105-127, p. 105.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Eshel |first=Hanan |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=T. Katz |editor-first=Steven |volume=4. The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |pages=105–127 |chapter=4: The Bar Kochba Revolt, 132 – 135 |oclc=7672733}}</ref> including a ban on circumcision, later repealed by [[Antoninus Pius]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} The province of Judaea was renamed [[Syria Palaestina]] as a punitive act against the Jews, aimed at placating non-Jewish residents and erasing Jewish historical ties to the land.<ref name="Eck-2015" /><ref>H.H. Ben-Sasson, ''A History of the Jewish People'', Harvard University Press, 1976, {{ISBN|0-674-39731-2}}, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."</ref><ref>Ariel Lewin. ''The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine''. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name – one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus – Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." {{ISBN|0-89236-800-4}}</ref> Christians refused to participate in the revolt and from this point the Jews regarded Christianity as a separate religion.<ref>M. Avi-Yonah, ''The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule'', Jerusalem 1984 p. 143</ref> The Jewish defeat marked the termination of efforts to reestablish a Jewish state until the modern era.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grabbe |first=Lester L. |title=An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History And Religion Of The Jews In The Time Of Nehemiah, The Maccabees, Hillel, And Jesus |date=2010 |publisher=T&T Clark |isbn=978-0-567-55248-8 |location=Edinburgh |page=78 |quote=It was the total defeat and the massive destruction of the 132–35 war which put paid to any hopes of a revived Jewish state for another 1800 years.}}</ref> A rabbi of this period, [[Simeon bar Yochai]], is regarded as the author of the [[Zohar]], the foundational text for Kabbalistic thought. However, modern scholars believe it was written in Medieval Spain.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Zohar |encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=142&letter=Z#406 |access-date=May 19, 2014 |last=Jacobs |first=Joseph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007024121/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=142&letter=Z#406 |archive-date=October 7, 2011 |author2=Broydé, Isaac |url-status=live}}</ref> === Late Roman period in the Land of Israel === {{further|Byzantine Palestine|History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire}} The relations of the Jews with the Roman Empire in the region continued to be complicated. [[Constantine the Great and Judaism|Constantine I]] allowed Jews to mourn their defeat and humiliation once a year on [[Tisha B'Av]] at the [[Western Wall]]. In 351–352 CE, the Jews of Galilee launched [[Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus|yet another revolt]], provoking heavy retribution.<ref>Bernard Lazare and Robert Wistrich, Antisemitism: Its History and Causes, University of Nebraska Press, 1995, I, pp. 46–47.</ref> The Gallus revolt came during the rising influence of early Christians in the Eastern Roman Empire, under the [[Constantinian dynasty]]. In 355, however, the relations with the Roman rulers improved, upon the rise of Emperor [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]], the last of the Constantinian dynasty, who unlike his predecessors defied Christianity. In 363, not long before Julian left Antioch to launch his campaign against Sasanian Persia, in keeping with his effort to foster religions other than Christianity, he ordered the Jewish Temple rebuilt.<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Res Gestae'', 23.1.2–3.</ref> The failure to rebuild the Temple has mostly been ascribed to the dramatic [[Galilee earthquake of 363]] and traditionally also to the Jews' ambivalence about the project. Sabotage is a possibility, as is an accidental fire. Divine intervention was the common view among Christian historians of the time.<ref>See [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/julian-jews.html "Julian and the Jews 361–363 CE"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520080932/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/julian-jews.html |date=May 20, 2012 }} (Fordham University, The Jesuit University of New York) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20051020130904/http://www.gibsoncondo.com/~david/convert/history.html "Julian the Apostate and the Holy Temple"].</ref> Julian's support of Jews caused Jews to call him "Julian the [[Hellenes (religion)|Hellene]]".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Falk |first1=Avner |title=A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews |year=1996 |pages=343 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press |isbn=978-0-8386-3660-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z10-Xz9Kno4C&q=julian&pg=PA343 |access-date=August 3, 2022}}</ref> Julian's fatal wound in the Persian campaign and his consequent death had put an end to Jewish aspirations, and Julian's successors embraced Christianity through the entire timeline of Byzantine rule of Jerusalem, preventing any Jewish claims. In 438 CE, when the Empress [[Licinia Eudoxia|Eudocia]] removed the ban on Jews' praying at the [[Temple Mount|Temple site]], the heads of the Community in Galilee issued a call "to the great and mighty people of the Jews" which began: "Know that the end of the exile of our people has come!" However, the Christian population of the city, who saw this as a threat to their primacy, did not allow it and a riot erupted after which they chased away the Jews from the city.<ref>Avraham Yaari, ''Igrot Eretz Yisrael'' (Tel Aviv, 1943), p. 46.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Andrew S. Jacobs |title=Remains of the Jews: The Holy Land and Christian Empire in Late Antiquity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8O95ErDSZQgC&pg=PA157 |year=2004 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-4705-9 |page=157 |access-date=April 19, 2018}}</ref> During the 5th and the 6th centuries, a series of [[Samaritan Revolts|Samaritan insurrections]] broke out across the [[Palaestina Prima]] province. Especially violent were the third and the fourth revolts, which resulted in almost the entire annihilation of the Samaritan community. It is likely that the Samaritan [[Samaritan Revolts|Revolt of 556]] was joined by the Jewish community, which had also suffered a brutal suppression of Israelite religion. In the belief of restoration to come, in the early 7th century the Jews made an [[Jewish revolt against Heraclius|alliance]] with the [[Sassanid Empire|Persians]], who invaded Palaestina Prima in 614, fought at their side, overwhelmed the [[Byzantine]] garrison in Jerusalem, and were given Jerusalem to be governed as an autonomy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Itineraria Phoenicia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&q=Opusculum+de+Persica+captivitate&pg=PA542 |author=Edward Lipiński |publisher=Peeters |pages=542–543 |year=2004 |isbn=978-90-429-1344-8 |access-date=March 11, 2014 |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409161013/https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&q=Opusculum+de+Persica+captivitate&pg=PA542 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, their autonomy was brief: the [[Nehemiah ben Hushiel|Jewish leader]] in Jerusalem was shortly assassinated during a Christian revolt and though Jerusalem was reconquered by Persians and Jews within 3 weeks, it fell into anarchy. With the consequent withdrawal of Persian forces, Jews surrendered to Byzantines in 625 or 628 CE, but were massacred by Christian radicals in 629 CE, with the survivors fleeing to Egypt. The Byzantine (Eastern Roman Empire) control of the region was finally lost to the Muslim Arab armies in 637 CE, when [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]] completed the conquest of Akko. === Jews of pre-Muslim Babylonia (219–638 CE) === {{Main|History of the Jews in Iraq}} After the fall of Jerusalem, Babylonia would become the focus of Judaism for more than a thousand years. The first Jewish communities in Babylonia started with the exile of the Tribe of Judah to Babylon by [[Jehoiachin]] in 597 BCE as well as after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 586 BCE.<ref name="מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת" /> Many more Jews migrated to Babylon in 135 CE after the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]] and in the centuries after.<ref name="מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת" /> Babylonia, where some of the largest and most prominent Jewish cities and communities were established, became the centre of Jewish life up to the 13th century. By the 1st century, Babylonia already held a speedily growing<ref name="מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת" /> population of an estimated 1,000,000 Jews, which increased to an estimated 2 million<ref name="Solomon Gryazel">Solomon Gryazel, ''History of the Jews: From the destruction of Judah in 586 BCE to the present Arab Israeli conflict'', p. 137.</ref> between the years 200 CE and 500 CE, both by natural growth and by immigration of more Jews from Judea, making up about 1/6 of the world Jewish population at that era.<ref name="Solomon Gryazel" /> It was there that they would write the Babylonian Talmud in the languages used by the Jews of ancient Babylonia: [[Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]]. The Jews established [[Talmudic Academies in Babylonia]], also known as the Geonic Academies (from "Geonim", meaning "splendour" in Biblical Hebrew or "geniuses"), which became the centre for Jewish scholarship and the development of Jewish law in Babylonia from roughly 500 CE to 1038 CE. The two most famous academies were the [[Pumbedita Academy]] and the [[Sura Academy]]. Major yeshivot were also located at [[Nehardea]] and Mahuza.<ref>''Codex Judaica'', pp. 161–174, Kantor, Zichron Press, NY 2005.</ref> The Talmudic [[Yeshiva]] Academies became a main part of Jewish culture and education, and Jews continued establishing Yeshiva Academies in Western and Eastern Europe, North Africa, and in later centuries, in America and other countries around the world where Jews lived in the Diaspora. Talmudic study in Yeshiva academies, most of them located in The United States and Israel, continues today. These Talmudic [[Yeshiva]] academies of Babylonia followed the era of the [[Amoraim]] (expounders)—the sages of the Talmud who were active (both in Judah and in Babylon) during the end of the era of the sealing of the [[Mishnah]] and until the times of the sealing of the Talmud (220–500 CE), and following the [[Savoraim]] (reasoners)—the sages of beth midrash (Torah study places) in Babylon from the end of the era of the Amoraim (5th century) and until the beginning of the era of the [[Geonim]]. The Geonim were the presidents of the two great rabbinical colleges of Sura and Pumbedita, and were the generally accepted spiritual leaders of the worldwide Jewish community in the early medieval era, in contrast to the [[Resh Galuta]] (Exilarch) who wielded secular authority over the Jews in Islamic lands. According to traditions, the [[Resh Galuta]] were descendants of Judean kings, which is why the kings of [[Parthia]] would treat them with much honour.<ref>[מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס. רותת "עם ישראל – תולדות 4000 שנה – מימי האבות ועד חוזה השלום", ע"מ 97. (Translation: Mordechai Vermebrand and Betzalel S. Ruth ''The People of Israel: The History of 4,000 Years, from the Days of the Forefathers to the Peace Treaty'', 1981, p. 97)</ref> For the Jews of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, the yeshivot of Babylonia served much the same function as the ancient [[Sanhedrin]]—that is, as a council of Jewish religious authorities. The academies were founded in pre-Islamic Babylonia under the Zoroastrian Sassanid dynasty and were located not far from the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon, which at that time was the largest city in the world. After the conquest of Persia in the 7th century, the academies subsequently operated for four hundred years under the Islamic caliphate. The first gaon of Sura, according to [[Sherira Gaon]], was Mar bar Rab Chanan, who assumed office in 609. The last gaon of [[Sura]] was [[Samuel ben Hofni]], who died in 1034; the last gaon of Pumbedita was [[Hezekiah Gaon]], who was tortured to death in 1040; hence the activity of the Geonim covers a period of nearly 450 years. One of principal seats of Babylonian Judaism was [[Nehardea]], which was then a very large city made up mostly of Jews.<ref name="מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת" /> A very ancient synagogue, built, it was believed, by King Jehoiachin, existed in Nehardea. At Huzal, near Nehardea, there was another synagogue, not far from which could be seen the ruins of Ezra's academy. In the period before Hadrian, Akiba, on his arrival at Nehardea on a mission from the Sanhedrin, entered into a discussion with a resident scholar on a point of matrimonial law (Mishnah Yeb., end). At the same time there was at Nisibis (northern [[Mesopotamia]]), an excellent Jewish college, at the head of which stood [[Judah ben Bathyra]], and in which many Judean scholars found refuge at the time of the persecutions. A certain temporary importance was also attained by a school at [[Nehar Pekod|Nehar-Pekod]], founded by the Judean immigrant Hananiah, nephew of [[Joshua ben Hananiah]], which school might have been the cause of a schism between the Jews of Babylonia and those of Judea-Israel, had not the Judean authorities promptly checked Hananiah's ambition. === Byzantine period (324–638 CE) === {{Main|History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire}} Jews were also widespread throughout the Roman Empire, and this carried on to a lesser extent in the period of Byzantine rule in the central and eastern Mediterranean. The militant and exclusive Christianity and [[caesaropapism]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]] did not treat Jews well, and the condition and influence of diaspora Jews in the Empire declined dramatically. It was official Christian policy to convert Jews to Christianity, and the Christian leadership used the official power of Rome in their attempts. In 351 CE the Jews revolted against the added pressures of their governor, [[Constantius Gallus]]. Gallus put down the revolt and destroyed the major cities in the Galilee area where the revolt had started. Tzippori and Lydda (site of two of the major legal academies) never recovered. In this period, the Nasi in Tiberias, [[Hillel II]], created an official calendar, which needed no monthly sightings of the moon. The months were set, and the calendar needed no further authority from Judea. At about the same time, the Jewish academy at Tiberius began to collate the combined Mishnah, [[braitot]], explanations, and interpretations developed by generations of scholars who studied after the death of [[Judah HaNasi]]. The text was organized according to the order of the Mishna: each paragraph of Mishnah was followed by a compilation of all of the interpretations, stories, and responses associated with that Mishnah. This text is called the ''[[Jerusalem Talmud]].'' The Jews of Judea received a brief respite from official persecution during the rule of the Emperor [[Julian the Apostate]]. Julian's policy was to return the Roman Empire to Hellenism, and he encouraged the Jews to rebuild Jerusalem. As Julian's rule lasted only from 361 to 363, the Jews could not rebuild sufficiently before Roman Christian rule was restored over the Empire. Beginning in 398 with the consecration of [[St. John Chrysostom]] as [[Patriarch]], Christian rhetoric against Jews grew sharper; he preached sermons with titles such as "Against the Jews" and "On the Statues, Homily 17", in which John preaches against "the Jewish sickness".<ref>Wendy Mayer and [[Pauline Allen]], ''John Chrysostom: The Early Church Fathers'' (London, 2000), pp. 113, 146.</ref> Such heated language contributed to a climate of Christian distrust and hate toward the large Jewish settlements, such as those in [[Antioch]] and [[Constantinople]]. In the beginning of the 5th century, the [[Emperor Theodosius]] issued a set of decrees establishing official persecution of Jews. Jews were not allowed to own slaves, build new synagogues, hold public office or try cases between a Jew and a non-Jew. Intermarriage between Jew and non-Jew was made a capital offence, as was the conversion of Christians to Judaism. Theodosius did away with the [[Sanhedrin]] and abolished the post of [[Nasi (Hebrew title)|Nasi]]. Under the [[Emperor Justinian]], the authorities further restricted the civil rights of Jews,<ref>Cod., I., v. 12</ref> and threatened their religious privileges.<ref>Procopius, ''Historia Arcana'', 28</ref> The emperor interfered in the internal affairs of the synagogue,<ref>Nov., cxlvi., February 8, 553</ref> and forbade, for instance, the use of the Hebrew language in divine worship. Those who disobeyed the restrictions were threatened with corporal penalties, exile, and loss of property. The Jews at Borium, not far from Syrtis Major, who resisted the Byzantine general [[Belisarius]] in his campaign against the [[Vandals]], were forced to embrace Christianity, and their synagogue was converted to a church.<ref>Procopius, ''De Aedificiis'', vi. 2</ref> Justinian and his successors had concerns outside the province of Judea, and he had insufficient troops to enforce these regulations. As a result, the 5th century was a period when a wave of new synagogues were built, many with beautiful mosaic floors. Jews adopted the rich art forms of the Byzantine culture. Jewish mosaics of the period portray people, animals, menorahs, zodiacs, and Biblical characters. Excellent examples of these synagogue floors have been found at Beit Alpha (which includes the scene of Abraham sacrificing a ram instead of his son Isaac along with a zodiac), Tiberius, Beit Shean, and Tzippori. The precarious existence of Jews under Byzantine rule did not long endure, largely due to the explosion of the Muslim religion out of the remote Arabian peninsula (where large populations of Jews resided, see [[History of the Jews under Muslim Rule]] for more). The [[Muslim]] [[Caliphate]] ejected the Byzantines from the Holy Land (or the Levant, defined as modern Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria) within a few years of their victory at the [[Battle of Yarmouk]] in 636. Numerous Jews fled the remaining Byzantine territories in favour of residence in the Caliphate over the subsequent centuries. The size of the Jewish community in the Byzantine Empire was not affected by attempts by some emperors to forcibly convert the Jews of Anatolia to Christianity, as these attempts met with very little success.<ref>[[G. Ostrogorsky]], ''History of the Byzantine State''</ref> Historians continue to research the status of the Jews in Asia Minor under Byzantine rule. (for a sample of views, see, for instance, J. Starr ''The Jews in the Byzantine Empire, 641–1204''; S. Bowman, ''The Jews of Byzantium''; R. Jenkins ''Byzantium''; Averil Cameron, "Byzantines and Jews: Recent Work on Early Byzantium", ''Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies'' 20 (1996)). No systematic persecution of the type endemic at that time in Western Europe (pogroms, the stake, mass [[Expulsions and exoduses of Jews|expulsions]], etc.) has been recorded in Byzantium.<ref>''The Oxford History of Byzantium'', C. Mango (Ed) (2002)</ref> Much of the Jewish population of Constantinople remained in place after the conquest of the city by [[Mehmet II]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} <gallery widths="180"> File:Roman. Mosaic of Menorah with Lulav and Ethrog, 6th century C.E.jpg|''Mosaic of Menorah with Lulav and Ethrog'', 6th century [[Brooklyn Museum]] File:Beit alfa01.jpg|Mosaic pavement of a synagogue at [[Beit Alpha]] (5th century) File:ZodiacMosaicTzippori.jpg|Mosaic in the [[Tzippori Synagogue]] (5th century) File:Hammat Gader.JPG|Mosaic pavement recovered from the [[Hamat Gader]] synagogue (5th or 6th century) </gallery> === Diaspora communities === [[File:Arrival of the Jewish pilgrims at Coachin, A.D. 68.jpg|thumb|Arrival of the Jewish pilgrims at Cochin, 68 CE]] Cochin Jewish tradition holds that the roots of their community go back to the arrival of Jews at [[Kodungallur|Shingly]] in 72 CE, after the [[Destruction of the Second Temple]]. It also states that a Jewish kingdom, understood to mean the granting of autonomy by a local [[Tamils|Tamil]] king, [[Cheraman Perumal Nayanar]], to the community, under their leader Joseph Rabban, in 379 CE. The first synagogue there was built in 1568. The legend of the founding of Indian [[Christianity in Kerala]] by [[Thomas the Apostle]] relates that on his arrival there, he encountered a local girl who understood Hebrew.<ref>Nathan Katz, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OEolDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 ''Who Are the Jews of India?,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160937/https://books.google.com/books?id=OEolDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22|date=April 9, 2023}} [[University of California Press]], 2000 {{isbn|978-0-520-92072-9}} pp. 13–14, 17–18</ref> Perhaps in the 4th century, the [[Kingdom of Semien]], a Jewish nation in modern [[Beta Israel|Ethiopia]] was established, lasting until the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exploring a Forgotten Jewish Land – Archaeology Magazine |url=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/498-2301/letter-from/11057-ethiopia-beta-israel |access-date=November 9, 2023 |website=www.archaeology.org}}</ref> ==وچين دور== ===اسلامي دور=== [[File:Education (T-S K5.13) (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|قاهره جينيزا جو ٽڪرو، ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي لائبريري<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cairo Genizah : Education|url=https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-TS-K-00005-00013|access-date=2025-10-18|website=Cambridge Digital Library}}</ref>]] سال 638 عيسوي ۾ [[بازنطيني سلطنت]] [[سر زمين شام (ليوانت)|سر زمين شام]] جو ڪنٽرول وڃائي ڇڏيو. خليفي [[عمر بن خطاب|عمر]] [[عمر بن خطاب|رضي الله تعالى عنه]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[پهرين اسلامي رياست|عرب اسلامي سلطنت]] [[يروشلم]]، [[ميسوپوٽيميا]]، [[سر زمين شام (ليوانت)|سر زمين شام]] ([[شام]]، [[اردن]] ۽ [[فلسطين]]) ۽ [[مصر]] جي زمينن کي فتح ڪيو. هڪ سياسي نظام جي طور تي، [[اسلام]] يهودين جي معاشي، سماجي ۽ ذهني ترقي لاءِ بنيادي طور تي نوان حالات پيدا ڪيا.<ref>Ehrlich, Mark. ''Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1''. ABC-CLIO, 2009, p. 152.({{ISBN|978-1-85109-873-6}})</ref>عمر رضي الله تعالى عنه يهودين کي، 500 سالن جي وقفي کان پوءِ، [[يروشلم]] ۾ پنهنجي موجودگي کي ٻيهر قائم ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني (ڏسو:عمر جي يقين دهاني).<ref name="Bashan-20072">{{cite EJ|last=Bashan|first=Eliezer|volume=15|page=419|title=Omar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb}}</ref> يهودي روايتون عمر کي هڪ مهربان حڪمران جي طور تي ڏسي ٿي ۽ مدراش (<small>نست</small><small>اروت دي-راو شمعون بار يوحائي</small>) کيس "بني اسرائيل جي دوست" طور حوالو ڏئي ٿو.<ref name="Bashan-20073">{{cite EJ|last=Bashan|first=Eliezer|volume=15|page=419|title=Omar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb}}</ref> عرب جاگرافيدان المقدسي جي مطابق، <ref name="Joseph E. Katz-20012">{{cite web|url=http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html|title=Continuous Jewish Presence in the Holy Land|author=Joseph E. Katz|year=2001|publisher=EretzYisroel.Org|access-date=August 12, 2012|archive-date=January 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125175116/http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html|url-status=live}}</ref> يهودي "سڪن جي چڪاس ڪندڙ، رنگ ڪندڙ، چمڙي جا ماهر ۽ مهاجن" طور ڪم ڪندا هئا. [[فاطمي خلافت|فاطمي دور]] ۾، ڪيترن ئي يهودي عملدارن حڪومت ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون.<ref name="Joseph E. Katz-20013">{{cite web|url=http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html|title=Continuous Jewish Presence in the Holy Land|author=Joseph E. Katz|year=2001|publisher=EretzYisroel.Org|access-date=August 12, 2012|archive-date=January 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125175116/http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html|url-status=live}}</ref> پروفيسر موشئ گل جو خيال آهي، ته 7هين صدي ۾ عرب فتح جي وقت، يروشلم جي آبادي جي اڪثريت عيسائي ۽ يهودي هئي.<ref>Moshe Gil, ''A History of Palestine: 634–1099'' pp. 170, 220–221.</ref> هن وقت دوران يهودي سڄي قديم بابل ۾ خوشحال برادرين ۾ رهندا هئا. جيونڪ دور (650-1250 عيسوي) ۾، بابلي يشيوا اڪيڊميون يهودي سکيا جا مکيه مرڪز هئا. جيونم (جن جو معنيٰ آهي "شان" يا "جينيئس") انهن اسڪولن جا سربراهه هئا. انهن کي يهودي قانون ۾ اعليٰ اختيارين طور تسليم ڪيو ويو. 7هين صدي ۾، غير مسلمن جي زمينن تي حڪمران جزيو (<small>Poll</small> <small>Tax</small>) عائد ڪيو، جن جي ڪري بابلي يهودين جي ڳوٺاڻن علائقن مان [[بغداد]] جهڙن شهرن ڏانهن وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ ٿي. ان جي نتيجي ۾ يهودي برادري ۾ وڌيڪ دولت ۽ بين الاقوامي اثر ۽ انهي سان گڏ يهودي مفڪرن جو هڪ وڌيڪ عالمگير نقطه نظر،جهڙوڪ سعديه گاون، جيڪو هاڻي پهريون ڀيرو مغربي فلسفي سان تمام گهڻي دلچسپي رکن ٿا، پيدا ٿيو. جڏهن 10هين صدي ۾ [[عباسي خلافت]] ۽ بغداد شهر جو زوال ٿيو، ڪيترائي بابلي يهودي [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقن ڏانهن لڏپلاڻ ڪيا. سڄي يهودي دنيا ۾ بابلي يهودي رسمن جي پکيڙ ۾ حصو ورتو.<ref>[[Marina Rustow]], [http://perspectives.ajsnet.org/the-iran-iraq-issue-fall-2010/baghdad-in-the-west-migration-and-the-making-of-medieval-jewish-traditions/ Baghdad in the West: Migration and the Making of Medieval Jewish Traditions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711065105/http://perspectives.ajsnet.org/the-iran-iraq-issue-fall-2010/baghdad-in-the-west-migration-and-the-making-of-medieval-jewish-traditions/|date=July 11, 2020}}</ref> === اندلس ۾ يهودي ثقافت جو سونهري دور (711-1031) === <nowiki>{{اندلس ۾ يهودي ثقافت جو سونهري دور}}</nowiki> [[اندلس]] ۾ يهودي ثقافت جو سونهري دور [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] ۾ [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] سان گڏ هو، جيڪو سڃي [[جزیرو نما آئیبیریا|جزيري نما آئبيريا]] تي مسلمانن جي حڪمراني جو دور هو. === Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain (711–1031) === {{Main|Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain}} The golden age of Jewish culture in Spain coincided with the [[Middle Ages]] in Europe, a period of [[Al-Andalus|Muslim rule]] throughout much of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. During that time, Jews were generally accepted in society and Jewish religious, cultural, and economic life blossomed. A period of tolerance thus dawned for the Jews of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], whose number was considerably augmented by immigration from Africa in the wake of the Muslim conquest. Especially after 912, during the reign of [[Abd-ar-Rahman III]] and his son, [[al-Hakam II]], the Jews prospered, devoting themselves to the service of the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]], to the study of the sciences, and to commerce and industry, especially to trading in silk and slaves, in this way promoting the prosperity of the country. Jewish economic expansion was unparalleled. In [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], Jews were involved in translating Arabic texts to the [[Romance languages]], as well as translating Greek and Hebrew texts into Arabic. Jews also contributed to botany, geography, medicine, mathematics, poetry and philosophy.<ref name="Sephardim Archived September 7">[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html Sephardim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907212349/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html |date=September 7, 2012 }} by Rebecca Weiner.</ref><ref>Ahmed, M.I. Muslim-Jewish Harmony: A Politically-Contingent Reality. Religions 2022, 13, 535. {{doi|10.3390/rel13060535|doi-access=free}}</ref> According to [[Bernard Lewis]]: {{Blockquote|Generally, the Jewish people were allowed to practice their religion and live according to the laws and scriptures of their community. Furthermore, the restrictions to which they were subject were social and symbolic rather than tangible and practical in character. That is to say, these regulations served to define the relationship between the two communities, and not to oppress the Jewish population.<ref>Lewis, Bernard W (1984). ''The Jews of Islam''</ref>|}} 'Abd al-Rahman's court physician and minister was Hasdai ben Isaac ibn Shaprut, the patron of Menahem ben Saruq, Dunash ben Labrat, and other Jewish scholars and poets. Jewish thought during this period flourished under famous figures such as Samuel Ha-Nagid, Moses ibn Ezra, Solomon ibn Gabirol [[Judah Halevi]] and [[Moses Maimonides]].<ref name="Sephardim Archived September 7" /> During 'Abd al-Rahman's term of power, the scholar [[Moses ben Enoch]] was appointed [[rabbi]] of [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], and as a consequence [[al-Andalus]] became the centre of Talmudic study, and [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] the meeting-place of Jewish savants. The Golden Age ended with the invasion of al-Andalus by the [[Almohads]], a conservative dynasty originating in North Africa, who were highly intolerant of religious minorities. === Jews and the Crusades (1099–1260) === {{Main|History of the Jews and the Crusades}} {{See also|Siege of Jerusalem (1099)}} [[File:1099jerusalem.jpg|thumb|left|[[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|Capture of Jerusalem]], 1099]] Sermonical messages to avenge the death of Jesus encouraged Christians to participate in the Crusades. The 12th-century Jewish narration from R. Solomon ben Samson records that crusaders en route to the Holy Land decided that before combating the Ishmaelites they would massacre the Jews residing in their midst to avenge the [[crucifixion of Christ]]. The massacres began at [[Rouen]] and Jewish communities in [[Rhine Valley]] were seriously affected.<ref name="Malamat-1976">{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |title=A History of the Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv |url-access=registration |year=1976 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/413 413]}}</ref> Crusading attacks were made upon Jews in the territory around Heidelberg. A huge loss of Jewish life took place. Many were forcibly converted to Christianity and many committed suicide to avoid baptism. A major driving factor behind the choice to commit suicide was the Jewish realisation that upon being slain their children could be taken to be raised as Christians. The Jews were living in the middle of Christian lands and felt this danger acutely.<ref>{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |title=A History of the Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv |url-access=registration |year=1976 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/416 416]}}</ref> This massacre is seen as the first in a sequence of antisemitic events which culminated in the Holocaust.<ref>{{cite book |author=David Nirenberg |editor=Gerd Althoff |others=Johannes Fried |title=Medieval Concepts of the Past: Ritual, Memory, Historiography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MxS6-pQZzGsC&pg=PA279 |year=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-78066-7 |pages=279–}}</ref> Jewish populations felt that they had been abandoned by their Christian neighbours and rulers during the massacres and lost faith in all promises and charters.<ref>{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |title=A History of the Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv |url-access=registration |year=1976 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/419 419]}}</ref> Many Jews chose self-defence. But their means of self-defence were limited and their casualties only increased. Most of the forced conversions proved ineffective. Many Jews reverted to their original faith later. The pope protested this but Emperor Henry IV agreed to permitting these reversions.<ref name="Malamat-1976" /> The massacres began a new epoch for Jewry in Christendom. The Jews had preserved their faith from social pressure, now they had to preserve it at sword point. The massacres during the crusades strengthened Jewry from within spiritually. The Jewish perspective was that their struggle was Israel's struggle to hallow the name of God.<ref>{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |title=A History of the Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv |url-access=registration |year=1976 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/414 414]–}}</ref> In 1099, Jews helped the Arabs to defend Jerusalem against the [[Crusaders]]. When the city fell, the Crusaders gathered many Jews in a synagogue and set it on fire.<ref name="Malamat-1976" /> In Haifa, the Jews almost single-handedly defended the town against the Crusaders, holding out for a month, (June–July 1099).<ref name="Joseph E. Katz-2001">{{cite web |url=http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html |title=Continuous Jewish Presence in the Holy Land |author=Joseph E. Katz |year=2001 |publisher=EretzYisroel.Org |access-date=August 12, 2012 |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125175116/http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html |url-status=live}}</ref> At this time there were Jewish communities scattered all over the country, including Jerusalem, Tiberias, Ramleh, Ashkelon, Caesarea, and [[Gaza City|Gaza]]. As Jews were not allowed to hold land during the Crusader period, they worked at trades and commerce in the coastal towns during times of quiescence. Most were artisans: glassblowers in [[Sidon]], furriers and dyers in Jerusalem.<ref name="Joseph E. Katz-2001" /> During this period, the [[Masoretes]] of Tiberias established the ''[[niqqud]]'', a system of [[diacritic]]s used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations of letters of the [[Hebrew alphabet]]. Numerous [[piyutim]] and [[midrash]]im were recorded in Palestine at this time.<ref name="Joseph E. Katz-2001" /> [[Maimonides]] wrote that in 1165 he visited Jerusalem and went to the Temple Mount, where he prayed in the "great, holy house".<ref>Sefer HaCharedim Mitzvat Tshuva Chapter 3</ref> Maimonides established a yearly holiday for himself and his sons, the 6th of [[Cheshvan]], commemorating the day he went up to pray on the Temple Mount, and another, the 9th of Cheshvan, commemorating the day he merited to pray at the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]] in [[Hebron]]. In 1141 [[Yehuda Halevi]] issued a call to Jews to emigrate to Palestine and took on the long journey himself. After a stormy passage from [[Córdoba, Andalusia|Córdoba]], he arrived in Egyptian [[Alexandria]], where he was enthusiastically greeted by friends and admirers. At [[Damietta]], he had to struggle against his heart, and the pleadings of his friend Ḥalfon ha-Levi, that he remain in Egypt, where he would be free from intolerant oppression. He started on the rough route overland. He was met along the way by Jews in [[Tyre (Lebanon)|Tyre]] and [[Damascus]]. Jewish legend relates that as he came near Jerusalem, overpowered by the sight of the Holy City, he sang his most beautiful elegy, the celebrated "Zionide" (''Zion ha-lo Tish'ali''). At that instant, an Arab had galloped out of a gate and rode him down; he was killed in the accident.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} === Mamluk period (1260–1517) === [[Nahmanides]] is recorded as settling in the Old City of Jerusalem in 1267. He moved to [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], where he was active in spreading Jewish learning, which was at that time neglected in the Holy Land. He gathered a circle of pupils around him, and people came in crowds, even from the district of the Euphrates, to hear him. [[Karaite Judaism|Karaites]] were said to have attended his lectures, among them Aaron ben Joseph the Elder. He later became one of the greatest [[Karaite (Jewish sect)|Karaite]] authorities. Shortly after Nahmanides' arrival in Jerusalem, he addressed a letter to his son Nahman, in which he described the desolation of the Holy City. At the time, it had only two Jewish inhabitants—two brothers, dyers by trade. In a later letter from Acre, Nahmanides counsels his son to cultivate humility, which he considers to be the first of virtues. In another, addressed to his second son, who occupied an official position at the [[Crown of Castile|Castilian]] court, Nahmanides recommends the recitation of the daily prayers and warns above all against immorality. Nahmanides died after reaching seventy-six, and his remains were interred at [[Haifa]], by the grave of [[Yechiel of Paris]]. Yechiel had [[aliyah|emigrated]] to Acre in 1260, along with his son and a large group of followers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/places/acco.html |title=Jewish Zionist Education |publisher=Jafi.org.il |date=May 15, 2005 |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013142810/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/places/acco.html |archive-date=October 13, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lookstein.org/resources/bionotes.pdf |title=Hadrat Melech |access-date=April 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502035808/http://www.lookstein.org/resources/bionotes.pdf |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There he established the Talmudic academy ''Midrash haGadol d'Paris''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id=AdditionalReadings&content=content/segal_ch17 |title=Section III: The Biblical Age: Chapter Seventeen: Awaiting the Messiah |author=Benjamin J. Segal |work=Returning, the Land of Israel as a Focus in Jewish History |publisher=JewishHistory.com |access-date=August 12, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227184802/http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id=AdditionalReadings&content=content%2Fsegal_ch17 |archive-date=February 27, 2012}}</ref> He is believed to have died there between 1265 and 1268. In 1488 [[Obadiah ben Abraham]], commentator on the [[Mishnah]], arrived in Jerusalem; this marked a new period of return for the Jewish community in the land. ==== Spain, North Africa, and the Middle East ==== {{Main|History of the Jews in Spain}} {{See also|Islam and Judaism|Mizrahi Jew|History of the Jews under Muslim rule}} [[File:Hebrew Bible Spain.jpg|right|thumb|Sephardic Hebrew Bible from Spain, 1300<ref>[https://lccn.loc.gov/2021667534]</ref>]] During the Middle Ages, Jews were generally better treated by Islamic rulers than Christian ones. Despite second-class citizenship, Jews played prominent roles in Muslim courts, and experienced a Golden Age in [[Moorish Spain]] about 900–1100, though the situation deteriorated after that time. Riots resulting in the deaths of Jews did however occur in North Africa through the centuries and especially in [[Morocco]], [[Libya]] and [[Algeria]], where eventually Jews were forced to live in ghettos.<ref>Maurice Roumani, ''The Case of the Jews from Arab Countries: A Neglected Issue'', 1977, pp. 26–27.</ref> During the 11th century, Muslims in Spain conducted pogroms against the Jews; those occurred in Cordoba in 1011 and in [[1066 Granada massacre|Granada in 1066]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia |title=Granada |url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6855-granada |access-date=August 12, 2012 |year=1906 |archive-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412000424/https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6855-granada |url-status=live}}</ref> During the Middle Ages, the governments of Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Yemen enacted decrees ordering the destruction of synagogues. At certain times, Jews were forced to convert to Islam or face death in some parts of Yemen, Morocco and [[Baghdad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/Jews_in_Arab_lands_%28gen%29.html |title=The Treatment of Jews in Arab/Islamic Countries |author=Mitchell Bard |year=2012 |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=August 12, 2012 |archive-date=October 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007003054/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/Jews_in_Arab_lands_(gen).html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}} The [[Almohad]]s, who had taken control of much of Islamic Iberia by 1172, surpassed the [[Almoravides]] in fundamentalist outlook. They treated the ''[[dhimmi]]s'' harshly. They expelled both Jews and Christians from Morocco and Islamic Spain. Faced with the choice of death or conversion, many Jews emigrated.<ref>[http://www.theforgottenrefugees.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid=39 The Forgotten Refugees] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928051923/http://www.theforgottenrefugees.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid=39 |date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref> Some, such as the family of [[Maimonides]], fled south and east to more tolerant Muslim lands, while others went northward to settle in the growing Christian kingdoms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html |title=Sephardim |author=Rebecca Weiner |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=August 12, 2012 |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907212349/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Kraemer, Joel L., "Moses Maimonides: An Intellectual Portrait," ''The Cambridge Companion to Maimonides'', pp. 16–17 (2005)</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}} === Europe === {{Main|History of European Jews in the Middle Ages}} [[File:Mishnah (Ms. 3173; De Rossi 138), Palatina.jpg|right|thumb|11th century ''[[mishnah]]'' codex from Italy, [[Biblioteca Palatina, Parma]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=adkim |date=2014-02-28 |title=The Biblioteca Palatina and the National Library of Israel |url=https://primolevicenter.org/printed-matter/the-biblioteca-palatina-and-the-national-library-of-israel/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Printed_Matter |language=en-US}}</ref>]] According to [[James P. Carrol]], "Jews accounted for 10% of the total population of the Roman Empire. By that ratio, if other factors had not intervened, there would be 200 million Jews in the world today, instead of something like 13 million."<ref>Carroll, James. ''[[Constantine's Sword]]'' (Houghton Mifflin, 2001) {{ISBN|978-0-395-77927-9}} p. 26</ref> Jewish populations have existed in Europe, especially in the area of the former Roman Empire, from very early times. As Jewish males had emigrated, some sometimes took wives from local populations, as is shown by the various [[MtDNA]], compared to [[Y-DNA#Genetic genealogy|Y-DNA]] among Jewish populations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/14/science/in-dna-new-clues-to-jewish-roots.html |title=In DNA, New Clues to Jewish Roots |first=Nicholas |last=Wade |date=May 14, 2002 |work=The New York Times |access-date=June 16, 2013 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126180104/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/14/science/in-dna-new-clues-to-jewish-roots.html |url-status=live}}</ref> These groups were joined by traders and later on by members of the diaspora.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}} Records of Jewish communities in France (see [[History of the Jews in France]]) and Germany (see [[History of the Jews in Germany]]) date from the 4th century, and substantial Jewish communities in Spain were noted even earlier.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}} The historian [[Norman Cantor]] and other 20th-century scholars dispute the tradition that the Middle Ages was a uniformly difficult time for Jews. Before the Church became fully organized as an institution with an increasing array of rules, early medieval society was tolerant. Between 800 and 1100, an estimated 1.5 million Jews lived in Christian Europe. As they were not Christians, they were not included as a [[Estates of the realm|division]] of the feudal system of clergy, knights and serfs. This means that they did not have to satisfy the oppressive demands for labour and military conscription that Christian commoners suffered. In relations with the Christian society, the Jews were protected by kings, princes and bishops, because of the crucial services they provided in three areas: finance, administration and medicine.<ref name="Norman F" /> The lack of political strengths did leave Jews vulnerable to exploitation through extreme taxation.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ebenhard |last=Isenmann |editor-first=Richard |editor-last=Bonney |title=The Rise of the Fiscal State in Europe c. 1200–1815 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U24lRLy_qT8C&pg=PA259 |date=1999 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-154220-6 |page=259}}</ref> Christian scholars interested in the Bible consulted with Talmudic rabbis. As the Roman Catholic Church strengthened as an institution, the Franciscan and Dominican preaching orders were founded, and there was a rise of competitive middle-class, town-dwelling Christians. By 1300, the friars and local priests staged the Passion Plays during Holy Week, which depicted Jews (in contemporary dress) killing Christ, according to Gospel accounts. From this period, persecution of Jews and deportations became endemic. Around 1500, Jews found relative security and a renewal of prosperity in present-day [[Poland]].<ref name="Norman F">Norman F. Cantor, ''The Last Knight: The Twilight of the Middle Ages and the Birth of the Modern Era'', Free Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-7432-2688-2}}, pp. 28–29</ref> After 1300, Jews suffered more discrimination and persecution in Christian Europe. Europe's Jewry was mainly urban and literate. The Christians were inclined to regard Jews as obstinate deniers of the truth because in their view the Jews were expected to know of the truth of the Christian doctrines from their knowledge of the Jewish scriptures. Jews were aware of the pressure to accept Christianity.<ref>{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |title=A History of the Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv |url-access=registration |year=1976 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/412 412]}}</ref> As Catholics were forbidden by the church to loan money for interest, some Jews became prominent moneylenders. Christian rulers gradually saw the advantage of having such a class of people who could supply capital for their use without being liable to excommunication. As a result, the money trade of western Europe became a speciality of the Jews. But, in almost every instance when Jews acquired large amounts through banking transactions, during their lives or upon their deaths, the king would take it over.<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5764-england "England"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730231726/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5764-england |date=July 30, 2020 }}, [[Jewish Encyclopedia]] (1906)</ref> Jews became imperial{{-"}}[[Servi camerae regis|''servi cameræ'']]{{-"}}, the property of the King, who might present them and their possessions to princes or cities. Jews were frequently massacred and exiled from various European countries. The persecution hit its first peak during the [[Crusades]]. In the [[People's Crusade]] (1096) flourishing Jewish communities on the Rhine and the Danube were utterly destroyed. In the [[Second Crusade]] (1147) the Jews in France were subject to frequent massacres. They were also subjected to attacks by the [[Shepherds' Crusade (1251)|Shepherds' Crusades of 1251]] and [[Shepherds' Crusade (1320)|1320]]. The Crusades were followed by massive expulsions, including the [[Edict of Expulsion|expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290]];<ref>{{cite book |first=Robin R. |last=Mundill |title=England's Jewish Solution: Experiment and Expulsion, 1262–1290 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSKLfi_j110C |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52026-3}}</ref> in 1396 100,000 Jews were expelled from France; and in 1421, thousands were expelled from Austria. Over this time many Jews in Europe, either fleeing or being expelled, migrated to Poland, where they prospered into another [[History of the Jews in Poland#Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572|Golden Age]]. In Italy, Jews were allowed to live in Venice but were required to live in a [[ghetto]], and the practice spread across Italy (see [[Cum nimis absurdum]]) and was adopted in many places in Catholic Europe. Jews outside the Ghetto often had to wear a yellow star.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn539121 |title=Print of Jews forced to listen to a Christian sermon – Collections Search – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |website=collections.ushmm.org |access-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-date=November 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129142432/https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn539121 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>The Jewish-Christian Encounter in Medieval Preaching, Routledge 2015, edited by Jonathan Adams and Jussi Hanska chapter 13, see page 297</ref> === Expulsions of the Jews of Spain and Portugal === {{further|Expulsion of Jews from Spain|Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal}} [[File:Vicente Cutanda - A los pies del Salvador.jpg|thumb|250px|''At the Feet of the Saviour'', massacre of Jews in [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], oil on canvas by [[Vicente Cutanda]] (1887)]] [[File:Matanza de judíos en Barcelona - año 1391.jpg|thumb|250px|''Slaughter of Jews in Barcelona in 1391'' by [[Josep Segrelles]], {{circa|1910}}]] [[File:A Expulsão dos Judeus (Roque Gameiro, Quadros da História de Portugal, 1917).png|250px|thumb|Expulsion of the Jews in 1497, in a 1917 watercolour by [[Alfredo Roque Gameiro]] ]] [[File:Inquis1.jpg|thumb|250px|Burning of Crypto-Jews in Lisbon, Portugal]] Significant repression of Spain's numerous community occurred during the 14th century, notably a [[History of the Jews in Spain#Massacres and mass conversions of 1391|major pogrom in 1391]] which resulted in the majority of Spain's 300,000 Jews converting to Catholicism. With the [[Granada War|conquest of the Muslim Kingdom of Granada]] in 1492, the Catholic monarchs issued the [[Alhambra Decree]], and Spain's remaining 100,000 Jews were forced to choose between conversion and exile. The expulsion of the Jews of Spain, is regarded by Jews as the worst catastrophe between the destruction of Jerusalem in 73 CE and the [[Holocaust]] of the 1940s.<ref>European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism, 1550–1750 by Jonathan Israel, chapter 1 Exodus from the West (page 25)</ref> As a result, an estimated 50,000 to 70,000 Jews left Spain, the remainder joining Spain's already numerous [[Converso]] community. Perhaps a quarter of a million Conversos thus were gradually absorbed by the dominant Catholic culture, although those among them who secretly practised Judaism were subject to 40 years of intense repression by the [[Spanish Inquisition]]. This was particularly the case up until 1530, after which the trials of Conversos by the Inquisition dropped to 3% of the total. Similar expulsions of Sephardic Jews occurred 1493 in [[Sicily]] (37,000 Jews) and Portugal in 1496. The expelled Spanish Jews fled mainly to the Ottoman Empire and North Africa and Portugal. A small number also settled in Holland and England. The expulsion followed a long process of expulsions and bans from what are now England, France, Germany, Austria, and Holland. In January 1492, the [[Emirate of Granada|last Muslim state]] was defeated in Spain and six months later the Jews of Spain (the largest community in the world) were required to [[Expulsion of Jews from Spain|convert or leave without their property]]. 100,000 converted with many continuing to [[Marrano|secretly practice Judaism]], for which the Catholic church's inquisition (led by [[Tomás de Torquemada]]) now mandated a sentence of death by public burning. 175,000 left Spain.<ref>The Jews of Spain by Jane Gerber, Free Press 1994 pp 138 – 144 / Secrecy and Deceit: The Religion of the Crypto-Jews by David Martin Gitlitz, University of New Mexico 2002, pp 75 – 81</ref> Many [[Sephardi Jews|Spanish Jews]] moved to North Africa, [[History of the Jews in Poland|Poland]] and the Ottoman Empire, especially [[History of the Jews in Thessaloniki|Thessaloniki]] (now in Greece) which became the world's largest Jewish city. Some groups headed to the Middle East and Palestine, within the domains of the Ottoman Empire. About 100,000 Spanish Jews were allowed into Portugal, however five years later, their children were seized and they were given the choice of conversion or departing without them.<ref>The Jews of Spain by Jane Gerber, Free Press 1994 pp 142 – 144</ref> ==ابتدائي جديد دور== Historians who study modern Jewry have identified four different paths by which European Jews were "modernized" and thus integrated into the mainstream of European society. A common approach has been to view the process through the lens of the European [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] as Jews faced the promise and the challenges posed by political emancipation. Scholars that use this approach have focused on two social types as paradigms for the decline of Jewish tradition and as agents of the sea changes in Jewish culture that led to the collapse of the [[ghetto]]. The first of these two social types is the [[Court Jew]] who is portrayed as a forerunner of the modern Jew, having achieved integration with and participation in the proto-capitalist economy and court society of central European states such as the [[Habsburg Empire]]. In contrast to the cosmopolitan Court Jew, the second social type presented by historians of modern Jewry is the ''maskil'', (learned person), a proponent of the [[Haskalah]] (Enlightenment). This narrative sees the maskil's pursuit of secular scholarship and his rationalistic critiques of rabbinic tradition as laying a durable intellectual foundation for the secularization of Jewish society and culture. The established paradigm has been one in which Ashkenazic Jews entered modernity through a self-conscious process of westernization led by "highly atypical, Germanized Jewish intellectuals". Haskalah gave birth to the Reform and Conservative movements and planted the seeds of [[Zionism]] while at the same time encouraging cultural assimilation into the countries in which Jews resided.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reframing Jewish History |date=May 2005 |url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=10513 |access-date=May 24, 2011 |archive-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930222143/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=10513 |url-status=live}}</ref> At around the same time that Haskalah was developing, [[Hasidic Judaism]] was spreading as a movement that preached a world view nearly opposed to the Haskalah. In the 1990s, the concept of the "[[Port Jew]]" has been suggested as an "alternate path to modernity" that was distinct from the European [[Haskalah]]. In contrast to the focus on Ashkenazic Germanized Jews, the concept of the [[Port Jew]] focused on the Sephardi conversos who fled the Inquisition and resettled in European port towns on the coast of the Mediterranean, the Atlantic and the Eastern seaboard of the United States.<ref name="Fry-2002">{{cite journal |title=Port Jews: Jewish Communities in Cosmopolitan Maritime Trading Centres, 1550–1950 |first=Helen P. |last=Fry |journal=European Judaism |volume=36 |publisher=Frank Cass Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7146-8286-0 |url=https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5002650793 |quote=Port Jews were a social type, usually those who were involved in seafaring and maritime trade, who (like Court Jews) could be seen as the earliest modern Jews. Often arriving as refugees from the Inquisition, they were permitted to settle as merchants and allowed to trade openly in places such as Amsterdam, London, Trieste and Hamburg. 'Their Diaspora connections and accumulated expertise lay in exactly the areas of overseas expansion that were then of interest to mercantilist governments.' |access-date=September 1, 2017 |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160935/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia?docId=5002650793 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Court Jews === [[Court Jew]]s were Jewish bankers or businessmen who lent money and handled the finances of some of the Christian European noble houses. Corresponding historical terms are ''Jewish bailiff'' and ''[[shtadlan]]''. Examples of what would be later called court Jews emerged when local rulers used services of Jewish bankers for short-term loans. They lent money to nobles and in the process gained social influence. Noble patrons of court Jews employed them as financiers, suppliers, diplomats and [[trade delegate]]s. Court Jews could use their family connections, and connections between each other, to provision their sponsors with, among other things, food, arms, ammunition and precious metals. In return for their services, court Jews gained social privileges, including up to noble status for themselves, and could live outside the Jewish ghettos. Some nobles wanted to keep their bankers in their own courts. And because they were under noble protection, they were exempted from rabbinical jurisdiction. From medieval times, court Jews could amass personal fortunes and gained political and social influence. Sometimes they were also prominent people in the local Jewish community and could use their influence to protect and influence their brethren. Sometimes they were the only Jews who could interact with the local high society and present petitions of the Jews to the ruler. However, the court Jew had social connections and influence in the Christian world mainly through his Christian patrons. Due to the precarious position of Jews, some nobles could just ignore their debts. If the sponsoring noble died, his Jewish financier could face exile or execution.{{Citation needed| date=February 2012}} === Port Jews === The [[Port Jew]] is a descriptive term for Jews who were involved in the seafaring and maritime economy of Europe, especially during the 17th and 18th centuries. Helen Fry suggests that they can be considered "the earliest modern Jews". According to Fry, Port Jews frequently arrived as "refugees from the Inquisition" and the expulsion of Jews from Iberia. They were allowed to settle in port cities because merchants granted them permission to trade in ports such as Amsterdam, London, Trieste and Hamburg. Fry notes that their connections to the [[Jewish Diaspora]] and their expertise in maritime trade made them particularly valuable to the mercantilist governments of Europe.<ref name="Fry-2002" /> Lois Dubin describes Port Jews as Jewish merchants who were "valued for their engagement in the international maritime trade upon which such cities thrived".<ref>Dubin, ''The port Jews of Habsburg Trieste: absolutist politics and enlightenment culture'', Stanford University Press, 1999, p. 47</ref> Sorkin and others have characterized the socio-cultural profile of these men as marked by a flexibility towards religion and a "reluctant cosmopolitanism that was alien to both traditional and 'enlightened' Jewish identities". From the 16th to the 18th century, Jewish merchants dominated the chocolate and vanilla trade, exporting to Jewish centres across Europe, mainly Amsterdam, Bayonne, Bordeaux, Hamburg and Livorno.<ref>Encyclopedia of Jewish Food, Gil Marks, HMH, November 17, 2010</ref> === Ottoman Empire === {{Main|History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire}} During the Classical Ottoman period (1300–1600), the Jews, together with most other communities of the empire, enjoyed a certain level of prosperity. Compared with other Ottoman subjects, they were the predominant power in commerce and trade as well in diplomacy and other high offices. In the 16th century especially, the Jews were the most prominent under the ''[[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|millets']]'', the apogee of Jewish influence could arguably be the appointment of [[Joseph Nasi]] to [[Sanjak-bey]] (governor, a rank usually only held by Muslims) of the island of [[Naxos]].<ref>Charles Issawi & Dmitri Gondicas; ''Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism'', Princeton, (1999)</ref> At the time of the [[Battle of Yarmuk]] when the Levant passed under Muslim Rule, thirty Jewish communities existed in Haifa, Sh'chem, Hebron, Ramleh, Gaza, Jerusalem, and many in the north. Safed became a spiritual centre for the Jews and the [[Shulchan Aruch]] was compiled there as well as many Kabbalistic texts. The first Hebrew printing press, and the first printing in Western Asia began in 1577. Jews lived in the geographic area of Asia Minor (modern Turkey, but more geographically either Anatolia or Asia Minor) for more than 2,400 years. Initial prosperity in Hellenistic times had faded under Christian Byzantine rule, but recovered somewhat under the rule of the various Muslim governments that displaced and succeeded rule from Constantinople. For much of the Ottoman period, Turkey was a safe haven for Jews fleeing persecution, and it continues to have a small Jewish population today. The situation where Jews both enjoyed cultural and economical prosperity at times but were widely persecuted at other times was summarised by G. E. Von Grunebaum: <blockquote>It would not be difficult to put together the names of a very sizeable number of Jewish subjects or citizens of the Islamic area who have attained to high rank, to power, to great financial influence, to significant and recognized intellectual attainment; and the same could be done for Christians. But it would again not be difficult to compile a lengthy list of persecutions, arbitrary confiscations, attempted forced conversions, or pogroms.<ref>G. E. Von Grunebaum, ''Eastern Jewry Under Islam'', 1971, p. 369.</ref></blockquote> === Russia, Poland, and Eastern Europe === {{Further|History of the Jews in Poland|History of the Jews in Russia|History of the Jews in Ukraine|History of the Jews in Lithuania|History of the Jews in Romania}} {{expand section|date=October 2025}} In the 17th century, there were many significant Jewish populations in Western and Central Europe. The relatively tolerant Poland had the largest Jewish population in Europe that dated back to the 13th century, and enjoyed relative prosperity and freedom for nearly four hundred years. However, the calm situation ended when Polish and Lithuanian Jews of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] were slaughtered in the hundreds of thousands by Ukrainian Cossacks during the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] (1648) and by the [[Swedish wars]] (1655). Driven by these and other persecutions, some Jews moved back to Western Europe in the 17th century, notably to [[Amsterdam]]. The last ban on Jewish residency in a European nation was revoked in 1654, but periodic expulsions from individual cities still occurred, and Jews were often restricted from land ownership, or forced to live in [[ghetto]]s. With the [[Partitions of Poland]] in the late 18th century, the Polish-Jewish population was split between the [[Russian Empire]], [[Austria-Hungary]], and German [[Prussia]], which divided Poland among themselves. === European Enlightenment and Haskalah (18th century) === [[File:Moritz Daniel Oppenheim--Lavater and Lessing Visit Moses Mendelssohn--1856--Magnes Collection.jpg|thumb|right|[[Moses Mendelssohn]] (in red coat), Lavater (at right) and Lessing (standing), in an imaginary portrait by the Jewish artist [[Moritz Daniel Oppenheim]] (1856), [[Magnes Collection of Jewish Art and Life]]]] During the period of the [[European Renaissance]] and Enlightenment, significant changes occurred within the Jewish community. The [[Haskalah]] movement paralleled the wider Enlightenment, as Jews in the 18th century began to campaign for emancipation from restrictive laws and integration into the wider European society. Secular and scientific education was added to the traditional religious instruction received by students, and interest in a national Jewish identity, including a revival in the study of Jewish history and Hebrew, started to grow. Among the prominient Haskalah intellectuals were [[Moses Mendelssohn]], [[Naphtali Hirz Wessely]], [[Isaac Satanow]] and [[Isaac Euchel]]. Haskalah gave birth to the [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] and [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] movements in Judaism and planted the seeds of [[Zionism]] while at the same time encouraging cultural assimilation into the countries in which Jews resided. At around the same time another movement was born, one preaching almost the opposite of Haskalah, [[Hasidic Judaism]]. Hasidic Judaism began in the 18th century by [[Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov]], and quickly gained a following with its more exuberant, mystical approach to religion. These two movements, and the traditional orthodox approach to Judaism from which they spring, formed the basis for the modern divisions within Jewish observance. At the same time, the outside world was changing, and debates began over the potential emancipation of the Jews (granting them equal rights). The first country to do so was France, during the [[French Revolution]] in 1789. Even so, Jews were expected to assimilate, not continue their traditions. This ambivalence is demonstrated in the famous speech of [[Clermont-Tonnerre]] before the [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] in 1789: <blockquote>We must refuse everything to the Jews as a nation and accord everything to Jews as individuals. We must withdraw recognition from their judges; they should only have our judges. We must refuse legal protection to the maintenance of the so-called laws of their Judaic organization; they should not be allowed to form in the state either a political body or an order. They must be citizens individually. But, some will say to me, they do not want to be citizens. Well then! If they do not want to be citizens, they should say so, and then, we should banish them. It is repugnant to have in the state an association of non-citizens, and a nation within the nation...</blockquote> === Hasidic Judaism === {{See also|Mitnagdim}} [[File:Maurycy Gottlieb - Jews Praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur.jpg|thumb|upright=1|right|Hasidic Jews praying in the synagogue on [[Yom Kippur]], by [[Maurycy Gottlieb]]]] [[Hasidic Judaism]] is a branch of [[Orthodox Judaism]] that promotes spirituality and joy through the popularisation and internalization of [[Jewish mysticism]] as the fundamental aspects of the [[Jewish faith]]. Hasidism comprises part of contemporary [[Ultra-Orthodox]] Judaism, alongside the previous Talmudic [[Lithuanian Jews|Lithuanian-Yeshiva]] approach and the Oriental [[Sephardi Judaism|Sephardi]] tradition. It was founded in 18th-century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel [[Baal Shem Tov]] as a reaction against overly [[Talmud|legalistic]] Judaism. Opposite to this, Hasidic teachings cherished the sincerity and concealed holiness of the unlettered common folk, and their equality with the scholarly elite. The emphasis on the [[Immanent]] Divine presence in everything gave new value to prayer and deeds of kindness, alongside Rabbinic supremacy of [[Torah study|study]], and replaced historical [[Kabbalah|mystical (kabbalistic)]] and [[Musar literature|ethical (musar)]] [[Asceticism in Judaism|asceticism]] and [[Maggid|admonishment]] with optimism, encouragement, and daily [[Deveikut|fervour]]. This populist emotional revival accompanied the elite ideal of nullification to paradoxical Divine [[Panentheism]], through intellectual articulation of inner dimensions of mystical thought. The adjustment of Jewish values sought to add to required standards of ritual [[Halacha|observance]], while relaxing others where inspiration predominated. Its communal gatherings celebrate soulful [[Nigun|song]] and [[Yiddish literature#Hasidic and Haskalah literature|storytelling]] as forms of mystical devotion.{{Citation needed| date=February 2012}} ==اڻويهين صدي== [[File:Napoleon stellt den israelitischen Kult wieder her, 30. Mai 1806.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|An 1806 French print depicts [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] emancipating the Jews.]] Though persecution still existed, [[Jewish emancipation]] spread throughout Europe in the 19th century. [[Napoleon]] invited Jews to leave the [[Jewish ghettos in Europe]] and seek refuge in the newly created tolerant political regimes that offered equality under Napoleonic Law (see [[Napoleon and the Jews]]). Gradually all European nations established in constitutions the principle of equality under the law and abolished all restrictions for Jews.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org">[https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/antisemitism-in-history-the-era-of-nationalism-1800-1918 Antisemitism in History: The Era of Nationalism, 1800–1918]</ref><ref>[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/emancipation Emancipation]</ref><ref>[https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/jewish-emancipation-in-western-europe/ Jewish Emancipation in Western Europe]</ref><ref>[https://d-nb.info/1175689041/34 Jewish Emancipation in the 18th and 19th Centuries]</ref> [[File:Antisemiticroths.jpg|thumb|A caricature by [[Charles Lucien Léandre]] (France, 1898) showing [[Rothschild family|Rothschild]] with the world in his hands]] Jews now could own land and enter the civil service. The abolition of restraints on political activism and the broadening of the electoral franchise on the basis of citizenship, not religion, made Jews most visible among [[liberalism|liberal]], [[Radical politics|radical]], and [[Marxism|Marxist]] ([[Social Democracy|Social Democratic]]) political parties.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org"/> For centuries, so-called [[court Jew]]s acted as the principal financiers for the European aristocracys. In the 1760s, one of them, [[Mayer Amschel Rothschild]], established a banking business in Germany that eventually became a vast international conglomerate and yield one of the largest family fortunes in world history. Thus the name of the [[Rothschilds]] became synonymous with Jewish financial power. Across Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, other Jews also created a number of influential banks.<ref>[https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/usury-and-moneylending-in-judaism/ Jews and Finance]</ref> The most important branch of Jewish economic life in Eastern Europe was trade. While most remained small shopkeepers, stallholders, and peddlers, others became owners of department stores and shopping arcades. During the 19th century Jews began to move from rural regions to cities, this contributed to the decline of traditional Jewish tavernkeeping. Jews made up a considerable proportion of all craftsmen in the [[Russian Empire]] and [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] during the 19th century, but with the spread of industrialization large factories tended to squeeze out small Jewish-run workshops, and only limited numbers of Jews became employees in these modern factories. Jews were considered less desirable employees since they did not want to work on Saturdays and tended to organize into unions to demand improved working conditions, the foundation of the [[General Jewish Labour Bund|Bund]] in the Russian Empire in 1897 strengthened this process.<ref name="Economic Life">[https://encyclopedia.yivo.org/article/7 Economic Life]</ref> The economic achivements of Jews in the 19th century created the impression for some that Jews were being overrepresented in such lucrative occupations as finance, banking, trade, industry, medicine, law, journalism, art, music, literature, and theater. Despite increasing integration of the Jews with secular society, a new form of [[antisemitism]] emerged, [[Racial antisemitism|based on the ideas of race and nationhood]] rather than the religious hatred of the Middle Ages. This form of antisemitism held that Jews were a separate and inferior race from the [[Aryan]] people of Western Europe, and led to the emergence of political parties in France, Germany, and [[Austria-Hungary]] that campaigned on a platform of rolling back emancipation. This form of antisemitism emerged frequently in European culture, most famously in the [[Dreyfus Trial]] in France.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org"/><ref>[https://evolve.reconstructingjudaism.org/anti-semitism-europe-history/ Antisemitism in Europe and America in the Modern Period: Historical Perspectives]</ref><ref>[https://www.quest-cdecjournal.it/anti-jewish-prejudices-antisemitic-ideologies-open-violence-antisemitism-in-european-comparison-from-the-1870s-to-the-first-world-war-a-commentary/ Anti-Jewish Prejudices, Antisemitic Ideologies, Open Violence: Antisemitism in European Comparison from the 1870s to the First World War. A Commentary]</ref> During this period, Jewish migration to the United States (see [[American Jews]]) created a large new community mostly freed of the restrictions of Europe. Over 2 million Jews arrived in the United States between 1890 and 1924, most from the Russian Empire and Galicia. A similar case occurred in the southern tip of the continent, specifically in the countries of [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]]. ==ويهين صدي== ===جديد صيهونيت=== [[File:Herzl on a balcony full.jpg|thumb|Theodor Herzl, visionary of the Jewish State, in Basel, photographed during [[World Zionist Congress|Fifth Zionist Congress]] in December 1901, by [[Ephraim Moses Lilien]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Theodor Herzl Signed Photograph, Basel, Switzerland {{!}} Shapell Manuscript Foundation |url=https://www.shapell.org/manuscript/theodor-herzl-signed-photograph-basel-switzerland/ |website=Shapell |access-date=May 10, 2023}}</ref>]] During the 1870s and 1880s, the Jewish population in Europe began to more actively discuss emigration to [[Ottoman Syria]] with the aim of re-establishing a Jewish polity in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and fulfilling the biblical prophecies related to [[Shivat Tzion]]. In 1882 the first Zionist settlement—[[Rishon LeZion]]—was founded by immigrants who belonged to the "[[Hovevei Zion]]" movement. Later on, the "[[Bilu (movement)|Bilu]]" movement established many other settlements in Palestine. The Zionist movement was officially founded after the [[Kattowitz convention]] (1884) and the [[World Zionist Congress]] (1897), and it was [[Theodor Herzl]] who initiated the struggle to establish a state for the Jews. After the [[First World War]], it seemed that the conditions that made it possible for the Jews to establish such a state had arrived: The United Kingdom captured [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] from the Ottoman Empire, and the Jews received the promise of a "National Home" from the British in the form of the [[Balfour Declaration]] of 1917, given to [[Chaim Weizmann]]. In 1920, the British Mandate of Palestine was established and the pro-Jewish [[Herbert Samuel]] was appointed High Commissioner of Palestine, the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] was established and several large Jewish immigration waves to Palestine occurred. The Arab inhabitants of Palestine grew hostile to increasing Jewish immigration, and as a result, they began to express their opposition to the establishment of Jewish settlements and the pro-Jewish policy of the British government. New Jewish immigrants began to create militias and paramilitary groups such as the [[Bar-Giora]] and [[Hashomer]]. Clashes between Jews and Arabs became more frequent. After the [[1920 Nebi Musa riots]], the Jewish leadership in Palestine believed that the British had little desire to involve themselves in these clashes and maintain order. Believing that they could not rely on the British administration for protection, the Jewish leadership created the [[Haganah]] and [[Irgun]] paramilitary organizations in order to protect its community's farms and [[Kibbutz]]im. These paramilitary organization were involved in major riots, such as the [[Jaffa riots (May 1921)|Jaffa riots]], [[1929 Palestine riots]] and the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]]. Arabs, Jews and Britons suffered in this violence. Due to the increasing violence, the United Kingdom gradually started to backtrack from its original idea of supporting the establishment of a Jewish homeland and it also started to speculate on a [[binational solution]] to the crisis or the establishment of an Arab state that would have a Jewish minority. ===Jews in Europe and the United States after World War I === [[File:Yung-teater poster 15.jpg|thumb|Bilingual [[Polish language|Polish]]-[[Yiddish]] poster for the [[Warsaw]] [[Young Theater]]'s production of ''Mississippi'' in 1935, written by [[Leib Malach]]]] The World War I and subsequent political changes, such as the [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917 and the establishment of new nation-states after 1918, led to far-reaching consequenсes for the Jews of Eastern Europe. The authorities of the [[Soviet Union]] viewed private commerce as negative and sought to bring all trade under the aegis of state enterprises. Therefore, many Jews, who had previously made their living from trade, were forced to find other occupations. In Poland, Hungary, and Romania, the authorities adopted policies aimed at ethnicizing their national economies, aiming to exclude Jews as far as possible from the marketplace.<ref name="Economic Life"/> Nevertheless, the Jews of Europe and the United States gained success in the fields of science, culture and the economy. In Austria in the years between the two World Wars Jews were approximately 3.5% of the population but were 27.3% of university professors. In Germany between 1918 and 1933 Jews were 0.78% of the population but were 16% of the doctors, 15% of the dentists, 25% of the lawyers, 50% of the theatre directors and occupied 80% of the leading positions in the [[Berlin stock exchange]]. In Poland in 1931 Jews were 10.2% of the population but were 56% of the doctors in private practice, 33% of the lawyers, and 24% of the pharmacists. In Russia during the period 1917–1939 Jews were approximately 1.8% of the population, while Jews were 9% of the officers in military academies, 15% of the university graduates, 11% of the doctors and 14% of the university professors.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Lynn | first1=Richard | last2=Kanazawa | first2=Satoshi | title=How to explain high Jewish achievement: The role of intelligence and values | journal=Personality and Individual Differences | date=2008 | volume=44 | issue=4 | pages=801–808 | doi=10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.019 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886907003674 }}</ref> Among those Jews who were generally considered the most famous were the scientist [[Albert Einstein]] and the philosopher [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]. At that time, a disproportionate number of [[Nobel Prize]] winners were Jewish, as is still the case.<ref name="jinfo.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html |title=Jewish Nobel Prize Winners |publisher=jinfo.org |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211039/http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html |url-status=live}}</ref> === The Holocaust === {{Main|History of the Jews during World War II|The Holocaust}} [[File:Rows of bodies of dead inmates fill the yard of Lager Nordhausen, a Gestapo concentration camp.jpg|thumb|Bodies of inmates of the [[Mittelbau-Dora]] Nazi concentration camp who died during [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[Bombing of Nordhausen in World War II|bombing raids]] on April 3 and 4, 1945]] In 1933, with [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazi Party]]'s rise to power in Germany, the Jewish situation became more severe. [[Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic|Economic crises]], [[Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany|racial Anti-Jewish laws]], and fear of an upcoming war led many Jews to flee from Europe and settle in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], the United States and the Soviet Union. In 1939, [[World War II]] began and until 1945, [[German-occupied Europe|Germany occupied almost all of Europe]], including [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|Poland]]—[[History of the Jews in Poland|where millions of Jews were living at that time]]—and [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|France]]. In 1941, following the [[invasion of the Soviet Union]], the [[Final Solution]] began, an extensive organized operation on an unprecedented scale, aimed at the annihilation of the Jewish people, and resulting in the persecution and murder of Jews in Europe, as well as Jews in European North Africa (pro-Nazi [[Vichy France|Vichy]]-[[French North Africa|North Africa]] and [[Italian Libya]]). This [[genocide]], in which approximately six million Jews were methodically murdered with horrifying cruelty, is known as [[The Holocaust]] or the ''Shoah'' (Hebrew term). In Poland, as many as one million Jews were murdered in [[gas chambers]] at the [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz camp complex]]. The massive scale of the Holocaust, and the horrors that happened during it, were only understood after the war, and they heavily affected the Jewish nation and world public opinion. Efforts were then increased to establish a Jewish state in Palestine. === The establishment of the State of Israel === {{Main|History of Israel (1948–present)}} {{Further|Israel|Israeli Declaration of Independence}} {{History of Israel}} In 1945 the Jewish resistance organizations in Palestine unified and established the Jewish Resistance Movement. The movement began guerrilla attacks against Arab paramilitaries and the British authorities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/resist.html |title=The Jewish Resistance Movement |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=August 12, 2012 |archive-date=September 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907162736/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/resist.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}} Following the [[King David Hotel bombing]], [[Chaim Weizmann]], president of the [[WZO]] appealed to the movement to cease all further military activity until a decision would be reached by the [[Jewish Agency]]. The Jewish Agency backed Weizmann's recommendation to cease activities, a decision reluctantly accepted by the Haganah, but not by the [[Irgun]] and [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]]. The JRM was dismantled and each of the founding groups continued operating according to their own policy.<ref>Horne, Edward (1982). ''A Job Well Done (Being a History of The Palestine Police Force 1920–1948)''. Anchor. {{ISBN|978-0-9508367-0-6}}. pp. 272, 299. States that Haganah withdrew on July 1, 1946. But remained permanently uncooperative.</ref> The Jewish leadership decided to centre the struggle in the illegal immigration to Palestine and began organizing a massive number of Jewish war refugees from Europe, without the approval of the British authorities. This immigration contributed a great deal to the Jewish settlements in Israel in the world public opinion and the British authorities decided to let the United Nations decide upon the fate of Palestine.{{Citation needed| date=February 2012}} On November 29, 1947, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] adopted [[Resolution 181]](II) recommending partitioning Palestine into an Arab state, a Jewish state and the City of Jerusalem. The Jewish leadership accepted the decision but the Arab League and the leadership of Palestinian Arabs opposed it. Following a period of [[1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine|civil war]] the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]] started.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} In the middle of the war, after the last British soldiers of the Palestine Mandate left, David Ben-Gurion proclaimed on May 14, 1948, the establishment of a [[Jewish state]] in [[Eretz Israel]] to be known as the [[State of Israel]]. The war ended in 1949 and Israel started building the state and absorbing massive waves of hundreds of thousands of Jews from all over the world, notably [[Jewish exodus from the Muslim world|Arab countries]]. Since 1948, Israel has been involved in a series of major military conflicts, including the 1956 [[Suez Crisis]], 1967 [[Six-Day War]], 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]], [[1982 Lebanon War]], and [[2006 Lebanon War]], as well as a nearly constant series of [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|ongoing minor conflicts]]. Since 1977, an ongoing and largely unsuccessful series of diplomatic efforts have been initiated by Israel, Palestinian organizations, their neighbours, and other parties, including the United States and the European Union, to bring about a [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process|peace process]] to resolve conflicts between Israel and its neighbours, mostly over the fate of the Palestinian people. ==ايڪويهين صدي== Israel is a [[parliamentary democracy]] with a population of over 8 million people, of whom about 6 million are [[Israeli Jews|Jewish]]. The largest Jewish communities are in Israel and the [[American Jews|United States]], with major communities in France, Argentina, Russia, England, and Canada. The [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]], created during the [[Soviet]] period, continues to be an [[autonomous oblast]] of the Russian state.<ref>Fishkoff, Sue (October 8, 2008). [http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/041008/revival.shtml "A Jewish revival in Birobidzhan?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510142551/http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/041008/revival.shtml |date=May 10, 2011 }} ''Jewish News of Greater Phoenix''. Accessed on June 8, 2008.</ref> The [[Chief Rabbi]] of [[Birobidzhan]], [[Mordechai Scheiner]], says there are 4,000 Jews in the capital city.<ref>Paxton, Robin (June 1, 2007). [http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=525676&cid=84435&NewsType=80052 "From Tractors to Torah in Russia's Jewish Land"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411050518/http://fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=525676&cid=84435&NewsType=80052 |date=April 11, 2013 }}. Federation of Jewish Communities. Accessed on June 8, 2008.</ref> [[Governor]] [[Nikolay Mikhaylovich Volkov]] has stated that he intends to, "support every valuable initiative maintained by our local Jewish organizations".<ref>[http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=221939 "Governor Voices Support for Growing Far East Jewish Community"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518042318/http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=221939 |date=May 18, 2011 }} (November 15, 2004). Federation of Jewish Communities. Accessed on June 8, 2008.</ref> The [[Birobidzhan Synagogue]] opened in 2004 on the 70th anniversary of the region's founding in 1934.<ref>[http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=166969 "Far East Community Prepares for 70th Anniversary of Jewish Autonomous Republic"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518041740/http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=166969 |date=May 18, 2011 }} (August 30, 2004). Federation of Jewish Communities. Accessed on June 8, 2008.</ref> The number of people who identified as Jews in [[England and Wales]] rose slightly between 2001 and 2011, with the growth being attributed to the higher birth rate of the [[Haredi]] community.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7411877.stm |title=Jewish population on the increase |date=May 21, 2008 |access-date=March 18, 2020 |archive-date=May 27, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527215725/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7411877.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> The estimated [[British Jew]]ish population in [[England]] as of 2011 was 263,346.<ref>{{cite web |title=2011 Census: KS209EW Religion, local authorities in England and Wales |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |publisher=ons.gov.uk |access-date=December 15, 2012 |archive-date=January 5, 2016 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2021, per the [[British Census]], the Jewish population of England and Wales was 271,327.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Graham |first1=David |last2=Boyd |first2=Jonathan |title=Jews in Britain in 2021: First results from the Census of England and Wales |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/reports/jews-britain-2021-first-results-census-england-and-wales |website=Institute for Jewish Policy Research |date=November 29, 2022 |access-date=December 13, 2023}}</ref> On October 7, 2023, [[Hamas]], along with other [[Palestinian Joint Operations Room|Palestinian militant groups]], [[October 7 attacks|attacked Israel]] from the [[Gaza Strip]], killing 1,139 people. The day is considered the deadliest day in Israel's history, and the deadliest day for Jews since the Holocaust.<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 11, 2023 |title=Biden calls Hamas attacks the deadliest day for Jews since the Holocaust as US death toll ticks up |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-us-biden-blinken-99eb4063edabc80fa1fa198fb0bb020e |access-date=November 9, 2023 |work=AP News |language=en}}</ref> The attack escalated into a [[Gaza war|major war between Israel and Hamas]]. Hundreds of thousands of civilians were displaced, and more than 250 hostages, including Israelis and foreign nationals, were taken by Hamas, [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]], and other Gaza-based militant groups.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |last2=Angel |first2=Maytaal |last3=Al-Mughrabi |first3=Nidal |last4=Angel |first4=Maytaal |date=November 8, 2023 |title=Israeli, Hamas fighters in close combat in Gaza City as civilians flee |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/thousands-civilians-flee-north-gaza-israeli-troops-hamas-fighters-clash-2023-11-08/ |access-date=November 9, 2023}}</ref> ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[يهوديت]] * [[اسلام ۾ ابراهيم]] * [[يعقوب عليہ السلام]] * [[عيسيٰ عليه السلام]] * [[توريت]] * [[فلسطين]] * [[يروشلم]] * [[اسرائيل]] * [[فلسطين جي رياست]] * [[غزه نسل ڪشي]] * [[يهوديت جي تاريخ]] * [[فلسطين جي تاريخ]] * [[يهودي تاريخ جو خاڪو]] * [[يهودي تاريخ جو وقت]] * [[يهودين جو جينياتي مطالعو]] * [[اسرائيل جي سرزمين ۾ يهودين ۽ يهوديت جي تاريخ]] ==نوٽ== {{Reflist|30em}} ===حوالي جا لکت=== * {{Cite book |last=Brettler |first=Marc Zvi |author-link=Marc Zvi Brettler |title=How to read the Bible |place=New York |publisher=Jewish Publication Society |year=2010 |url={{Google books |id=39nQafdJ_ssC |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=978-0-8276-0775-0}} * {{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Antony F. |last2=O'Brien |first2=Mark A. |title=Unfolding the Deuteronomistic History |year=2000 |publisher=Fortress Press |url={{Google books |id=AvZWPFqd2sEC |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=978-1-4514-1368-7}} * {{cite book |last=Faust |first=Avraham |chapter=The Emergence of Iron Age Israel: On Origins and Habitus |title=Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience |editor1=Thomas E. Levy |editor2=Thomas Schneider |editor3=William H.C. Propp |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/11906343 |date=2015 |publisher=Springer |pages=467–482 |isbn=978-3-319-04768-3}} * {{cite book |title=The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Israel |last2=Silberman |first2=Neil Asher |publisher=Simon and Schuster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-7432-2338-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Frei |first=Peter |title=Persia and Torah: The Theory of Imperial Authorization of the Pentateuch |date=2001 |publisher=SBL Press |isbn=978-1-58983-015-8 |editor-last=Watts |editor-first=James |location=Atlanta, GA |pages=6 |chapter=Persian Imperial Authorization: A Summary}} * {{Cite book |last=Gelston |first=Anthony |chapter=Habakkuk |editor1-last=Dunn |editor1-first=James D. G. |editor2-last=Rogerson |editor2-first=John William |title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2003a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Erdman+commentary+old+testament+hebrew+bible |isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Gelston |first=Anthony |chapter=Zephaniah |editor1-last=Dunn |editor1-first=James D. G. |editor2-last=Rogerson |editor2-first=John William |title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2003c |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Erdman+commentary+old+testament+hebrew+bible |isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0}} *{{cite book |title=Hosea 2: Metaphor and Rhetoric in Historical Perspective |first=Brad E. |last=Kelle |publisher=Society of Biblical Lit |year=2005}} * {{cite book |last1=Levenson |first1=Jon Douglas |title=Inheriting Abraham: the legacy of the patriarch in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam |date=2012 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=978-0-691-16355-0}} * {{cite book |first=Menahem |last=Mor |title=The Second Jewish Revolt: The Bar Kokhba War, 132-136 CE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T8wJDAAAQBAJ |date=May 4, 2016 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-31463-4}} * {{cite book |surname=Neusner |given=Jacob |author-link=Jacob Neusner |title=A Short History of Judaism: Three Meals, Three Epochs |year=1992 |place=Minneapolis, Mn |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=0-8006-2552-8 |url={{Google books |id=5Z3oZVjrDcgC |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}}}} * {{Cite book |last=O'Brien |first=Julia M. |title=Nahum |publisher=A&C Black |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0X9BTEO7OAC&q=%22seventh+century+BCE%22Assyria+remained+a+formidable%22%22threat%22&pg=PA14 |isbn=978-1-84127-300-6}} * {{cite book |last=Radine |first=Jason |title=The Book of Amos in Emergent Judah |year=2010 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=taqfL4qnJs0C |isbn=978-3-16-150114-2}} * {{cite book |author-last=Redmount |author-first=Carol A. |year=2001 |orig-year=1998 |title=The Oxford History of the Biblical World |chapter=Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PA58 |editor-last=Coogan |editor-first=Michael D. |editor-link=Michael Coogan |location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=58–89 |isbn=978-0-19-513937-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Rogerson |first=John W. |chapter=Micah |editor1-last=Dunn |editor1-first=James D. G. |editor2-last=Rogerson |editor2-first=John William |title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2003a |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%22It+is+rare+for+a+prophet+to+be+mentioned%22&pg=PA703 |isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Rogerson |first=John W. |chapter=Deuteronomy |editor1-last=Dunn |editor1-first=James D. G. |editor2-last=Rogerson |editor2-first=John William |title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2003b |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%22Deuteronomy+is+a+speech+delivered+by+Moses%22&pg=PA153 |isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0}} * {{Cite journal |last=Romer |first=Thomas |date=2008 |title=Moses Outside the Torah and the Construction of a Diaspora Identity |url=http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_92.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Hebrew Scriptures |volume=8, article 15 |pages=2–12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021035437/http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_92.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=September 27, 2019}} * {{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Skolnik |editor-given=Fred |editor-link=Fred Skolnik |title=[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]] |volume=1–22 |edition=2nd rev. |year=2007 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |place=Farmington Hills, Mi |isbn=978-0-02-865928-2}} ==ڪتابيات== * {{cite book |surname=Adler |given=Yonatan |title=The Origins of Judaism: An Archaeological-Historical Reappraisal |place=New Haven, Conn |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-300-25490-7 |url={{Google books |id=k8KREAAAQBAJ |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}}}} * {{cite book |surname=Albertz |given=Rainer |title=A History of Israelite Religion. Vol. 1: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy |translator=John Bowden |edition=Reprint |place=Louisville, Kentucky |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=1994 |orig-year=1992 |url={{Google books |id=GJS7BwAAQBAJ |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=0-664-21846-6}} * {{cite book |surname=Albertz |first=Rainer |title=A History of Israelite Religion. Vol. 2: From the Exile to the Maccabees |translator=John Bowden |edition=Reprint |place=Louisville, Kentucky |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=1994 |orig-year=1992 |url={{Google books |id=z5O7BwAAQBAJ |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=0-664-21847-4}} * Allegro, John. ''The chosen people: A study of Jewish history from the time of the exile until the revolt of Bar Kocheba'' (Andrews, UK, 2015). * Alpher, Joseph (1986). ''[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofje00lhis Encyclopedia of Jewish history: events and eras of the Jewish people].'' * [[Dan Cohn-Sherbok|Cohn-Sherbok, Dan]]. ''Atlas of Jewish history'' (Routledge, 2013). * Fireberg, H., Glöckner, O., & Menachem Zoufalá, M., eds. (2020). Being Jewish in 21st Century Central Europe. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg. {{doi|10.1515/9783110582369}} * Friesel, Evyatar. ''Atlas of modern Jewish history'' (1990) [[iarchive:atlasofmodernjew00evya|online free to borrow]] * Gilbert, Martin. ''Atlas of Jewish History'' (1993) [https://archive.org/details/atlasofjewishhis00mart online free to borrow] * Kobrin, Rebecca and Adam Teller, eds. ''Purchasing Power: The Economics of Modern Jewish History''. (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015. viii, 355 pp. Essays by scholars focused on Europe. * {{cite book |title=The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor1-first=Paul R. |editor1-last=Mendes-Flohr |editor1-link=Paul R. Mendes-Flohr |editor2-first=Jehuda |editor2-last=Reinharz |editor2-link=Jehuda Reinharz |year=1995 |isbn=0-19-507453-X |oclc=30026590}} * [[Jacob Neusner|Neusner, Jacob]]; Green, William Scott, eds. (1991). ''The Origins of Judaism. Religion, History, and Literature in Late Antiquity.'' 20-volume Set. New York: Garland Press. (Reprinted scholarly essays, with introductions.) * [[Jacob Neusner|Neusner, Jacob]] (1999). ''[{{Google books|id=5YFXIUJYgsYC |plainurl=y|page=}} The Four Stages of Rabbinic Judaism].'' London; New York: Routledge. * Sachar, Howard M. ''[https://archive.org/details/courseofmodernje00sach The course of modern Jewish history].'' (2nd ed. 2013). * Schloss, Chaim. ''2000 Years of Jewish History'' (2002), Heavily illustrated popular history. * Scheindlin, Raymond P. ''A short history of the Jewish people from legendary times to modern statehood'' (1998) [https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofje00sche online free to borrow] * {{cite book |surname=Sweeney |given=Marvin A. |author-link=Marvin A. Sweeney |chapter=The Religious World of Ancient Israel to 586&nbsp;BCE |editor-surname=Neusner |editor-given=Jacob |editor-link=Jacob Neusner |editor2-surname=Avery-Peck |editor2-given=Alan J. |title=The Blackwell Companion to Judaism |year=2003 |orig-year=2000 |edition=Reprint |pages=20–36 |publisher=Blackwell Publ. |place=Malden, Mass |chapter-url= |url={{Google books |id=bEyD_MaeqP4C |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=1-57718-058-5}} * {{cite book |year=2018 |orig-year=1999 |editor-surname=Visotzky |editor-given=Burton L. |editor-link=Burton Visotzky |editor-surname2=Fishman |editor-given2=David E. |editor-link2=David Fishman |title=From Mesopotamia to Modernity: Ten Introductions to Jewish History and Literature |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |edition=Reprint |url={{Google books |id=x1JPDwAAQBAJ |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=978-0-8133-6717-0}} === France === * Benbassa, Esther. ''The Jews of France: A History from Antiquity to the Present'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/Jews-France-History-Antiquity-Present/dp/0691090149/ excerpt and text search]; [https://www.questia.com/library/99832821/the-jews-of-france-a-history-from-antiquity-to-the online] * Birnbaum, Pierre, and Jane Todd. ''The Jews of the Republic: A Political History of State Jews in France from Gambetta to Vichy'' (1996). * Birnbaum, Pierre; Kochan, Miriam. ''Anti-Semitism in France: A Political History from Léon Blum to the Present'' (1992) 317p. * Cahm, Eric. ''The Dreyfus affair in French society and politics'' (Routledge, 2014). * Debré, Simon. "The Jews of France." ''Jewish Quarterly Review'' 3.3 (1891): 367–435. long scholarly description. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1450008.pdf online free] * Graetz, Michael, and Jane Todd. ''The Jews in Nineteenth-Century France: From the French Revolution to the Alliance Israelite Universelle'' (1996) * Hyman, Paula E. ''The Jews of Modern France'' (1998) [https://www.amazon.com/Modern-France-Jewish-Communities-World/dp/0520209257/ excerpt and text search] * Hyman, Paula. ''From Dreyfus to Vichy: The Remaking of French Jewry, 1906–1939'' (Columbia UP, 1979). [https://archive.org/details/fromdreyfustovic0000hyma online free to borrow] * Schechter, Ronald. ''Obstinate Hebrews: Representations of Jews in France, 1715–1815'' (Univ of California Press, 2003) * Taitz, Emily. ''The Jews of Medieval France: The Community of Champagne'' (1994) [https://www.questia.com/library/3665422/the-jews-of-medieval-france-the-community-of-champagne online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202034/https://www.questia.com/library/3665422/the-jews-of-medieval-france-the-community-of-champagne |date=November 30, 2018 }} === Russia and Eastern Europe === * Brinkmann, Tobias. (2024). ''Between Borders: The Great Jewish Migration from Eastern Europe''. New York: Oxford University Press. * Darieva, Tsypylma, Darja Klingenberg, and Chen Bram. (2025) "Jews of the Caucasus: multiple entanglements and migration routes." ''Journal of Modern Jewish Studies'' 24.2 (2025): 557-569. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14725886.2025.2518673 online] * [[David Fishman|Fishman, David]] (1996). ''Russia's First Modern Jews''. New York University Press. * [[Zvi Gitelman|Gitelman, Zvi]] (2001). ''A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present''. * Kushkova, Anna. (2025) "From a Shtetl House to an Urban Apartment: The Soviet Jewish Home Negotiated, Transformed, and Reimagined." ''Jewish Folklore and Ethnology'' 4.1 (2025): 70-125. [https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=jewishfolklore online] * Polonsky, Antony. ''The Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History'' (2013) * Sapritsky-Nahum, Marina. (2025) "Identity transformations of Ukrainian Jewry during the Russian–Ukrainian war: Odesa’s communities and religious leaders at home and in exile." ''Canadian Slavonic Papers'' 67.1-2 (2025): 214-235. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00085006.2025.2500199 online] * Schapiro, Leonard. "The role of the Jews in the Russian revolutionary movement." ''Slavonic and East European Review'' (1961): 148-167. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4205328 online] * Shumsky, Dmitry. (2025) "Beyond Antisemitism: Rethinking Stalin’s Anti-Jewish Campaign, 1948–1953." ''Journal of Modern History'' 97.2 (2025): 348-386. * {{cite book |last1=Weiner |first1=Miriam |last2=Polish State Archives (in cooperation with) |title=Jewish Roots in Poland: Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories |date=1997 |publisher=Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation |location=Secaucus, NJ |isbn=978-0-9656508-0-9 |oclc=38756480}} * {{cite book |last1=Weiner |first1=Miriam |last2=Ukrainian State Archives (in cooperation with) |last3=Moldovan National Archives (in cooperation with) |title=Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova: Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories |date=1999 |publisher=Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation |location=Secaucus, NJ |isbn=978-0-9656508-1-6 |oclc=607423469}} * Yivo Institute for Jewish Research. ''A Century of Ambivalence, Second Expanded Edition: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present'' (Indiana University Press, 2001). === United States === {{Main|American Jews#Bibliography|History of the{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2025}} [[File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 063.jpg|thumb|According to Jewish tradition, Jacob, shown [[Jacob wrestling with the angel|wrestling with the angel]] in this painting by [[Rembrandt]], was the father of the [[tribes of Israel]].]] {{Jews and Judaism sidebar|history}} {{history of religion|religions}} [[Jews]] originated from the [[Israelites]] and [[Hebrews]] of historical [[Israel and Judah]], two related kingdoms that emerged in the [[Levant]] during the [[Iron Age]].<ref name="Finkelstein-2001">{{cite book |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Israel |title=The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories |last2=Silberman |first2=Neil Asher |date=2001 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-86912-4 |edition=1st Touchstone |location=New York}}</ref><ref name="The Pitcher Is Broken">[https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160404/https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 |date=April 9, 2023 }} Quote: "For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to date."</ref> The earliest mention of [[Israelites]] is inscribed on the [[Merneptah Stele]] {{circa|1213–1203 BCE}}; later religious literature tells the story of Israelites going back at least as far as {{cx|1500 BCE}}. Traditionally, the name ''Israel'' is said to originate with the Hebrew patriarch [[Jacob]], who provides a narrative [[etiology]] for the name{{snd}}after wrestling with an angel, Jacob is renamed Israel, meaning "he who struggles with God". The [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]] based in [[Samaria]] fell to the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] {{cx|720 BCE}},<ref name="Broshi-2001">{{cite book |last=Broshi |first=Maguen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PAPA174 |title=Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-84127-201-6 |page=174}}</ref> and the [[Kingdom of Judah]] to the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] in 586 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Faust |first=Avraham |title=Judah in the Neo-Babylonian Period |date=August 29, 2012 |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |isbn=978-1-58983-641-9 |pages=1 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt5vjz28}}</ref> Part of the Judean population was exiled to [[Babylonia|Babylon]]. The [[Assyrian captivity|Assyrian]] and [[Babylonian captivity|Babylonian captivities]] are regarded as representing the start of the [[Jewish diaspora]]. After the [[Achaemenid Empire]] conquered the region, the exiled Jews were [[Return to Zion|allowed to return]] and [[Second Temple|rebuild the temple]]; these events mark the beginning of the [[Second Temple period]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Jonathan |last1=Stökl |first2=Caroline |last2=Waerzegger |title=Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context |date=2015 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |pages=7–11, 30, 226}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Judaica |edition=2nd |volume=3 |page=27}}</ref> After several centuries of foreign rule, the [[Maccabean Revolt]] against the [[Seleucid Empire]] led to an [[Hasmonean dynasty|independent Hasmonean kingdom]],<ref>{{cite book |first1=Peter Fibiger |last1=Bang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GCj09AmtvvwC&pg=PAPA184 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean |first2=Walter |last2=Scheidel |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-518831-8 |pages=184–187}}</ref> but it was gradually incorporated into the [[Roman Republic|Roman]] imperial system.<ref>{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |url={{Google books|2kSovzudhFUC|page=PA223|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=A History of the Jewish People |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |pages=223–239}}</ref> The [[Jewish–Roman wars]], a series of unsuccessful revolts against the Romans in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, resulted in the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zissu |first=Boaz |title=Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE |date=2018 |isbn=978-90-04-34986-5 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |page=19 |chapter=Interbellum Judea 70-132 CE: An Archaeological Perspective |oclc=988856967}}</ref> and the expulsion of many Jews.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Erwin |last1=Fahlbusch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PAPA15 |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |first2=Geoffrey William |last2=Bromiley |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5 |page=15}}</ref> The Jewish population in [[Syria Palaestina]] gradually decreased during the following centuries, enhancing the role of the Jewish diaspora and shifting the spiritual and demographic centre from the depopulated [[Judea]] to [[Galilee]] and then to [[Asoristan|Babylon]], with smaller communities spread out across the [[Roman Empire]]. During the same period, the [[Mishnah]] and the [[Talmud]], central Jewish texts, were composed. In the following millennia, the diaspora communities [[Coalescent theory|coalesced]] into three major [[Jewish ethnic divisions|ethnic subdivisions]] according to where their ancestors settled: the [[Ashkenazim]] in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern European Jewry|Eastern Europe]], the [[Sephardim]] initially in [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews|Iberia]], and the [[Mizrahim]] in the [[History of the Jews under Muslim rule|Middle East]] and [[North Africa]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GkzdBDuhoRgC&pg=PA87 "Heritage: Civilization and the Jews; The Uses of Adversity." p. 87.] Eban, Abba Solomon. "Heritage: Civilization and the Jews." Summit Books Syracuse, New York: 1984. p. 87.</ref><ref>Dosick (2007), pp. 59–60.</ref> The [[early Muslim conquests]] ended [[Byzantine]] control over the [[Eastern Mediterranean]], with the newly established [[Rashidun Caliphate]] taking over the [[Levant]], [[Mesopotamia]], and North Africa during the 7th century, and the [[Iberian Peninsula]] during the 8th century. [[Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain|Jewish culture enjoyed a golden age in Spain]], with Jews becoming widely accepted in society and their religious, cultural, and economic life blossomed before the arrival of the intolerant [[Almohades]]. In 1492 [[Expulsion of Jews from Spain|the Jews were forced to leave Spain]] by the Catholic Monarchs [[Catholic Monarchs of Spain|Queen Isabella I and King Ferdinand II]], whereafter they migrated in great numbers to the [[History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] and [[Italian Peninsula|Italy]]. Between the 12th and 15th centuries, Ashkenazi Jews experienced extreme persecution in Central Europe, which prompted their mass migration to [[History of Jews in Poland|Poland]].<ref>Mosk (2013), p. 143. "Encouraged to move out of the Holy Roman Empire as persecution of their communities intensified during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the Ashkenazi community increasingly gravitated toward Poland."</ref><ref>Harshav, Benjamin (1999). ''The Meaning of Yiddish''. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 6. "From the fourteenth and certainly by the sixteenth century, the centre of European Jewry had shifted to Poland, then ... comprising the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (including today's Byelorussia), Crown Poland, Galicia, the Ukraine and stretching, at times, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, from the approaches to Berlin to a short distance from Moscow."</ref> The 18th century saw the rise of the [[Haskalah]] intellectual movement. Also starting in the 18th century, Jews began to campaign for [[Jewish emancipation]] from restrictive laws and integration into the wider European society. In the 19th century, when Jews in [[Western Europe]] were increasingly granted equality before the law, Jews in the [[Pale of Settlement]] faced growing persecution, legal restrictions and widespread [[pogrom]]s. During the 1870s and 1880s, the Jewish population in Europe began to more actively discuss emigration to [[Ottoman Syria]] with the aim of re-establishing a Jewish polity in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. The [[Zionist movement]] was officially founded in 1897. The pogroms also triggered a mass exodus of more than two million Jews to the United States between 1881 and 1924.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lewin |first=Rhoda G. |date=1979 |title=Stereotype and reality in the Jewish immigrant experience in Minneapolis |url=http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/46/v46i07p258-273.pdf |journal=Minnesota History |volume=46 |issue=7 |page=259 |access-date=August 10, 2020 |archive-date=July 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721002023/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/46/v46i07p258-273.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The Jews of Europe and the United States gained success in the fields of science, culture and the economy. Among those generally considered the most famous were [[Albert Einstein]] and [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]. Many [[Nobel Prize]] winners at this time were Jewish, as is still the case.<ref name="jinfo.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html |title=Jewish Nobel Prize Winners |publisher=jinfo.org |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211039/http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1933, with the rise to power of [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazi Party]] in [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], the situation for Jews became severe. Economic crises, racial [[Antisemitism in Europe#The Holocaust|antisemitic laws]], and a fear of an upcoming war led many to flee from Europe to [[Mandatory Palestine]], to the United States and to the [[Soviet Union]]. In 1939, [[World War II]] began and until 1941 Germany [[German-occupied Europe|occupied almost all of Europe]]. In 1941, following the [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion]] of the Soviet Union, the [[Final Solution]] began, an extensive organized operation on an unprecedented scale, aimed at the annihilation of the Jewish people, and resulting in the persecution and murder of Jews in Europe and North Africa. In Poland, three million were murdered in [[gas chambers]] in all concentration camps combined, with one million at the [[Auschwitz]] camp complex alone. This [[genocide]], in which approximately six million Jews were methodically exterminated, is known as [[the Holocaust]]. Before and during the Holocaust, enormous numbers of Jews immigrated to Mandatory Palestine. On May 14, 1948, upon the termination of the British Mandate, [[David Ben-Gurion]] declared the creation of the [[State of Israel]], a [[Jewish and democratic state]] in ''[[Eretz Israel]]'' (Land of Israel). Immediately afterwards, all neighbouring Arab states invaded, yet the newly formed [[IDF]] resisted. In 1949, the war ended and Israel started building the state and absorbing massive waves of [[Aliyah]] from all over Europe and [[Jewish exodus from the Muslim world|Middle Eastern countries]]. {{As of|2022|post=,}} Israel is a [[parliamentary democracy]] with a population of 9.6 million people, of whom 7 million are [[Israeli Jews|Jewish]]. The largest Jewish community outside Israel is the [[American Jews|United States]], while large communities also exist in France, Canada, Argentina, Russia, United Kingdom, Australia, and [[History of the Jews in Germany|Germany]]. Currently, the Jewish ethnicity have two autonomous states under their power to act as sanctuaries, [[Israel]] and the [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]]. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Jewish history}} * [http://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/ The Jewish History Resource Center]. Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. * [http://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/Internetresources/modern/israelindex.htm The State of Israel] The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem * [http://www.encyclopaediajudaica.com/ Jewish History and Culture Encyclopaedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224094628/http://www.encyclopaediajudaica.com/ |date=December 24, 2008 }} Official Site of the 22-volume Encyclopaedia Judaica * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/jewishsbook.html Internet Jewish History Sourcebook] offering homework help and online texts * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050528023003/http://www.adath-shalom.ca/israelite_religion.htm Israelite Religion to Judaism: the Evolution of the Religion of Israel]. * [https://thinktorah.org/jewish-history/ 2000 Years of Jewish History] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050629084248/http://www.adath-shalom.ca/greek_influence.htm Greek Influence on Judaism from the Hellenistic Period Through the Middle Ages c. 300 BCE–1200 CE]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050604085120/http://www.adath-shalom.ca/jewish_sects.htm Jewish Sects of the Second Temple Period]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101119075635/http://adath-shalom.ca/samaritan_origin.htm The Origin and Nature of the Samaritans and their Relationship to Second Temple Jewish Sects]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051118233741/http://www.adath-shalom.ca/eb2bk.htm Jewish History Tables]. * [http://www.oztorah.com/category/australian-jewry/ Articles on Australian Jewish history]. * [http://www.oztorah.com/category/british-jewry/ Articles on British Jewish history]. * Barnavi, Eli (Ed.). ''A Historical Atlas of the Jewish People''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-679-40332-6}} * [http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/Jewish_History.htm Crash Course in Jewish History] * [http://csicso-nagy.uw.hu/fo-o-Csicso-NAGY-A/jewish-families.htm Jewish families in Csicsó – Cicov (Slovakia) until the Holocaust] * [http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=1&ArticleID=29 "Under the Influence: Hellenism in Ancient Jewish Life"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229232302/http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=1&ArticleID=29 |date=February 29, 2012 }} Biblical Archaeology Society * [http://www.jewishhistory.org/crash-course/ Summary of Jewish History] by Berel Wein * [http://histclo.com/chron/ancient/heb/heb-hist.html Ancient Hebrew history] * [http://jewishhistorylectures.org/ Videos of Jewish History Lectures by Henry Abramson of Touro College South] {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:يهودين جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:يهوديت جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:يهودي نسلي گروهه]] [[زمرو:تاريخ بلحاظ مذهب]] [[زمرو:نسلن جي تاريخون]] [[زمرو:ڪلاسيڪل قديم دور ۾ مذهب]] jvj13m6o60ycwhirww90fb7sj0qk7ig 371034 371033 2026-04-11T13:30:05Z Ibne maryam 17680 371034 wikitext text/x-wiki يهودي (<small>Jews</small>) تاريخي اسرائيل ۽ يهوديه، ٻه لاڳاپيل بادشاهتن جيڪيون [[لوهه جو دور|لوهه جي دور]] ۾ [[سر زمين شام (ليوانت)|سرزمين شام (ليونٽ)]] ۾ ظاهر ٿيون، جي بني اسرائيل ۽ عبرانين مان پيدا ٿيا.<ref name="Finkelstein-20012">{{cite book|last1=Finkelstein|first1=Israel|title=The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories|last2=Silberman|first2=Neil Asher|date=2001|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-86912-4|edition=1st Touchstone|location=New York}}</ref><ref name="The Pitcher Is Broken2">[https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160404/https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229|date=April 9, 2023}} Quote: "For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to date."</ref> بني اسرائيل جو پهريون ذڪر، 1213-1203 ق.م. جو مرنيپتا اسٽيل تي لکيل آهي؛ بعد ۾ مذهبي ادب بني اسرائيلن جي ڪهاڻي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1500 ق.م. تائين ٻڌائي ٿو. روايتي طور تي، اسرائيل جو نالو عبراني بزرگ [[يعقوب عليہ السلام|يعقوب]] سان شروع ٿيو آهي، جيڪو نالي لاءِ هڪ داستاني ايٽولوجي فراهم ڪري ٿو - هڪ فرشتي سان وڙهڻ کان پوءِ، يعقوب جو نالو اسرائيل رکيو ويو، جنهن جو مطلب آهي "اهو جيڪو خدا سان ويڙهي ٿو". سامريه ۾ قائم اسرائيل جي بادشاهت 720 ق.م. ڌاري نيو-آشوري سلطنت جي هٿ ۾ اچي وئي<ref name="Broshi-20012">{{cite book|last=Broshi|first=Maguen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PAPA174|title=Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2001|isbn=978-1-84127-201-6|page=174}}</ref> ۽ 586 ق.م. ڌاري يهودين جي بادشاهت نيو-بابلي سلطنت جي هٿ ۾ اچي وئي.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Faust|first=Avraham|title=Judah in the Neo-Babylonian Period|date=August 29, 2012|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature|isbn=978-1-58983-641-9|pages=1|doi=10.2307/j.ctt5vjz28}}</ref> يهودي آبادي جو هڪ حصو [[بابل]] ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيو ويو. آشور ۽ بابل ۾ قيد ٿيل يهودين کي ڊائاسپورا جي شروعات جي نمائندگي ڪندڙ سمجهيو ويندو آهي. {{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2025}} [[File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 063.jpg|thumb|يهودي روايت موجب، يعقوب، جيڪو ريمبران جي هن تصوير ۾ ملائڪ سان وڙهندي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي، اسرائيل جي قبيلن جو پيءُ هو. ]][[هخامنشي سلطنت]] طرفان هن علائقي کي فتح ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، جلاوطن يهودين کي واپس اچڻ ۽ مندر کي ٻيهر تعمير ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي؛ اها واقعا ٻئي مندر جي دور جي شروعات جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا. <ref>{{cite book|first1=Jonathan|last1=Stökl|first2=Caroline|last2=Waerzegger|title=Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context|date=2015|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|pages=7–11, 30, 226}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Judaica|edition=2nd|volume=3|page=27}}</ref> ڪيترن ئي صدين جي پرڏيهي حڪمراني کانپوءِ، سيليوسڊ سلطنت جي خلاف مڪابي بغاوت هڪ آزاد هاشموني بادشاهت جو سبب بڻي، <ref>{{cite book|first1=Peter Fibiger|last1=Bang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GCj09AmtvvwC&pg=PAPA184|title=The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean|first2=Walter|last2=Scheidel|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-518831-8|pages=184–187}}</ref> پر ان رياست کي بتدريج [[رومي سلطنت]] ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{cite book|first=Abraham|last=Malamat|url={{Google books|2kSovzudhFUC|page=PA223|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=A History of the Jewish People|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1976|isbn=978-0-674-39731-6|pages=223–239}}</ref> يهودي-رومن جنگيون، پهرين ۽ ٻي صدي عيسوي ۾ رومن جي خلاف ناڪام بغاوتن جو هڪ سلسلو، [[يروشلم]] ۽ ٻئي مندر جي تباهي <ref>{{Cite book|last=Zissu|first=Boaz|title=Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE|date=2018|isbn=978-90-04-34986-5|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|page=19|chapter=Interbellum Judea 70-132 CE: An Archaeological Perspective|oclc=988856967}}</ref> ۽ ڪيترن ئي يهودين کي نيڪالي ڏيڻ جو سبب بڻيون.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Erwin|last1=Fahlbusch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PAPA15|title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity|first2=Geoffrey William|last2=Bromiley|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5|page=15}}</ref> سر زمين شام فلسطين ۾ يهودي آبادي ايندڙ صدين دوران بتدريج گهٽجي وئي، يهودي ڊائاسپورا جي ڪردار کي وڌايو ۽ روحاني ۽ آبادي جي مرڪز کي خالي ٿيل يهوديا کان گليلي ۽ پوءِ بابل ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو، يهودين جون ننڍيون برادريون رومن سلطنت ۾ پکڙيل هيون. ساڳئي عرصي دوران، مشناه ۽ تلمود، مرڪزي يهودي متن، ترتيب ڏنا ويا. ايندڙ هزار سالن ۾، ڊائاسپورا برادريون ٽن وڏن نسلي ذيلي تقسيم ۾، جتي انهن جا ابا ڏاڏا آباد ٿيا هئا: وچ ۽ اوڀر يورپ ۾ اشڪنازي، [[جزیرو نما آئیبیریا|آئبيريا]] ۾ سيفاردي ۽ [[وچ اوڀر]] ۽ [[اتر آفريڪا]] ۾ مزراهي طور گڏ ٿي ويون.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GkzdBDuhoRgC&pg=PA87 "Heritage: Civilization and the Jews; The Uses of Adversity." p. 87.] Eban, Abba Solomon. "Heritage: Civilization and the Jews." Summit Books Syracuse, New York: 1984. p. 87.</ref> <ref>Dosick (2007), pp. 59–60.</ref> شروعاتي اسلامي فتحون اوڀرين رومي سمنڊ جي علائقن تي [[بازنطيني سلطنت|بازنطيني]] ڪنٽرول ختم ڪري ڇڏيو، نئين قائم ٿيل راشدون خلافت 7هين صدي دوران [[سر زمين شام (ليوانت)|ليونٽ]]، [[ميسوپوٽيميا]] ۽ اتر آفريڪا تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 8هين صدي دوران [[جزیرو نما آئیبیریا|آئبيرين جزيره نما]] تي قبضو ڪيو. يهودي ثقافت مسلم [[اندلس]] ۾ هڪ سونهري دور مان لطف اندوز ٿي، يهودين کي سماج ۾ وڏي پيماني تي قبول ڪيو ويو ۽ انهن جي مذهبي، ثقافتي ۽ معاشي زندگي عدم برداشت واري الموحدين جي اچڻ کان اڳ ڦٽي نڪتي. سال 1492ع ۾ ڪيٿولڪ حڪمران، راڻي ازابيل اول ۽ بادشاهه فرڊيننڊ II پاران يهودين کي اسپين ڇڏڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو، جنهن کان پوءِ اهي وڏي تعداد ۾ [[عثماني سلطنت]] ۽ [[اٽلي]] ڏانهن لڏپلاڻ ڪئي. 12هين ۽ 15هين صدي جي وچ ۾، اشڪنازي يهودين وچ يورپ ۾ انتهائي ظلم جو تجربو ڪيو، جنهن جي ڪري انهن جي [[پولينڊ]] ڏانهن وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ ٿي. <ref>Mosk (2013), p. 143. "Encouraged to move out of the Holy Roman Empire as persecution of their communities intensified during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the Ashkenazi community increasingly gravitated toward Poland."</ref> <ref>Harshav, Benjamin (1999). ''The Meaning of Yiddish''. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 6. "From the fourteenth and certainly by the sixteenth century, the centre of European Jewry had shifted to Poland, then ... comprising the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (including today's Byelorussia), Crown Poland, Galicia, the Ukraine and stretching, at times, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, from the approaches to Berlin to a short distance from Moscow."</ref> <small>18</small>هين صدي ۾ هسڪاله دانشورانه تحريڪ جو عروج ڏٺو ويو. <small>18</small>هين صدي جي شروعات ۾، يهودي يهودين کي پابندين وارن قانونن کان آزاد ڪرڻ ۽ وسيع يورپي سماج ۾ ضم ڪرڻ لاءِ مهم هلائڻ شروع ڪئي. 19هين صدي ۾، جڏهن اولهائين يورپ ۾ يهودين کي قانون جي سامهون برابري ڏني پئي وئي، ته آبادڪاري جي ميدان ۾ يهودين کي وڌندڙ ظلم، قانوني پابندين ۽ وڏي پيماني تي قتل عام جو سامنا ڪرڻ پيو. 1870 ۽ 1880 جي ڏهاڪن دوران، يورپ ۾ يهودي آبادي فلسطين ۾ يهودي رياست کي ٻيهر قائم ڪرڻ جي مقصد سان عثماني شام ڏانهن هجرت تي وڌيڪ سرگرم بحث ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. صهيوني تحريڪ سرڪاري طور تي سال 1897ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي هئي. سال 1881ع ۽ 1924ع جي وچ ۾ [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ڏانهن 20 لک کان وڌيڪ يهودين جي وڏي پيماني تي هجرت کي به شروع ڪيو. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Lewin|first=Rhoda G.|date=1979|title=Stereotype and reality in the Jewish immigrant experience in Minneapolis|url=http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/46/v46i07p258-273.pdf|journal=Minnesota History|volume=46|issue=7|page=259|access-date=August 10, 2020|archive-date=July 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721002023/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/46/v46i07p258-273.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> يورپ ۽ آمريڪا جا يهودي سائنس، ثقافت ۽ معيشت جي شعبن ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪيا. عام طور تي سڀ کان وڌيڪ مشهور سمجهيا ويندڙن ۾ [[البرٽ آئنسٽائن|البرٽ آئن اسٽائن]] ۽ لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن شامل هئا. هن وقت ڪيترائي [[نوبل انعام حاصل ڪندڙن جي فهرست|نوبل انعام يافته]] يهودي هئا، جيئن اڃا تائين آهن.<ref name="jinfo.org2">{{cite web|url=http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html|title=Jewish Nobel Prize Winners|publisher=jinfo.org|access-date=October 7, 2011|archive-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211039/http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>1933</small>ع ۾، [[جرمنيا|جرمني]] ۾ [[هٽلر|ايڊولف هٽلر]] ۽ نازي پارٽي جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ سان، يهودين لاءِ صورتحال سخت ٿي وئي. معاشي بحران، نسل پرست يهودي مخالف قانون ۽ ايندڙ جنگ جي خوف سبب ڪيترائي ماڻهو [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] کان [[فلسطين|لازمي فلسطين]]، آمريڪا ۽ [[سوويت يونين]] ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. سال 1939ع ۾، [[ٻين مھاڀاري جنگ|ٻي مهاڀاري جنگ]] شروع ٿي ۽ سال 1941ع تائين جرمني تقريبن سڄي يورپ تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. سال 1941ع ۾، سوويت يونين جي حملي کان پوءِ، آخري حل شروع ٿيو، هڪ غير معمولي پيماني تي هڪ وسيع منظم آپريشن، جنهن جو مقصد يهودي ماڻهن کي ختم ڪرڻ هو ۽ نتيجي ۾ يورپ ۽ اتر آفريڪا ۾ يهودين جو قتل عام ٿيو. پولينڊ ۾، سڀني ڪنسنٽريشن ڪيمپن ۾ گيس چيمبرن ۾ 30 لک يهودي قتل ڪيا ويا، جن ۾ صرف آشوٽز ڪيمپ ڪمپليڪس ۾ 10 لک شامل هئا. هي نسل ڪشي، جنهن ۾ تقريبن 60 لک يهودين کي طريقي سان ختم ڪيو ويو، هولوڪاسٽ جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. هولوڪاسٽ کان اڳ ۽ دوران، يهودين جي وڏي تعداد لازمي فلسطين ڏانهن هجرت ڪئي. 14 مئي 1948ع تي، برطانوي مينڊيٽ جي خاتمي تي، ڊيوڊ بين-گورين ارض اسرائيل (اسرائيل جي سرزمين) ۾ هڪ يهودي ۽ جمهوري رياست، [[اسرائيل]] جي رياست جي قيام جو اعلان ڪيو. ان کان پوءِ فوري طور تي، سڀني پاڙيسري عرب رياستون اسرائيل تي حملو ڪيو، پر نئين ٺهيل اسرائيلي دفاعي فوج (IDF) مزاحمت ڪئي. سال 1949ع ۾ جنگ ختم ٿي وئي ۽ اسرائيل رياست جي تعمير شروع ڪئي ۽ سڄي يورپ ۽ وچ اوڀر جي ملڪن مان ايندڙ يهودين جي وڏين لهرن کي جذب ڪيو. سال 2022ع تائين، اسرائيل هڪ پارلياماني جمهوريت آهي جنهن جي آبادي 96 لک ماڻهن جي آهي، جن مان 70 لک يهودي آهن. ([[غزه جي پٽي|غزا]] ۽ [[فلسطين جي رياست|مغربي ڪناري]] جي 35 لک آبادي کانسواء). اسرائيل کان ٻاهر سڀ کان وڏي يهودي برادري آمريڪا ۾ آهي، جڏهن ته ٻيون وڏي برادريون [[فرانس]]، [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[ارجنٽائن]]، [[روس]]، [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]]، [[آسٽريليا]] ۽ [[جرمني]] ۾ پڻ موجود آهن. هن وقت، يهودي نسل جون ٻه خودمختيار رياستون؛ اسرائيل ۽ روس ۾ يهودي خودمختيار اوبلاست آهن جيڪي انهن جي اختيار هيٺ آهن ته اهي پناهه گاهه طور ڪم ڪن. ==جائزو== قديم يهودي تاريخ بائيبل ۽ غير بائيبل ذريعن، اپوڪرائيفا ۽ سوڊيپيگرافا، جوزيفس جي لکڻين، گريڪو-رومن ليکڪن ۽ چرچ جي پادرين، گڏوگڏ آثار قديمه جي دريافتن، لکتن، قديم دستاويزن، جهڙوڪ ايليفينٽائن ۽ فيوم مان پيپيري، مردار سمنڊ جا اسڪرول، بار ڪوخبا خط، باباٿا آرڪائيوز ۽ قاهره جينيزا دستاويزن، مان معلوم ٿئي ٿي، جيڪي زباني تاريخ ۽ مدراش ۽ تلمود ۾ تبصرن جي مجموعن سان گڏ آهن. ابتدائي جديد دور ۾ پرنٽنگ پريس جي آمد سان، يهودين جي تاريخ ۽ عبراني بائيبل جا شروعاتي ايڊيشن شايع ٿيا جيڪي يهودي مذهب جي تاريخ ۽ وڌندڙ طور تي، يهودين جي قومي تاريخن، يهودي قوم ۽ سڃاڻپ سان لاڳاپيل هئا، هڪ مسودي يا لکندڙ ڪلچر کان هڪ پرنٽنگ ڪلچر ڏانهن منتقلي هئي. يهودي مورخن پنهنجن اجتماعي تجربن جا احوال لکيا، پر سياسي، ثقافتي ۽ سائنسي يا فلسفياتي ڳولا لاءِ تاريخ کي پڻ وڌندڙ طور تي استعمال ڪيو. ليکڪن ثقافتي طور تي ورثي ۾ مليل متن جي هڪ مجموعي کي استعمال ڪيو ته جيئن فن جي حالت تي تنقيد ڪرڻ يا اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ هڪ منطقي داستان تيار ڪري سگهجي. جديد يهودي تاريخ نويسي يورپي نشاۃِ ثانيه ۽ روشن خيالي جي دور جهڙين دانشورانه تحريڪن سان جڙيل آهي، پر وچين دور جي آخر ۾ ۽ قديم زماني ۾ مختلف ذريعن ۾ اڳوڻين ڪمن تي ڌيان ڏنو. اڄ، يهودين ۽ يهوديت جي تاريخ کي اڪثر ست دورن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي: # قديم اسرائيل ۽ يهوديه رياست (<small>1200 ق.م. کان 586 ق.م.</small>) # ٻيو مندر وارو دور (<small>516 ق.م. کان 70 عيسوي</small>) <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|editor-last=Goodman|editor-first=Martin|chapter=Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period|pages=36–52|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0003|isbn=0-19-928032-0}}</ref> # ربانڪ يا تلمودي دور (<small>70 کان 640 عيسوي</small>)<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|editor-last=Goodman|editor-first=Martin|chapter=Historiography on the Jews in the ‘Talmudic Period’ (70–640 ce)|pages=79–114|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0005|isbn=0-19-928032-0}}</ref> # وچين دور (<small>640 کان 1492 عيسوي</small>) # ابتدائي جديد دور (<small>1492-1750 عيسوي</small>) # جديد دور (<small>1750ع کان 20هين صدي</small>) # [[صيهونيت]]، [[هولوڪاسٽ]] ۽ [[اسرائيل]] جو قيام (<small>19 کان 21هين صدي</small>) <imagemap> File:Chronology of Israel eng.png|center|800px default [[#Time periods in Jewish history|Jewish history]] rect 658 156 833 176 [[Aliyah|Periods of massive immigration to Palestine]] rect 564 156 647 175 [[Jewish diaspora|Periods in which the majority of Jews lived in exile]] rect 460 156 554 175 [[Land of Israel|Periods in which the majority of Jews lived in the southern Levant, with full or partial independence]] rect 314 156 452 175 [[Temple in Jerusalem|Periods in which a Jewish Temple existed]] rect 196 156 309 175 [[#Time periods in Jewish history|Jewish history]] rect 26 102 134 122 [[Book of Judges|Shoftim]] rect 134 102 265 121 [[Books of Kings|Melakhim]] rect 146 83 266 104 [[First Temple]] rect 286 83 418 103 [[Second Temple]] rect 341 103 392 121 [[Zugot]] rect 393 103 453 121 [[Tannaim]] rect 452 102 534 221 [[Amoraim]] rect 534 102 560 121 [[Savoraim]] rect 559 103 691 121 [[Geonim]] rect 691 102 825 121 [[Rishonim]] rect 825 100 940 120 [[Acharonim]] rect 939 94 959 120 [[Aliyah|Aliyot]] rect 957 65 975 121 [[Israel]] rect 940 62 958 94 [[The Holocaust]] rect 825 62 941 100 [[Jewish diaspora|Diaspora]] rect 808 61 825 101 [[Alhambra decree|Expulsion from Spain]] rect 428 62 808 103 [[Dispersion of the Jews in the Roman Empire|Roman exile]] poly 226 82 410 82 410 92 428 92 428 61 226 62 [[Ten Lost Tribes|Assyrian Exile (Ten Lost Tribes)]] rect 264 82 284 122 [[Babylonian captivity]] rect 283 103 341 121 [[Second Temple of Jerusalem|Second Temple period]] poly 26 121 17 121 17 63 225 63 226 81 145 82 145 101 26 101 [[Chronology of the Bible|Ancient Jewish History]] rect 58 136 375 146 [[Chronology of the Bible]] rect 356 122 373 135 [[Common Era]] desc none </imagemap> ==قديم اسرائيل== {{Main|يهوديت جي اصل}} ===شروعاتي بني اسرائيل=== {{Main|بني اسرائيل}} [[File:Ruins atop Tel Megiddo with circular altar-like shrine and a series of temples on top of the other dating from the early bronze-age through the iron-age periods, Tel Meggido, Israel (19888642855).jpg|thumb|[[Tel Megiddo]], the ruins of a [[Canaan]]ite and later [[Israelites|Israelite]] city]] The history of the early Jews, and their neighbours, centres on the [[Fertile Crescent]] and east coast of the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. It begins among those people who occupied the area lying between the [[Nile]] and [[Mesopotamia]]. Surrounded by ancient seats of culture in [[Egypt]] and [[Babylonia]], by the deserts of [[Arabia]], and by the highlands of [[Asia Minor]], the land of [[Canaan]] (roughly corresponding to modern Israel, Palestine, Jordan, and Lebanon) was a meeting place of civilizations. [[File:Map Israel Judea 926 BC-fr.svg|thumb|Kingdoms of Israel and Judah in 926 BCE]] The earliest recorded evidence of a people by the name of Israel appears in the [[Merneptah Stele]] of [[ancient Egypt]], dated to {{cx|1200 BCE}}. According to the modern archaeological account, the Israelites and their culture branched out of the [[Canaan]]ite peoples and their cultures through the development of a distinct [[monolatristic]]—and later [[monotheistic]]—religion centred on the national god [[Yahweh]].<ref>Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000&nbsp;BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's)</ref><ref>Rendsberg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". In Frederick E. Greenspahn. The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship. NYU Press, pp. 3–5</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gnuse |first1=Robert Karl |title=No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel |date=1997 |publisher=Sheffield Academic Press Ltd |isbn=1-85075-657-0 |location=England |pages=28, 31}}</ref> They spoke an archaic form of the [[Hebrew language]], known today as [[Biblical Hebrew]].<ref>Steiner, Richard C. (1997), "Ancient Hebrew", in Hetzron, Robert (ed.), ''The Semitic Languages'', Routledge, pp. 145–173, {{ISBN|978-0-415-05767-7}}</ref> From the mid-1st millennium BCE, the understanding Jews traditionally had of their own history was centred around the narratives in the [[Hebrew Bible]]. According to this view, [[Abraham]], signifying that he is both the biological progenitor of the Jews and the father of Judaism, is the first Jew.{{sfn|Levenson|2012|p=3}} Later, [[Isaac]] was born to Abraham, and [[Jacob]] was born to Isaac. Following a [[Jacob wrestling with the angel|struggle with an angel]], Jacob was given the name [[Israel (name)|Israel]]. Following a severe drought, Jacob and his twelve sons fled to [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], where they eventually formed the [[Twelve Tribes of Israel]]. The Israelites were later [[The Exodus|led out of slavery in Egypt and subsequently brought to Canaan]] by [[Moses]]; they eventually [[Book of Joshua|conquered Canaan]] under the leadership of [[Joshua]]. Modern scholars agree that the Bible does not provide an authentic account of the Israelites' origins; the consensus supports that the archaeological evidence showing largely indigenous origins of Israel in Canaan, not Egypt, is "overwhelming" and leaves "no room for an Exodus from Egypt or a 40-year pilgrimage through the Sinai wilderness".<ref name="Dever-2002">{{cite book |last=Dever |first=William G. |title=What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It? |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8028-2126-3}} p. 99</ref> Many archaeologists have abandoned the archaeological investigation of Moses and the Exodus as "a fruitless pursuit".<ref name="Dever-2002" /> However, it is accepted that this narrative does have a "historical core" to it.<ref>For more about the historicity of Jewish history as it pertains to [[Oral Torah|rabbinic]] sources, see {{cite journal |first1=Reuven Chaim |last1=Klein |date=2023 |title=Are historical sections of the Talmud actually historical? Critical tools for understanding historical claims in rabbinic literature |url=https://www.academia.edu/127965994 |journal=Journal of Philological Pedagogy |volume=12 |publisher=Chandler School of Education |pages=42–75 |doi=10.17613/rjp5a-md343 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>{{sfn|Faust|2015|loc=p.476: "While there is a consensus among scholars that the Exodus did not take place in the manner described in the Bible, surprisingly most scholars agree that the narrative has a historical core, and that some of the highland settlers came, one way or another, from Egypt.."}}{{sfn|Redmount|2001|p=61|ps=: "A few authorities have concluded that the core events of the Exodus saga are entirely literary fabrications. But most biblical scholars still subscribe to some variation of the Documentary Hypothesis, and support the basic historicity of the biblical narrative."}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Dever |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC |title=What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It? |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2001 |isbn=3-927120-37-5 |pages=98–99 |quote=After a century of exhaustive investigation, all respectable archaeologists have given up hope of recovering any context that would make Abraham, Isaac, or Jacob credible "historical figures" [...] archaeological investigation of Moses and the Exodus has similarly been discarded as a fruitless pursuit.}}</ref> A century of research by archaeologists and Egyptologists has arguably found no evidence that can be directly related to the Exodus narrative of an Egyptian captivity and the escape and travels through the wilderness, leading to the suggestion that [[Iron Age]] Israel—the kingdoms of Judah and Israel—has its origins in Canaan, not in Egypt:<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Finkelstein |editor-first1=Israel |editor-first2=Nadav |editor-last2=Naaman |title=From Nomadism to Monarchy: Archaeological and Historical Aspects of Early Israel |publisher=[[Israel Exploration Society]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-880317-20-4}}</ref><ref>Compare: {{cite book |first=Ian |last=Shaw |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmvNogJO2ZgC&q=%22Iron+Age+Israel%22+origins+in+Canaan%2C&pg=PA313 |title=A Dictionary of Archaeology |author2=Robert Jameson |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-631-23583-5 |editor=Ian Shaw |edition=New |page=313 |quote=The Biblical account of the origins of the people of Israel (principally recounted in Numbers, Joshua and Judges) often conflicts with non-Biblical textual sources and with the archaeological evidence for the settlement of Canaan in the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age. [...] Israel is first textually attested as a political entity in Egyptian texts of the late 13th century BCE and the Egyptologist Donald Redford argues that the Israelites must have been emerging as a distinct group within the Canaanite culture during the century or so prior to this. It has been suggested that the early Israelites were an oppressed rural group of Canaanites who rebelled against the more urbanized coastal Canaanites (Gottwald 1979). Alternatively, it has been argued that the Israelites were survivors of the decline in the fortunes of Canaan who established themselves in the highlands at the end of the late Bronze Age (Ahlstrom 1986: 27). Redford, however, makes a good case for equating the very earliest Israelites with a semi-nomadic people in the highlands of central Palestine whom the Egyptians called Shasu (Redford 1992:2689–80; although see Stager 1985 for strong arguments against the identification with the Shasu). These Shasu were a persistent thorn in the side of the Ramessid pharaohs' empire in Syria-Palestine, well-attested in Egyptian texts, but their pastoral lifestyle has left scant traces in the archaeological record. By the end of the 13th century BCE, however, the Shasu/Israelites were beginning to establish small settlements in the uplands, the architecture of which closely resembles contemporary Canaanite villages. |author-link=Israel, Israelites |access-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160406/https://books.google.com/books?id=zmvNogJO2ZgC&q=%22Iron+Age+Israel%22+origins+in+Canaan%2C&pg=PA313 |url-status=live}}</ref> The culture of the [[Israelite highland settlement|earliest Israelite settlements]] is Canaanite, their cult-objects are those of the Canaanite god [[El (deity)|El]], the pottery remains in the local Canaanite tradition, and the alphabet used is early Canaanite. The almost sole marker distinguishing the "Israelite" villages from Canaanite sites is an absence of pig bones, although whether this can be taken as an ethnic marker or is due to other factors remains a matter of dispute.<ref>{{cite book |last=Killebrew |first=Ann E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC |title=Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E. |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-58983-097-4 |location=Atlanta |page=176 |quote=Much has been made of the scarcity of pig bones at highland sites. Since small quantities of pig bones do appear in Late Bronze Age assemblages, some archaeologists have interpreted this to indicate that the ethnic identity of the highland inhabitants was distinct from Late Bronze Age indigenous peoples (see Finkelstein 1997, 227–230). Brian Hesse and Paula Wapnish (1997) advise caution, however, since the lack of pig bones at Iron I highland settlements could be a result of other factors that have little to do with ethnicity. |access-date=August 12, 2012 |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117055402/https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[Historicity of the Bible|Biblical narrative]], the [[Land of Israel]] was organized into a confederacy of twelve tribes ruled by a series of [[Biblical judges|Judges]] for several hundred years. === Ancient Israel and Judah === {{Main|History of ancient Israel and Judah}} [[File:LMLK, Ezekiah seals.jpg|thumb|A stamped bulla ([[LMLK seal]]) of [[Hezekiah]], "Of Hezekiah (son of) Ahaz King of Judah", [[Israel Museum]]]] Two Israelite kingdoms emerged during Iron Age II: [[Israel and Judah]]. The Bible portrays Israel and Judah as the successors of an earlier [[United Kingdom of Israel]], although [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)#Archaeological record|its historicity is disputed]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Zachary |date=April 22, 2016 |title=Debating the United Monarchy: Let's See How Far We've Come |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146107916639208 |journal=Biblical Theology Bulletin |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=59–69 |doi=10.1177/0146107916639208 |issn=0146-1079 |s2cid=147053561 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lipschits |first1=Oded |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ |title=The Jewish Study Bible |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-997846-5 |editor1-last=Berlin |editor1-first=Adele |edition=2nd |pages=2107–2119 |language=en |chapter=The history of Israel in the biblical period |quote=As this essay will show, however, the premonarchic period long ago became a literary description of the mythological roots, the early beginnings of the nation and the way to describe the right of Israel on its land. The archeological evidence also does not support the existence of a united monarchy under David and Solomon as described in the Bible, so the rubric of "united monarchy" is best abandoned, although it remains useful for discussing how the Bible views the Israelite past. [...] Although the kingdom of Judah is mentioned in some ancient inscriptions, they never suggest that it was part of a unit {{sic|comprised |hide=y|of}} Israel and Judah. There are no extrabiblical indications of a united monarchy called "Israel." |editor2-last=Brettler |editor2-first=Marc Zvi |access-date=August 19, 2022 |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160917/https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Historians and archaeologists agree that the northern [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]] existed from {{circa|900 BCE}}<ref name="Finkelstein-2001">{{cite book |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Israel |title=The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories |last2=Silberman |first2=Neil Asher |date=2001 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-86912-4 |edition=1st Touchstone |location=New York}}</ref>{{rp|169–195}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wright |first1=Jacob L. |date=July 2014 |title=David, King of Judah (Not Israel) |url=http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/2014/07/wri388001.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301164250/http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/2014/07/wri388001.shtml |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=The Bible and Interpretation}}</ref> and that the [[Kingdom of Judah]] existed from {{Abbr|ca.|circa}} 700 BCE.<ref name="The Pitcher Is Broken">[https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160404/https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 |date=April 9, 2023 }} Quote: "For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to date."</ref> The [[Tel Dan Stele]], discovered in 1993, shows that the kingdom, at least in some form, existed by the middle of the 9th century BCE, but it does not indicate the extent of its power.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grabbe |first=Lester L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcVmBAEo5rcC&pg=PA333 |title=Ahab Agonistes: The Rise and Fall of the Omri Dynasty |date=April 28, 2007 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-0-567-25171-8 |quote=The Tel Dan inscription generated a good deal of debate and a flurry of articles when it first appeared, but it is now widely regarded (a) as genuine and (b) as referring to the Davidic dynasty and the Aramaic kingdom of Damascus. |access-date=August 19, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cline |first=Eric H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uGzRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |title=Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction |date=September 28, 2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-971162-8 |quote=Today, after much further discussion in academic journals, it is accepted by most archaeologists that the inscription is not only genuine but that the reference is indeed to the House of David, thus representing the first allusion found anywhere outside the Bible to the biblical David. |access-date=August 19, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mykytiuk |first=Lawrence J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eprY1Qd0veAC&pg=PA113 |title=Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200-539 B.C.E. |date=January 1, 2004 |publisher=Society of Biblical Lit |isbn=978-1-58983-062-2 |quote=Some unfounded accusations of forgery have had little or no effect on the scholarly acceptance of this inscription as genuine.}}</ref> Biblical tradition tells that the Israelite monarchy was established in 1037 BCE under [[Saul]], who was anointed by the prophet Samuel,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Was the First King of Israel? |url=https://shopisrael.com/blogs/about-israel/first-king-of-israel |access-date=February 5, 2025 |website=Shop Israel |language=en}}</ref> and continued under [[David]] and his son, [[Solomon]]. David greatly expanded the kingdom's borders and [[Siege of Jebus|conquered Jerusalem]] from the [[Jebusites]], turning it into the national, political and religious capital of the kingdom. Solomon, his son, later built the [[First Temple]] on [[Moriah|Mount Moriah]] in Jerusalem. Upon his death, traditionally dated to c. 930 BCE, a civil war erupted between the ten northern Israelite tribes, and the tribes of [[Tribe of Judah|Judah]] ([[Tribe of Simeon|Simeon]] was absorbed into Judah) and [[Tribe of Benjamin|Benjamin]] in the south. The kingdom then split into the Kingdom of Israel in the north, and the Kingdom of Judah in the south. The Kingdom of Israel was the more prosperous of the two kingdoms and soon developed into a regional power.{{sfn|Finkelstein|Silberman|2002|pp=146-147|loc=Put simply, while Judah was still economically marginal and backward, Israel was booming. ... In the next chapter we will see how the northern kingdom suddenly appeared on the ancient Near Eastern stage as a major regional power}} During the days of the [[Omride Dynasty|Omride dynasty]], it controlled [[Samaria]], [[Galilee]], the upper [[Jordan Valley]], the [[Sharon plain|Sharon]] and large parts of the [[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Israel |last=Finkelstein |title=The forgotten kingdom : the archaeology and history of Northern Israel |isbn=978-1-58983-910-6 |pages=74 |oclc=949151323}}</ref> [[Samaria (ancient city)|Samaria]], the capital, was home to one of the largest Iron Age palaces in the Levant.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |title=The Forgotten Kingdom: the archaeology and history of Northern Israel |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-58983-911-3 |pages=65–66; 73; 78; 87–94 |oclc=880456140}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |date=November 1, 2011 |title=Observations on the Layout of Iron Age Samaria |url=https://doi.org/10.1179/033443511x13099584885303 |journal=Tel Aviv |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=194–207 |doi=10.1179/033443511x13099584885303 |issn=0334-4355 |s2cid=128814117 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The kingdom of Israel was destroyed {{cx|720 BCE}}, when it was [[Samerina|conquered]] by the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]].<ref name="Broshi-2001">{{cite book |last=Broshi |first=Maguen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PAPA174 |title=Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-84127-201-6 |page=174}}</ref> The Kingdom of Judah, with its capital in [[Jerusalem]], controlled the [[Judaean Mountains]], the [[Shephelah]], the [[Judaean Desert]] and parts of the [[Negev]]. After the fall of Israel, Judah became a [[client state]] of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. In the 7th century BCE, the kingdom's population increased greatly, prospering under [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Assyrian]] [[Vassal state|vassalage]], despite [[Hezekiah#Assyrian invasion|Hezekiah's revolt]] against the Assyrian king [[Sennacherib]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2kSovzudhFUC |title=A History of the Jewish People |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |editor-last=Ben-Sasson |editor-first=Haim Hillel |editor-link=H. H. Ben-Sasson |page=142 |quote=Sargon's heir, Sennacherib (705–681), could not deal with Hezekiah's revolt until he gained control of Babylon in 702 BCE.}}</ref> [[File:Mesad Hashavyahu ostracon.jpg|thumb|The [[Yavne-Yam ostracon]], a [[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet|Paleo-Hebrew]] inscription documenting administration in [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]]]] Large parts of the Hebrew Bible were written during this period. This includes the earliest portions of [[Book of Hosea|Hosea]],{{sfn|Kelle|2005|p=9}} [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]],{{sfn|Brettler|2010|pp=161–162}} [[Book of Amos|Amos]]{{sfn|Radine|2010|pp=71–72}} and [[Book of Micah|Micah]],{{sfn|Rogerson|2003a|p=690}} along with [[Book of Nahum|Nahum]],{{sfn|O'Brien|2002|p=14}} [[Book of Zephaniah|Zephaniah]],{{sfn|Gelston|2003c|p=715}} most of [[Deuteronomy]],{{sfn|Rogerson|2003b|p=154}} the first edition of the [[Deuteronomistic history]] (the books of [[Book of Joshua|Joshua]]/[[Book of Judges|Judges]]/[[Books of Samuel|Samuel]]/[[Books of Kings|Kings]]),{{sfn|Campbell|O'Brien|2000|p=2 and fn.6}} and [[Book of Habakkuk|Habakkuk]].{{sfn|Gelston|2003a|p=710}} With the collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 605 BCE, a power struggle emerged between [[Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt|Egypt]] and the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] for control of the [[Levant]],<ref name="Bickerman-2007">{{Citation |last=Bickerman |first=E. J. |title=Nebuchadnezzar And Jerusalem |date=January 1, 2007 |work=Studies in Jewish and Christian History (2 vols) |pages=961–974 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789047420729/Bej.9789004152946.i-1242_044.xml |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004152946.i-1242.280 |isbn=978-90-474-2072-9 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> leading to Judah's rapid decline. In 601 BCE, King [[Jehoiakim]] of Judah, who had recently submitted to Babylon, rebelled against the empire. He was soon succeeded by his son, Jehoiachin, who continued his father's policy and faced a Babylonian invasion.<ref name="Bickerman-2007" /> In March 597 BCE,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galil |first=Gershon |date=1991 |title=The Babylonian Calendar and the Chronology of the Last Kings of Judah |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42611193 |journal=Biblica |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=367–378 |jstor=42611193 |issn=0006-0887 |quote=All the scholars, without exception, establish the date of the surrender of Jehoiachin, king of Judah, as the second day of Adar, the seventh year of Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon (March 16, 597 BC), following the Babylonian chronicle ... This unique date is undoubtedly the most precise in Israelite history during the biblical period.}}</ref> Jehoiachin surrendered to the Babylonians and was taken captive to Babylon.<ref name="Bickerman-2007" /> This defeat is documented in the [[Babylonian Chronicles]].<ref>{{cite web |title=British Museum – Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605–594 BCE) |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030154541/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx |archive-date=October 30, 2014 |access-date=October 30, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ABC 5 (Jerusalem Chronicle) – Livius |url=https://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505195611/https://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html |archive-date=May 5, 2019 |access-date=March 26, 2020 |website=www.livius.org}}</ref> [[Zedekiah]], Jehoiachin's uncle, was then installed as king by the Babylonians.<ref name="Bickerman-2007" /> In 587 or 586 BCE, [[Nebuchadnezzar II]], responding to a second revolt in Judah, [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|besieged and destroyed Jerusalem]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shalom |first1=N. |last2=Vaknin |first2=Y. |last3=Shaar |first3=R. |last4=Ben-Yosef |first4=E. |last5=Lipschits |first5=O. |last6=Shalev |first6=Y. |last7=Gadot |first7=Y. |last8=Boaretto |first8=E. |date=2023 |title=Destruction by fire: Reconstructing the evidence of the 586 BCE Babylonian destruction in a monumental building in Jerusalem |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305440323001036 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=157 |article-number=105823 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2023.105823 |bibcode=2023JArSc.157j5823S |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Bickerman-2007" /> The [[First Temple]] was razed, and its sacred vessels were seized as spoils.<ref name="Bedford-2001a">{{Citation |last=Bedford |first=Peter Ross |title=Introduction |date=2001 |work=Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah |pages=1–39 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004498051/B9789004498051_s004.xml |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/9789004498051_004 |isbn=978-90-04-49805-1 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The destruction was followed by a mass exile: the surviving inhabitants of the city, including other segments of the population, were carried off to Mesopotamia,<ref name="Bedford-2001a" /> marking the onset of the era known in Jewish history as the "[[Babylonian Captivity]]". Zedekiah himself was captured, blinded, and transported to Babylon.<ref name="Bedford-2001a" /> Others [[History of the Jews in Egypt|fled to Egypt]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} The people of Judah lost their statehood, and, for those in exile, their homeland.<ref name="Bedford-2001b">{{Citation |last=Bedford |first=Peter Ross |title=Living Without the Jerusalem Temple—In Judah and Babylonia |date=January 1, 2001 |work=Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah |page=42 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004498051/B9789004498051_s005.xml |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/9789004498051_005 |isbn=978-90-04-49805-1 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Following the dissolution of the monarchy, the former kingdom was annexed as a province of the Babylonian Empire.<ref name="Bickerman-2007" /><ref name="Bedford-2001a" /> === Babylonian captivity (c. 587–538 BCE)<!--[[Exilic]] redirects directly here.--> === {{Main|Babylonian captivity}} [[File:Tissot The Flight of the Prisoners.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Deportation and exile of the ancient [[Kingdom of Judah|Judeans]] to [[Babylon]] and the destruction of Jerusalem and [[Solomon's temple]]]]During the several decades between the fall of Judah and their [[return to Zion]] under Persian rule, Jewish history enters an obscure phase. Many Jews were exiled across [[Babylonia]], [[Elam]], and [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], while others remained in [[Yehud (Babylonian province)|Judea under Babylonian rule]]. [[Jeremiah]] refers to communities in Egypt, including settlements in [[Migdol]], [[Tahpanhes]], [[Noph]], and [[Pathros]]. Moreover, a Jewish military colony existed at [[Elephantine]], established before the exile, where they built their own shrine.<ref name="Bedford-2001b" /> Deuteronomy was expanded and earlier scriptures were edited during the exilic period. The first edition of [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]], the [[Book of Ezekiel]], the majority of [[Book of Obadiah|Obadiah]], and what is referred to in research as "[[Book of Isaiah|Second Isaiah]]" were all written during this time period as well.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} ==هيڪل سليماني جي ٻيهر تعمير== ===<span class="anchor" id="Post-exilic_period"></span>هخامنشي دور (332 کان 538ع)<!--"Post-exilic period", "Post-Exilic period", "Post-exilic", "Post-Exilic", Postexilic, "Pre-exilic period", "Pre-Exilic period", "Pre-Exilic" and "Pre-exilic" redirect here-->=== [[File:109.Ezra Reads the Law to the People.jpg|thumb|[[Ezra]] Reads the Law to the People, Gustav Dore]] According to the Book of Ezra, Persian [[Cyrus the Great]], king of the [[Achaemenid Empire]], brought an end to the [[Babylonian exile]] in 538 BCE,<ref name="Biu.ac.il">{{cite web |title=Second Temple Period (538 BCE. to 70 CE) Persian Rule |url=http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_4.html |access-date=March 15, 2014 |publisher=Biu.ac.il}}</ref> a year after his conquest of Babylon.<ref>''Harper's Bible Dictionary'', ed. by Achtemeier, etc., Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1985, p. 103</ref> The return from exile was led by [[Zerubbabel]], a prince from the royal line of David, and Joshua the Priest, descended from former High Priests of the Temple. They oversaw the construction of the [[Second Temple]], completed between 521 and 516 BCE.<ref name="Biu.ac.il" /> As part of the [[Persian Empire]], the former Kingdom of Judah became the province of Judah (''[[Yehud Medinata]]'')<ref>Yehud being the Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew Yehuda, or "Judah", and "medinata" the word for province</ref> with different borders, covering a smaller territory.<ref>{{cite book |last=Grabbe |first=Lester L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MnE5T_0RbMC&q=gave+the+Jews+permission+to+return+to+Yehud+province+and+to+rebuild+the&pg=PA355 |title=A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud – A History of the Persian Province of Judah |volume=1 |publisher=T&T Clark |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-567-08998-4 |page=355}}</ref> Contemporary scholars point to a gradual return process that extended into the late 6th and early 5th centuries BCE.<ref>{{Citation |last=Lipschits |first=Oded |title=Judah in the Biblical Period |chapter=Between Archaeology and Text: A Reevaluation of the Development Process of Jerusalem in the Persian Period |date=March 18, 2024 |page=374 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110487442-020/html |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110487442-020 |isbn=978-3-11-048744-2}}</ref> The population of Persian Judah was greatly reduced from that of the kingdom, archaeological surveys showing a population of around 30,000 during the 5th—4th centuries BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Israel |title=The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories |last2=Silberman |first2=Neil Asher |date=2001 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=0-684-86912-8 |edition=1st Touchstone |location=New York}}</ref>{{rp|308}} The final Torah is widely seen as a product of the [[Persian period]] (539–333 BCE, probably 450–350 BCE).{{Sfn|Frei|2001|p=6}} This consensus echoes a traditional Jewish view which gives [[Ezra]], the leader of the Jewish community on its return from Babylon, a pivotal role in its promulgation.{{sfn|Romer|2008|p=2 and fn.3}} Three prophets, considered the last in Jewish tradition, were active during this period: [[Haggai]], [[Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)|Zechariah]], and [[Malachi]].<ref>[[Jerusalem Bible]] (1966), ''Haggai'', ''Zechariah'', ''Malachi'' in ''Introduction to the Prophets'', London: Darton, Longman & Todd, pp. 1138–1140</ref> After the death of the last Jewish prophet and while still under Persian rule, the leadership of the [[Jewish people]] passed into the hands of five successive generations of [[zugot]] (pairs) of leaders. They flourished first [[Yehud Medinata|under the Persians]] and then under the Greeks. As a result, the [[Pharisees]] and [[Sadducees]] were formed. Under the Persians then under the Greeks, Jewish coins were minted in Judea as [[Yehud coinage]].{{citation needed|date=February 2012}} === Hellenistic period (c. 332–110 BCE) === {{Main|Hellenistic Judaism}} [[File:Jews Byzantine Greek Alexander Manuscript (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Alexander the Great]], clad as a [[Byzantine emperor]], receives a delegation of Jewish [[rabbi]]s. Miniature from the 14th-century ''Alexander Romance'']] In 332 BCE, [[Alexander the Great]] of [[Macedon]] defeated the Persians. After Alexander's death and the division of his empire among his generals, the [[Seleucid Kingdom]] was formed. The Alexandrian conquests spread Greek culture to the Levant. During this time, currents of Judaism were influenced by [[Hellenistic philosophy]] developed from the 3rd century BCE, notably the [[Jewish diaspora]] in [[Alexandrian Jews|Alexandria]], culminating in the compilation of the [[Septuagint]]. An important advocate of the symbiosis of Jewish theology and Hellenistic thought is [[Philo]]. === Hasmonean dynasty (110–63 BCE) === {{Main|Hasmonean dynasty}} [[File:John Hyrcanus.jpg|thumb|JUDAEA, Hasmoneans. John Hyrcanus I (Yehohanan). 135–104 BCE. Æ Prutah (13mm, 2.02&nbsp;gm, 12h). "Yehohanan the High Priest and the Council of the Jews" (in Hebrew) in five lines within wreath / Double cornucopiae adorned with ribbons; pomegranate between horns; small A to lower left. Meshorer Group B, 11; Hendin 457.]] Triggered by anti-Jewish decrees from Seleucid king [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]] and tensions between Hellenized and conservative Jews, the [[Maccabean Revolt]] erupted in Judea in 167 BCE under the leadership of [[Mattathias]]. His son, [[Judas Maccabeus]], recaptured Jerusalem in 164 BCE, purifying the Second Temple and reinstating sacrificial worship.<ref name="Atkinson-2016">{{Cite book |last=Atkinson |first=Kenneth |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/949219870 |title=A History of the Hasmonean State: Josephus and Beyond |date=2016 |publisher=T&T Clark |isbn=978-0-567-66902-5 |series=T&T Clark Jewish and Christian texts series |location=London; New York |pages=2, 23–28 |oclc=949219870}}</ref> The successful revolt eventually led to the formation of an independent Jewish state under the [[Hasmonean dynasty]], which lasted from 165 to 63 BCE.<ref>See: *[[William David Davies]]. ''The Hellenistic Age''. Volume 2 of Cambridge History of Judaism. Cambridge University Press, 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-521-21929-7}}. pp. 292–312. *Jeff S. Anderson. ''The Internal Diversification of Second Temple Judaism: An Introduction to the Second Temple Period''. University Press of America, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-7618-2327-8}}. pp. 37–38. *Howard N. Lupovitch. ''Jews and Judaism in World History''. Taylor & Francis. 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-415-46205-1}}. pp. 26–30.</ref> Initially governing as both political leaders and High Priests, the [[Hasmoneans]] later assumed the title of kings. They employed military campaigns and diplomacy to consolidate power.<ref name="Atkinson-2016" /> Under the rule of [[Alexander Jannaeus]] and [[Salome Alexandra]], [[Hasmonean Judea]] reached its zenith in size and influence. However, internal strife erupted between Salome Alexandra's sons, [[Hyrcanus II]] and [[Aristobulus II]], leading to civil war and appeals to Roman authorities for intervention. Responding to these appeals, Pompey led a Roman campaign of conquest and annexation, which marked the end of Hasmonean sovereignty and ushered in Roman rule over Judea.<ref>Hooker, Richard. {{cite web |title=The Hebrews: The Diaspora |url=http://www.wsu.edu:8000/~dee/HEBREWS/HEBREWS.HTM |access-date=April 7, 2018 |archive-date=August 29, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829230214/http://www.wsu.edu:8000/%7Edee/HEBREWS/HEBREWS.HTM |url-status=dead}} World Civilizations Learning Modules. Washington State University, 1999.</ref> === Roman period (63 BCE – 135 CE) === {{Main|Herodian dynasty|History of the Jews in the Roman Empire|Roman Palestine|Judaea (Roman province)|Jewish–Roman wars}} [[File:Monnaie - Prutah, bronze, Jérusalem, Judée, Mattathias Antigonos - btv1b8480202s (1 of 2).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Hasmonean coinage|Hasmonean coin]] of [[Antigonus II Mattathias]], depicting the [[Temple menorah]]]] Judea had been an independent Jewish kingdom under the Hasmoneans, but it was [[Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)|conquered and reorganized as a client state by the Roman general Pompey in 63 BCE]]. [[Roman expansion]] was going on in other areas as well, and it would continue for more than a hundred and fifty years. Later, [[Herod the Great]] was appointed "King of the Jews" by the [[Roman Senate]], supplanting the Hasmonean dynasty. Some of his offspring held various positions after him, known as the [[Herodian dynasty]]. Briefly, from 4 BCE to 6 CE, [[Herod Archelaus]] ruled the [[Tetrarchy (Judea)|tetrarchy of Judea]] as [[ethnarch]], the Romans denying him the title of King. After the [[Census of Quirinius]] in 6 CE, the [[Roman province of Judaea]] was formed as a satellite of [[Roman Syria]] under the rule of a [[prefect]] (as was [[Roman Egypt]]) until 41 CE, then [[Procurator (Roman)|procurators]] after 44 CE. The empire was often callous and brutal in its treatment of its Jewish subjects, (see [[Anti-Judaism#Pre-Christian Roman Empire|Anti-Judaism in the pre-Christian Roman Empire]]). In 30 CE (or 33 CE), [[Jesus of Nazareth]], an itinerant [[rabbi]] from [[Galilee]], and the central figure of [[Christianity]], was put to death by [[crucifixion]] in Jerusalem under the Roman prefect of [[Judaea]], [[Pontius Pilate]].<ref>Charlesworth, James H. (2008). The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide. {{ISBN|978-1-4267-2475-6}}</ref> For a short time Judea was reunited and semi-independent under [[Agrippa the Great]] who had good relations with both the Roman aristocracy and local Jewish citizens. After his death Judea was again annexed by Rome and his less popular son [[Herod Agrippa II]] was made ethnarch.<ref>Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, livre XVIII, § V, 4, (132).</ref> [[File:19 Shrine of the Book 005 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Reconstruction of the [[Second Temple]], following renovations by [[Herod the Great|Herod]] in the 1st century CE]] [[File:Roberts Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Siege of Jerusalem (70)|Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans]] (1850 painting by [[David Roberts (painter)|David Roberts]])]] Roman oppressive rule, combined with economic, religious, and ethnic tensions, eventually led to the outbreak of the [[First Jewish–Roman War]], also known as the Great Revolt, in 66 CE. Future emperor [[Vespasian]] quelled the rebellion in [[Galilee]] by 67 CE, capturing key strongholds.<ref>Jensen, M. H. (2014). The Political History in Galilee from the First Century BCE to the end of the Second Century CE. ''Galilee in the late Second Temple and Mishnaic periods. Volume 1. Life, culture and society'', pp. 69-70. "According to Jewish War, Vespasian laid siege to and conquered all the major strongholds of Galilee [...] Since the entire campaign was short and lasted only for some months in the spring and summer of 67, there is no reason to believe that Galilee was entirely devastated when the Romans set their course south. However, the places that were conquered, were in a typical Roman fashion levelled more or less to the ground and many people sold of as slaves.</ref> He was succeeded by his son [[Titus]], who led the brutal [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|siege of Jerusalem]], culminating in the city's fall in 70 CE. The Romans burned Jerusalem and destroyed the Second Temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weksler-Bdolah |first=Shlomit |title=Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman period: in light of archaeological research |publisher=Brill |year=2019 |isbn=978-90-04-41707-6 |page=3 |oclc=1170143447 |quote=The historical description is consistent with the archeological finds. Collapses of massive stones from the walls of the Temple Mount were exposed lying over the Herodian street running along the Western Wall of the Temple Mount. The residential buildings of the Ophel and the Upper City were destroyed by great fire. The large urban drainage channel and the Pool of Siloam in the Lower City silted up and ceased to function, and in many places the city walls collapsed. [...] Following the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE, a new era began in the city's history. The Herodian city was destroyed and a military camp of the Tenth Roman Legion established on part of the ruins.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reich |first=Ronny |date=2009 |title=The Sack of Jerusalem in 70 CE: Flavius Josephus' Description and the Archaeological Record |script-title=he:חורבן ירושלים בשנת 70 לסה"נ: תיאורו של יוסף בן מתתיהו והממצא הארכאולוגי |journal=Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv |script-journal=he:קתדרה: לתולדות ארץ ישראל ויישובה |issue=131 |pages=25–42 |issn=0334-4657 |jstor=23407359}}</ref> The Roman victory was celebrated with a [[Roman triumph|triumph]] in Rome, showcasing Jewish artefacts like the [[Temple menorah|menorah]], which were then put on display in the new [[Temple of Peace, Rome|Temple of Peace]].<ref>Huitink, Luuk. "Between Triumph and Tragedy: Josephus, Bellum Judaicum 7.121–157." ''Reading Greek, Hellenistic and Roman spolia. Objects, appropriation and cultural change, Euhormos: Greco-Roman Studies in Anchoring Innovation. Leiden: Brill'' (2023). pp. 215–216, 234</ref> The Flavian dynasty leveraged this victory for political gain, erecting monuments in Rome and minting [[Judaea Capta coinage|Judaea Capta coins]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Overman |first1=J. Andrew |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134518326 |title=The First Jewish Revolt |last2=Overman |first2=J. Andrew |date=September 2, 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-51832-6 |chapter=The First Revolt and Flavian politics |doi=10.4324/9780203167441}}</ref> The war concluded with the [[siege of Masada]] (73–74 CE). The Jewish population suffered widespread devastation, with displacement, enslavement, and Roman confiscation of Jewish-owned land.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Herr |first=Moshe David |title=The History of Eretz Israel: The Roman Byzantine period: the Roman period from the conquest to the Ben Kozba War (63 B.C.E-135 C.E.) |publisher=Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi |year=1984 |editor-last=Shtern |editor-first=Menahem |location=Jerusalem |page=288}}</ref> The destruction of the Second Temple marked a cataclysmic event in Jewish history, triggering far-reaching transformations within Judaism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maclean Rogers |first=Guy |title=For the Freedom of Zion: The Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66–74 CE |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-300-26256-8 |location=New Haven and London |pages=3–5 |oclc=1294393934}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Neusner |first=Jacob |title=Judaism in a Time of Crisis: Four Responses to the Destruction of the Second Temple |date=November 28, 2017 |work=Neusner on Judaism |pages=399–413 |editor-last1=Hinnells |editor-first1=John |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351152761-20 |access-date=May 22, 2022 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781351152761-20 |isbn=978-1-351-15276-1 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Karesh-2006">{{Cite book |last=Karesh |first=Sara E. |title=Encyclopedia of Judaism |publisher=Facts On File |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-78785-171-9 |oclc=1162305378 |quote=Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. Without the Temple, the Sadducees no longer had any claim to authority, and they faded away. The sage Yochanan ben Zakkai, with permission from Rome, set up the outpost of Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism.}}</ref> With the central role of sacrificial worship obliterated, religious practices shifted towards [[Jewish prayer|prayer]], [[Torah study]], and communal gatherings in [[synagogue]]s. According to Rabbinic tradition, Yohanan ben Zakkai secured permission from the Romans to establish a center for Torah study in [[Yavne]]h, which then served as a focal point for Jewish religious and cultural life for a generation.<ref name="Stemberger-2003">{{Citation |last=Stemberger |first=Guenter |title=The Formation of Rabbinic Judaism, 70–640 CE |date=2003 |work=The Blackwell Companion to Judaism |pages=78–79 |editor-last=Neusner |editor-first=Jacob |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470758014.ch5 |access-date=July 2, 2024 |edition=1 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |doi=10.1002/9780470758014.ch5 |isbn=978-1-57718-058-6 |editor2-last=Avery-Peck |editor2-first=Alan J. |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-judaism/3F4F0A32983FC0DCDB414553888DC394 |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |volume=4 |page=268 |doi=10.1017/chol9780521772488 |quote=Under the leadership of R. Yohanan ben Zakkai and his circle at Yavneh, Judaism sought to reconstitute itself and find a new equilibrium in the face of the disaster of 70.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neusner |first=Jacob |title=Religion (Judentum: Palästinisches Judentum &#91;Forts.&#93;) |date=September 26, 2016 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-083904-3 |editor-last1=Haase |editor-first1=Wolfgang |language=de |chapter=The Formation of Rabbinic Judaism: Yavneh (Jamnia) from A.D. 70 to 100 |pages=3–42 |doi=10.1515/9783110839043-002 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110839043-002/html}}</ref> Judaism also underwent a significant shift away from its sectarian divisions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Shaye J. D. |date=1984 |title=The Significance of Yavneh: Pharisees, Rabbis, and the End of Jewish Sectarianism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507609 |journal=Hebrew Union College Annual |volume=55 |page=29 |jstor=23507609 |issn=0360-9049 |quote=The goal was not the triumph over other sects but the elimination of the need for sectarianism itself. [...] The destruction of the temple provided the impetus for this process: it warned the Jews of the dangers of internal divisiveness and it removed one of the major focal points of Jewish sectarianism.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Jodi |last=Magness |title=Was 70 CE a Watershed in Jewish History?: On Jews and Judaism before and after the Destruction of the Second Temple |publisher=Brill |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-04-21744-7 |editor-first=Daniel R. |editor-last=Schwartz |chapter=Sectarianism before and after 70 CE |editor-first2=Zeev |editor-last2=Weiss |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VecxAQAAQBAJ&q=diaspora+70+ce&pg=PA189}}</ref> The [[Sadducees]] and [[Essenes]], two prominent sects in the late Second Temple period, faded into obscurity,<ref name="Karesh-2006" /> while the traditions of the [[Pharisees]], including their halakhic interpretations, the centrality of the [[Oral Torah]], and [[Jewish eschatology|belief in resurrection]] became the foundation of [[Rabbinic Judaism]].<ref name="Stemberger-2003" />[[File:Arch of Titus Menorah.png|upright=1.15|thumb|The sack of Jerusalem depicted on the inside wall of the [[Arch of Titus]] in [[Rome]]]] === Diaspora during the Second Temple period === {{Main|Jewish diaspora}} The [[Jewish diaspora]] existed well before the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE and had been ongoing for centuries, with the dispersal driven by both forced expulsions and voluntary migrations.<ref>[[Erich S. Gruen]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=t1IR4WtFjGUC&pg=PA3 Diaspora: Jews Amidst Greeks and Romans] [[Harvard University Press]], 2009 pp. 3–4, 233–234: 'Compulsory dislocation, .…cannot have accounted for more than a fraction of the diaspora. … The vast bulk of Jews who dwelled abroad in the Second Temple Period did so voluntarily.' (2)' .Diaspora did not await the fall of Jerusalem to Roman power and destructiveness. The scattering of Jews had begun long before-occasionally through forced expulsion, much more frequently through voluntary migration.'</ref><ref name="Goodman-2018">{{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=Martin |title=A History of Judaism |date=2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18127-1 |location=Princeton Oxford |pages=21, 232}}</ref> In Mesopotamia, a testimony to the beginnings of the Jewish community can be found in [[Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets|Joachin's ration tablets]], listing provisions allotted to the exiled Judean king and his family by [[Nebuchadnezzar II]], and further evidence are the [[Al-Yahudu Tablets|Al-Yahudu tablets]], dated to the 6th-5th centuries BCE and related to the exiles from Judea arriving after the destruction of the [[First Temple]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Luke |date=February 3, 2017 |title=Ancient tablets reveal life of Jews in Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-archaeology-babylon-idUSKBN0L71EK20150203 |newspaper=Reuters}}</ref> though there is ample evidence for the presence of Jews in Babylonia even from 626 BCE.<ref>Zadok R. Judeans in Babylonia–Updating the Dossier. in U. Gabbay and Sh. Secunda. (eds.). ''Encounters by the Rivers of Babylon: Scholarly Conversations between Jews, Iranians and Babylonians in Antiquity'', Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism 160. Tübingen: MohrSiebeck. pp. 109–110.</ref> In Egypt, the [[Elephantine papyri and ostraca|documents from Elephantine]] reveal the trials of a community founded by a Persian Jewish garrison at two fortresses on the frontier during the 5th-4th centuries BCE, and according to [[Josephus]] the Jewish community in Alexandria existed since the founding of the city in the 4th century BCE by [[Alexander the Great]].<ref>Josephus Flavius, ''Against Appion''. 4.II</ref> By 200 BCE, there were well established Jewish communities both in Egypt and Mesopotamia ("[[History of the Jews in Iraq|Babylonia]]" in Jewish sources) and in the two centuries that followed, Jewish populations were also present in [[Asia Minor]], [[Greece]], [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]], [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]], and, beginning in the middle of the 1st century BCE, in the city of [[Rome]].<ref>{{cite book |first=E. Mary |last=Smallwood |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism: The early Roman period, Volume 3 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-521-24377-3 |editor1=William David Davies |chapter=The Diaspora in the Roman period before AD 70 |editor2=Louis Finkelstein |editor3=William Horbury |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AW2BuWcalXIC&q=Diaspora+before+70&pg=PA168}}</ref><ref name="Goodman-2018" /> In the first centuries CE, as a result of the [[Jewish–Roman wars]],<ref name="מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת">מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת "עם ישראל – תולדות 4000 שנה – מימי האבות ועד חוזה השלום", ע"מ 95. (Translation: Mordechai Vermebrand and Betzalel S. Ruth – "The People of Israel – the history of 4000 years – from the days of the Forefathers to the Peace Treaty", 1981, p. 95)</ref> a large number of Jews were taken as captives, sold into slavery, or compelled to flee from the regions affected by the wars, contributing to the formation and expansion of Jewish communities across the [[Roman Empire]] as well as in Arabia and Mesopotamia. Jewish communities across Cyrenaica, Cyprus, and Egypt were almost entirely obliterated due to the harsh Roman response to the Diaspora Revolt.<ref name="Kerkeslager-2006" /><ref name="Zeev-2006b" /> The [[New Testament]] Book of [[Acts]], as well as other [[Pauline epistles|Pauline]] texts, make frequent reference to the large populations of [[Hellenized Jews]] in the cities of the Roman world. These Hellenized Jews were affected by the diaspora only in its spiritual sense, absorbing the feeling of loss and homelessness that became a cornerstone of the Jewish creed, much supported by persecutions in various parts of the world. Of critical importance to the reshaping of Jewish tradition from the Temple-based religion to the rabbinic traditions of the Diaspora, was the development of the interpretations of the Torah found in the [[Mishnah]] and [[Talmud]]. ==تالمود وارو دور== ===پھرين يهودي بغاوت (115 کان 117ع)=== During the [[Diaspora Revolt]] (115–117 CE), [[Jewish diaspora]] communities across several eastern provinces of the [[Roman Empire]] engaged in widespread rebellion.<ref name="Zeev-2006a">{{Citation |last=Zeev |first=Miriam Pucci Ben |title=The uprisings in the Jewish Diaspora, 116–117 |date=June 22, 2006 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism |pages=93–106 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781139055130A007/type/book_part |access-date=September 8, 2024 |edition=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/chol9780521772488.005 |isbn=978-1-139-05513-0 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Driven by messianic fervor and hopes for the [[Gathering of Israel|ingathering of exiles]] and the [[Third Temple|reconstruction of the Temple]], these communities may have sought to spark a broader movement possibly aimed at returning to [[Judea]] and rebuilding Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smallwood |first=E. Mary |title=The Jews under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diocletian |publisher=SBL Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-90-04-50204-8 |pages=394–397}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Horbury |first=William |title=Jewish War under Trajan and Hadrian |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-139-04905-4 |pages=276}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Barclay |first=John M. G. |title=Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora: from Alexander to Trajan (323 BCE–117 CE) |date=1998 |publisher=T&T Clark |isbn=978-0-567-08651-8 |edition= |location=Edinburgh |pages=241}}</ref> Ancient sources describe the revolt as extremely brutal, with cases of cannibalism and mutilation, though modern scholars often consider these accounts to be exaggerated.<ref name="Zeev-2006a" /> The Roman suppression of the revolt was marked by severe measures, including [[ethnic cleansing]], leading to the near-total destruction of Jewish diaspora communities in [[Roman Libya|Libya]], [[Roman Cyprus|Cyprus]] and [[Roman Egypt|Egypt]],<ref name="Kerkeslager-2006">{{Citation |last1=Kerkeslager |first1=Allen |title=The Diaspora from 66 to c. 235 ce |date=2006 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |volume=4 |pages=62–63 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-judaism/diaspora-from-66-to-c-235-ce/5AECAD54BE6CA31C7968EED92D6CA36A |access-date=September 10, 2024 |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/chol9780521772488.004 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |last2=Setzer |first2=Claudia |last3=Trebilco |first3=Paul |last4=Goodblatt |first4=David}}</ref><ref name="Zeev-2006b">{{Citation |last=Zeev |first=Miriam Pucci Ben |title=The uprisings in the Jewish Diaspora, 116–117 |date=June 22, 2006 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism |page=98 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781139055130A007/type/book_part |access-date=September 8, 2024 |edition=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/chol9780521772488.005 |isbn=978-1-139-05513-0 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> including the significant and influential community in [[Alexandria]].<ref name="Goodman-2018" /><ref name="Kerkeslager-2006" /> ===بار ڪوخبا بغاوت (132 کان 136ع=== {{Main|بار ڪوخبا بغاوت}} [[File:Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg|thumb|A tetradrachm minted during the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]], featuring the former Second Temple, a ''lulav'', and the slogan 'to the freedom of Jerusalem']] From 132 to 136 CE, Judaea was the center of the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]], triggered by Hadrian's decision to establish the pagan colony of [[Aelia Capitolina]] on the ruins of Jerusalem.<ref name="Eck-2015">{{Citation |last=Eck |first=Werner |editor-first1=Werner |editor-last1=Eck |title=Bar Kokhba |date=July 30, 2015 |work=Oxford Classical Dictionary |url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-1056 |access-date=July 2, 2024 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1056 |isbn=978-0-19-938113-5 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Early successes led to the establishment of a short-lived Jewish state in Judea under the leadership of [[Simon Bar Kokhba]], styled as ''[[Nasi (Hebrew title)|nasi]]'' or prince of Israel.<ref name="Eck-2015" /> The [[Bar Kokhba revolt coinage|rebel state's coinage]] proclaimed "Freedom of Israel" and "For the Freedom of Jerusalem", using [[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet|ancient Hebrew script]] for nationalistic symbolism.<ref name="Eck-1999">{{Cite journal |last=Eck |first=Werner |date=1999 |title=The Bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of View |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/abs/bar-kokhba-revolt-the-roman-point-of-view/27E95F52A627562F93178F17A51D5FD4 |journal=The Journal of Roman Studies |volume=89 |pages=76, 80 |doi=10.2307/300735 |jstor=300735 |issn=1753-528X |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Eck-2015" /> However, the Romans soon amassed six legions and additional auxiliaries under [[Julius Severus]], who then brutally crushed the uprising. Historical accounts report the destruction of fifty major strongholds and 985 villages, resulting in 580,000 Jewish deaths and widespread famine and disease.<ref name="Raviv-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Raviv |first1=Dvir |last2=David |first2=Chaim Ben |date=2021 |title=Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account? |journal=Journal of Roman Archaeology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=585–607 |doi=10.1017/S1047759421000271 |issn=1047-7594 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Archaeological research confirms the widespread destruction and depopulation of the Jewish heartland in [[Judea]] proper, where most of the Jewish population was either killed, sold into slavery, expelled, or forced to flee.<ref name="Raviv-2021" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=A. H. M. |title=The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces |publisher=Oxford |year=1971 |edition=2nd |pages=277 |quote=This provoked the last Jewish war, which seems from our meager accounts [...] to have resulted in the desolation of Judaea and the practical extermination of its Jewish population.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Mor|2016|pp=483–484}}: "Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the [[Sicaricon|sikarikon laws]] were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it."</ref> The Romans also suffered heavy losses.<ref name="Eck-1999" /> Post-revolt, Jews were prohibited from entering Jerusalem, and Hadrian issued religious edicts,<ref>Hanan Eshel,[[iarchive:cambridgehis xxxx 1984 004 8494287/page/n1082|<!-- pg=105 --> 'The Bar Kochba revolt, 132-135,']] in William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.) ''The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period,'' pp. 105-127, p. 105.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Eshel |first=Hanan |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=T. Katz |editor-first=Steven |volume=4. The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |pages=105–127 |chapter=4: The Bar Kochba Revolt, 132 – 135 |oclc=7672733}}</ref> including a ban on circumcision, later repealed by [[Antoninus Pius]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} The province of Judaea was renamed [[Syria Palaestina]] as a punitive act against the Jews, aimed at placating non-Jewish residents and erasing Jewish historical ties to the land.<ref name="Eck-2015" /><ref>H.H. Ben-Sasson, ''A History of the Jewish People'', Harvard University Press, 1976, {{ISBN|0-674-39731-2}}, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."</ref><ref>Ariel Lewin. ''The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine''. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name – one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus – Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." {{ISBN|0-89236-800-4}}</ref> Christians refused to participate in the revolt and from this point the Jews regarded Christianity as a separate religion.<ref>M. Avi-Yonah, ''The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule'', Jerusalem 1984 p. 143</ref> The Jewish defeat marked the termination of efforts to reestablish a Jewish state until the modern era.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grabbe |first=Lester L. |title=An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History And Religion Of The Jews In The Time Of Nehemiah, The Maccabees, Hillel, And Jesus |date=2010 |publisher=T&T Clark |isbn=978-0-567-55248-8 |location=Edinburgh |page=78 |quote=It was the total defeat and the massive destruction of the 132–35 war which put paid to any hopes of a revived Jewish state for another 1800 years.}}</ref> A rabbi of this period, [[Simeon bar Yochai]], is regarded as the author of the [[Zohar]], the foundational text for Kabbalistic thought. However, modern scholars believe it was written in Medieval Spain.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Zohar |encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=142&letter=Z#406 |access-date=May 19, 2014 |last=Jacobs |first=Joseph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007024121/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=142&letter=Z#406 |archive-date=October 7, 2011 |author2=Broydé, Isaac |url-status=live}}</ref> === Late Roman period in the Land of Israel === {{further|Byzantine Palestine|History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire}} The relations of the Jews with the Roman Empire in the region continued to be complicated. [[Constantine the Great and Judaism|Constantine I]] allowed Jews to mourn their defeat and humiliation once a year on [[Tisha B'Av]] at the [[Western Wall]]. In 351–352 CE, the Jews of Galilee launched [[Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus|yet another revolt]], provoking heavy retribution.<ref>Bernard Lazare and Robert Wistrich, Antisemitism: Its History and Causes, University of Nebraska Press, 1995, I, pp. 46–47.</ref> The Gallus revolt came during the rising influence of early Christians in the Eastern Roman Empire, under the [[Constantinian dynasty]]. In 355, however, the relations with the Roman rulers improved, upon the rise of Emperor [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]], the last of the Constantinian dynasty, who unlike his predecessors defied Christianity. In 363, not long before Julian left Antioch to launch his campaign against Sasanian Persia, in keeping with his effort to foster religions other than Christianity, he ordered the Jewish Temple rebuilt.<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Res Gestae'', 23.1.2–3.</ref> The failure to rebuild the Temple has mostly been ascribed to the dramatic [[Galilee earthquake of 363]] and traditionally also to the Jews' ambivalence about the project. Sabotage is a possibility, as is an accidental fire. Divine intervention was the common view among Christian historians of the time.<ref>See [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/julian-jews.html "Julian and the Jews 361–363 CE"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520080932/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/julian-jews.html |date=May 20, 2012 }} (Fordham University, The Jesuit University of New York) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20051020130904/http://www.gibsoncondo.com/~david/convert/history.html "Julian the Apostate and the Holy Temple"].</ref> Julian's support of Jews caused Jews to call him "Julian the [[Hellenes (religion)|Hellene]]".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Falk |first1=Avner |title=A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews |year=1996 |pages=343 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press |isbn=978-0-8386-3660-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z10-Xz9Kno4C&q=julian&pg=PA343 |access-date=August 3, 2022}}</ref> Julian's fatal wound in the Persian campaign and his consequent death had put an end to Jewish aspirations, and Julian's successors embraced Christianity through the entire timeline of Byzantine rule of Jerusalem, preventing any Jewish claims. In 438 CE, when the Empress [[Licinia Eudoxia|Eudocia]] removed the ban on Jews' praying at the [[Temple Mount|Temple site]], the heads of the Community in Galilee issued a call "to the great and mighty people of the Jews" which began: "Know that the end of the exile of our people has come!" However, the Christian population of the city, who saw this as a threat to their primacy, did not allow it and a riot erupted after which they chased away the Jews from the city.<ref>Avraham Yaari, ''Igrot Eretz Yisrael'' (Tel Aviv, 1943), p. 46.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Andrew S. Jacobs |title=Remains of the Jews: The Holy Land and Christian Empire in Late Antiquity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8O95ErDSZQgC&pg=PA157 |year=2004 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-4705-9 |page=157 |access-date=April 19, 2018}}</ref> During the 5th and the 6th centuries, a series of [[Samaritan Revolts|Samaritan insurrections]] broke out across the [[Palaestina Prima]] province. Especially violent were the third and the fourth revolts, which resulted in almost the entire annihilation of the Samaritan community. It is likely that the Samaritan [[Samaritan Revolts|Revolt of 556]] was joined by the Jewish community, which had also suffered a brutal suppression of Israelite religion. In the belief of restoration to come, in the early 7th century the Jews made an [[Jewish revolt against Heraclius|alliance]] with the [[Sassanid Empire|Persians]], who invaded Palaestina Prima in 614, fought at their side, overwhelmed the [[Byzantine]] garrison in Jerusalem, and were given Jerusalem to be governed as an autonomy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Itineraria Phoenicia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&q=Opusculum+de+Persica+captivitate&pg=PA542 |author=Edward Lipiński |publisher=Peeters |pages=542–543 |year=2004 |isbn=978-90-429-1344-8 |access-date=March 11, 2014 |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409161013/https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&q=Opusculum+de+Persica+captivitate&pg=PA542 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, their autonomy was brief: the [[Nehemiah ben Hushiel|Jewish leader]] in Jerusalem was shortly assassinated during a Christian revolt and though Jerusalem was reconquered by Persians and Jews within 3 weeks, it fell into anarchy. With the consequent withdrawal of Persian forces, Jews surrendered to Byzantines in 625 or 628 CE, but were massacred by Christian radicals in 629 CE, with the survivors fleeing to Egypt. The Byzantine (Eastern Roman Empire) control of the region was finally lost to the Muslim Arab armies in 637 CE, when [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]] completed the conquest of Akko. === Jews of pre-Muslim Babylonia (219–638 CE) === {{Main|History of the Jews in Iraq}} After the fall of Jerusalem, Babylonia would become the focus of Judaism for more than a thousand years. The first Jewish communities in Babylonia started with the exile of the Tribe of Judah to Babylon by [[Jehoiachin]] in 597 BCE as well as after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 586 BCE.<ref name="מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת" /> Many more Jews migrated to Babylon in 135 CE after the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]] and in the centuries after.<ref name="מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת" /> Babylonia, where some of the largest and most prominent Jewish cities and communities were established, became the centre of Jewish life up to the 13th century. By the 1st century, Babylonia already held a speedily growing<ref name="מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת" /> population of an estimated 1,000,000 Jews, which increased to an estimated 2 million<ref name="Solomon Gryazel">Solomon Gryazel, ''History of the Jews: From the destruction of Judah in 586 BCE to the present Arab Israeli conflict'', p. 137.</ref> between the years 200 CE and 500 CE, both by natural growth and by immigration of more Jews from Judea, making up about 1/6 of the world Jewish population at that era.<ref name="Solomon Gryazel" /> It was there that they would write the Babylonian Talmud in the languages used by the Jews of ancient Babylonia: [[Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]]. The Jews established [[Talmudic Academies in Babylonia]], also known as the Geonic Academies (from "Geonim", meaning "splendour" in Biblical Hebrew or "geniuses"), which became the centre for Jewish scholarship and the development of Jewish law in Babylonia from roughly 500 CE to 1038 CE. The two most famous academies were the [[Pumbedita Academy]] and the [[Sura Academy]]. Major yeshivot were also located at [[Nehardea]] and Mahuza.<ref>''Codex Judaica'', pp. 161–174, Kantor, Zichron Press, NY 2005.</ref> The Talmudic [[Yeshiva]] Academies became a main part of Jewish culture and education, and Jews continued establishing Yeshiva Academies in Western and Eastern Europe, North Africa, and in later centuries, in America and other countries around the world where Jews lived in the Diaspora. Talmudic study in Yeshiva academies, most of them located in The United States and Israel, continues today. These Talmudic [[Yeshiva]] academies of Babylonia followed the era of the [[Amoraim]] (expounders)—the sages of the Talmud who were active (both in Judah and in Babylon) during the end of the era of the sealing of the [[Mishnah]] and until the times of the sealing of the Talmud (220–500 CE), and following the [[Savoraim]] (reasoners)—the sages of beth midrash (Torah study places) in Babylon from the end of the era of the Amoraim (5th century) and until the beginning of the era of the [[Geonim]]. The Geonim were the presidents of the two great rabbinical colleges of Sura and Pumbedita, and were the generally accepted spiritual leaders of the worldwide Jewish community in the early medieval era, in contrast to the [[Resh Galuta]] (Exilarch) who wielded secular authority over the Jews in Islamic lands. According to traditions, the [[Resh Galuta]] were descendants of Judean kings, which is why the kings of [[Parthia]] would treat them with much honour.<ref>[מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס. רותת "עם ישראל – תולדות 4000 שנה – מימי האבות ועד חוזה השלום", ע"מ 97. (Translation: Mordechai Vermebrand and Betzalel S. Ruth ''The People of Israel: The History of 4,000 Years, from the Days of the Forefathers to the Peace Treaty'', 1981, p. 97)</ref> For the Jews of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, the yeshivot of Babylonia served much the same function as the ancient [[Sanhedrin]]—that is, as a council of Jewish religious authorities. The academies were founded in pre-Islamic Babylonia under the Zoroastrian Sassanid dynasty and were located not far from the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon, which at that time was the largest city in the world. After the conquest of Persia in the 7th century, the academies subsequently operated for four hundred years under the Islamic caliphate. The first gaon of Sura, according to [[Sherira Gaon]], was Mar bar Rab Chanan, who assumed office in 609. The last gaon of [[Sura]] was [[Samuel ben Hofni]], who died in 1034; the last gaon of Pumbedita was [[Hezekiah Gaon]], who was tortured to death in 1040; hence the activity of the Geonim covers a period of nearly 450 years. One of principal seats of Babylonian Judaism was [[Nehardea]], which was then a very large city made up mostly of Jews.<ref name="מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת" /> A very ancient synagogue, built, it was believed, by King Jehoiachin, existed in Nehardea. At Huzal, near Nehardea, there was another synagogue, not far from which could be seen the ruins of Ezra's academy. In the period before Hadrian, Akiba, on his arrival at Nehardea on a mission from the Sanhedrin, entered into a discussion with a resident scholar on a point of matrimonial law (Mishnah Yeb., end). At the same time there was at Nisibis (northern [[Mesopotamia]]), an excellent Jewish college, at the head of which stood [[Judah ben Bathyra]], and in which many Judean scholars found refuge at the time of the persecutions. A certain temporary importance was also attained by a school at [[Nehar Pekod|Nehar-Pekod]], founded by the Judean immigrant Hananiah, nephew of [[Joshua ben Hananiah]], which school might have been the cause of a schism between the Jews of Babylonia and those of Judea-Israel, had not the Judean authorities promptly checked Hananiah's ambition. === Byzantine period (324–638 CE) === {{Main|History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire}} Jews were also widespread throughout the Roman Empire, and this carried on to a lesser extent in the period of Byzantine rule in the central and eastern Mediterranean. The militant and exclusive Christianity and [[caesaropapism]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]] did not treat Jews well, and the condition and influence of diaspora Jews in the Empire declined dramatically. It was official Christian policy to convert Jews to Christianity, and the Christian leadership used the official power of Rome in their attempts. In 351 CE the Jews revolted against the added pressures of their governor, [[Constantius Gallus]]. Gallus put down the revolt and destroyed the major cities in the Galilee area where the revolt had started. Tzippori and Lydda (site of two of the major legal academies) never recovered. In this period, the Nasi in Tiberias, [[Hillel II]], created an official calendar, which needed no monthly sightings of the moon. The months were set, and the calendar needed no further authority from Judea. At about the same time, the Jewish academy at Tiberius began to collate the combined Mishnah, [[braitot]], explanations, and interpretations developed by generations of scholars who studied after the death of [[Judah HaNasi]]. The text was organized according to the order of the Mishna: each paragraph of Mishnah was followed by a compilation of all of the interpretations, stories, and responses associated with that Mishnah. This text is called the ''[[Jerusalem Talmud]].'' The Jews of Judea received a brief respite from official persecution during the rule of the Emperor [[Julian the Apostate]]. Julian's policy was to return the Roman Empire to Hellenism, and he encouraged the Jews to rebuild Jerusalem. As Julian's rule lasted only from 361 to 363, the Jews could not rebuild sufficiently before Roman Christian rule was restored over the Empire. Beginning in 398 with the consecration of [[St. John Chrysostom]] as [[Patriarch]], Christian rhetoric against Jews grew sharper; he preached sermons with titles such as "Against the Jews" and "On the Statues, Homily 17", in which John preaches against "the Jewish sickness".<ref>Wendy Mayer and [[Pauline Allen]], ''John Chrysostom: The Early Church Fathers'' (London, 2000), pp. 113, 146.</ref> Such heated language contributed to a climate of Christian distrust and hate toward the large Jewish settlements, such as those in [[Antioch]] and [[Constantinople]]. In the beginning of the 5th century, the [[Emperor Theodosius]] issued a set of decrees establishing official persecution of Jews. Jews were not allowed to own slaves, build new synagogues, hold public office or try cases between a Jew and a non-Jew. Intermarriage between Jew and non-Jew was made a capital offence, as was the conversion of Christians to Judaism. Theodosius did away with the [[Sanhedrin]] and abolished the post of [[Nasi (Hebrew title)|Nasi]]. Under the [[Emperor Justinian]], the authorities further restricted the civil rights of Jews,<ref>Cod., I., v. 12</ref> and threatened their religious privileges.<ref>Procopius, ''Historia Arcana'', 28</ref> The emperor interfered in the internal affairs of the synagogue,<ref>Nov., cxlvi., February 8, 553</ref> and forbade, for instance, the use of the Hebrew language in divine worship. Those who disobeyed the restrictions were threatened with corporal penalties, exile, and loss of property. The Jews at Borium, not far from Syrtis Major, who resisted the Byzantine general [[Belisarius]] in his campaign against the [[Vandals]], were forced to embrace Christianity, and their synagogue was converted to a church.<ref>Procopius, ''De Aedificiis'', vi. 2</ref> Justinian and his successors had concerns outside the province of Judea, and he had insufficient troops to enforce these regulations. As a result, the 5th century was a period when a wave of new synagogues were built, many with beautiful mosaic floors. Jews adopted the rich art forms of the Byzantine culture. Jewish mosaics of the period portray people, animals, menorahs, zodiacs, and Biblical characters. Excellent examples of these synagogue floors have been found at Beit Alpha (which includes the scene of Abraham sacrificing a ram instead of his son Isaac along with a zodiac), Tiberius, Beit Shean, and Tzippori. The precarious existence of Jews under Byzantine rule did not long endure, largely due to the explosion of the Muslim religion out of the remote Arabian peninsula (where large populations of Jews resided, see [[History of the Jews under Muslim Rule]] for more). The [[Muslim]] [[Caliphate]] ejected the Byzantines from the Holy Land (or the Levant, defined as modern Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria) within a few years of their victory at the [[Battle of Yarmouk]] in 636. Numerous Jews fled the remaining Byzantine territories in favour of residence in the Caliphate over the subsequent centuries. The size of the Jewish community in the Byzantine Empire was not affected by attempts by some emperors to forcibly convert the Jews of Anatolia to Christianity, as these attempts met with very little success.<ref>[[G. Ostrogorsky]], ''History of the Byzantine State''</ref> Historians continue to research the status of the Jews in Asia Minor under Byzantine rule. (for a sample of views, see, for instance, J. Starr ''The Jews in the Byzantine Empire, 641–1204''; S. Bowman, ''The Jews of Byzantium''; R. Jenkins ''Byzantium''; Averil Cameron, "Byzantines and Jews: Recent Work on Early Byzantium", ''Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies'' 20 (1996)). No systematic persecution of the type endemic at that time in Western Europe (pogroms, the stake, mass [[Expulsions and exoduses of Jews|expulsions]], etc.) has been recorded in Byzantium.<ref>''The Oxford History of Byzantium'', C. Mango (Ed) (2002)</ref> Much of the Jewish population of Constantinople remained in place after the conquest of the city by [[Mehmet II]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} <gallery widths="180"> File:Roman. Mosaic of Menorah with Lulav and Ethrog, 6th century C.E.jpg|''Mosaic of Menorah with Lulav and Ethrog'', 6th century [[Brooklyn Museum]] File:Beit alfa01.jpg|Mosaic pavement of a synagogue at [[Beit Alpha]] (5th century) File:ZodiacMosaicTzippori.jpg|Mosaic in the [[Tzippori Synagogue]] (5th century) File:Hammat Gader.JPG|Mosaic pavement recovered from the [[Hamat Gader]] synagogue (5th or 6th century) </gallery> === Diaspora communities === [[File:Arrival of the Jewish pilgrims at Coachin, A.D. 68.jpg|thumb|Arrival of the Jewish pilgrims at Cochin, 68 CE]] Cochin Jewish tradition holds that the roots of their community go back to the arrival of Jews at [[Kodungallur|Shingly]] in 72 CE, after the [[Destruction of the Second Temple]]. It also states that a Jewish kingdom, understood to mean the granting of autonomy by a local [[Tamils|Tamil]] king, [[Cheraman Perumal Nayanar]], to the community, under their leader Joseph Rabban, in 379 CE. The first synagogue there was built in 1568. The legend of the founding of Indian [[Christianity in Kerala]] by [[Thomas the Apostle]] relates that on his arrival there, he encountered a local girl who understood Hebrew.<ref>Nathan Katz, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OEolDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 ''Who Are the Jews of India?,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160937/https://books.google.com/books?id=OEolDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22|date=April 9, 2023}} [[University of California Press]], 2000 {{isbn|978-0-520-92072-9}} pp. 13–14, 17–18</ref> Perhaps in the 4th century, the [[Kingdom of Semien]], a Jewish nation in modern [[Beta Israel|Ethiopia]] was established, lasting until the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exploring a Forgotten Jewish Land – Archaeology Magazine |url=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/498-2301/letter-from/11057-ethiopia-beta-israel |access-date=November 9, 2023 |website=www.archaeology.org}}</ref> ==وچين دور== ===اسلامي دور=== [[File:Education (T-S K5.13) (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|قاهره جينيزا جو ٽڪرو، ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي لائبريري<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cairo Genizah : Education|url=https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-TS-K-00005-00013|access-date=2025-10-18|website=Cambridge Digital Library}}</ref>]] سال 638 عيسوي ۾ [[بازنطيني سلطنت]] [[سر زمين شام (ليوانت)|سر زمين شام]] جو ڪنٽرول وڃائي ڇڏيو. خليفي [[عمر بن خطاب|عمر]] [[عمر بن خطاب|رضي الله تعالى عنه]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[پهرين اسلامي رياست|عرب اسلامي سلطنت]] [[يروشلم]]، [[ميسوپوٽيميا]]، [[سر زمين شام (ليوانت)|سر زمين شام]] ([[شام]]، [[اردن]] ۽ [[فلسطين]]) ۽ [[مصر]] جي زمينن کي فتح ڪيو. هڪ سياسي نظام جي طور تي، [[اسلام]] يهودين جي معاشي، سماجي ۽ ذهني ترقي لاءِ بنيادي طور تي نوان حالات پيدا ڪيا.<ref>Ehrlich, Mark. ''Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1''. ABC-CLIO, 2009, p. 152.({{ISBN|978-1-85109-873-6}})</ref>عمر رضي الله تعالى عنه يهودين کي، 500 سالن جي وقفي کان پوءِ، [[يروشلم]] ۾ پنهنجي موجودگي کي ٻيهر قائم ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني (ڏسو:عمر جي يقين دهاني).<ref name="Bashan-20072">{{cite EJ|last=Bashan|first=Eliezer|volume=15|page=419|title=Omar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb}}</ref> يهودي روايتون عمر کي هڪ مهربان حڪمران جي طور تي ڏسي ٿي ۽ مدراش (<small>نست</small><small>اروت دي-راو شمعون بار يوحائي</small>) کيس "بني اسرائيل جي دوست" طور حوالو ڏئي ٿو.<ref name="Bashan-20073">{{cite EJ|last=Bashan|first=Eliezer|volume=15|page=419|title=Omar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb}}</ref> عرب جاگرافيدان المقدسي جي مطابق، <ref name="Joseph E. Katz-20012">{{cite web|url=http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html|title=Continuous Jewish Presence in the Holy Land|author=Joseph E. Katz|year=2001|publisher=EretzYisroel.Org|access-date=August 12, 2012|archive-date=January 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125175116/http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html|url-status=live}}</ref> يهودي "سڪن جي چڪاس ڪندڙ، رنگ ڪندڙ، چمڙي جا ماهر ۽ مهاجن" طور ڪم ڪندا هئا. [[فاطمي خلافت|فاطمي دور]] ۾، ڪيترن ئي يهودي عملدارن حڪومت ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون.<ref name="Joseph E. Katz-20013">{{cite web|url=http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html|title=Continuous Jewish Presence in the Holy Land|author=Joseph E. Katz|year=2001|publisher=EretzYisroel.Org|access-date=August 12, 2012|archive-date=January 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125175116/http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html|url-status=live}}</ref> پروفيسر موشئ گل جو خيال آهي، ته 7هين صدي ۾ عرب فتح جي وقت، يروشلم جي آبادي جي اڪثريت عيسائي ۽ يهودي هئي.<ref>Moshe Gil, ''A History of Palestine: 634–1099'' pp. 170, 220–221.</ref> هن وقت دوران يهودي سڄي قديم بابل ۾ خوشحال برادرين ۾ رهندا هئا. جيونڪ دور (650-1250 عيسوي) ۾، بابلي يشيوا اڪيڊميون يهودي سکيا جا مکيه مرڪز هئا. جيونم (جن جو معنيٰ آهي "شان" يا "جينيئس") انهن اسڪولن جا سربراهه هئا. انهن کي يهودي قانون ۾ اعليٰ اختيارين طور تسليم ڪيو ويو. 7هين صدي ۾، غير مسلمن جي زمينن تي حڪمران جزيو (<small>Poll</small> <small>Tax</small>) عائد ڪيو، جن جي ڪري بابلي يهودين جي ڳوٺاڻن علائقن مان [[بغداد]] جهڙن شهرن ڏانهن وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ ٿي. ان جي نتيجي ۾ يهودي برادري ۾ وڌيڪ دولت ۽ بين الاقوامي اثر ۽ انهي سان گڏ يهودي مفڪرن جو هڪ وڌيڪ عالمگير نقطه نظر،جهڙوڪ سعديه گاون، جيڪو هاڻي پهريون ڀيرو مغربي فلسفي سان تمام گهڻي دلچسپي رکن ٿا، پيدا ٿيو. جڏهن 10هين صدي ۾ [[عباسي خلافت]] ۽ بغداد شهر جو زوال ٿيو، ڪيترائي بابلي يهودي [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقن ڏانهن لڏپلاڻ ڪيا. سڄي يهودي دنيا ۾ بابلي يهودي رسمن جي پکيڙ ۾ حصو ورتو.<ref>[[Marina Rustow]], [http://perspectives.ajsnet.org/the-iran-iraq-issue-fall-2010/baghdad-in-the-west-migration-and-the-making-of-medieval-jewish-traditions/ Baghdad in the West: Migration and the Making of Medieval Jewish Traditions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711065105/http://perspectives.ajsnet.org/the-iran-iraq-issue-fall-2010/baghdad-in-the-west-migration-and-the-making-of-medieval-jewish-traditions/|date=July 11, 2020}}</ref> === اندلس ۾ يهودي ثقافت جو سونهري دور (711-1031) === <nowiki>{{اندلس ۾ يهودي ثقافت جو سونهري دور}}</nowiki> [[اندلس]] ۾ يهودي ثقافت جو سونهري دور [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] ۾ [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] سان گڏ هو، جيڪو سڃي [[جزیرو نما آئیبیریا|جزيري نما آئبيريا]] تي مسلمانن جي حڪمراني جو دور هو. === Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain (711–1031) === {{Main|Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain}} The golden age of Jewish culture in Spain coincided with the [[Middle Ages]] in Europe, a period of [[Al-Andalus|Muslim rule]] throughout much of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. During that time, Jews were generally accepted in society and Jewish religious, cultural, and economic life blossomed. A period of tolerance thus dawned for the Jews of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], whose number was considerably augmented by immigration from Africa in the wake of the Muslim conquest. Especially after 912, during the reign of [[Abd-ar-Rahman III]] and his son, [[al-Hakam II]], the Jews prospered, devoting themselves to the service of the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]], to the study of the sciences, and to commerce and industry, especially to trading in silk and slaves, in this way promoting the prosperity of the country. Jewish economic expansion was unparalleled. In [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], Jews were involved in translating Arabic texts to the [[Romance languages]], as well as translating Greek and Hebrew texts into Arabic. Jews also contributed to botany, geography, medicine, mathematics, poetry and philosophy.<ref name="Sephardim Archived September 7">[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html Sephardim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907212349/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html |date=September 7, 2012 }} by Rebecca Weiner.</ref><ref>Ahmed, M.I. Muslim-Jewish Harmony: A Politically-Contingent Reality. Religions 2022, 13, 535. {{doi|10.3390/rel13060535|doi-access=free}}</ref> According to [[Bernard Lewis]]: {{Blockquote|Generally, the Jewish people were allowed to practice their religion and live according to the laws and scriptures of their community. Furthermore, the restrictions to which they were subject were social and symbolic rather than tangible and practical in character. That is to say, these regulations served to define the relationship between the two communities, and not to oppress the Jewish population.<ref>Lewis, Bernard W (1984). ''The Jews of Islam''</ref>|}} 'Abd al-Rahman's court physician and minister was Hasdai ben Isaac ibn Shaprut, the patron of Menahem ben Saruq, Dunash ben Labrat, and other Jewish scholars and poets. Jewish thought during this period flourished under famous figures such as Samuel Ha-Nagid, Moses ibn Ezra, Solomon ibn Gabirol [[Judah Halevi]] and [[Moses Maimonides]].<ref name="Sephardim Archived September 7" /> During 'Abd al-Rahman's term of power, the scholar [[Moses ben Enoch]] was appointed [[rabbi]] of [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], and as a consequence [[al-Andalus]] became the centre of Talmudic study, and [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] the meeting-place of Jewish savants. The Golden Age ended with the invasion of al-Andalus by the [[Almohads]], a conservative dynasty originating in North Africa, who were highly intolerant of religious minorities. === Jews and the Crusades (1099–1260) === {{Main|History of the Jews and the Crusades}} {{See also|Siege of Jerusalem (1099)}} [[File:1099jerusalem.jpg|thumb|left|[[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|Capture of Jerusalem]], 1099]] Sermonical messages to avenge the death of Jesus encouraged Christians to participate in the Crusades. The 12th-century Jewish narration from R. Solomon ben Samson records that crusaders en route to the Holy Land decided that before combating the Ishmaelites they would massacre the Jews residing in their midst to avenge the [[crucifixion of Christ]]. The massacres began at [[Rouen]] and Jewish communities in [[Rhine Valley]] were seriously affected.<ref name="Malamat-1976">{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |title=A History of the Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv |url-access=registration |year=1976 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/413 413]}}</ref> Crusading attacks were made upon Jews in the territory around Heidelberg. A huge loss of Jewish life took place. Many were forcibly converted to Christianity and many committed suicide to avoid baptism. A major driving factor behind the choice to commit suicide was the Jewish realisation that upon being slain their children could be taken to be raised as Christians. The Jews were living in the middle of Christian lands and felt this danger acutely.<ref>{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |title=A History of the Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv |url-access=registration |year=1976 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/416 416]}}</ref> This massacre is seen as the first in a sequence of antisemitic events which culminated in the Holocaust.<ref>{{cite book |author=David Nirenberg |editor=Gerd Althoff |others=Johannes Fried |title=Medieval Concepts of the Past: Ritual, Memory, Historiography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MxS6-pQZzGsC&pg=PA279 |year=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-78066-7 |pages=279–}}</ref> Jewish populations felt that they had been abandoned by their Christian neighbours and rulers during the massacres and lost faith in all promises and charters.<ref>{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |title=A History of the Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv |url-access=registration |year=1976 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/419 419]}}</ref> Many Jews chose self-defence. But their means of self-defence were limited and their casualties only increased. Most of the forced conversions proved ineffective. Many Jews reverted to their original faith later. The pope protested this but Emperor Henry IV agreed to permitting these reversions.<ref name="Malamat-1976" /> The massacres began a new epoch for Jewry in Christendom. The Jews had preserved their faith from social pressure, now they had to preserve it at sword point. The massacres during the crusades strengthened Jewry from within spiritually. The Jewish perspective was that their struggle was Israel's struggle to hallow the name of God.<ref>{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |title=A History of the Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv |url-access=registration |year=1976 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/414 414]–}}</ref> In 1099, Jews helped the Arabs to defend Jerusalem against the [[Crusaders]]. When the city fell, the Crusaders gathered many Jews in a synagogue and set it on fire.<ref name="Malamat-1976" /> In Haifa, the Jews almost single-handedly defended the town against the Crusaders, holding out for a month, (June–July 1099).<ref name="Joseph E. Katz-2001">{{cite web |url=http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html |title=Continuous Jewish Presence in the Holy Land |author=Joseph E. Katz |year=2001 |publisher=EretzYisroel.Org |access-date=August 12, 2012 |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125175116/http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html |url-status=live}}</ref> At this time there were Jewish communities scattered all over the country, including Jerusalem, Tiberias, Ramleh, Ashkelon, Caesarea, and [[Gaza City|Gaza]]. As Jews were not allowed to hold land during the Crusader period, they worked at trades and commerce in the coastal towns during times of quiescence. Most were artisans: glassblowers in [[Sidon]], furriers and dyers in Jerusalem.<ref name="Joseph E. Katz-2001" /> During this period, the [[Masoretes]] of Tiberias established the ''[[niqqud]]'', a system of [[diacritic]]s used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations of letters of the [[Hebrew alphabet]]. Numerous [[piyutim]] and [[midrash]]im were recorded in Palestine at this time.<ref name="Joseph E. Katz-2001" /> [[Maimonides]] wrote that in 1165 he visited Jerusalem and went to the Temple Mount, where he prayed in the "great, holy house".<ref>Sefer HaCharedim Mitzvat Tshuva Chapter 3</ref> Maimonides established a yearly holiday for himself and his sons, the 6th of [[Cheshvan]], commemorating the day he went up to pray on the Temple Mount, and another, the 9th of Cheshvan, commemorating the day he merited to pray at the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]] in [[Hebron]]. In 1141 [[Yehuda Halevi]] issued a call to Jews to emigrate to Palestine and took on the long journey himself. After a stormy passage from [[Córdoba, Andalusia|Córdoba]], he arrived in Egyptian [[Alexandria]], where he was enthusiastically greeted by friends and admirers. At [[Damietta]], he had to struggle against his heart, and the pleadings of his friend Ḥalfon ha-Levi, that he remain in Egypt, where he would be free from intolerant oppression. He started on the rough route overland. He was met along the way by Jews in [[Tyre (Lebanon)|Tyre]] and [[Damascus]]. Jewish legend relates that as he came near Jerusalem, overpowered by the sight of the Holy City, he sang his most beautiful elegy, the celebrated "Zionide" (''Zion ha-lo Tish'ali''). At that instant, an Arab had galloped out of a gate and rode him down; he was killed in the accident.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} === Mamluk period (1260–1517) === [[Nahmanides]] is recorded as settling in the Old City of Jerusalem in 1267. He moved to [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], where he was active in spreading Jewish learning, which was at that time neglected in the Holy Land. He gathered a circle of pupils around him, and people came in crowds, even from the district of the Euphrates, to hear him. [[Karaite Judaism|Karaites]] were said to have attended his lectures, among them Aaron ben Joseph the Elder. He later became one of the greatest [[Karaite (Jewish sect)|Karaite]] authorities. Shortly after Nahmanides' arrival in Jerusalem, he addressed a letter to his son Nahman, in which he described the desolation of the Holy City. At the time, it had only two Jewish inhabitants—two brothers, dyers by trade. In a later letter from Acre, Nahmanides counsels his son to cultivate humility, which he considers to be the first of virtues. In another, addressed to his second son, who occupied an official position at the [[Crown of Castile|Castilian]] court, Nahmanides recommends the recitation of the daily prayers and warns above all against immorality. Nahmanides died after reaching seventy-six, and his remains were interred at [[Haifa]], by the grave of [[Yechiel of Paris]]. Yechiel had [[aliyah|emigrated]] to Acre in 1260, along with his son and a large group of followers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/places/acco.html |title=Jewish Zionist Education |publisher=Jafi.org.il |date=May 15, 2005 |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013142810/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/places/acco.html |archive-date=October 13, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lookstein.org/resources/bionotes.pdf |title=Hadrat Melech |access-date=April 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502035808/http://www.lookstein.org/resources/bionotes.pdf |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There he established the Talmudic academy ''Midrash haGadol d'Paris''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id=AdditionalReadings&content=content/segal_ch17 |title=Section III: The Biblical Age: Chapter Seventeen: Awaiting the Messiah |author=Benjamin J. Segal |work=Returning, the Land of Israel as a Focus in Jewish History |publisher=JewishHistory.com |access-date=August 12, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227184802/http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id=AdditionalReadings&content=content%2Fsegal_ch17 |archive-date=February 27, 2012}}</ref> He is believed to have died there between 1265 and 1268. In 1488 [[Obadiah ben Abraham]], commentator on the [[Mishnah]], arrived in Jerusalem; this marked a new period of return for the Jewish community in the land. ==== Spain, North Africa, and the Middle East ==== {{Main|History of the Jews in Spain}} {{See also|Islam and Judaism|Mizrahi Jew|History of the Jews under Muslim rule}} [[File:Hebrew Bible Spain.jpg|right|thumb|Sephardic Hebrew Bible from Spain, 1300<ref>[https://lccn.loc.gov/2021667534]</ref>]] During the Middle Ages, Jews were generally better treated by Islamic rulers than Christian ones. Despite second-class citizenship, Jews played prominent roles in Muslim courts, and experienced a Golden Age in [[Moorish Spain]] about 900–1100, though the situation deteriorated after that time. Riots resulting in the deaths of Jews did however occur in North Africa through the centuries and especially in [[Morocco]], [[Libya]] and [[Algeria]], where eventually Jews were forced to live in ghettos.<ref>Maurice Roumani, ''The Case of the Jews from Arab Countries: A Neglected Issue'', 1977, pp. 26–27.</ref> During the 11th century, Muslims in Spain conducted pogroms against the Jews; those occurred in Cordoba in 1011 and in [[1066 Granada massacre|Granada in 1066]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia |title=Granada |url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6855-granada |access-date=August 12, 2012 |year=1906 |archive-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412000424/https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6855-granada |url-status=live}}</ref> During the Middle Ages, the governments of Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Yemen enacted decrees ordering the destruction of synagogues. At certain times, Jews were forced to convert to Islam or face death in some parts of Yemen, Morocco and [[Baghdad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/Jews_in_Arab_lands_%28gen%29.html |title=The Treatment of Jews in Arab/Islamic Countries |author=Mitchell Bard |year=2012 |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=August 12, 2012 |archive-date=October 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007003054/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/Jews_in_Arab_lands_(gen).html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}} The [[Almohad]]s, who had taken control of much of Islamic Iberia by 1172, surpassed the [[Almoravides]] in fundamentalist outlook. They treated the ''[[dhimmi]]s'' harshly. They expelled both Jews and Christians from Morocco and Islamic Spain. Faced with the choice of death or conversion, many Jews emigrated.<ref>[http://www.theforgottenrefugees.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid=39 The Forgotten Refugees] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928051923/http://www.theforgottenrefugees.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid=39 |date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref> Some, such as the family of [[Maimonides]], fled south and east to more tolerant Muslim lands, while others went northward to settle in the growing Christian kingdoms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html |title=Sephardim |author=Rebecca Weiner |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=August 12, 2012 |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907212349/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Kraemer, Joel L., "Moses Maimonides: An Intellectual Portrait," ''The Cambridge Companion to Maimonides'', pp. 16–17 (2005)</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}} === Europe === {{Main|History of European Jews in the Middle Ages}} [[File:Mishnah (Ms. 3173; De Rossi 138), Palatina.jpg|right|thumb|11th century ''[[mishnah]]'' codex from Italy, [[Biblioteca Palatina, Parma]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=adkim |date=2014-02-28 |title=The Biblioteca Palatina and the National Library of Israel |url=https://primolevicenter.org/printed-matter/the-biblioteca-palatina-and-the-national-library-of-israel/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Printed_Matter |language=en-US}}</ref>]] According to [[James P. Carrol]], "Jews accounted for 10% of the total population of the Roman Empire. By that ratio, if other factors had not intervened, there would be 200 million Jews in the world today, instead of something like 13 million."<ref>Carroll, James. ''[[Constantine's Sword]]'' (Houghton Mifflin, 2001) {{ISBN|978-0-395-77927-9}} p. 26</ref> Jewish populations have existed in Europe, especially in the area of the former Roman Empire, from very early times. As Jewish males had emigrated, some sometimes took wives from local populations, as is shown by the various [[MtDNA]], compared to [[Y-DNA#Genetic genealogy|Y-DNA]] among Jewish populations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/14/science/in-dna-new-clues-to-jewish-roots.html |title=In DNA, New Clues to Jewish Roots |first=Nicholas |last=Wade |date=May 14, 2002 |work=The New York Times |access-date=June 16, 2013 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126180104/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/14/science/in-dna-new-clues-to-jewish-roots.html |url-status=live}}</ref> These groups were joined by traders and later on by members of the diaspora.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}} Records of Jewish communities in France (see [[History of the Jews in France]]) and Germany (see [[History of the Jews in Germany]]) date from the 4th century, and substantial Jewish communities in Spain were noted even earlier.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}} The historian [[Norman Cantor]] and other 20th-century scholars dispute the tradition that the Middle Ages was a uniformly difficult time for Jews. Before the Church became fully organized as an institution with an increasing array of rules, early medieval society was tolerant. Between 800 and 1100, an estimated 1.5 million Jews lived in Christian Europe. As they were not Christians, they were not included as a [[Estates of the realm|division]] of the feudal system of clergy, knights and serfs. This means that they did not have to satisfy the oppressive demands for labour and military conscription that Christian commoners suffered. In relations with the Christian society, the Jews were protected by kings, princes and bishops, because of the crucial services they provided in three areas: finance, administration and medicine.<ref name="Norman F" /> The lack of political strengths did leave Jews vulnerable to exploitation through extreme taxation.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ebenhard |last=Isenmann |editor-first=Richard |editor-last=Bonney |title=The Rise of the Fiscal State in Europe c. 1200–1815 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U24lRLy_qT8C&pg=PA259 |date=1999 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-154220-6 |page=259}}</ref> Christian scholars interested in the Bible consulted with Talmudic rabbis. As the Roman Catholic Church strengthened as an institution, the Franciscan and Dominican preaching orders were founded, and there was a rise of competitive middle-class, town-dwelling Christians. By 1300, the friars and local priests staged the Passion Plays during Holy Week, which depicted Jews (in contemporary dress) killing Christ, according to Gospel accounts. From this period, persecution of Jews and deportations became endemic. Around 1500, Jews found relative security and a renewal of prosperity in present-day [[Poland]].<ref name="Norman F">Norman F. Cantor, ''The Last Knight: The Twilight of the Middle Ages and the Birth of the Modern Era'', Free Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-7432-2688-2}}, pp. 28–29</ref> After 1300, Jews suffered more discrimination and persecution in Christian Europe. Europe's Jewry was mainly urban and literate. The Christians were inclined to regard Jews as obstinate deniers of the truth because in their view the Jews were expected to know of the truth of the Christian doctrines from their knowledge of the Jewish scriptures. Jews were aware of the pressure to accept Christianity.<ref>{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |title=A History of the Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv |url-access=registration |year=1976 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/412 412]}}</ref> As Catholics were forbidden by the church to loan money for interest, some Jews became prominent moneylenders. Christian rulers gradually saw the advantage of having such a class of people who could supply capital for their use without being liable to excommunication. As a result, the money trade of western Europe became a speciality of the Jews. But, in almost every instance when Jews acquired large amounts through banking transactions, during their lives or upon their deaths, the king would take it over.<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5764-england "England"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730231726/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5764-england |date=July 30, 2020 }}, [[Jewish Encyclopedia]] (1906)</ref> Jews became imperial{{-"}}[[Servi camerae regis|''servi cameræ'']]{{-"}}, the property of the King, who might present them and their possessions to princes or cities. Jews were frequently massacred and exiled from various European countries. The persecution hit its first peak during the [[Crusades]]. In the [[People's Crusade]] (1096) flourishing Jewish communities on the Rhine and the Danube were utterly destroyed. In the [[Second Crusade]] (1147) the Jews in France were subject to frequent massacres. They were also subjected to attacks by the [[Shepherds' Crusade (1251)|Shepherds' Crusades of 1251]] and [[Shepherds' Crusade (1320)|1320]]. The Crusades were followed by massive expulsions, including the [[Edict of Expulsion|expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290]];<ref>{{cite book |first=Robin R. |last=Mundill |title=England's Jewish Solution: Experiment and Expulsion, 1262–1290 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSKLfi_j110C |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52026-3}}</ref> in 1396 100,000 Jews were expelled from France; and in 1421, thousands were expelled from Austria. Over this time many Jews in Europe, either fleeing or being expelled, migrated to Poland, where they prospered into another [[History of the Jews in Poland#Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572|Golden Age]]. In Italy, Jews were allowed to live in Venice but were required to live in a [[ghetto]], and the practice spread across Italy (see [[Cum nimis absurdum]]) and was adopted in many places in Catholic Europe. Jews outside the Ghetto often had to wear a yellow star.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn539121 |title=Print of Jews forced to listen to a Christian sermon – Collections Search – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |website=collections.ushmm.org |access-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-date=November 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129142432/https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn539121 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>The Jewish-Christian Encounter in Medieval Preaching, Routledge 2015, edited by Jonathan Adams and Jussi Hanska chapter 13, see page 297</ref> === Expulsions of the Jews of Spain and Portugal === {{further|Expulsion of Jews from Spain|Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal}} [[File:Vicente Cutanda - A los pies del Salvador.jpg|thumb|250px|''At the Feet of the Saviour'', massacre of Jews in [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], oil on canvas by [[Vicente Cutanda]] (1887)]] [[File:Matanza de judíos en Barcelona - año 1391.jpg|thumb|250px|''Slaughter of Jews in Barcelona in 1391'' by [[Josep Segrelles]], {{circa|1910}}]] [[File:A Expulsão dos Judeus (Roque Gameiro, Quadros da História de Portugal, 1917).png|250px|thumb|Expulsion of the Jews in 1497, in a 1917 watercolour by [[Alfredo Roque Gameiro]] ]] [[File:Inquis1.jpg|thumb|250px|Burning of Crypto-Jews in Lisbon, Portugal]] Significant repression of Spain's numerous community occurred during the 14th century, notably a [[History of the Jews in Spain#Massacres and mass conversions of 1391|major pogrom in 1391]] which resulted in the majority of Spain's 300,000 Jews converting to Catholicism. With the [[Granada War|conquest of the Muslim Kingdom of Granada]] in 1492, the Catholic monarchs issued the [[Alhambra Decree]], and Spain's remaining 100,000 Jews were forced to choose between conversion and exile. The expulsion of the Jews of Spain, is regarded by Jews as the worst catastrophe between the destruction of Jerusalem in 73 CE and the [[Holocaust]] of the 1940s.<ref>European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism, 1550–1750 by Jonathan Israel, chapter 1 Exodus from the West (page 25)</ref> As a result, an estimated 50,000 to 70,000 Jews left Spain, the remainder joining Spain's already numerous [[Converso]] community. Perhaps a quarter of a million Conversos thus were gradually absorbed by the dominant Catholic culture, although those among them who secretly practised Judaism were subject to 40 years of intense repression by the [[Spanish Inquisition]]. This was particularly the case up until 1530, after which the trials of Conversos by the Inquisition dropped to 3% of the total. Similar expulsions of Sephardic Jews occurred 1493 in [[Sicily]] (37,000 Jews) and Portugal in 1496. The expelled Spanish Jews fled mainly to the Ottoman Empire and North Africa and Portugal. A small number also settled in Holland and England. The expulsion followed a long process of expulsions and bans from what are now England, France, Germany, Austria, and Holland. In January 1492, the [[Emirate of Granada|last Muslim state]] was defeated in Spain and six months later the Jews of Spain (the largest community in the world) were required to [[Expulsion of Jews from Spain|convert or leave without their property]]. 100,000 converted with many continuing to [[Marrano|secretly practice Judaism]], for which the Catholic church's inquisition (led by [[Tomás de Torquemada]]) now mandated a sentence of death by public burning. 175,000 left Spain.<ref>The Jews of Spain by Jane Gerber, Free Press 1994 pp 138 – 144 / Secrecy and Deceit: The Religion of the Crypto-Jews by David Martin Gitlitz, University of New Mexico 2002, pp 75 – 81</ref> Many [[Sephardi Jews|Spanish Jews]] moved to North Africa, [[History of the Jews in Poland|Poland]] and the Ottoman Empire, especially [[History of the Jews in Thessaloniki|Thessaloniki]] (now in Greece) which became the world's largest Jewish city. Some groups headed to the Middle East and Palestine, within the domains of the Ottoman Empire. About 100,000 Spanish Jews were allowed into Portugal, however five years later, their children were seized and they were given the choice of conversion or departing without them.<ref>The Jews of Spain by Jane Gerber, Free Press 1994 pp 142 – 144</ref> ==ابتدائي جديد دور== Historians who study modern Jewry have identified four different paths by which European Jews were "modernized" and thus integrated into the mainstream of European society. A common approach has been to view the process through the lens of the European [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] as Jews faced the promise and the challenges posed by political emancipation. Scholars that use this approach have focused on two social types as paradigms for the decline of Jewish tradition and as agents of the sea changes in Jewish culture that led to the collapse of the [[ghetto]]. The first of these two social types is the [[Court Jew]] who is portrayed as a forerunner of the modern Jew, having achieved integration with and participation in the proto-capitalist economy and court society of central European states such as the [[Habsburg Empire]]. In contrast to the cosmopolitan Court Jew, the second social type presented by historians of modern Jewry is the ''maskil'', (learned person), a proponent of the [[Haskalah]] (Enlightenment). This narrative sees the maskil's pursuit of secular scholarship and his rationalistic critiques of rabbinic tradition as laying a durable intellectual foundation for the secularization of Jewish society and culture. The established paradigm has been one in which Ashkenazic Jews entered modernity through a self-conscious process of westernization led by "highly atypical, Germanized Jewish intellectuals". Haskalah gave birth to the Reform and Conservative movements and planted the seeds of [[Zionism]] while at the same time encouraging cultural assimilation into the countries in which Jews resided.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reframing Jewish History |date=May 2005 |url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=10513 |access-date=May 24, 2011 |archive-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930222143/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=10513 |url-status=live}}</ref> At around the same time that Haskalah was developing, [[Hasidic Judaism]] was spreading as a movement that preached a world view nearly opposed to the Haskalah. In the 1990s, the concept of the "[[Port Jew]]" has been suggested as an "alternate path to modernity" that was distinct from the European [[Haskalah]]. In contrast to the focus on Ashkenazic Germanized Jews, the concept of the [[Port Jew]] focused on the Sephardi conversos who fled the Inquisition and resettled in European port towns on the coast of the Mediterranean, the Atlantic and the Eastern seaboard of the United States.<ref name="Fry-2002">{{cite journal |title=Port Jews: Jewish Communities in Cosmopolitan Maritime Trading Centres, 1550–1950 |first=Helen P. |last=Fry |journal=European Judaism |volume=36 |publisher=Frank Cass Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7146-8286-0 |url=https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5002650793 |quote=Port Jews were a social type, usually those who were involved in seafaring and maritime trade, who (like Court Jews) could be seen as the earliest modern Jews. Often arriving as refugees from the Inquisition, they were permitted to settle as merchants and allowed to trade openly in places such as Amsterdam, London, Trieste and Hamburg. 'Their Diaspora connections and accumulated expertise lay in exactly the areas of overseas expansion that were then of interest to mercantilist governments.' |access-date=September 1, 2017 |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160935/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia?docId=5002650793 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Court Jews === [[Court Jew]]s were Jewish bankers or businessmen who lent money and handled the finances of some of the Christian European noble houses. Corresponding historical terms are ''Jewish bailiff'' and ''[[shtadlan]]''. Examples of what would be later called court Jews emerged when local rulers used services of Jewish bankers for short-term loans. They lent money to nobles and in the process gained social influence. Noble patrons of court Jews employed them as financiers, suppliers, diplomats and [[trade delegate]]s. Court Jews could use their family connections, and connections between each other, to provision their sponsors with, among other things, food, arms, ammunition and precious metals. In return for their services, court Jews gained social privileges, including up to noble status for themselves, and could live outside the Jewish ghettos. Some nobles wanted to keep their bankers in their own courts. And because they were under noble protection, they were exempted from rabbinical jurisdiction. From medieval times, court Jews could amass personal fortunes and gained political and social influence. Sometimes they were also prominent people in the local Jewish community and could use their influence to protect and influence their brethren. Sometimes they were the only Jews who could interact with the local high society and present petitions of the Jews to the ruler. However, the court Jew had social connections and influence in the Christian world mainly through his Christian patrons. Due to the precarious position of Jews, some nobles could just ignore their debts. If the sponsoring noble died, his Jewish financier could face exile or execution.{{Citation needed| date=February 2012}} === Port Jews === The [[Port Jew]] is a descriptive term for Jews who were involved in the seafaring and maritime economy of Europe, especially during the 17th and 18th centuries. Helen Fry suggests that they can be considered "the earliest modern Jews". According to Fry, Port Jews frequently arrived as "refugees from the Inquisition" and the expulsion of Jews from Iberia. They were allowed to settle in port cities because merchants granted them permission to trade in ports such as Amsterdam, London, Trieste and Hamburg. Fry notes that their connections to the [[Jewish Diaspora]] and their expertise in maritime trade made them particularly valuable to the mercantilist governments of Europe.<ref name="Fry-2002" /> Lois Dubin describes Port Jews as Jewish merchants who were "valued for their engagement in the international maritime trade upon which such cities thrived".<ref>Dubin, ''The port Jews of Habsburg Trieste: absolutist politics and enlightenment culture'', Stanford University Press, 1999, p. 47</ref> Sorkin and others have characterized the socio-cultural profile of these men as marked by a flexibility towards religion and a "reluctant cosmopolitanism that was alien to both traditional and 'enlightened' Jewish identities". From the 16th to the 18th century, Jewish merchants dominated the chocolate and vanilla trade, exporting to Jewish centres across Europe, mainly Amsterdam, Bayonne, Bordeaux, Hamburg and Livorno.<ref>Encyclopedia of Jewish Food, Gil Marks, HMH, November 17, 2010</ref> === Ottoman Empire === {{Main|History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire}} During the Classical Ottoman period (1300–1600), the Jews, together with most other communities of the empire, enjoyed a certain level of prosperity. Compared with other Ottoman subjects, they were the predominant power in commerce and trade as well in diplomacy and other high offices. In the 16th century especially, the Jews were the most prominent under the ''[[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|millets']]'', the apogee of Jewish influence could arguably be the appointment of [[Joseph Nasi]] to [[Sanjak-bey]] (governor, a rank usually only held by Muslims) of the island of [[Naxos]].<ref>Charles Issawi & Dmitri Gondicas; ''Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism'', Princeton, (1999)</ref> At the time of the [[Battle of Yarmuk]] when the Levant passed under Muslim Rule, thirty Jewish communities existed in Haifa, Sh'chem, Hebron, Ramleh, Gaza, Jerusalem, and many in the north. Safed became a spiritual centre for the Jews and the [[Shulchan Aruch]] was compiled there as well as many Kabbalistic texts. The first Hebrew printing press, and the first printing in Western Asia began in 1577. Jews lived in the geographic area of Asia Minor (modern Turkey, but more geographically either Anatolia or Asia Minor) for more than 2,400 years. Initial prosperity in Hellenistic times had faded under Christian Byzantine rule, but recovered somewhat under the rule of the various Muslim governments that displaced and succeeded rule from Constantinople. For much of the Ottoman period, Turkey was a safe haven for Jews fleeing persecution, and it continues to have a small Jewish population today. The situation where Jews both enjoyed cultural and economical prosperity at times but were widely persecuted at other times was summarised by G. E. Von Grunebaum: <blockquote>It would not be difficult to put together the names of a very sizeable number of Jewish subjects or citizens of the Islamic area who have attained to high rank, to power, to great financial influence, to significant and recognized intellectual attainment; and the same could be done for Christians. But it would again not be difficult to compile a lengthy list of persecutions, arbitrary confiscations, attempted forced conversions, or pogroms.<ref>G. E. Von Grunebaum, ''Eastern Jewry Under Islam'', 1971, p. 369.</ref></blockquote> === Russia, Poland, and Eastern Europe === {{Further|History of the Jews in Poland|History of the Jews in Russia|History of the Jews in Ukraine|History of the Jews in Lithuania|History of the Jews in Romania}} {{expand section|date=October 2025}} In the 17th century, there were many significant Jewish populations in Western and Central Europe. The relatively tolerant Poland had the largest Jewish population in Europe that dated back to the 13th century, and enjoyed relative prosperity and freedom for nearly four hundred years. However, the calm situation ended when Polish and Lithuanian Jews of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] were slaughtered in the hundreds of thousands by Ukrainian Cossacks during the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] (1648) and by the [[Swedish wars]] (1655). Driven by these and other persecutions, some Jews moved back to Western Europe in the 17th century, notably to [[Amsterdam]]. The last ban on Jewish residency in a European nation was revoked in 1654, but periodic expulsions from individual cities still occurred, and Jews were often restricted from land ownership, or forced to live in [[ghetto]]s. With the [[Partitions of Poland]] in the late 18th century, the Polish-Jewish population was split between the [[Russian Empire]], [[Austria-Hungary]], and German [[Prussia]], which divided Poland among themselves. === European Enlightenment and Haskalah (18th century) === [[File:Moritz Daniel Oppenheim--Lavater and Lessing Visit Moses Mendelssohn--1856--Magnes Collection.jpg|thumb|right|[[Moses Mendelssohn]] (in red coat), Lavater (at right) and Lessing (standing), in an imaginary portrait by the Jewish artist [[Moritz Daniel Oppenheim]] (1856), [[Magnes Collection of Jewish Art and Life]]]] During the period of the [[European Renaissance]] and Enlightenment, significant changes occurred within the Jewish community. The [[Haskalah]] movement paralleled the wider Enlightenment, as Jews in the 18th century began to campaign for emancipation from restrictive laws and integration into the wider European society. Secular and scientific education was added to the traditional religious instruction received by students, and interest in a national Jewish identity, including a revival in the study of Jewish history and Hebrew, started to grow. Among the prominient Haskalah intellectuals were [[Moses Mendelssohn]], [[Naphtali Hirz Wessely]], [[Isaac Satanow]] and [[Isaac Euchel]]. Haskalah gave birth to the [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] and [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] movements in Judaism and planted the seeds of [[Zionism]] while at the same time encouraging cultural assimilation into the countries in which Jews resided. At around the same time another movement was born, one preaching almost the opposite of Haskalah, [[Hasidic Judaism]]. Hasidic Judaism began in the 18th century by [[Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov]], and quickly gained a following with its more exuberant, mystical approach to religion. These two movements, and the traditional orthodox approach to Judaism from which they spring, formed the basis for the modern divisions within Jewish observance. At the same time, the outside world was changing, and debates began over the potential emancipation of the Jews (granting them equal rights). The first country to do so was France, during the [[French Revolution]] in 1789. Even so, Jews were expected to assimilate, not continue their traditions. This ambivalence is demonstrated in the famous speech of [[Clermont-Tonnerre]] before the [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] in 1789: <blockquote>We must refuse everything to the Jews as a nation and accord everything to Jews as individuals. We must withdraw recognition from their judges; they should only have our judges. We must refuse legal protection to the maintenance of the so-called laws of their Judaic organization; they should not be allowed to form in the state either a political body or an order. They must be citizens individually. But, some will say to me, they do not want to be citizens. Well then! If they do not want to be citizens, they should say so, and then, we should banish them. It is repugnant to have in the state an association of non-citizens, and a nation within the nation...</blockquote> === Hasidic Judaism === {{See also|Mitnagdim}} [[File:Maurycy Gottlieb - Jews Praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur.jpg|thumb|upright=1|right|Hasidic Jews praying in the synagogue on [[Yom Kippur]], by [[Maurycy Gottlieb]]]] [[Hasidic Judaism]] is a branch of [[Orthodox Judaism]] that promotes spirituality and joy through the popularisation and internalization of [[Jewish mysticism]] as the fundamental aspects of the [[Jewish faith]]. Hasidism comprises part of contemporary [[Ultra-Orthodox]] Judaism, alongside the previous Talmudic [[Lithuanian Jews|Lithuanian-Yeshiva]] approach and the Oriental [[Sephardi Judaism|Sephardi]] tradition. It was founded in 18th-century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel [[Baal Shem Tov]] as a reaction against overly [[Talmud|legalistic]] Judaism. Opposite to this, Hasidic teachings cherished the sincerity and concealed holiness of the unlettered common folk, and their equality with the scholarly elite. The emphasis on the [[Immanent]] Divine presence in everything gave new value to prayer and deeds of kindness, alongside Rabbinic supremacy of [[Torah study|study]], and replaced historical [[Kabbalah|mystical (kabbalistic)]] and [[Musar literature|ethical (musar)]] [[Asceticism in Judaism|asceticism]] and [[Maggid|admonishment]] with optimism, encouragement, and daily [[Deveikut|fervour]]. This populist emotional revival accompanied the elite ideal of nullification to paradoxical Divine [[Panentheism]], through intellectual articulation of inner dimensions of mystical thought. The adjustment of Jewish values sought to add to required standards of ritual [[Halacha|observance]], while relaxing others where inspiration predominated. Its communal gatherings celebrate soulful [[Nigun|song]] and [[Yiddish literature#Hasidic and Haskalah literature|storytelling]] as forms of mystical devotion.{{Citation needed| date=February 2012}} ==اڻويهين صدي== [[File:Napoleon stellt den israelitischen Kult wieder her, 30. Mai 1806.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|An 1806 French print depicts [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] emancipating the Jews.]] Though persecution still existed, [[Jewish emancipation]] spread throughout Europe in the 19th century. [[Napoleon]] invited Jews to leave the [[Jewish ghettos in Europe]] and seek refuge in the newly created tolerant political regimes that offered equality under Napoleonic Law (see [[Napoleon and the Jews]]). Gradually all European nations established in constitutions the principle of equality under the law and abolished all restrictions for Jews.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org">[https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/antisemitism-in-history-the-era-of-nationalism-1800-1918 Antisemitism in History: The Era of Nationalism, 1800–1918]</ref><ref>[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/emancipation Emancipation]</ref><ref>[https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/jewish-emancipation-in-western-europe/ Jewish Emancipation in Western Europe]</ref><ref>[https://d-nb.info/1175689041/34 Jewish Emancipation in the 18th and 19th Centuries]</ref> [[File:Antisemiticroths.jpg|thumb|A caricature by [[Charles Lucien Léandre]] (France, 1898) showing [[Rothschild family|Rothschild]] with the world in his hands]] Jews now could own land and enter the civil service. The abolition of restraints on political activism and the broadening of the electoral franchise on the basis of citizenship, not religion, made Jews most visible among [[liberalism|liberal]], [[Radical politics|radical]], and [[Marxism|Marxist]] ([[Social Democracy|Social Democratic]]) political parties.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org"/> For centuries, so-called [[court Jew]]s acted as the principal financiers for the European aristocracys. In the 1760s, one of them, [[Mayer Amschel Rothschild]], established a banking business in Germany that eventually became a vast international conglomerate and yield one of the largest family fortunes in world history. Thus the name of the [[Rothschilds]] became synonymous with Jewish financial power. Across Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, other Jews also created a number of influential banks.<ref>[https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/usury-and-moneylending-in-judaism/ Jews and Finance]</ref> The most important branch of Jewish economic life in Eastern Europe was trade. While most remained small shopkeepers, stallholders, and peddlers, others became owners of department stores and shopping arcades. During the 19th century Jews began to move from rural regions to cities, this contributed to the decline of traditional Jewish tavernkeeping. Jews made up a considerable proportion of all craftsmen in the [[Russian Empire]] and [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] during the 19th century, but with the spread of industrialization large factories tended to squeeze out small Jewish-run workshops, and only limited numbers of Jews became employees in these modern factories. Jews were considered less desirable employees since they did not want to work on Saturdays and tended to organize into unions to demand improved working conditions, the foundation of the [[General Jewish Labour Bund|Bund]] in the Russian Empire in 1897 strengthened this process.<ref name="Economic Life">[https://encyclopedia.yivo.org/article/7 Economic Life]</ref> The economic achivements of Jews in the 19th century created the impression for some that Jews were being overrepresented in such lucrative occupations as finance, banking, trade, industry, medicine, law, journalism, art, music, literature, and theater. Despite increasing integration of the Jews with secular society, a new form of [[antisemitism]] emerged, [[Racial antisemitism|based on the ideas of race and nationhood]] rather than the religious hatred of the Middle Ages. This form of antisemitism held that Jews were a separate and inferior race from the [[Aryan]] people of Western Europe, and led to the emergence of political parties in France, Germany, and [[Austria-Hungary]] that campaigned on a platform of rolling back emancipation. This form of antisemitism emerged frequently in European culture, most famously in the [[Dreyfus Trial]] in France.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org"/><ref>[https://evolve.reconstructingjudaism.org/anti-semitism-europe-history/ Antisemitism in Europe and America in the Modern Period: Historical Perspectives]</ref><ref>[https://www.quest-cdecjournal.it/anti-jewish-prejudices-antisemitic-ideologies-open-violence-antisemitism-in-european-comparison-from-the-1870s-to-the-first-world-war-a-commentary/ Anti-Jewish Prejudices, Antisemitic Ideologies, Open Violence: Antisemitism in European Comparison from the 1870s to the First World War. A Commentary]</ref> During this period, Jewish migration to the United States (see [[American Jews]]) created a large new community mostly freed of the restrictions of Europe. Over 2 million Jews arrived in the United States between 1890 and 1924, most from the Russian Empire and Galicia. A similar case occurred in the southern tip of the continent, specifically in the countries of [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]]. ==ويهين صدي== ===جديد صيهونيت=== [[File:Herzl on a balcony full.jpg|thumb|Theodor Herzl, visionary of the Jewish State, in Basel, photographed during [[World Zionist Congress|Fifth Zionist Congress]] in December 1901, by [[Ephraim Moses Lilien]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Theodor Herzl Signed Photograph, Basel, Switzerland {{!}} Shapell Manuscript Foundation |url=https://www.shapell.org/manuscript/theodor-herzl-signed-photograph-basel-switzerland/ |website=Shapell |access-date=May 10, 2023}}</ref>]] During the 1870s and 1880s, the Jewish population in Europe began to more actively discuss emigration to [[Ottoman Syria]] with the aim of re-establishing a Jewish polity in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and fulfilling the biblical prophecies related to [[Shivat Tzion]]. In 1882 the first Zionist settlement—[[Rishon LeZion]]—was founded by immigrants who belonged to the "[[Hovevei Zion]]" movement. Later on, the "[[Bilu (movement)|Bilu]]" movement established many other settlements in Palestine. The Zionist movement was officially founded after the [[Kattowitz convention]] (1884) and the [[World Zionist Congress]] (1897), and it was [[Theodor Herzl]] who initiated the struggle to establish a state for the Jews. After the [[First World War]], it seemed that the conditions that made it possible for the Jews to establish such a state had arrived: The United Kingdom captured [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] from the Ottoman Empire, and the Jews received the promise of a "National Home" from the British in the form of the [[Balfour Declaration]] of 1917, given to [[Chaim Weizmann]]. In 1920, the British Mandate of Palestine was established and the pro-Jewish [[Herbert Samuel]] was appointed High Commissioner of Palestine, the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] was established and several large Jewish immigration waves to Palestine occurred. The Arab inhabitants of Palestine grew hostile to increasing Jewish immigration, and as a result, they began to express their opposition to the establishment of Jewish settlements and the pro-Jewish policy of the British government. New Jewish immigrants began to create militias and paramilitary groups such as the [[Bar-Giora]] and [[Hashomer]]. Clashes between Jews and Arabs became more frequent. After the [[1920 Nebi Musa riots]], the Jewish leadership in Palestine believed that the British had little desire to involve themselves in these clashes and maintain order. Believing that they could not rely on the British administration for protection, the Jewish leadership created the [[Haganah]] and [[Irgun]] paramilitary organizations in order to protect its community's farms and [[Kibbutz]]im. These paramilitary organization were involved in major riots, such as the [[Jaffa riots (May 1921)|Jaffa riots]], [[1929 Palestine riots]] and the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]]. Arabs, Jews and Britons suffered in this violence. Due to the increasing violence, the United Kingdom gradually started to backtrack from its original idea of supporting the establishment of a Jewish homeland and it also started to speculate on a [[binational solution]] to the crisis or the establishment of an Arab state that would have a Jewish minority. ===Jews in Europe and the United States after World War I === [[File:Yung-teater poster 15.jpg|thumb|Bilingual [[Polish language|Polish]]-[[Yiddish]] poster for the [[Warsaw]] [[Young Theater]]'s production of ''Mississippi'' in 1935, written by [[Leib Malach]]]] The World War I and subsequent political changes, such as the [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917 and the establishment of new nation-states after 1918, led to far-reaching consequenсes for the Jews of Eastern Europe. The authorities of the [[Soviet Union]] viewed private commerce as negative and sought to bring all trade under the aegis of state enterprises. Therefore, many Jews, who had previously made their living from trade, were forced to find other occupations. In Poland, Hungary, and Romania, the authorities adopted policies aimed at ethnicizing their national economies, aiming to exclude Jews as far as possible from the marketplace.<ref name="Economic Life"/> Nevertheless, the Jews of Europe and the United States gained success in the fields of science, culture and the economy. In Austria in the years between the two World Wars Jews were approximately 3.5% of the population but were 27.3% of university professors. In Germany between 1918 and 1933 Jews were 0.78% of the population but were 16% of the doctors, 15% of the dentists, 25% of the lawyers, 50% of the theatre directors and occupied 80% of the leading positions in the [[Berlin stock exchange]]. In Poland in 1931 Jews were 10.2% of the population but were 56% of the doctors in private practice, 33% of the lawyers, and 24% of the pharmacists. In Russia during the period 1917–1939 Jews were approximately 1.8% of the population, while Jews were 9% of the officers in military academies, 15% of the university graduates, 11% of the doctors and 14% of the university professors.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Lynn | first1=Richard | last2=Kanazawa | first2=Satoshi | title=How to explain high Jewish achievement: The role of intelligence and values | journal=Personality and Individual Differences | date=2008 | volume=44 | issue=4 | pages=801–808 | doi=10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.019 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886907003674 }}</ref> Among those Jews who were generally considered the most famous were the scientist [[Albert Einstein]] and the philosopher [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]. At that time, a disproportionate number of [[Nobel Prize]] winners were Jewish, as is still the case.<ref name="jinfo.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html |title=Jewish Nobel Prize Winners |publisher=jinfo.org |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211039/http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html |url-status=live}}</ref> === The Holocaust === {{Main|History of the Jews during World War II|The Holocaust}} [[File:Rows of bodies of dead inmates fill the yard of Lager Nordhausen, a Gestapo concentration camp.jpg|thumb|Bodies of inmates of the [[Mittelbau-Dora]] Nazi concentration camp who died during [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[Bombing of Nordhausen in World War II|bombing raids]] on April 3 and 4, 1945]] In 1933, with [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazi Party]]'s rise to power in Germany, the Jewish situation became more severe. [[Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic|Economic crises]], [[Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany|racial Anti-Jewish laws]], and fear of an upcoming war led many Jews to flee from Europe and settle in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], the United States and the Soviet Union. In 1939, [[World War II]] began and until 1945, [[German-occupied Europe|Germany occupied almost all of Europe]], including [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|Poland]]—[[History of the Jews in Poland|where millions of Jews were living at that time]]—and [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|France]]. In 1941, following the [[invasion of the Soviet Union]], the [[Final Solution]] began, an extensive organized operation on an unprecedented scale, aimed at the annihilation of the Jewish people, and resulting in the persecution and murder of Jews in Europe, as well as Jews in European North Africa (pro-Nazi [[Vichy France|Vichy]]-[[French North Africa|North Africa]] and [[Italian Libya]]). This [[genocide]], in which approximately six million Jews were methodically murdered with horrifying cruelty, is known as [[The Holocaust]] or the ''Shoah'' (Hebrew term). In Poland, as many as one million Jews were murdered in [[gas chambers]] at the [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz camp complex]]. The massive scale of the Holocaust, and the horrors that happened during it, were only understood after the war, and they heavily affected the Jewish nation and world public opinion. Efforts were then increased to establish a Jewish state in Palestine. === The establishment of the State of Israel === {{Main|History of Israel (1948–present)}} {{Further|Israel|Israeli Declaration of Independence}} {{History of Israel}} In 1945 the Jewish resistance organizations in Palestine unified and established the Jewish Resistance Movement. The movement began guerrilla attacks against Arab paramilitaries and the British authorities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/resist.html |title=The Jewish Resistance Movement |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=August 12, 2012 |archive-date=September 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907162736/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/resist.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}} Following the [[King David Hotel bombing]], [[Chaim Weizmann]], president of the [[WZO]] appealed to the movement to cease all further military activity until a decision would be reached by the [[Jewish Agency]]. The Jewish Agency backed Weizmann's recommendation to cease activities, a decision reluctantly accepted by the Haganah, but not by the [[Irgun]] and [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]]. The JRM was dismantled and each of the founding groups continued operating according to their own policy.<ref>Horne, Edward (1982). ''A Job Well Done (Being a History of The Palestine Police Force 1920–1948)''. Anchor. {{ISBN|978-0-9508367-0-6}}. pp. 272, 299. States that Haganah withdrew on July 1, 1946. But remained permanently uncooperative.</ref> The Jewish leadership decided to centre the struggle in the illegal immigration to Palestine and began organizing a massive number of Jewish war refugees from Europe, without the approval of the British authorities. This immigration contributed a great deal to the Jewish settlements in Israel in the world public opinion and the British authorities decided to let the United Nations decide upon the fate of Palestine.{{Citation needed| date=February 2012}} On November 29, 1947, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] adopted [[Resolution 181]](II) recommending partitioning Palestine into an Arab state, a Jewish state and the City of Jerusalem. The Jewish leadership accepted the decision but the Arab League and the leadership of Palestinian Arabs opposed it. Following a period of [[1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine|civil war]] the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]] started.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} In the middle of the war, after the last British soldiers of the Palestine Mandate left, David Ben-Gurion proclaimed on May 14, 1948, the establishment of a [[Jewish state]] in [[Eretz Israel]] to be known as the [[State of Israel]]. The war ended in 1949 and Israel started building the state and absorbing massive waves of hundreds of thousands of Jews from all over the world, notably [[Jewish exodus from the Muslim world|Arab countries]]. Since 1948, Israel has been involved in a series of major military conflicts, including the 1956 [[Suez Crisis]], 1967 [[Six-Day War]], 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]], [[1982 Lebanon War]], and [[2006 Lebanon War]], as well as a nearly constant series of [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|ongoing minor conflicts]]. Since 1977, an ongoing and largely unsuccessful series of diplomatic efforts have been initiated by Israel, Palestinian organizations, their neighbours, and other parties, including the United States and the European Union, to bring about a [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process|peace process]] to resolve conflicts between Israel and its neighbours, mostly over the fate of the Palestinian people. ==ايڪويهين صدي== Israel is a [[parliamentary democracy]] with a population of over 8 million people, of whom about 6 million are [[Israeli Jews|Jewish]]. The largest Jewish communities are in Israel and the [[American Jews|United States]], with major communities in France, Argentina, Russia, England, and Canada. The [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]], created during the [[Soviet]] period, continues to be an [[autonomous oblast]] of the Russian state.<ref>Fishkoff, Sue (October 8, 2008). [http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/041008/revival.shtml "A Jewish revival in Birobidzhan?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510142551/http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/041008/revival.shtml |date=May 10, 2011 }} ''Jewish News of Greater Phoenix''. Accessed on June 8, 2008.</ref> The [[Chief Rabbi]] of [[Birobidzhan]], [[Mordechai Scheiner]], says there are 4,000 Jews in the capital city.<ref>Paxton, Robin (June 1, 2007). [http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=525676&cid=84435&NewsType=80052 "From Tractors to Torah in Russia's Jewish Land"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411050518/http://fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=525676&cid=84435&NewsType=80052 |date=April 11, 2013 }}. Federation of Jewish Communities. Accessed on June 8, 2008.</ref> [[Governor]] [[Nikolay Mikhaylovich Volkov]] has stated that he intends to, "support every valuable initiative maintained by our local Jewish organizations".<ref>[http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=221939 "Governor Voices Support for Growing Far East Jewish Community"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518042318/http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=221939 |date=May 18, 2011 }} (November 15, 2004). Federation of Jewish Communities. Accessed on June 8, 2008.</ref> The [[Birobidzhan Synagogue]] opened in 2004 on the 70th anniversary of the region's founding in 1934.<ref>[http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=166969 "Far East Community Prepares for 70th Anniversary of Jewish Autonomous Republic"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518041740/http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=166969 |date=May 18, 2011 }} (August 30, 2004). Federation of Jewish Communities. Accessed on June 8, 2008.</ref> The number of people who identified as Jews in [[England and Wales]] rose slightly between 2001 and 2011, with the growth being attributed to the higher birth rate of the [[Haredi]] community.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7411877.stm |title=Jewish population on the increase |date=May 21, 2008 |access-date=March 18, 2020 |archive-date=May 27, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527215725/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7411877.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> The estimated [[British Jew]]ish population in [[England]] as of 2011 was 263,346.<ref>{{cite web |title=2011 Census: KS209EW Religion, local authorities in England and Wales |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |publisher=ons.gov.uk |access-date=December 15, 2012 |archive-date=January 5, 2016 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2021, per the [[British Census]], the Jewish population of England and Wales was 271,327.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Graham |first1=David |last2=Boyd |first2=Jonathan |title=Jews in Britain in 2021: First results from the Census of England and Wales |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/reports/jews-britain-2021-first-results-census-england-and-wales |website=Institute for Jewish Policy Research |date=November 29, 2022 |access-date=December 13, 2023}}</ref> On October 7, 2023, [[Hamas]], along with other [[Palestinian Joint Operations Room|Palestinian militant groups]], [[October 7 attacks|attacked Israel]] from the [[Gaza Strip]], killing 1,139 people. The day is considered the deadliest day in Israel's history, and the deadliest day for Jews since the Holocaust.<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 11, 2023 |title=Biden calls Hamas attacks the deadliest day for Jews since the Holocaust as US death toll ticks up |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-us-biden-blinken-99eb4063edabc80fa1fa198fb0bb020e |access-date=November 9, 2023 |work=AP News |language=en}}</ref> The attack escalated into a [[Gaza war|major war between Israel and Hamas]]. Hundreds of thousands of civilians were displaced, and more than 250 hostages, including Israelis and foreign nationals, were taken by Hamas, [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]], and other Gaza-based militant groups.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |last2=Angel |first2=Maytaal |last3=Al-Mughrabi |first3=Nidal |last4=Angel |first4=Maytaal |date=November 8, 2023 |title=Israeli, Hamas fighters in close combat in Gaza City as civilians flee |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/thousands-civilians-flee-north-gaza-israeli-troops-hamas-fighters-clash-2023-11-08/ |access-date=November 9, 2023}}</ref> ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[يهوديت]] * [[اسلام ۾ ابراهيم]] * [[يعقوب عليہ السلام]] * [[عيسيٰ عليه السلام]] * [[توريت]] * [[فلسطين]] * [[يروشلم]] * [[اسرائيل]] * [[فلسطين جي رياست]] * [[غزه نسل ڪشي]] * [[يهوديت جي تاريخ]] * [[فلسطين جي تاريخ]] * [[يهودي تاريخ جو خاڪو]] * [[يهودي تاريخ جو وقت]] * [[يهودين جو جينياتي مطالعو]] * [[اسرائيل جي سرزمين ۾ يهودين ۽ يهوديت جي تاريخ]] ==نوٽ== {{Reflist|30em}} ===حوالي جا لکت=== * {{Cite book |last=Brettler |first=Marc Zvi |author-link=Marc Zvi Brettler |title=How to read the Bible |place=New York |publisher=Jewish Publication Society |year=2010 |url={{Google books |id=39nQafdJ_ssC |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=978-0-8276-0775-0}} * {{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Antony F. |last2=O'Brien |first2=Mark A. |title=Unfolding the Deuteronomistic History |year=2000 |publisher=Fortress Press |url={{Google books |id=AvZWPFqd2sEC |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=978-1-4514-1368-7}} * {{cite book |last=Faust |first=Avraham |chapter=The Emergence of Iron Age Israel: On Origins and Habitus |title=Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience |editor1=Thomas E. Levy |editor2=Thomas Schneider |editor3=William H.C. Propp |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/11906343 |date=2015 |publisher=Springer |pages=467–482 |isbn=978-3-319-04768-3}} * {{cite book |title=The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Israel |last2=Silberman |first2=Neil Asher |publisher=Simon and Schuster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-7432-2338-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Frei |first=Peter |title=Persia and Torah: The Theory of Imperial Authorization of the Pentateuch |date=2001 |publisher=SBL Press |isbn=978-1-58983-015-8 |editor-last=Watts |editor-first=James |location=Atlanta, GA |pages=6 |chapter=Persian Imperial Authorization: A Summary}} * {{Cite book |last=Gelston |first=Anthony |chapter=Habakkuk |editor1-last=Dunn |editor1-first=James D. G. |editor2-last=Rogerson |editor2-first=John William |title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2003a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Erdman+commentary+old+testament+hebrew+bible |isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Gelston |first=Anthony |chapter=Zephaniah |editor1-last=Dunn |editor1-first=James D. G. |editor2-last=Rogerson |editor2-first=John William |title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2003c |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Erdman+commentary+old+testament+hebrew+bible |isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0}} *{{cite book |title=Hosea 2: Metaphor and Rhetoric in Historical Perspective |first=Brad E. |last=Kelle |publisher=Society of Biblical Lit |year=2005}} * {{cite book |last1=Levenson |first1=Jon Douglas |title=Inheriting Abraham: the legacy of the patriarch in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam |date=2012 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=978-0-691-16355-0}} * {{cite book |first=Menahem |last=Mor |title=The Second Jewish Revolt: The Bar Kokhba War, 132-136 CE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T8wJDAAAQBAJ |date=May 4, 2016 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-31463-4}} * {{cite book |surname=Neusner |given=Jacob |author-link=Jacob Neusner |title=A Short History of Judaism: Three Meals, Three Epochs |year=1992 |place=Minneapolis, Mn |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=0-8006-2552-8 |url={{Google books |id=5Z3oZVjrDcgC |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}}}} * {{Cite book |last=O'Brien |first=Julia M. |title=Nahum |publisher=A&C Black |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0X9BTEO7OAC&q=%22seventh+century+BCE%22Assyria+remained+a+formidable%22%22threat%22&pg=PA14 |isbn=978-1-84127-300-6}} * {{cite book |last=Radine |first=Jason |title=The Book of Amos in Emergent Judah |year=2010 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=taqfL4qnJs0C |isbn=978-3-16-150114-2}} * {{cite book |author-last=Redmount |author-first=Carol A. |year=2001 |orig-year=1998 |title=The Oxford History of the Biblical World |chapter=Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PA58 |editor-last=Coogan |editor-first=Michael D. |editor-link=Michael Coogan |location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=58–89 |isbn=978-0-19-513937-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Rogerson |first=John W. |chapter=Micah |editor1-last=Dunn |editor1-first=James D. G. |editor2-last=Rogerson |editor2-first=John William |title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2003a |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%22It+is+rare+for+a+prophet+to+be+mentioned%22&pg=PA703 |isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Rogerson |first=John W. |chapter=Deuteronomy |editor1-last=Dunn |editor1-first=James D. G. |editor2-last=Rogerson |editor2-first=John William |title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2003b |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%22Deuteronomy+is+a+speech+delivered+by+Moses%22&pg=PA153 |isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0}} * {{Cite journal |last=Romer |first=Thomas |date=2008 |title=Moses Outside the Torah and the Construction of a Diaspora Identity |url=http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_92.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Hebrew Scriptures |volume=8, article 15 |pages=2–12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021035437/http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_92.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=September 27, 2019}} * {{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Skolnik |editor-given=Fred |editor-link=Fred Skolnik |title=[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]] |volume=1–22 |edition=2nd rev. |year=2007 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |place=Farmington Hills, Mi |isbn=978-0-02-865928-2}} ==ڪتابيات== * {{cite book |surname=Adler |given=Yonatan |title=The Origins of Judaism: An Archaeological-Historical Reappraisal |place=New Haven, Conn |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-300-25490-7 |url={{Google books |id=k8KREAAAQBAJ |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}}}} * {{cite book |surname=Albertz |given=Rainer |title=A History of Israelite Religion. Vol. 1: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy |translator=John Bowden |edition=Reprint |place=Louisville, Kentucky |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=1994 |orig-year=1992 |url={{Google books |id=GJS7BwAAQBAJ |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=0-664-21846-6}} * {{cite book |surname=Albertz |first=Rainer |title=A History of Israelite Religion. Vol. 2: From the Exile to the Maccabees |translator=John Bowden |edition=Reprint |place=Louisville, Kentucky |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=1994 |orig-year=1992 |url={{Google books |id=z5O7BwAAQBAJ |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=0-664-21847-4}} * Allegro, John. ''The chosen people: A study of Jewish history from the time of the exile until the revolt of Bar Kocheba'' (Andrews, UK, 2015). * Alpher, Joseph (1986). ''[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofje00lhis Encyclopedia of Jewish history: events and eras of the Jewish people].'' * [[Dan Cohn-Sherbok|Cohn-Sherbok, Dan]]. ''Atlas of Jewish history'' (Routledge, 2013). * Fireberg, H., Glöckner, O., & Menachem Zoufalá, M., eds. (2020). Being Jewish in 21st Century Central Europe. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg. {{doi|10.1515/9783110582369}} * Friesel, Evyatar. ''Atlas of modern Jewish history'' (1990) [[iarchive:atlasofmodernjew00evya|online free to borrow]] * Gilbert, Martin. ''Atlas of Jewish History'' (1993) [https://archive.org/details/atlasofjewishhis00mart online free to borrow] * Kobrin, Rebecca and Adam Teller, eds. ''Purchasing Power: The Economics of Modern Jewish History''. (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015. viii, 355 pp. Essays by scholars focused on Europe. * {{cite book |title=The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor1-first=Paul R. |editor1-last=Mendes-Flohr |editor1-link=Paul R. Mendes-Flohr |editor2-first=Jehuda |editor2-last=Reinharz |editor2-link=Jehuda Reinharz |year=1995 |isbn=0-19-507453-X |oclc=30026590}} * [[Jacob Neusner|Neusner, Jacob]]; Green, William Scott, eds. (1991). ''The Origins of Judaism. Religion, History, and Literature in Late Antiquity.'' 20-volume Set. New York: Garland Press. (Reprinted scholarly essays, with introductions.) * [[Jacob Neusner|Neusner, Jacob]] (1999). ''[{{Google books|id=5YFXIUJYgsYC |plainurl=y|page=}} The Four Stages of Rabbinic Judaism].'' London; New York: Routledge. * Sachar, Howard M. ''[https://archive.org/details/courseofmodernje00sach The course of modern Jewish history].'' (2nd ed. 2013). * Schloss, Chaim. ''2000 Years of Jewish History'' (2002), Heavily illustrated popular history. * Scheindlin, Raymond P. ''A short history of the Jewish people from legendary times to modern statehood'' (1998) [https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofje00sche online free to borrow] * {{cite book |surname=Sweeney |given=Marvin A. |author-link=Marvin A. Sweeney |chapter=The Religious World of Ancient Israel to 586&nbsp;BCE |editor-surname=Neusner |editor-given=Jacob |editor-link=Jacob Neusner |editor2-surname=Avery-Peck |editor2-given=Alan J. |title=The Blackwell Companion to Judaism |year=2003 |orig-year=2000 |edition=Reprint |pages=20–36 |publisher=Blackwell Publ. |place=Malden, Mass |chapter-url= |url={{Google books |id=bEyD_MaeqP4C |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=1-57718-058-5}} * {{cite book |year=2018 |orig-year=1999 |editor-surname=Visotzky |editor-given=Burton L. |editor-link=Burton Visotzky |editor-surname2=Fishman |editor-given2=David E. |editor-link2=David Fishman |title=From Mesopotamia to Modernity: Ten Introductions to Jewish History and Literature |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |edition=Reprint |url={{Google books |id=x1JPDwAAQBAJ |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=978-0-8133-6717-0}} === France === * Benbassa, Esther. ''The Jews of France: A History from Antiquity to the Present'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/Jews-France-History-Antiquity-Present/dp/0691090149/ excerpt and text search]; [https://www.questia.com/library/99832821/the-jews-of-france-a-history-from-antiquity-to-the online] * Birnbaum, Pierre, and Jane Todd. ''The Jews of the Republic: A Political History of State Jews in France from Gambetta to Vichy'' (1996). * Birnbaum, Pierre; Kochan, Miriam. ''Anti-Semitism in France: A Political History from Léon Blum to the Present'' (1992) 317p. * Cahm, Eric. ''The Dreyfus affair in French society and politics'' (Routledge, 2014). * Debré, Simon. "The Jews of France." ''Jewish Quarterly Review'' 3.3 (1891): 367–435. long scholarly description. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1450008.pdf online free] * Graetz, Michael, and Jane Todd. ''The Jews in Nineteenth-Century France: From the French Revolution to the Alliance Israelite Universelle'' (1996) * Hyman, Paula E. ''The Jews of Modern France'' (1998) [https://www.amazon.com/Modern-France-Jewish-Communities-World/dp/0520209257/ excerpt and text search] * Hyman, Paula. ''From Dreyfus to Vichy: The Remaking of French Jewry, 1906–1939'' (Columbia UP, 1979). [https://archive.org/details/fromdreyfustovic0000hyma online free to borrow] * Schechter, Ronald. ''Obstinate Hebrews: Representations of Jews in France, 1715–1815'' (Univ of California Press, 2003) * Taitz, Emily. ''The Jews of Medieval France: The Community of Champagne'' (1994) [https://www.questia.com/library/3665422/the-jews-of-medieval-france-the-community-of-champagne online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202034/https://www.questia.com/library/3665422/the-jews-of-medieval-france-the-community-of-champagne |date=November 30, 2018 }} === Russia and Eastern Europe === * Brinkmann, Tobias. (2024). ''Between Borders: The Great Jewish Migration from Eastern Europe''. New York: Oxford University Press. * Darieva, Tsypylma, Darja Klingenberg, and Chen Bram. (2025) "Jews of the Caucasus: multiple entanglements and migration routes." ''Journal of Modern Jewish Studies'' 24.2 (2025): 557-569. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14725886.2025.2518673 online] * [[David Fishman|Fishman, David]] (1996). ''Russia's First Modern Jews''. New York University Press. * [[Zvi Gitelman|Gitelman, Zvi]] (2001). ''A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present''. * Kushkova, Anna. (2025) "From a Shtetl House to an Urban Apartment: The Soviet Jewish Home Negotiated, Transformed, and Reimagined." ''Jewish Folklore and Ethnology'' 4.1 (2025): 70-125. [https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=jewishfolklore online] * Polonsky, Antony. ''The Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History'' (2013) * Sapritsky-Nahum, Marina. (2025) "Identity transformations of Ukrainian Jewry during the Russian–Ukrainian war: Odesa’s communities and religious leaders at home and in exile." ''Canadian Slavonic Papers'' 67.1-2 (2025): 214-235. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00085006.2025.2500199 online] * Schapiro, Leonard. "The role of the Jews in the Russian revolutionary movement." ''Slavonic and East European Review'' (1961): 148-167. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4205328 online] * Shumsky, Dmitry. (2025) "Beyond Antisemitism: Rethinking Stalin’s Anti-Jewish Campaign, 1948–1953." ''Journal of Modern History'' 97.2 (2025): 348-386. * {{cite book |last1=Weiner |first1=Miriam |last2=Polish State Archives (in cooperation with) |title=Jewish Roots in Poland: Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories |date=1997 |publisher=Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation |location=Secaucus, NJ |isbn=978-0-9656508-0-9 |oclc=38756480}} * {{cite book |last1=Weiner |first1=Miriam |last2=Ukrainian State Archives (in cooperation with) |last3=Moldovan National Archives (in cooperation with) |title=Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova: Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories |date=1999 |publisher=Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation |location=Secaucus, NJ |isbn=978-0-9656508-1-6 |oclc=607423469}} * Yivo Institute for Jewish Research. ''A Century of Ambivalence, Second Expanded Edition: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present'' (Indiana University Press, 2001). === United States === {{Main|American Jews#Bibliography|History of the{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2025}} [[File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 063.jpg|thumb|According to Jewish tradition, Jacob, shown [[Jacob wrestling with the angel|wrestling with the angel]] in this painting by [[Rembrandt]], was the father of the [[tribes of Israel]].]] {{Jews and Judaism sidebar|history}} {{history of religion|religions}} [[Jews]] originated from the [[Israelites]] and [[Hebrews]] of historical [[Israel and Judah]], two related kingdoms that emerged in the [[Levant]] during the [[Iron Age]].<ref name="Finkelstein-2001">{{cite book |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Israel |title=The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories |last2=Silberman |first2=Neil Asher |date=2001 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-86912-4 |edition=1st Touchstone |location=New York}}</ref><ref name="The Pitcher Is Broken">[https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160404/https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 |date=April 9, 2023 }} Quote: "For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to date."</ref> The earliest mention of [[Israelites]] is inscribed on the [[Merneptah Stele]] {{circa|1213–1203 BCE}}; later religious literature tells the story of Israelites going back at least as far as {{cx|1500 BCE}}. Traditionally, the name ''Israel'' is said to originate with the Hebrew patriarch [[Jacob]], who provides a narrative [[etiology]] for the name{{snd}}after wrestling with an angel, Jacob is renamed Israel, meaning "he who struggles with God". The [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]] based in [[Samaria]] fell to the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] {{cx|720 BCE}},<ref name="Broshi-2001">{{cite book |last=Broshi |first=Maguen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PAPA174 |title=Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-84127-201-6 |page=174}}</ref> and the [[Kingdom of Judah]] to the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] in 586 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Faust |first=Avraham |title=Judah in the Neo-Babylonian Period |date=August 29, 2012 |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |isbn=978-1-58983-641-9 |pages=1 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt5vjz28}}</ref> Part of the Judean population was exiled to [[Babylonia|Babylon]]. The [[Assyrian captivity|Assyrian]] and [[Babylonian captivity|Babylonian captivities]] are regarded as representing the start of the [[Jewish diaspora]]. After the [[Achaemenid Empire]] conquered the region, the exiled Jews were [[Return to Zion|allowed to return]] and [[Second Temple|rebuild the temple]]; these events mark the beginning of the [[Second Temple period]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Jonathan |last1=Stökl |first2=Caroline |last2=Waerzegger |title=Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context |date=2015 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |pages=7–11, 30, 226}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Judaica |edition=2nd |volume=3 |page=27}}</ref> After several centuries of foreign rule, the [[Maccabean Revolt]] against the [[Seleucid Empire]] led to an [[Hasmonean dynasty|independent Hasmonean kingdom]],<ref>{{cite book |first1=Peter Fibiger |last1=Bang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GCj09AmtvvwC&pg=PAPA184 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean |first2=Walter |last2=Scheidel |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-518831-8 |pages=184–187}}</ref> but it was gradually incorporated into the [[Roman Republic|Roman]] imperial system.<ref>{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |url={{Google books|2kSovzudhFUC|page=PA223|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=A History of the Jewish People |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |pages=223–239}}</ref> The [[Jewish–Roman wars]], a series of unsuccessful revolts against the Romans in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, resulted in the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zissu |first=Boaz |title=Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE |date=2018 |isbn=978-90-04-34986-5 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |page=19 |chapter=Interbellum Judea 70-132 CE: An Archaeological Perspective |oclc=988856967}}</ref> and the expulsion of many Jews.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Erwin |last1=Fahlbusch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PAPA15 |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |first2=Geoffrey William |last2=Bromiley |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5 |page=15}}</ref> The Jewish population in [[Syria Palaestina]] gradually decreased during the following centuries, enhancing the role of the Jewish diaspora and shifting the spiritual and demographic centre from the depopulated [[Judea]] to [[Galilee]] and then to [[Asoristan|Babylon]], with smaller communities spread out across the [[Roman Empire]]. During the same period, the [[Mishnah]] and the [[Talmud]], central Jewish texts, were composed. In the following millennia, the diaspora communities [[Coalescent theory|coalesced]] into three major [[Jewish ethnic divisions|ethnic subdivisions]] according to where their ancestors settled: the [[Ashkenazim]] in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern European Jewry|Eastern Europe]], the [[Sephardim]] initially in [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews|Iberia]], and the [[Mizrahim]] in the [[History of the Jews under Muslim rule|Middle East]] and [[North Africa]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GkzdBDuhoRgC&pg=PA87 "Heritage: Civilization and the Jews; The Uses of Adversity." p. 87.] Eban, Abba Solomon. "Heritage: Civilization and the Jews." Summit Books Syracuse, New York: 1984. p. 87.</ref><ref>Dosick (2007), pp. 59–60.</ref> The [[early Muslim conquests]] ended [[Byzantine]] control over the [[Eastern Mediterranean]], with the newly established [[Rashidun Caliphate]] taking over the [[Levant]], [[Mesopotamia]], and North Africa during the 7th century, and the [[Iberian Peninsula]] during the 8th century. [[Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain|Jewish culture enjoyed a golden age in Spain]], with Jews becoming widely accepted in society and their religious, cultural, and economic life blossomed before the arrival of the intolerant [[Almohades]]. In 1492 [[Expulsion of Jews from Spain|the Jews were forced to leave Spain]] by the Catholic Monarchs [[Catholic Monarchs of Spain|Queen Isabella I and King Ferdinand II]], whereafter they migrated in great numbers to the [[History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] and [[Italian Peninsula|Italy]]. Between the 12th and 15th centuries, Ashkenazi Jews experienced extreme persecution in Central Europe, which prompted their mass migration to [[History of Jews in Poland|Poland]].<ref>Mosk (2013), p. 143. "Encouraged to move out of the Holy Roman Empire as persecution of their communities intensified during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the Ashkenazi community increasingly gravitated toward Poland."</ref><ref>Harshav, Benjamin (1999). ''The Meaning of Yiddish''. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 6. "From the fourteenth and certainly by the sixteenth century, the centre of European Jewry had shifted to Poland, then ... comprising the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (including today's Byelorussia), Crown Poland, Galicia, the Ukraine and stretching, at times, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, from the approaches to Berlin to a short distance from Moscow."</ref> The 18th century saw the rise of the [[Haskalah]] intellectual movement. Also starting in the 18th century, Jews began to campaign for [[Jewish emancipation]] from restrictive laws and integration into the wider European society. In the 19th century, when Jews in [[Western Europe]] were increasingly granted equality before the law, Jews in the [[Pale of Settlement]] faced growing persecution, legal restrictions and widespread [[pogrom]]s. During the 1870s and 1880s, the Jewish population in Europe began to more actively discuss emigration to [[Ottoman Syria]] with the aim of re-establishing a Jewish polity in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. The [[Zionist movement]] was officially founded in 1897. The pogroms also triggered a mass exodus of more than two million Jews to the United States between 1881 and 1924.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lewin |first=Rhoda G. |date=1979 |title=Stereotype and reality in the Jewish immigrant experience in Minneapolis |url=http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/46/v46i07p258-273.pdf |journal=Minnesota History |volume=46 |issue=7 |page=259 |access-date=August 10, 2020 |archive-date=July 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721002023/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/46/v46i07p258-273.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The Jews of Europe and the United States gained success in the fields of science, culture and the economy. Among those generally considered the most famous were [[Albert Einstein]] and [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]. Many [[Nobel Prize]] winners at this time were Jewish, as is still the case.<ref name="jinfo.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html |title=Jewish Nobel Prize Winners |publisher=jinfo.org |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211039/http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1933, with the rise to power of [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazi Party]] in [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], the situation for Jews became severe. Economic crises, racial [[Antisemitism in Europe#The Holocaust|antisemitic laws]], and a fear of an upcoming war led many to flee from Europe to [[Mandatory Palestine]], to the United States and to the [[Soviet Union]]. In 1939, [[World War II]] began and until 1941 Germany [[German-occupied Europe|occupied almost all of Europe]]. In 1941, following the [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion]] of the Soviet Union, the [[Final Solution]] began, an extensive organized operation on an unprecedented scale, aimed at the annihilation of the Jewish people, and resulting in the persecution and murder of Jews in Europe and North Africa. In Poland, three million were murdered in [[gas chambers]] in all concentration camps combined, with one million at the [[Auschwitz]] camp complex alone. This [[genocide]], in which approximately six million Jews were methodically exterminated, is known as [[the Holocaust]]. Before and during the Holocaust, enormous numbers of Jews immigrated to Mandatory Palestine. On May 14, 1948, upon the termination of the British Mandate, [[David Ben-Gurion]] declared the creation of the [[State of Israel]], a [[Jewish and democratic state]] in ''[[Eretz Israel]]'' (Land of Israel). Immediately afterwards, all neighbouring Arab states invaded, yet the newly formed [[IDF]] resisted. In 1949, the war ended and Israel started building the state and absorbing massive waves of [[Aliyah]] from all over Europe and [[Jewish exodus from the Muslim world|Middle Eastern countries]]. {{As of|2022|post=,}} Israel is a [[parliamentary democracy]] with a population of 9.6 million people, of whom 7 million are [[Israeli Jews|Jewish]]. The largest Jewish community outside Israel is the [[American Jews|United States]], while large communities also exist in France, Canada, Argentina, Russia, United Kingdom, Australia, and [[History of the Jews in Germany|Germany]]. Currently, the Jewish ethnicity have two autonomous states under their power to act as sanctuaries, [[Israel]] and the [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]]. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Jewish history}} * [http://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/ The Jewish History Resource Center]. Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. * [http://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/Internetresources/modern/israelindex.htm The State of Israel] The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem * [http://www.encyclopaediajudaica.com/ Jewish History and Culture Encyclopaedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224094628/http://www.encyclopaediajudaica.com/ |date=December 24, 2008 }} Official Site of the 22-volume Encyclopaedia Judaica * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/jewishsbook.html Internet Jewish History Sourcebook] offering homework help and online texts * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050528023003/http://www.adath-shalom.ca/israelite_religion.htm Israelite Religion to Judaism: the Evolution of the Religion of Israel]. * [https://thinktorah.org/jewish-history/ 2000 Years of Jewish History] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050629084248/http://www.adath-shalom.ca/greek_influence.htm Greek Influence on Judaism from the Hellenistic Period Through the Middle Ages c. 300 BCE–1200 CE]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050604085120/http://www.adath-shalom.ca/jewish_sects.htm Jewish Sects of the Second Temple Period]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101119075635/http://adath-shalom.ca/samaritan_origin.htm The Origin and Nature of the Samaritans and their Relationship to Second Temple Jewish Sects]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051118233741/http://www.adath-shalom.ca/eb2bk.htm Jewish History Tables]. * [http://www.oztorah.com/category/australian-jewry/ Articles on Australian Jewish history]. * [http://www.oztorah.com/category/british-jewry/ Articles on British Jewish history]. * Barnavi, Eli (Ed.). ''A Historical Atlas of the Jewish People''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-679-40332-6}} * [http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/Jewish_History.htm Crash Course in Jewish History] * [http://csicso-nagy.uw.hu/fo-o-Csicso-NAGY-A/jewish-families.htm Jewish families in Csicsó – Cicov (Slovakia) until the Holocaust] * [http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=1&ArticleID=29 "Under the Influence: Hellenism in Ancient Jewish Life"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229232302/http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=1&ArticleID=29 |date=February 29, 2012 }} Biblical Archaeology Society * [http://www.jewishhistory.org/crash-course/ Summary of Jewish History] by Berel Wein * [http://histclo.com/chron/ancient/heb/heb-hist.html Ancient Hebrew history] * [http://jewishhistorylectures.org/ Videos of Jewish History Lectures by Henry Abramson of Touro College South] {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:يهودين جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:يهوديت جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:يهودي نسلي گروهه]] [[زمرو:تاريخ بلحاظ مذهب]] [[زمرو:نسلن جي تاريخون]] [[زمرو:ڪلاسيڪل قديم دور ۾ مذهب]] noroqe6sxgg0fu0not5plgv1r1i4ihi 371035 371034 2026-04-11T15:27:33Z Ibne maryam 17680 371035 wikitext text/x-wiki يهودي (<small>Jews</small>) تاريخي اسرائيل ۽ يهوديه، ٻه لاڳاپيل بادشاهتن جيڪيون [[لوهه جو دور|لوهه جي دور]] ۾ [[سر زمين شام (ليوانت)|سرزمين شام (ليونٽ)]] ۾ ظاهر ٿيون، جي بني اسرائيل ۽ عبرانين مان پيدا ٿيا.<ref name="Finkelstein-20012">{{cite book|last1=Finkelstein|first1=Israel|title=The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories|last2=Silberman|first2=Neil Asher|date=2001|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-86912-4|edition=1st Touchstone|location=New York}}</ref><ref name="The Pitcher Is Broken2">[https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160404/https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229|date=April 9, 2023}} Quote: "For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to date."</ref> بني اسرائيل جو پهريون ذڪر، 1213-1203 ق.م. جو مرنيپتا اسٽيل تي لکيل آهي؛ بعد ۾ مذهبي ادب بني اسرائيلن جي ڪهاڻي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1500 ق.م. تائين ٻڌائي ٿو. روايتي طور تي، اسرائيل جو نالو عبراني بزرگ [[يعقوب عليہ السلام|يعقوب]] سان شروع ٿيو آهي، جيڪو نالي لاءِ هڪ داستاني ايٽولوجي فراهم ڪري ٿو - هڪ فرشتي سان وڙهڻ کان پوءِ، يعقوب جو نالو اسرائيل رکيو ويو، جنهن جو مطلب آهي "اهو جيڪو خدا سان ويڙهي ٿو". سامريه ۾ قائم اسرائيل جي بادشاهت 720 ق.م. ڌاري نيو-آشوري سلطنت جي هٿ ۾ اچي وئي<ref name="Broshi-20012">{{cite book|last=Broshi|first=Maguen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PAPA174|title=Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2001|isbn=978-1-84127-201-6|page=174}}</ref> ۽ 586 ق.م. ڌاري يهودين جي بادشاهت نيو-بابلي سلطنت جي هٿ ۾ اچي وئي.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Faust|first=Avraham|title=Judah in the Neo-Babylonian Period|date=August 29, 2012|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature|isbn=978-1-58983-641-9|pages=1|doi=10.2307/j.ctt5vjz28}}</ref> يهودي آبادي جو هڪ حصو [[بابل]] ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيو ويو. آشور ۽ بابل ۾ قيد ٿيل يهودين کي ڊائاسپورا جي شروعات جي نمائندگي ڪندڙ سمجهيو ويندو آهي. {{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2025}} [[File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 063.jpg|thumb|يهودي روايت موجب، يعقوب، جيڪو ريمبران جي هن تصوير ۾ ملائڪ سان وڙهندي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي، اسرائيل جي قبيلن جو پيءُ هو. ]][[هخامنشي سلطنت]] طرفان هن علائقي کي فتح ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، جلاوطن يهودين کي واپس اچڻ ۽ مندر کي ٻيهر تعمير ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي؛ اها واقعا ٻئي مندر جي دور جي شروعات جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا. <ref>{{cite book|first1=Jonathan|last1=Stökl|first2=Caroline|last2=Waerzegger|title=Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context|date=2015|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|pages=7–11, 30, 226}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Judaica|edition=2nd|volume=3|page=27}}</ref> ڪيترن ئي صدين جي پرڏيهي حڪمراني کانپوءِ، سيليوسڊ سلطنت جي خلاف مڪابي بغاوت هڪ آزاد هاشموني بادشاهت جو سبب بڻي، <ref>{{cite book|first1=Peter Fibiger|last1=Bang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GCj09AmtvvwC&pg=PAPA184|title=The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean|first2=Walter|last2=Scheidel|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-518831-8|pages=184–187}}</ref> پر ان رياست کي بتدريج [[رومي سلطنت]] ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{cite book|first=Abraham|last=Malamat|url={{Google books|2kSovzudhFUC|page=PA223|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=A History of the Jewish People|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1976|isbn=978-0-674-39731-6|pages=223–239}}</ref> يهودي-رومن جنگيون، پهرين ۽ ٻي صدي عيسوي ۾ رومن جي خلاف ناڪام بغاوتن جو هڪ سلسلو، [[يروشلم]] ۽ ٻئي مندر جي تباهي <ref>{{Cite book|last=Zissu|first=Boaz|title=Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE|date=2018|isbn=978-90-04-34986-5|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|page=19|chapter=Interbellum Judea 70-132 CE: An Archaeological Perspective|oclc=988856967}}</ref> ۽ ڪيترن ئي يهودين کي نيڪالي ڏيڻ جو سبب بڻيون.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Erwin|last1=Fahlbusch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PAPA15|title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity|first2=Geoffrey William|last2=Bromiley|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5|page=15}}</ref> سر زمين شام فلسطين ۾ يهودي آبادي ايندڙ صدين دوران بتدريج گهٽجي وئي، يهودي ڊائاسپورا جي ڪردار کي وڌايو ۽ روحاني ۽ آبادي جي مرڪز کي خالي ٿيل يهوديا کان گليلي ۽ پوءِ بابل ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو، يهودين جون ننڍيون برادريون رومن سلطنت ۾ پکڙيل هيون. ساڳئي عرصي دوران، مشناه ۽ تلمود، مرڪزي يهودي متن، ترتيب ڏنا ويا. ايندڙ هزار سالن ۾، ڊائاسپورا برادريون ٽن وڏن نسلي ذيلي تقسيم ۾، جتي انهن جا ابا ڏاڏا آباد ٿيا هئا: وچ ۽ اوڀر يورپ ۾ اشڪنازي، [[جزیرو نما آئیبیریا|آئبيريا]] ۾ سيفاردي ۽ [[وچ اوڀر]] ۽ [[اتر آفريڪا]] ۾ مزراهي طور گڏ ٿي ويون.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GkzdBDuhoRgC&pg=PA87 "Heritage: Civilization and the Jews; The Uses of Adversity." p. 87.] Eban, Abba Solomon. "Heritage: Civilization and the Jews." Summit Books Syracuse, New York: 1984. p. 87.</ref> <ref>Dosick (2007), pp. 59–60.</ref> شروعاتي اسلامي فتحون اوڀرين رومي سمنڊ جي علائقن تي [[بازنطيني سلطنت|بازنطيني]] ڪنٽرول ختم ڪري ڇڏيو، نئين قائم ٿيل راشدون خلافت 7هين صدي دوران [[سر زمين شام (ليوانت)|ليونٽ]]، [[ميسوپوٽيميا]] ۽ اتر آفريڪا تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 8هين صدي دوران [[جزیرو نما آئیبیریا|آئبيرين جزيره نما]] تي قبضو ڪيو. يهودي ثقافت مسلم [[اندلس]] ۾ هڪ سونهري دور مان لطف اندوز ٿي، يهودين کي سماج ۾ وڏي پيماني تي قبول ڪيو ويو ۽ انهن جي مذهبي، ثقافتي ۽ معاشي زندگي عدم برداشت واري الموحدين جي اچڻ کان اڳ ڦٽي نڪتي. سال 1492ع ۾ ڪيٿولڪ حڪمران، راڻي ازابيل اول ۽ بادشاهه فرڊيننڊ II پاران يهودين کي اسپين ڇڏڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو، جنهن کان پوءِ اهي وڏي تعداد ۾ [[عثماني سلطنت]] ۽ [[اٽلي]] ڏانهن لڏپلاڻ ڪئي. 12هين ۽ 15هين صدي جي وچ ۾، اشڪنازي يهودين وچ يورپ ۾ انتهائي ظلم جو تجربو ڪيو، جنهن جي ڪري انهن جي [[پولينڊ]] ڏانهن وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ ٿي. <ref>Mosk (2013), p. 143. "Encouraged to move out of the Holy Roman Empire as persecution of their communities intensified during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the Ashkenazi community increasingly gravitated toward Poland."</ref> <ref>Harshav, Benjamin (1999). ''The Meaning of Yiddish''. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 6. "From the fourteenth and certainly by the sixteenth century, the centre of European Jewry had shifted to Poland, then ... comprising the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (including today's Byelorussia), Crown Poland, Galicia, the Ukraine and stretching, at times, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, from the approaches to Berlin to a short distance from Moscow."</ref> <small>18</small>هين صدي ۾ هسڪاله دانشورانه تحريڪ جو عروج ڏٺو ويو. <small>18</small>هين صدي جي شروعات ۾، يهودي يهودين کي پابندين وارن قانونن کان آزاد ڪرڻ ۽ وسيع يورپي سماج ۾ ضم ڪرڻ لاءِ مهم هلائڻ شروع ڪئي. 19هين صدي ۾، جڏهن اولهائين يورپ ۾ يهودين کي قانون جي سامهون برابري ڏني پئي وئي، ته آبادڪاري جي ميدان ۾ يهودين کي وڌندڙ ظلم، قانوني پابندين ۽ وڏي پيماني تي قتل عام جو سامنا ڪرڻ پيو. 1870 ۽ 1880 جي ڏهاڪن دوران، يورپ ۾ يهودي آبادي فلسطين ۾ يهودي رياست کي ٻيهر قائم ڪرڻ جي مقصد سان عثماني شام ڏانهن هجرت تي وڌيڪ سرگرم بحث ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. صهيوني تحريڪ سرڪاري طور تي سال 1897ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي هئي. سال 1881ع ۽ 1924ع جي وچ ۾ [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ڏانهن 20 لک کان وڌيڪ يهودين جي وڏي پيماني تي هجرت کي به شروع ڪيو. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Lewin|first=Rhoda G.|date=1979|title=Stereotype and reality in the Jewish immigrant experience in Minneapolis|url=http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/46/v46i07p258-273.pdf|journal=Minnesota History|volume=46|issue=7|page=259|access-date=August 10, 2020|archive-date=July 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721002023/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/46/v46i07p258-273.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> يورپ ۽ آمريڪا جا يهودي سائنس، ثقافت ۽ معيشت جي شعبن ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪيا. عام طور تي سڀ کان وڌيڪ مشهور سمجهيا ويندڙن ۾ [[البرٽ آئنسٽائن|البرٽ آئن اسٽائن]] ۽ لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن شامل هئا. هن وقت ڪيترائي [[نوبل انعام حاصل ڪندڙن جي فهرست|نوبل انعام يافته]] يهودي هئا، جيئن اڃا تائين آهن.<ref name="jinfo.org2">{{cite web|url=http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html|title=Jewish Nobel Prize Winners|publisher=jinfo.org|access-date=October 7, 2011|archive-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211039/http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>1933</small>ع ۾، [[جرمنيا|جرمني]] ۾ [[هٽلر|ايڊولف هٽلر]] ۽ نازي پارٽي جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ سان، يهودين لاءِ صورتحال سخت ٿي وئي. معاشي بحران، نسل پرست يهودي مخالف قانون ۽ ايندڙ جنگ جي خوف سبب ڪيترائي ماڻهو [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] کان [[فلسطين|لازمي فلسطين]]، آمريڪا ۽ [[سوويت يونين]] ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. سال 1939ع ۾، [[ٻين مھاڀاري جنگ|ٻي مهاڀاري جنگ]] شروع ٿي ۽ سال 1941ع تائين جرمني تقريبن سڄي يورپ تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. سال 1941ع ۾، سوويت يونين جي حملي کان پوءِ، آخري حل شروع ٿيو، هڪ غير معمولي پيماني تي هڪ وسيع منظم آپريشن، جنهن جو مقصد يهودي ماڻهن کي ختم ڪرڻ هو ۽ نتيجي ۾ يورپ ۽ اتر آفريڪا ۾ يهودين جو قتل عام ٿيو. پولينڊ ۾، سڀني ڪنسنٽريشن ڪيمپن ۾ گيس چيمبرن ۾ 30 لک يهودي قتل ڪيا ويا، جن ۾ صرف آشوٽز ڪيمپ ڪمپليڪس ۾ 10 لک شامل هئا. هي نسل ڪشي، جنهن ۾ تقريبن 60 لک يهودين کي طريقي سان ختم ڪيو ويو، هولوڪاسٽ جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. هولوڪاسٽ کان اڳ ۽ دوران، يهودين جي وڏي تعداد لازمي فلسطين ڏانهن هجرت ڪئي. 14 مئي 1948ع تي، برطانوي مينڊيٽ جي خاتمي تي، ڊيوڊ بين-گورين ارض اسرائيل (اسرائيل جي سرزمين) ۾ هڪ يهودي ۽ جمهوري رياست، [[اسرائيل]] جي رياست جي قيام جو اعلان ڪيو. ان کان پوءِ فوري طور تي، سڀني پاڙيسري عرب رياستون اسرائيل تي حملو ڪيو، پر نئين ٺهيل اسرائيلي دفاعي فوج (IDF) مزاحمت ڪئي. سال 1949ع ۾ جنگ ختم ٿي وئي ۽ اسرائيل رياست جي تعمير شروع ڪئي ۽ سڄي يورپ ۽ وچ اوڀر جي ملڪن مان ايندڙ يهودين جي وڏين لهرن کي جذب ڪيو. سال 2022ع تائين، اسرائيل هڪ پارلياماني جمهوريت آهي جنهن جي آبادي 96 لک ماڻهن جي آهي، جن مان 70 لک يهودي آهن. ([[غزه جي پٽي|غزا]] ۽ [[فلسطين جي رياست|مغربي ڪناري]] جي 35 لک آبادي کانسواء). اسرائيل کان ٻاهر سڀ کان وڏي يهودي برادري آمريڪا ۾ آهي، جڏهن ته ٻيون وڏي برادريون [[فرانس]]، [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[ارجنٽائن]]، [[روس]]، [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]]، [[آسٽريليا]] ۽ [[جرمني]] ۾ پڻ موجود آهن. هن وقت، يهودي نسل جون ٻه خودمختيار رياستون؛ اسرائيل ۽ روس ۾ يهودي خودمختيار اوبلاست آهن جيڪي انهن جي اختيار هيٺ آهن ته اهي پناهه گاهه طور ڪم ڪن. ==جائزو== قديم يهودي تاريخ بائيبل ۽ غير بائيبل ذريعن، اپوڪرائيفا ۽ سوڊيپيگرافا، جوزيفس جي لکڻين، گريڪو-رومن ليکڪن ۽ چرچ جي پادرين، گڏوگڏ آثار قديمه جي دريافتن، لکتن، قديم دستاويزن، جهڙوڪ ايليفينٽائن ۽ فيوم مان پيپيري، مردار سمنڊ جا اسڪرول، بار ڪوخبا خط، باباٿا آرڪائيوز ۽ قاهره جينيزا دستاويزن، مان معلوم ٿئي ٿي، جيڪي زباني تاريخ ۽ مدراش ۽ تلمود ۾ تبصرن جي مجموعن سان گڏ آهن. ابتدائي جديد دور ۾ پرنٽنگ پريس جي آمد سان، يهودين جي تاريخ ۽ عبراني بائيبل جا شروعاتي ايڊيشن شايع ٿيا جيڪي يهودي مذهب جي تاريخ ۽ وڌندڙ طور تي، يهودين جي قومي تاريخن، يهودي قوم ۽ سڃاڻپ سان لاڳاپيل هئا، هڪ مسودي يا لکندڙ ڪلچر کان هڪ پرنٽنگ ڪلچر ڏانهن منتقلي هئي. يهودي مورخن پنهنجن اجتماعي تجربن جا احوال لکيا، پر سياسي، ثقافتي ۽ سائنسي يا فلسفياتي ڳولا لاءِ تاريخ کي پڻ وڌندڙ طور تي استعمال ڪيو. ليکڪن ثقافتي طور تي ورثي ۾ مليل متن جي هڪ مجموعي کي استعمال ڪيو ته جيئن فن جي حالت تي تنقيد ڪرڻ يا اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ هڪ منطقي داستان تيار ڪري سگهجي. جديد يهودي تاريخ نويسي يورپي نشاۃِ ثانيه ۽ روشن خيالي جي دور جهڙين دانشورانه تحريڪن سان جڙيل آهي، پر وچين دور جي آخر ۾ ۽ قديم زماني ۾ مختلف ذريعن ۾ اڳوڻين ڪمن تي ڌيان ڏنو. اڄ، يهودين ۽ يهوديت جي تاريخ کي اڪثر ست دورن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي: # قديم اسرائيل ۽ يهوديه رياست (<small>1200 ق.م. کان 586 ق.م.</small>) # ٻيو مندر وارو دور (<small>516 ق.م. کان 70 عيسوي</small>) <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|editor-last=Goodman|editor-first=Martin|chapter=Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period|pages=36–52|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0003|isbn=0-19-928032-0}}</ref> # ربانڪ يا تلمودي دور (<small>70 کان 640 عيسوي</small>)<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|editor-last=Goodman|editor-first=Martin|chapter=Historiography on the Jews in the ‘Talmudic Period’ (70–640 ce)|pages=79–114|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0005|isbn=0-19-928032-0}}</ref> # وچين دور (<small>640 کان 1492 عيسوي</small>) # ابتدائي جديد دور (<small>1492-1750 عيسوي</small>) # جديد دور (<small>1750ع کان 20هين صدي</small>) # [[صيهونيت]]، [[هولوڪاسٽ]] ۽ [[اسرائيل]] جو قيام (<small>19 کان 21هين صدي</small>) <imagemap> File:Chronology of Israel eng.png|center|800px default [[#Time periods in Jewish history|Jewish history]] rect 658 156 833 176 [[Aliyah|Periods of massive immigration to Palestine]] rect 564 156 647 175 [[Jewish diaspora|Periods in which the majority of Jews lived in exile]] rect 460 156 554 175 [[Land of Israel|Periods in which the majority of Jews lived in the southern Levant, with full or partial independence]] rect 314 156 452 175 [[Temple in Jerusalem|Periods in which a Jewish Temple existed]] rect 196 156 309 175 [[#Time periods in Jewish history|Jewish history]] rect 26 102 134 122 [[Book of Judges|Shoftim]] rect 134 102 265 121 [[Books of Kings|Melakhim]] rect 146 83 266 104 [[First Temple]] rect 286 83 418 103 [[Second Temple]] rect 341 103 392 121 [[Zugot]] rect 393 103 453 121 [[Tannaim]] rect 452 102 534 221 [[Amoraim]] rect 534 102 560 121 [[Savoraim]] rect 559 103 691 121 [[Geonim]] rect 691 102 825 121 [[Rishonim]] rect 825 100 940 120 [[Acharonim]] rect 939 94 959 120 [[Aliyah|Aliyot]] rect 957 65 975 121 [[Israel]] rect 940 62 958 94 [[The Holocaust]] rect 825 62 941 100 [[Jewish diaspora|Diaspora]] rect 808 61 825 101 [[Alhambra decree|Expulsion from Spain]] rect 428 62 808 103 [[Dispersion of the Jews in the Roman Empire|Roman exile]] poly 226 82 410 82 410 92 428 92 428 61 226 62 [[Ten Lost Tribes|Assyrian Exile (Ten Lost Tribes)]] rect 264 82 284 122 [[Babylonian captivity]] rect 283 103 341 121 [[Second Temple of Jerusalem|Second Temple period]] poly 26 121 17 121 17 63 225 63 226 81 145 82 145 101 26 101 [[Chronology of the Bible|Ancient Jewish History]] rect 58 136 375 146 [[Chronology of the Bible]] rect 356 122 373 135 [[Common Era]] desc none </imagemap> ==قديم اسرائيل== {{Main|يهوديت جي اصل}} ===شروعاتي بني اسرائيل=== {{Main|بني اسرائيل}} [[File:Ruins atop Tel Megiddo with circular altar-like shrine and a series of temples on top of the other dating from the early bronze-age through the iron-age periods, Tel Meggido, Israel (19888642855).jpg|thumb|تل ميگيدو، هڪ ڪنعاني ۽ بعد ۾ اسرائيلي شهر جا کنڊر]] ابتدائي يهودين ۽ انهن جي پاڙيسرين جي تاريخ، ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ جي زرخيز هلال ۽ اوڀر ساحل تي مرڪز آهي. اها انهن ماڻهن سان شروع ٿئي ٿي جيڪا [[نيل درياھہ|نيل]] ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا]] جي وچ واري علائقي تي قبضو ڪيو هو. مصر ۽ بابل ۾ ثقافت جي قديم مرڪزن، عرب جي ريگستانن ۽ ايشيا ڪوچڪ جي ميدان جي اهي، ڪنعان جي زمين (تقريبن جديد اسرائيل، فلسطين، اردن ۽ لبنان سان ملندڙ جلندڙ) تهذيبن جي ميلاپ جو هنڌ هئي. [[File:Map Israel Judea 926 BC-fr.svg|thumb|Kingdoms of Israel and Judah in 926 BCE]] The earliest recorded evidence of a people by the name of Israel appears in the [[Merneptah Stele]] of [[ancient Egypt]], dated to {{cx|1200 BCE}}. According to the modern archaeological account, the Israelites and their culture branched out of the [[Canaan]]ite peoples and their cultures through the development of a distinct [[monolatristic]]—and later [[monotheistic]]—religion centred on the national god [[Yahweh]].<ref>Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000&nbsp;BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's)</ref><ref>Rendsberg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". In Frederick E. Greenspahn. The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship. NYU Press, pp. 3–5</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gnuse |first1=Robert Karl |title=No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel |date=1997 |publisher=Sheffield Academic Press Ltd |isbn=1-85075-657-0 |location=England |pages=28, 31}}</ref> They spoke an archaic form of the [[Hebrew language]], known today as [[Biblical Hebrew]].<ref>Steiner, Richard C. (1997), "Ancient Hebrew", in Hetzron, Robert (ed.), ''The Semitic Languages'', Routledge, pp. 145–173, {{ISBN|978-0-415-05767-7}}</ref> From the mid-1st millennium BCE, the understanding Jews traditionally had of their own history was centred around the narratives in the [[Hebrew Bible]]. According to this view, [[Abraham]], signifying that he is both the biological progenitor of the Jews and the father of Judaism, is the first Jew.{{sfn|Levenson|2012|p=3}} Later, [[Isaac]] was born to Abraham, and [[Jacob]] was born to Isaac. Following a [[Jacob wrestling with the angel|struggle with an angel]], Jacob was given the name [[Israel (name)|Israel]]. Following a severe drought, Jacob and his twelve sons fled to [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], where they eventually formed the [[Twelve Tribes of Israel]]. The Israelites were later [[The Exodus|led out of slavery in Egypt and subsequently brought to Canaan]] by [[Moses]]; they eventually [[Book of Joshua|conquered Canaan]] under the leadership of [[Joshua]]. Modern scholars agree that the Bible does not provide an authentic account of the Israelites' origins; the consensus supports that the archaeological evidence showing largely indigenous origins of Israel in Canaan, not Egypt, is "overwhelming" and leaves "no room for an Exodus from Egypt or a 40-year pilgrimage through the Sinai wilderness".<ref name="Dever-2002">{{cite book |last=Dever |first=William G. |title=What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It? |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8028-2126-3}} p. 99</ref> Many archaeologists have abandoned the archaeological investigation of Moses and the Exodus as "a fruitless pursuit".<ref name="Dever-2002" /> However, it is accepted that this narrative does have a "historical core" to it.<ref>For more about the historicity of Jewish history as it pertains to [[Oral Torah|rabbinic]] sources, see {{cite journal |first1=Reuven Chaim |last1=Klein |date=2023 |title=Are historical sections of the Talmud actually historical? Critical tools for understanding historical claims in rabbinic literature |url=https://www.academia.edu/127965994 |journal=Journal of Philological Pedagogy |volume=12 |publisher=Chandler School of Education |pages=42–75 |doi=10.17613/rjp5a-md343 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>{{sfn|Faust|2015|loc=p.476: "While there is a consensus among scholars that the Exodus did not take place in the manner described in the Bible, surprisingly most scholars agree that the narrative has a historical core, and that some of the highland settlers came, one way or another, from Egypt.."}}{{sfn|Redmount|2001|p=61|ps=: "A few authorities have concluded that the core events of the Exodus saga are entirely literary fabrications. But most biblical scholars still subscribe to some variation of the Documentary Hypothesis, and support the basic historicity of the biblical narrative."}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Dever |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC |title=What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It? |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2001 |isbn=3-927120-37-5 |pages=98–99 |quote=After a century of exhaustive investigation, all respectable archaeologists have given up hope of recovering any context that would make Abraham, Isaac, or Jacob credible "historical figures" [...] archaeological investigation of Moses and the Exodus has similarly been discarded as a fruitless pursuit.}}</ref> A century of research by archaeologists and Egyptologists has arguably found no evidence that can be directly related to the Exodus narrative of an Egyptian captivity and the escape and travels through the wilderness, leading to the suggestion that [[Iron Age]] Israel—the kingdoms of Judah and Israel—has its origins in Canaan, not in Egypt:<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Finkelstein |editor-first1=Israel |editor-first2=Nadav |editor-last2=Naaman |title=From Nomadism to Monarchy: Archaeological and Historical Aspects of Early Israel |publisher=[[Israel Exploration Society]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-880317-20-4}}</ref><ref>Compare: {{cite book |first=Ian |last=Shaw |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmvNogJO2ZgC&q=%22Iron+Age+Israel%22+origins+in+Canaan%2C&pg=PA313 |title=A Dictionary of Archaeology |author2=Robert Jameson |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-631-23583-5 |editor=Ian Shaw |edition=New |page=313 |quote=The Biblical account of the origins of the people of Israel (principally recounted in Numbers, Joshua and Judges) often conflicts with non-Biblical textual sources and with the archaeological evidence for the settlement of Canaan in the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age. [...] Israel is first textually attested as a political entity in Egyptian texts of the late 13th century BCE and the Egyptologist Donald Redford argues that the Israelites must have been emerging as a distinct group within the Canaanite culture during the century or so prior to this. It has been suggested that the early Israelites were an oppressed rural group of Canaanites who rebelled against the more urbanized coastal Canaanites (Gottwald 1979). Alternatively, it has been argued that the Israelites were survivors of the decline in the fortunes of Canaan who established themselves in the highlands at the end of the late Bronze Age (Ahlstrom 1986: 27). Redford, however, makes a good case for equating the very earliest Israelites with a semi-nomadic people in the highlands of central Palestine whom the Egyptians called Shasu (Redford 1992:2689–80; although see Stager 1985 for strong arguments against the identification with the Shasu). These Shasu were a persistent thorn in the side of the Ramessid pharaohs' empire in Syria-Palestine, well-attested in Egyptian texts, but their pastoral lifestyle has left scant traces in the archaeological record. By the end of the 13th century BCE, however, the Shasu/Israelites were beginning to establish small settlements in the uplands, the architecture of which closely resembles contemporary Canaanite villages. |author-link=Israel, Israelites |access-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160406/https://books.google.com/books?id=zmvNogJO2ZgC&q=%22Iron+Age+Israel%22+origins+in+Canaan%2C&pg=PA313 |url-status=live}}</ref> The culture of the [[Israelite highland settlement|earliest Israelite settlements]] is Canaanite, their cult-objects are those of the Canaanite god [[El (deity)|El]], the pottery remains in the local Canaanite tradition, and the alphabet used is early Canaanite. The almost sole marker distinguishing the "Israelite" villages from Canaanite sites is an absence of pig bones, although whether this can be taken as an ethnic marker or is due to other factors remains a matter of dispute.<ref>{{cite book |last=Killebrew |first=Ann E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC |title=Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E. |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-58983-097-4 |location=Atlanta |page=176 |quote=Much has been made of the scarcity of pig bones at highland sites. Since small quantities of pig bones do appear in Late Bronze Age assemblages, some archaeologists have interpreted this to indicate that the ethnic identity of the highland inhabitants was distinct from Late Bronze Age indigenous peoples (see Finkelstein 1997, 227–230). Brian Hesse and Paula Wapnish (1997) advise caution, however, since the lack of pig bones at Iron I highland settlements could be a result of other factors that have little to do with ethnicity. |access-date=August 12, 2012 |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117055402/https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[Historicity of the Bible|Biblical narrative]], the [[Land of Israel]] was organized into a confederacy of twelve tribes ruled by a series of [[Biblical judges|Judges]] for several hundred years. === Ancient Israel and Judah === {{Main|History of ancient Israel and Judah}} [[File:LMLK, Ezekiah seals.jpg|thumb|A stamped bulla ([[LMLK seal]]) of [[Hezekiah]], "Of Hezekiah (son of) Ahaz King of Judah", [[Israel Museum]]]] Two Israelite kingdoms emerged during Iron Age II: [[Israel and Judah]]. The Bible portrays Israel and Judah as the successors of an earlier [[United Kingdom of Israel]], although [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)#Archaeological record|its historicity is disputed]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Zachary |date=April 22, 2016 |title=Debating the United Monarchy: Let's See How Far We've Come |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146107916639208 |journal=Biblical Theology Bulletin |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=59–69 |doi=10.1177/0146107916639208 |issn=0146-1079 |s2cid=147053561 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lipschits |first1=Oded |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ |title=The Jewish Study Bible |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-997846-5 |editor1-last=Berlin |editor1-first=Adele |edition=2nd |pages=2107–2119 |language=en |chapter=The history of Israel in the biblical period |quote=As this essay will show, however, the premonarchic period long ago became a literary description of the mythological roots, the early beginnings of the nation and the way to describe the right of Israel on its land. The archeological evidence also does not support the existence of a united monarchy under David and Solomon as described in the Bible, so the rubric of "united monarchy" is best abandoned, although it remains useful for discussing how the Bible views the Israelite past. [...] Although the kingdom of Judah is mentioned in some ancient inscriptions, they never suggest that it was part of a unit {{sic|comprised |hide=y|of}} Israel and Judah. There are no extrabiblical indications of a united monarchy called "Israel." |editor2-last=Brettler |editor2-first=Marc Zvi |access-date=August 19, 2022 |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160917/https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Historians and archaeologists agree that the northern [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]] existed from {{circa|900 BCE}}<ref name="Finkelstein-2001">{{cite book |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Israel |title=The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories |last2=Silberman |first2=Neil Asher |date=2001 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-86912-4 |edition=1st Touchstone |location=New York}}</ref>{{rp|169–195}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wright |first1=Jacob L. |date=July 2014 |title=David, King of Judah (Not Israel) |url=http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/2014/07/wri388001.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301164250/http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/2014/07/wri388001.shtml |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=The Bible and Interpretation}}</ref> and that the [[Kingdom of Judah]] existed from {{Abbr|ca.|circa}} 700 BCE.<ref name="The Pitcher Is Broken">[https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160404/https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 |date=April 9, 2023 }} Quote: "For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to date."</ref> The [[Tel Dan Stele]], discovered in 1993, shows that the kingdom, at least in some form, existed by the middle of the 9th century BCE, but it does not indicate the extent of its power.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grabbe |first=Lester L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcVmBAEo5rcC&pg=PA333 |title=Ahab Agonistes: The Rise and Fall of the Omri Dynasty |date=April 28, 2007 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-0-567-25171-8 |quote=The Tel Dan inscription generated a good deal of debate and a flurry of articles when it first appeared, but it is now widely regarded (a) as genuine and (b) as referring to the Davidic dynasty and the Aramaic kingdom of Damascus. |access-date=August 19, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cline |first=Eric H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uGzRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |title=Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction |date=September 28, 2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-971162-8 |quote=Today, after much further discussion in academic journals, it is accepted by most archaeologists that the inscription is not only genuine but that the reference is indeed to the House of David, thus representing the first allusion found anywhere outside the Bible to the biblical David. |access-date=August 19, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mykytiuk |first=Lawrence J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eprY1Qd0veAC&pg=PA113 |title=Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200-539 B.C.E. |date=January 1, 2004 |publisher=Society of Biblical Lit |isbn=978-1-58983-062-2 |quote=Some unfounded accusations of forgery have had little or no effect on the scholarly acceptance of this inscription as genuine.}}</ref> Biblical tradition tells that the Israelite monarchy was established in 1037 BCE under [[Saul]], who was anointed by the prophet Samuel,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Was the First King of Israel? |url=https://shopisrael.com/blogs/about-israel/first-king-of-israel |access-date=February 5, 2025 |website=Shop Israel |language=en}}</ref> and continued under [[David]] and his son, [[Solomon]]. David greatly expanded the kingdom's borders and [[Siege of Jebus|conquered Jerusalem]] from the [[Jebusites]], turning it into the national, political and religious capital of the kingdom. Solomon, his son, later built the [[First Temple]] on [[Moriah|Mount Moriah]] in Jerusalem. Upon his death, traditionally dated to c. 930 BCE, a civil war erupted between the ten northern Israelite tribes, and the tribes of [[Tribe of Judah|Judah]] ([[Tribe of Simeon|Simeon]] was absorbed into Judah) and [[Tribe of Benjamin|Benjamin]] in the south. The kingdom then split into the Kingdom of Israel in the north, and the Kingdom of Judah in the south. The Kingdom of Israel was the more prosperous of the two kingdoms and soon developed into a regional power.{{sfn|Finkelstein|Silberman|2002|pp=146-147|loc=Put simply, while Judah was still economically marginal and backward, Israel was booming. ... In the next chapter we will see how the northern kingdom suddenly appeared on the ancient Near Eastern stage as a major regional power}} During the days of the [[Omride Dynasty|Omride dynasty]], it controlled [[Samaria]], [[Galilee]], the upper [[Jordan Valley]], the [[Sharon plain|Sharon]] and large parts of the [[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Israel |last=Finkelstein |title=The forgotten kingdom : the archaeology and history of Northern Israel |isbn=978-1-58983-910-6 |pages=74 |oclc=949151323}}</ref> [[Samaria (ancient city)|Samaria]], the capital, was home to one of the largest Iron Age palaces in the Levant.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |title=The Forgotten Kingdom: the archaeology and history of Northern Israel |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-58983-911-3 |pages=65–66; 73; 78; 87–94 |oclc=880456140}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |date=November 1, 2011 |title=Observations on the Layout of Iron Age Samaria |url=https://doi.org/10.1179/033443511x13099584885303 |journal=Tel Aviv |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=194–207 |doi=10.1179/033443511x13099584885303 |issn=0334-4355 |s2cid=128814117 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The kingdom of Israel was destroyed {{cx|720 BCE}}, when it was [[Samerina|conquered]] by the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]].<ref name="Broshi-2001">{{cite book |last=Broshi |first=Maguen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PAPA174 |title=Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-84127-201-6 |page=174}}</ref> The Kingdom of Judah, with its capital in [[Jerusalem]], controlled the [[Judaean Mountains]], the [[Shephelah]], the [[Judaean Desert]] and parts of the [[Negev]]. After the fall of Israel, Judah became a [[client state]] of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. In the 7th century BCE, the kingdom's population increased greatly, prospering under [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Assyrian]] [[Vassal state|vassalage]], despite [[Hezekiah#Assyrian invasion|Hezekiah's revolt]] against the Assyrian king [[Sennacherib]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2kSovzudhFUC |title=A History of the Jewish People |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |editor-last=Ben-Sasson |editor-first=Haim Hillel |editor-link=H. H. Ben-Sasson |page=142 |quote=Sargon's heir, Sennacherib (705–681), could not deal with Hezekiah's revolt until he gained control of Babylon in 702 BCE.}}</ref> [[File:Mesad Hashavyahu ostracon.jpg|thumb|The [[Yavne-Yam ostracon]], a [[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet|Paleo-Hebrew]] inscription documenting administration in [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]]]] Large parts of the Hebrew Bible were written during this period. This includes the earliest portions of [[Book of Hosea|Hosea]],{{sfn|Kelle|2005|p=9}} [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]],{{sfn|Brettler|2010|pp=161–162}} [[Book of Amos|Amos]]{{sfn|Radine|2010|pp=71–72}} and [[Book of Micah|Micah]],{{sfn|Rogerson|2003a|p=690}} along with [[Book of Nahum|Nahum]],{{sfn|O'Brien|2002|p=14}} [[Book of Zephaniah|Zephaniah]],{{sfn|Gelston|2003c|p=715}} most of [[Deuteronomy]],{{sfn|Rogerson|2003b|p=154}} the first edition of the [[Deuteronomistic history]] (the books of [[Book of Joshua|Joshua]]/[[Book of Judges|Judges]]/[[Books of Samuel|Samuel]]/[[Books of Kings|Kings]]),{{sfn|Campbell|O'Brien|2000|p=2 and fn.6}} and [[Book of Habakkuk|Habakkuk]].{{sfn|Gelston|2003a|p=710}} With the collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 605 BCE, a power struggle emerged between [[Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt|Egypt]] and the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] for control of the [[Levant]],<ref name="Bickerman-2007">{{Citation |last=Bickerman |first=E. J. |title=Nebuchadnezzar And Jerusalem |date=January 1, 2007 |work=Studies in Jewish and Christian History (2 vols) |pages=961–974 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789047420729/Bej.9789004152946.i-1242_044.xml |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004152946.i-1242.280 |isbn=978-90-474-2072-9 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> leading to Judah's rapid decline. In 601 BCE, King [[Jehoiakim]] of Judah, who had recently submitted to Babylon, rebelled against the empire. He was soon succeeded by his son, Jehoiachin, who continued his father's policy and faced a Babylonian invasion.<ref name="Bickerman-2007" /> In March 597 BCE,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galil |first=Gershon |date=1991 |title=The Babylonian Calendar and the Chronology of the Last Kings of Judah |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42611193 |journal=Biblica |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=367–378 |jstor=42611193 |issn=0006-0887 |quote=All the scholars, without exception, establish the date of the surrender of Jehoiachin, king of Judah, as the second day of Adar, the seventh year of Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon (March 16, 597 BC), following the Babylonian chronicle ... This unique date is undoubtedly the most precise in Israelite history during the biblical period.}}</ref> Jehoiachin surrendered to the Babylonians and was taken captive to Babylon.<ref name="Bickerman-2007" /> This defeat is documented in the [[Babylonian Chronicles]].<ref>{{cite web |title=British Museum – Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605–594 BCE) |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030154541/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx |archive-date=October 30, 2014 |access-date=October 30, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ABC 5 (Jerusalem Chronicle) – Livius |url=https://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505195611/https://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html |archive-date=May 5, 2019 |access-date=March 26, 2020 |website=www.livius.org}}</ref> [[Zedekiah]], Jehoiachin's uncle, was then installed as king by the Babylonians.<ref name="Bickerman-2007" /> In 587 or 586 BCE, [[Nebuchadnezzar II]], responding to a second revolt in Judah, [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|besieged and destroyed Jerusalem]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shalom |first1=N. |last2=Vaknin |first2=Y. |last3=Shaar |first3=R. |last4=Ben-Yosef |first4=E. |last5=Lipschits |first5=O. |last6=Shalev |first6=Y. |last7=Gadot |first7=Y. |last8=Boaretto |first8=E. |date=2023 |title=Destruction by fire: Reconstructing the evidence of the 586 BCE Babylonian destruction in a monumental building in Jerusalem |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305440323001036 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=157 |article-number=105823 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2023.105823 |bibcode=2023JArSc.157j5823S |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Bickerman-2007" /> The [[First Temple]] was razed, and its sacred vessels were seized as spoils.<ref name="Bedford-2001a">{{Citation |last=Bedford |first=Peter Ross |title=Introduction |date=2001 |work=Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah |pages=1–39 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004498051/B9789004498051_s004.xml |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/9789004498051_004 |isbn=978-90-04-49805-1 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The destruction was followed by a mass exile: the surviving inhabitants of the city, including other segments of the population, were carried off to Mesopotamia,<ref name="Bedford-2001a" /> marking the onset of the era known in Jewish history as the "[[Babylonian Captivity]]". Zedekiah himself was captured, blinded, and transported to Babylon.<ref name="Bedford-2001a" /> Others [[History of the Jews in Egypt|fled to Egypt]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} The people of Judah lost their statehood, and, for those in exile, their homeland.<ref name="Bedford-2001b">{{Citation |last=Bedford |first=Peter Ross |title=Living Without the Jerusalem Temple—In Judah and Babylonia |date=January 1, 2001 |work=Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah |page=42 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004498051/B9789004498051_s005.xml |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/9789004498051_005 |isbn=978-90-04-49805-1 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Following the dissolution of the monarchy, the former kingdom was annexed as a province of the Babylonian Empire.<ref name="Bickerman-2007" /><ref name="Bedford-2001a" /> === Babylonian captivity (c. 587–538 BCE)<!--[[Exilic]] redirects directly here.--> === {{Main|Babylonian captivity}} [[File:Tissot The Flight of the Prisoners.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Deportation and exile of the ancient [[Kingdom of Judah|Judeans]] to [[Babylon]] and the destruction of Jerusalem and [[Solomon's temple]]]]During the several decades between the fall of Judah and their [[return to Zion]] under Persian rule, Jewish history enters an obscure phase. Many Jews were exiled across [[Babylonia]], [[Elam]], and [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], while others remained in [[Yehud (Babylonian province)|Judea under Babylonian rule]]. [[Jeremiah]] refers to communities in Egypt, including settlements in [[Migdol]], [[Tahpanhes]], [[Noph]], and [[Pathros]]. Moreover, a Jewish military colony existed at [[Elephantine]], established before the exile, where they built their own shrine.<ref name="Bedford-2001b" /> Deuteronomy was expanded and earlier scriptures were edited during the exilic period. The first edition of [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]], the [[Book of Ezekiel]], the majority of [[Book of Obadiah|Obadiah]], and what is referred to in research as "[[Book of Isaiah|Second Isaiah]]" were all written during this time period as well.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} ==هيڪل سليماني جي ٻيهر تعمير== ===<span class="anchor" id="Post-exilic_period"></span>هخامنشي دور (332 کان 538ع)<!--"Post-exilic period", "Post-Exilic period", "Post-exilic", "Post-Exilic", Postexilic, "Pre-exilic period", "Pre-Exilic period", "Pre-Exilic" and "Pre-exilic" redirect here-->=== [[File:109.Ezra Reads the Law to the People.jpg|thumb|[[Ezra]] Reads the Law to the People, Gustav Dore]] According to the Book of Ezra, Persian [[Cyrus the Great]], king of the [[Achaemenid Empire]], brought an end to the [[Babylonian exile]] in 538 BCE,<ref name="Biu.ac.il">{{cite web |title=Second Temple Period (538 BCE. to 70 CE) Persian Rule |url=http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_4.html |access-date=March 15, 2014 |publisher=Biu.ac.il}}</ref> a year after his conquest of Babylon.<ref>''Harper's Bible Dictionary'', ed. by Achtemeier, etc., Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1985, p. 103</ref> The return from exile was led by [[Zerubbabel]], a prince from the royal line of David, and Joshua the Priest, descended from former High Priests of the Temple. They oversaw the construction of the [[Second Temple]], completed between 521 and 516 BCE.<ref name="Biu.ac.il" /> As part of the [[Persian Empire]], the former Kingdom of Judah became the province of Judah (''[[Yehud Medinata]]'')<ref>Yehud being the Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew Yehuda, or "Judah", and "medinata" the word for province</ref> with different borders, covering a smaller territory.<ref>{{cite book |last=Grabbe |first=Lester L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MnE5T_0RbMC&q=gave+the+Jews+permission+to+return+to+Yehud+province+and+to+rebuild+the&pg=PA355 |title=A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud – A History of the Persian Province of Judah |volume=1 |publisher=T&T Clark |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-567-08998-4 |page=355}}</ref> Contemporary scholars point to a gradual return process that extended into the late 6th and early 5th centuries BCE.<ref>{{Citation |last=Lipschits |first=Oded |title=Judah in the Biblical Period |chapter=Between Archaeology and Text: A Reevaluation of the Development Process of Jerusalem in the Persian Period |date=March 18, 2024 |page=374 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110487442-020/html |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110487442-020 |isbn=978-3-11-048744-2}}</ref> The population of Persian Judah was greatly reduced from that of the kingdom, archaeological surveys showing a population of around 30,000 during the 5th—4th centuries BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Israel |title=The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories |last2=Silberman |first2=Neil Asher |date=2001 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=0-684-86912-8 |edition=1st Touchstone |location=New York}}</ref>{{rp|308}} The final Torah is widely seen as a product of the [[Persian period]] (539–333 BCE, probably 450–350 BCE).{{Sfn|Frei|2001|p=6}} This consensus echoes a traditional Jewish view which gives [[Ezra]], the leader of the Jewish community on its return from Babylon, a pivotal role in its promulgation.{{sfn|Romer|2008|p=2 and fn.3}} Three prophets, considered the last in Jewish tradition, were active during this period: [[Haggai]], [[Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)|Zechariah]], and [[Malachi]].<ref>[[Jerusalem Bible]] (1966), ''Haggai'', ''Zechariah'', ''Malachi'' in ''Introduction to the Prophets'', London: Darton, Longman & Todd, pp. 1138–1140</ref> After the death of the last Jewish prophet and while still under Persian rule, the leadership of the [[Jewish people]] passed into the hands of five successive generations of [[zugot]] (pairs) of leaders. They flourished first [[Yehud Medinata|under the Persians]] and then under the Greeks. As a result, the [[Pharisees]] and [[Sadducees]] were formed. Under the Persians then under the Greeks, Jewish coins were minted in Judea as [[Yehud coinage]].{{citation needed|date=February 2012}} === Hellenistic period (c. 332–110 BCE) === {{Main|Hellenistic Judaism}} [[File:Jews Byzantine Greek Alexander Manuscript (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Alexander the Great]], clad as a [[Byzantine emperor]], receives a delegation of Jewish [[rabbi]]s. Miniature from the 14th-century ''Alexander Romance'']] In 332 BCE, [[Alexander the Great]] of [[Macedon]] defeated the Persians. After Alexander's death and the division of his empire among his generals, the [[Seleucid Kingdom]] was formed. The Alexandrian conquests spread Greek culture to the Levant. During this time, currents of Judaism were influenced by [[Hellenistic philosophy]] developed from the 3rd century BCE, notably the [[Jewish diaspora]] in [[Alexandrian Jews|Alexandria]], culminating in the compilation of the [[Septuagint]]. An important advocate of the symbiosis of Jewish theology and Hellenistic thought is [[Philo]]. === Hasmonean dynasty (110–63 BCE) === {{Main|Hasmonean dynasty}} [[File:John Hyrcanus.jpg|thumb|JUDAEA, Hasmoneans. John Hyrcanus I (Yehohanan). 135–104 BCE. Æ Prutah (13mm, 2.02&nbsp;gm, 12h). "Yehohanan the High Priest and the Council of the Jews" (in Hebrew) in five lines within wreath / Double cornucopiae adorned with ribbons; pomegranate between horns; small A to lower left. Meshorer Group B, 11; Hendin 457.]] Triggered by anti-Jewish decrees from Seleucid king [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]] and tensions between Hellenized and conservative Jews, the [[Maccabean Revolt]] erupted in Judea in 167 BCE under the leadership of [[Mattathias]]. His son, [[Judas Maccabeus]], recaptured Jerusalem in 164 BCE, purifying the Second Temple and reinstating sacrificial worship.<ref name="Atkinson-2016">{{Cite book |last=Atkinson |first=Kenneth |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/949219870 |title=A History of the Hasmonean State: Josephus and Beyond |date=2016 |publisher=T&T Clark |isbn=978-0-567-66902-5 |series=T&T Clark Jewish and Christian texts series |location=London; New York |pages=2, 23–28 |oclc=949219870}}</ref> The successful revolt eventually led to the formation of an independent Jewish state under the [[Hasmonean dynasty]], which lasted from 165 to 63 BCE.<ref>See: *[[William David Davies]]. ''The Hellenistic Age''. Volume 2 of Cambridge History of Judaism. Cambridge University Press, 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-521-21929-7}}. pp. 292–312. *Jeff S. Anderson. ''The Internal Diversification of Second Temple Judaism: An Introduction to the Second Temple Period''. University Press of America, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-7618-2327-8}}. pp. 37–38. *Howard N. Lupovitch. ''Jews and Judaism in World History''. Taylor & Francis. 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-415-46205-1}}. pp. 26–30.</ref> Initially governing as both political leaders and High Priests, the [[Hasmoneans]] later assumed the title of kings. They employed military campaigns and diplomacy to consolidate power.<ref name="Atkinson-2016" /> Under the rule of [[Alexander Jannaeus]] and [[Salome Alexandra]], [[Hasmonean Judea]] reached its zenith in size and influence. However, internal strife erupted between Salome Alexandra's sons, [[Hyrcanus II]] and [[Aristobulus II]], leading to civil war and appeals to Roman authorities for intervention. Responding to these appeals, Pompey led a Roman campaign of conquest and annexation, which marked the end of Hasmonean sovereignty and ushered in Roman rule over Judea.<ref>Hooker, Richard. {{cite web |title=The Hebrews: The Diaspora |url=http://www.wsu.edu:8000/~dee/HEBREWS/HEBREWS.HTM |access-date=April 7, 2018 |archive-date=August 29, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829230214/http://www.wsu.edu:8000/%7Edee/HEBREWS/HEBREWS.HTM |url-status=dead}} World Civilizations Learning Modules. Washington State University, 1999.</ref> === Roman period (63 BCE – 135 CE) === {{Main|Herodian dynasty|History of the Jews in the Roman Empire|Roman Palestine|Judaea (Roman province)|Jewish–Roman wars}} [[File:Monnaie - Prutah, bronze, Jérusalem, Judée, Mattathias Antigonos - btv1b8480202s (1 of 2).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Hasmonean coinage|Hasmonean coin]] of [[Antigonus II Mattathias]], depicting the [[Temple menorah]]]] Judea had been an independent Jewish kingdom under the Hasmoneans, but it was [[Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)|conquered and reorganized as a client state by the Roman general Pompey in 63 BCE]]. [[Roman expansion]] was going on in other areas as well, and it would continue for more than a hundred and fifty years. Later, [[Herod the Great]] was appointed "King of the Jews" by the [[Roman Senate]], supplanting the Hasmonean dynasty. Some of his offspring held various positions after him, known as the [[Herodian dynasty]]. Briefly, from 4 BCE to 6 CE, [[Herod Archelaus]] ruled the [[Tetrarchy (Judea)|tetrarchy of Judea]] as [[ethnarch]], the Romans denying him the title of King. After the [[Census of Quirinius]] in 6 CE, the [[Roman province of Judaea]] was formed as a satellite of [[Roman Syria]] under the rule of a [[prefect]] (as was [[Roman Egypt]]) until 41 CE, then [[Procurator (Roman)|procurators]] after 44 CE. The empire was often callous and brutal in its treatment of its Jewish subjects, (see [[Anti-Judaism#Pre-Christian Roman Empire|Anti-Judaism in the pre-Christian Roman Empire]]). In 30 CE (or 33 CE), [[Jesus of Nazareth]], an itinerant [[rabbi]] from [[Galilee]], and the central figure of [[Christianity]], was put to death by [[crucifixion]] in Jerusalem under the Roman prefect of [[Judaea]], [[Pontius Pilate]].<ref>Charlesworth, James H. (2008). The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide. {{ISBN|978-1-4267-2475-6}}</ref> For a short time Judea was reunited and semi-independent under [[Agrippa the Great]] who had good relations with both the Roman aristocracy and local Jewish citizens. After his death Judea was again annexed by Rome and his less popular son [[Herod Agrippa II]] was made ethnarch.<ref>Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, livre XVIII, § V, 4, (132).</ref> [[File:19 Shrine of the Book 005 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Reconstruction of the [[Second Temple]], following renovations by [[Herod the Great|Herod]] in the 1st century CE]] [[File:Roberts Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Siege of Jerusalem (70)|Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans]] (1850 painting by [[David Roberts (painter)|David Roberts]])]] Roman oppressive rule, combined with economic, religious, and ethnic tensions, eventually led to the outbreak of the [[First Jewish–Roman War]], also known as the Great Revolt, in 66 CE. Future emperor [[Vespasian]] quelled the rebellion in [[Galilee]] by 67 CE, capturing key strongholds.<ref>Jensen, M. H. (2014). The Political History in Galilee from the First Century BCE to the end of the Second Century CE. ''Galilee in the late Second Temple and Mishnaic periods. Volume 1. Life, culture and society'', pp. 69-70. "According to Jewish War, Vespasian laid siege to and conquered all the major strongholds of Galilee [...] Since the entire campaign was short and lasted only for some months in the spring and summer of 67, there is no reason to believe that Galilee was entirely devastated when the Romans set their course south. However, the places that were conquered, were in a typical Roman fashion levelled more or less to the ground and many people sold of as slaves.</ref> He was succeeded by his son [[Titus]], who led the brutal [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|siege of Jerusalem]], culminating in the city's fall in 70 CE. The Romans burned Jerusalem and destroyed the Second Temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weksler-Bdolah |first=Shlomit |title=Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman period: in light of archaeological research |publisher=Brill |year=2019 |isbn=978-90-04-41707-6 |page=3 |oclc=1170143447 |quote=The historical description is consistent with the archeological finds. Collapses of massive stones from the walls of the Temple Mount were exposed lying over the Herodian street running along the Western Wall of the Temple Mount. The residential buildings of the Ophel and the Upper City were destroyed by great fire. The large urban drainage channel and the Pool of Siloam in the Lower City silted up and ceased to function, and in many places the city walls collapsed. [...] Following the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE, a new era began in the city's history. The Herodian city was destroyed and a military camp of the Tenth Roman Legion established on part of the ruins.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reich |first=Ronny |date=2009 |title=The Sack of Jerusalem in 70 CE: Flavius Josephus' Description and the Archaeological Record |script-title=he:חורבן ירושלים בשנת 70 לסה"נ: תיאורו של יוסף בן מתתיהו והממצא הארכאולוגי |journal=Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv |script-journal=he:קתדרה: לתולדות ארץ ישראל ויישובה |issue=131 |pages=25–42 |issn=0334-4657 |jstor=23407359}}</ref> The Roman victory was celebrated with a [[Roman triumph|triumph]] in Rome, showcasing Jewish artefacts like the [[Temple menorah|menorah]], which were then put on display in the new [[Temple of Peace, Rome|Temple of Peace]].<ref>Huitink, Luuk. "Between Triumph and Tragedy: Josephus, Bellum Judaicum 7.121–157." ''Reading Greek, Hellenistic and Roman spolia. Objects, appropriation and cultural change, Euhormos: Greco-Roman Studies in Anchoring Innovation. Leiden: Brill'' (2023). pp. 215–216, 234</ref> The Flavian dynasty leveraged this victory for political gain, erecting monuments in Rome and minting [[Judaea Capta coinage|Judaea Capta coins]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Overman |first1=J. Andrew |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134518326 |title=The First Jewish Revolt |last2=Overman |first2=J. Andrew |date=September 2, 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-51832-6 |chapter=The First Revolt and Flavian politics |doi=10.4324/9780203167441}}</ref> The war concluded with the [[siege of Masada]] (73–74 CE). The Jewish population suffered widespread devastation, with displacement, enslavement, and Roman confiscation of Jewish-owned land.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Herr |first=Moshe David |title=The History of Eretz Israel: The Roman Byzantine period: the Roman period from the conquest to the Ben Kozba War (63 B.C.E-135 C.E.) |publisher=Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi |year=1984 |editor-last=Shtern |editor-first=Menahem |location=Jerusalem |page=288}}</ref> The destruction of the Second Temple marked a cataclysmic event in Jewish history, triggering far-reaching transformations within Judaism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maclean Rogers |first=Guy |title=For the Freedom of Zion: The Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66–74 CE |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-300-26256-8 |location=New Haven and London |pages=3–5 |oclc=1294393934}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Neusner |first=Jacob |title=Judaism in a Time of Crisis: Four Responses to the Destruction of the Second Temple |date=November 28, 2017 |work=Neusner on Judaism |pages=399–413 |editor-last1=Hinnells |editor-first1=John |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351152761-20 |access-date=May 22, 2022 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781351152761-20 |isbn=978-1-351-15276-1 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Karesh-2006">{{Cite book |last=Karesh |first=Sara E. |title=Encyclopedia of Judaism |publisher=Facts On File |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-78785-171-9 |oclc=1162305378 |quote=Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. Without the Temple, the Sadducees no longer had any claim to authority, and they faded away. The sage Yochanan ben Zakkai, with permission from Rome, set up the outpost of Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism.}}</ref> With the central role of sacrificial worship obliterated, religious practices shifted towards [[Jewish prayer|prayer]], [[Torah study]], and communal gatherings in [[synagogue]]s. According to Rabbinic tradition, Yohanan ben Zakkai secured permission from the Romans to establish a center for Torah study in [[Yavne]]h, which then served as a focal point for Jewish religious and cultural life for a generation.<ref name="Stemberger-2003">{{Citation |last=Stemberger |first=Guenter |title=The Formation of Rabbinic Judaism, 70–640 CE |date=2003 |work=The Blackwell Companion to Judaism |pages=78–79 |editor-last=Neusner |editor-first=Jacob |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470758014.ch5 |access-date=July 2, 2024 |edition=1 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |doi=10.1002/9780470758014.ch5 |isbn=978-1-57718-058-6 |editor2-last=Avery-Peck |editor2-first=Alan J. |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-judaism/3F4F0A32983FC0DCDB414553888DC394 |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |volume=4 |page=268 |doi=10.1017/chol9780521772488 |quote=Under the leadership of R. Yohanan ben Zakkai and his circle at Yavneh, Judaism sought to reconstitute itself and find a new equilibrium in the face of the disaster of 70.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neusner |first=Jacob |title=Religion (Judentum: Palästinisches Judentum &#91;Forts.&#93;) |date=September 26, 2016 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-083904-3 |editor-last1=Haase |editor-first1=Wolfgang |language=de |chapter=The Formation of Rabbinic Judaism: Yavneh (Jamnia) from A.D. 70 to 100 |pages=3–42 |doi=10.1515/9783110839043-002 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110839043-002/html}}</ref> Judaism also underwent a significant shift away from its sectarian divisions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Shaye J. D. |date=1984 |title=The Significance of Yavneh: Pharisees, Rabbis, and the End of Jewish Sectarianism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507609 |journal=Hebrew Union College Annual |volume=55 |page=29 |jstor=23507609 |issn=0360-9049 |quote=The goal was not the triumph over other sects but the elimination of the need for sectarianism itself. [...] The destruction of the temple provided the impetus for this process: it warned the Jews of the dangers of internal divisiveness and it removed one of the major focal points of Jewish sectarianism.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Jodi |last=Magness |title=Was 70 CE a Watershed in Jewish History?: On Jews and Judaism before and after the Destruction of the Second Temple |publisher=Brill |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-04-21744-7 |editor-first=Daniel R. |editor-last=Schwartz |chapter=Sectarianism before and after 70 CE |editor-first2=Zeev |editor-last2=Weiss |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VecxAQAAQBAJ&q=diaspora+70+ce&pg=PA189}}</ref> The [[Sadducees]] and [[Essenes]], two prominent sects in the late Second Temple period, faded into obscurity,<ref name="Karesh-2006" /> while the traditions of the [[Pharisees]], including their halakhic interpretations, the centrality of the [[Oral Torah]], and [[Jewish eschatology|belief in resurrection]] became the foundation of [[Rabbinic Judaism]].<ref name="Stemberger-2003" />[[File:Arch of Titus Menorah.png|upright=1.15|thumb|The sack of Jerusalem depicted on the inside wall of the [[Arch of Titus]] in [[Rome]]]] === Diaspora during the Second Temple period === {{Main|Jewish diaspora}} The [[Jewish diaspora]] existed well before the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE and had been ongoing for centuries, with the dispersal driven by both forced expulsions and voluntary migrations.<ref>[[Erich S. Gruen]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=t1IR4WtFjGUC&pg=PA3 Diaspora: Jews Amidst Greeks and Romans] [[Harvard University Press]], 2009 pp. 3–4, 233–234: 'Compulsory dislocation, .…cannot have accounted for more than a fraction of the diaspora. … The vast bulk of Jews who dwelled abroad in the Second Temple Period did so voluntarily.' (2)' .Diaspora did not await the fall of Jerusalem to Roman power and destructiveness. The scattering of Jews had begun long before-occasionally through forced expulsion, much more frequently through voluntary migration.'</ref><ref name="Goodman-2018">{{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=Martin |title=A History of Judaism |date=2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18127-1 |location=Princeton Oxford |pages=21, 232}}</ref> In Mesopotamia, a testimony to the beginnings of the Jewish community can be found in [[Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets|Joachin's ration tablets]], listing provisions allotted to the exiled Judean king and his family by [[Nebuchadnezzar II]], and further evidence are the [[Al-Yahudu Tablets|Al-Yahudu tablets]], dated to the 6th-5th centuries BCE and related to the exiles from Judea arriving after the destruction of the [[First Temple]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Luke |date=February 3, 2017 |title=Ancient tablets reveal life of Jews in Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-archaeology-babylon-idUSKBN0L71EK20150203 |newspaper=Reuters}}</ref> though there is ample evidence for the presence of Jews in Babylonia even from 626 BCE.<ref>Zadok R. Judeans in Babylonia–Updating the Dossier. in U. Gabbay and Sh. Secunda. (eds.). ''Encounters by the Rivers of Babylon: Scholarly Conversations between Jews, Iranians and Babylonians in Antiquity'', Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism 160. Tübingen: MohrSiebeck. pp. 109–110.</ref> In Egypt, the [[Elephantine papyri and ostraca|documents from Elephantine]] reveal the trials of a community founded by a Persian Jewish garrison at two fortresses on the frontier during the 5th-4th centuries BCE, and according to [[Josephus]] the Jewish community in Alexandria existed since the founding of the city in the 4th century BCE by [[Alexander the Great]].<ref>Josephus Flavius, ''Against Appion''. 4.II</ref> By 200 BCE, there were well established Jewish communities both in Egypt and Mesopotamia ("[[History of the Jews in Iraq|Babylonia]]" in Jewish sources) and in the two centuries that followed, Jewish populations were also present in [[Asia Minor]], [[Greece]], [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]], [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]], and, beginning in the middle of the 1st century BCE, in the city of [[Rome]].<ref>{{cite book |first=E. Mary |last=Smallwood |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism: The early Roman period, Volume 3 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-521-24377-3 |editor1=William David Davies |chapter=The Diaspora in the Roman period before AD 70 |editor2=Louis Finkelstein |editor3=William Horbury |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AW2BuWcalXIC&q=Diaspora+before+70&pg=PA168}}</ref><ref name="Goodman-2018" /> In the first centuries CE, as a result of the [[Jewish–Roman wars]],<ref name="מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת">מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת "עם ישראל – תולדות 4000 שנה – מימי האבות ועד חוזה השלום", ע"מ 95. (Translation: Mordechai Vermebrand and Betzalel S. Ruth – "The People of Israel – the history of 4000 years – from the days of the Forefathers to the Peace Treaty", 1981, p. 95)</ref> a large number of Jews were taken as captives, sold into slavery, or compelled to flee from the regions affected by the wars, contributing to the formation and expansion of Jewish communities across the [[Roman Empire]] as well as in Arabia and Mesopotamia. Jewish communities across Cyrenaica, Cyprus, and Egypt were almost entirely obliterated due to the harsh Roman response to the Diaspora Revolt.<ref name="Kerkeslager-2006" /><ref name="Zeev-2006b" /> The [[New Testament]] Book of [[Acts]], as well as other [[Pauline epistles|Pauline]] texts, make frequent reference to the large populations of [[Hellenized Jews]] in the cities of the Roman world. These Hellenized Jews were affected by the diaspora only in its spiritual sense, absorbing the feeling of loss and homelessness that became a cornerstone of the Jewish creed, much supported by persecutions in various parts of the world. Of critical importance to the reshaping of Jewish tradition from the Temple-based religion to the rabbinic traditions of the Diaspora, was the development of the interpretations of the Torah found in the [[Mishnah]] and [[Talmud]]. ==تالمود وارو دور== ===پھرين يهودي بغاوت (115 کان 117ع)=== During the [[Diaspora Revolt]] (115–117 CE), [[Jewish diaspora]] communities across several eastern provinces of the [[Roman Empire]] engaged in widespread rebellion.<ref name="Zeev-2006a">{{Citation |last=Zeev |first=Miriam Pucci Ben |title=The uprisings in the Jewish Diaspora, 116–117 |date=June 22, 2006 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism |pages=93–106 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781139055130A007/type/book_part |access-date=September 8, 2024 |edition=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/chol9780521772488.005 |isbn=978-1-139-05513-0 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Driven by messianic fervor and hopes for the [[Gathering of Israel|ingathering of exiles]] and the [[Third Temple|reconstruction of the Temple]], these communities may have sought to spark a broader movement possibly aimed at returning to [[Judea]] and rebuilding Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smallwood |first=E. Mary |title=The Jews under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diocletian |publisher=SBL Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-90-04-50204-8 |pages=394–397}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Horbury |first=William |title=Jewish War under Trajan and Hadrian |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-139-04905-4 |pages=276}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Barclay |first=John M. G. |title=Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora: from Alexander to Trajan (323 BCE–117 CE) |date=1998 |publisher=T&T Clark |isbn=978-0-567-08651-8 |edition= |location=Edinburgh |pages=241}}</ref> Ancient sources describe the revolt as extremely brutal, with cases of cannibalism and mutilation, though modern scholars often consider these accounts to be exaggerated.<ref name="Zeev-2006a" /> The Roman suppression of the revolt was marked by severe measures, including [[ethnic cleansing]], leading to the near-total destruction of Jewish diaspora communities in [[Roman Libya|Libya]], [[Roman Cyprus|Cyprus]] and [[Roman Egypt|Egypt]],<ref name="Kerkeslager-2006">{{Citation |last1=Kerkeslager |first1=Allen |title=The Diaspora from 66 to c. 235 ce |date=2006 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |volume=4 |pages=62–63 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-judaism/diaspora-from-66-to-c-235-ce/5AECAD54BE6CA31C7968EED92D6CA36A |access-date=September 10, 2024 |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/chol9780521772488.004 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |last2=Setzer |first2=Claudia |last3=Trebilco |first3=Paul |last4=Goodblatt |first4=David}}</ref><ref name="Zeev-2006b">{{Citation |last=Zeev |first=Miriam Pucci Ben |title=The uprisings in the Jewish Diaspora, 116–117 |date=June 22, 2006 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism |page=98 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781139055130A007/type/book_part |access-date=September 8, 2024 |edition=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/chol9780521772488.005 |isbn=978-1-139-05513-0 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> including the significant and influential community in [[Alexandria]].<ref name="Goodman-2018" /><ref name="Kerkeslager-2006" /> ===بار ڪوخبا بغاوت (132 کان 136ع=== {{Main|بار ڪوخبا بغاوت}} [[File:Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg|thumb|A tetradrachm minted during the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]], featuring the former Second Temple, a ''lulav'', and the slogan 'to the freedom of Jerusalem']] From 132 to 136 CE, Judaea was the center of the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]], triggered by Hadrian's decision to establish the pagan colony of [[Aelia Capitolina]] on the ruins of Jerusalem.<ref name="Eck-2015">{{Citation |last=Eck |first=Werner |editor-first1=Werner |editor-last1=Eck |title=Bar Kokhba |date=July 30, 2015 |work=Oxford Classical Dictionary |url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-1056 |access-date=July 2, 2024 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1056 |isbn=978-0-19-938113-5 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Early successes led to the establishment of a short-lived Jewish state in Judea under the leadership of [[Simon Bar Kokhba]], styled as ''[[Nasi (Hebrew title)|nasi]]'' or prince of Israel.<ref name="Eck-2015" /> The [[Bar Kokhba revolt coinage|rebel state's coinage]] proclaimed "Freedom of Israel" and "For the Freedom of Jerusalem", using [[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet|ancient Hebrew script]] for nationalistic symbolism.<ref name="Eck-1999">{{Cite journal |last=Eck |first=Werner |date=1999 |title=The Bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of View |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/abs/bar-kokhba-revolt-the-roman-point-of-view/27E95F52A627562F93178F17A51D5FD4 |journal=The Journal of Roman Studies |volume=89 |pages=76, 80 |doi=10.2307/300735 |jstor=300735 |issn=1753-528X |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Eck-2015" /> However, the Romans soon amassed six legions and additional auxiliaries under [[Julius Severus]], who then brutally crushed the uprising. Historical accounts report the destruction of fifty major strongholds and 985 villages, resulting in 580,000 Jewish deaths and widespread famine and disease.<ref name="Raviv-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Raviv |first1=Dvir |last2=David |first2=Chaim Ben |date=2021 |title=Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account? |journal=Journal of Roman Archaeology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=585–607 |doi=10.1017/S1047759421000271 |issn=1047-7594 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Archaeological research confirms the widespread destruction and depopulation of the Jewish heartland in [[Judea]] proper, where most of the Jewish population was either killed, sold into slavery, expelled, or forced to flee.<ref name="Raviv-2021" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=A. H. M. |title=The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces |publisher=Oxford |year=1971 |edition=2nd |pages=277 |quote=This provoked the last Jewish war, which seems from our meager accounts [...] to have resulted in the desolation of Judaea and the practical extermination of its Jewish population.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Mor|2016|pp=483–484}}: "Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the [[Sicaricon|sikarikon laws]] were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it."</ref> The Romans also suffered heavy losses.<ref name="Eck-1999" /> Post-revolt, Jews were prohibited from entering Jerusalem, and Hadrian issued religious edicts,<ref>Hanan Eshel,[[iarchive:cambridgehis xxxx 1984 004 8494287/page/n1082|<!-- pg=105 --> 'The Bar Kochba revolt, 132-135,']] in William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.) ''The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period,'' pp. 105-127, p. 105.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Eshel |first=Hanan |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=T. Katz |editor-first=Steven |volume=4. The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |pages=105–127 |chapter=4: The Bar Kochba Revolt, 132 – 135 |oclc=7672733}}</ref> including a ban on circumcision, later repealed by [[Antoninus Pius]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} The province of Judaea was renamed [[Syria Palaestina]] as a punitive act against the Jews, aimed at placating non-Jewish residents and erasing Jewish historical ties to the land.<ref name="Eck-2015" /><ref>H.H. Ben-Sasson, ''A History of the Jewish People'', Harvard University Press, 1976, {{ISBN|0-674-39731-2}}, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."</ref><ref>Ariel Lewin. ''The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine''. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name – one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus – Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." {{ISBN|0-89236-800-4}}</ref> Christians refused to participate in the revolt and from this point the Jews regarded Christianity as a separate religion.<ref>M. Avi-Yonah, ''The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule'', Jerusalem 1984 p. 143</ref> The Jewish defeat marked the termination of efforts to reestablish a Jewish state until the modern era.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grabbe |first=Lester L. |title=An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History And Religion Of The Jews In The Time Of Nehemiah, The Maccabees, Hillel, And Jesus |date=2010 |publisher=T&T Clark |isbn=978-0-567-55248-8 |location=Edinburgh |page=78 |quote=It was the total defeat and the massive destruction of the 132–35 war which put paid to any hopes of a revived Jewish state for another 1800 years.}}</ref> A rabbi of this period, [[Simeon bar Yochai]], is regarded as the author of the [[Zohar]], the foundational text for Kabbalistic thought. However, modern scholars believe it was written in Medieval Spain.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Zohar |encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=142&letter=Z#406 |access-date=May 19, 2014 |last=Jacobs |first=Joseph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007024121/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=142&letter=Z#406 |archive-date=October 7, 2011 |author2=Broydé, Isaac |url-status=live}}</ref> === Late Roman period in the Land of Israel === {{further|Byzantine Palestine|History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire}} The relations of the Jews with the Roman Empire in the region continued to be complicated. [[Constantine the Great and Judaism|Constantine I]] allowed Jews to mourn their defeat and humiliation once a year on [[Tisha B'Av]] at the [[Western Wall]]. In 351–352 CE, the Jews of Galilee launched [[Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus|yet another revolt]], provoking heavy retribution.<ref>Bernard Lazare and Robert Wistrich, Antisemitism: Its History and Causes, University of Nebraska Press, 1995, I, pp. 46–47.</ref> The Gallus revolt came during the rising influence of early Christians in the Eastern Roman Empire, under the [[Constantinian dynasty]]. In 355, however, the relations with the Roman rulers improved, upon the rise of Emperor [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]], the last of the Constantinian dynasty, who unlike his predecessors defied Christianity. In 363, not long before Julian left Antioch to launch his campaign against Sasanian Persia, in keeping with his effort to foster religions other than Christianity, he ordered the Jewish Temple rebuilt.<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Res Gestae'', 23.1.2–3.</ref> The failure to rebuild the Temple has mostly been ascribed to the dramatic [[Galilee earthquake of 363]] and traditionally also to the Jews' ambivalence about the project. Sabotage is a possibility, as is an accidental fire. Divine intervention was the common view among Christian historians of the time.<ref>See [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/julian-jews.html "Julian and the Jews 361–363 CE"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520080932/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/julian-jews.html |date=May 20, 2012 }} (Fordham University, The Jesuit University of New York) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20051020130904/http://www.gibsoncondo.com/~david/convert/history.html "Julian the Apostate and the Holy Temple"].</ref> Julian's support of Jews caused Jews to call him "Julian the [[Hellenes (religion)|Hellene]]".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Falk |first1=Avner |title=A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews |year=1996 |pages=343 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press |isbn=978-0-8386-3660-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z10-Xz9Kno4C&q=julian&pg=PA343 |access-date=August 3, 2022}}</ref> Julian's fatal wound in the Persian campaign and his consequent death had put an end to Jewish aspirations, and Julian's successors embraced Christianity through the entire timeline of Byzantine rule of Jerusalem, preventing any Jewish claims. In 438 CE, when the Empress [[Licinia Eudoxia|Eudocia]] removed the ban on Jews' praying at the [[Temple Mount|Temple site]], the heads of the Community in Galilee issued a call "to the great and mighty people of the Jews" which began: "Know that the end of the exile of our people has come!" However, the Christian population of the city, who saw this as a threat to their primacy, did not allow it and a riot erupted after which they chased away the Jews from the city.<ref>Avraham Yaari, ''Igrot Eretz Yisrael'' (Tel Aviv, 1943), p. 46.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Andrew S. Jacobs |title=Remains of the Jews: The Holy Land and Christian Empire in Late Antiquity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8O95ErDSZQgC&pg=PA157 |year=2004 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-4705-9 |page=157 |access-date=April 19, 2018}}</ref> During the 5th and the 6th centuries, a series of [[Samaritan Revolts|Samaritan insurrections]] broke out across the [[Palaestina Prima]] province. Especially violent were the third and the fourth revolts, which resulted in almost the entire annihilation of the Samaritan community. It is likely that the Samaritan [[Samaritan Revolts|Revolt of 556]] was joined by the Jewish community, which had also suffered a brutal suppression of Israelite religion. In the belief of restoration to come, in the early 7th century the Jews made an [[Jewish revolt against Heraclius|alliance]] with the [[Sassanid Empire|Persians]], who invaded Palaestina Prima in 614, fought at their side, overwhelmed the [[Byzantine]] garrison in Jerusalem, and were given Jerusalem to be governed as an autonomy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Itineraria Phoenicia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&q=Opusculum+de+Persica+captivitate&pg=PA542 |author=Edward Lipiński |publisher=Peeters |pages=542–543 |year=2004 |isbn=978-90-429-1344-8 |access-date=March 11, 2014 |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409161013/https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&q=Opusculum+de+Persica+captivitate&pg=PA542 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, their autonomy was brief: the [[Nehemiah ben Hushiel|Jewish leader]] in Jerusalem was shortly assassinated during a Christian revolt and though Jerusalem was reconquered by Persians and Jews within 3 weeks, it fell into anarchy. With the consequent withdrawal of Persian forces, Jews surrendered to Byzantines in 625 or 628 CE, but were massacred by Christian radicals in 629 CE, with the survivors fleeing to Egypt. The Byzantine (Eastern Roman Empire) control of the region was finally lost to the Muslim Arab armies in 637 CE, when [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]] completed the conquest of Akko. === Jews of pre-Muslim Babylonia (219–638 CE) === {{Main|History of the Jews in Iraq}} After the fall of Jerusalem, Babylonia would become the focus of Judaism for more than a thousand years. The first Jewish communities in Babylonia started with the exile of the Tribe of Judah to Babylon by [[Jehoiachin]] in 597 BCE as well as after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 586 BCE.<ref name="מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת" /> Many more Jews migrated to Babylon in 135 CE after the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]] and in the centuries after.<ref name="מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת" /> Babylonia, where some of the largest and most prominent Jewish cities and communities were established, became the centre of Jewish life up to the 13th century. By the 1st century, Babylonia already held a speedily growing<ref name="מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת" /> population of an estimated 1,000,000 Jews, which increased to an estimated 2 million<ref name="Solomon Gryazel">Solomon Gryazel, ''History of the Jews: From the destruction of Judah in 586 BCE to the present Arab Israeli conflict'', p. 137.</ref> between the years 200 CE and 500 CE, both by natural growth and by immigration of more Jews from Judea, making up about 1/6 of the world Jewish population at that era.<ref name="Solomon Gryazel" /> It was there that they would write the Babylonian Talmud in the languages used by the Jews of ancient Babylonia: [[Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]]. The Jews established [[Talmudic Academies in Babylonia]], also known as the Geonic Academies (from "Geonim", meaning "splendour" in Biblical Hebrew or "geniuses"), which became the centre for Jewish scholarship and the development of Jewish law in Babylonia from roughly 500 CE to 1038 CE. The two most famous academies were the [[Pumbedita Academy]] and the [[Sura Academy]]. Major yeshivot were also located at [[Nehardea]] and Mahuza.<ref>''Codex Judaica'', pp. 161–174, Kantor, Zichron Press, NY 2005.</ref> The Talmudic [[Yeshiva]] Academies became a main part of Jewish culture and education, and Jews continued establishing Yeshiva Academies in Western and Eastern Europe, North Africa, and in later centuries, in America and other countries around the world where Jews lived in the Diaspora. Talmudic study in Yeshiva academies, most of them located in The United States and Israel, continues today. These Talmudic [[Yeshiva]] academies of Babylonia followed the era of the [[Amoraim]] (expounders)—the sages of the Talmud who were active (both in Judah and in Babylon) during the end of the era of the sealing of the [[Mishnah]] and until the times of the sealing of the Talmud (220–500 CE), and following the [[Savoraim]] (reasoners)—the sages of beth midrash (Torah study places) in Babylon from the end of the era of the Amoraim (5th century) and until the beginning of the era of the [[Geonim]]. The Geonim were the presidents of the two great rabbinical colleges of Sura and Pumbedita, and were the generally accepted spiritual leaders of the worldwide Jewish community in the early medieval era, in contrast to the [[Resh Galuta]] (Exilarch) who wielded secular authority over the Jews in Islamic lands. According to traditions, the [[Resh Galuta]] were descendants of Judean kings, which is why the kings of [[Parthia]] would treat them with much honour.<ref>[מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס. רותת "עם ישראל – תולדות 4000 שנה – מימי האבות ועד חוזה השלום", ע"מ 97. (Translation: Mordechai Vermebrand and Betzalel S. Ruth ''The People of Israel: The History of 4,000 Years, from the Days of the Forefathers to the Peace Treaty'', 1981, p. 97)</ref> For the Jews of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, the yeshivot of Babylonia served much the same function as the ancient [[Sanhedrin]]—that is, as a council of Jewish religious authorities. The academies were founded in pre-Islamic Babylonia under the Zoroastrian Sassanid dynasty and were located not far from the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon, which at that time was the largest city in the world. After the conquest of Persia in the 7th century, the academies subsequently operated for four hundred years under the Islamic caliphate. The first gaon of Sura, according to [[Sherira Gaon]], was Mar bar Rab Chanan, who assumed office in 609. The last gaon of [[Sura]] was [[Samuel ben Hofni]], who died in 1034; the last gaon of Pumbedita was [[Hezekiah Gaon]], who was tortured to death in 1040; hence the activity of the Geonim covers a period of nearly 450 years. One of principal seats of Babylonian Judaism was [[Nehardea]], which was then a very large city made up mostly of Jews.<ref name="מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת" /> A very ancient synagogue, built, it was believed, by King Jehoiachin, existed in Nehardea. At Huzal, near Nehardea, there was another synagogue, not far from which could be seen the ruins of Ezra's academy. In the period before Hadrian, Akiba, on his arrival at Nehardea on a mission from the Sanhedrin, entered into a discussion with a resident scholar on a point of matrimonial law (Mishnah Yeb., end). At the same time there was at Nisibis (northern [[Mesopotamia]]), an excellent Jewish college, at the head of which stood [[Judah ben Bathyra]], and in which many Judean scholars found refuge at the time of the persecutions. A certain temporary importance was also attained by a school at [[Nehar Pekod|Nehar-Pekod]], founded by the Judean immigrant Hananiah, nephew of [[Joshua ben Hananiah]], which school might have been the cause of a schism between the Jews of Babylonia and those of Judea-Israel, had not the Judean authorities promptly checked Hananiah's ambition. === Byzantine period (324–638 CE) === {{Main|History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire}} Jews were also widespread throughout the Roman Empire, and this carried on to a lesser extent in the period of Byzantine rule in the central and eastern Mediterranean. The militant and exclusive Christianity and [[caesaropapism]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]] did not treat Jews well, and the condition and influence of diaspora Jews in the Empire declined dramatically. It was official Christian policy to convert Jews to Christianity, and the Christian leadership used the official power of Rome in their attempts. In 351 CE the Jews revolted against the added pressures of their governor, [[Constantius Gallus]]. Gallus put down the revolt and destroyed the major cities in the Galilee area where the revolt had started. Tzippori and Lydda (site of two of the major legal academies) never recovered. In this period, the Nasi in Tiberias, [[Hillel II]], created an official calendar, which needed no monthly sightings of the moon. The months were set, and the calendar needed no further authority from Judea. At about the same time, the Jewish academy at Tiberius began to collate the combined Mishnah, [[braitot]], explanations, and interpretations developed by generations of scholars who studied after the death of [[Judah HaNasi]]. The text was organized according to the order of the Mishna: each paragraph of Mishnah was followed by a compilation of all of the interpretations, stories, and responses associated with that Mishnah. This text is called the ''[[Jerusalem Talmud]].'' The Jews of Judea received a brief respite from official persecution during the rule of the Emperor [[Julian the Apostate]]. Julian's policy was to return the Roman Empire to Hellenism, and he encouraged the Jews to rebuild Jerusalem. As Julian's rule lasted only from 361 to 363, the Jews could not rebuild sufficiently before Roman Christian rule was restored over the Empire. Beginning in 398 with the consecration of [[St. John Chrysostom]] as [[Patriarch]], Christian rhetoric against Jews grew sharper; he preached sermons with titles such as "Against the Jews" and "On the Statues, Homily 17", in which John preaches against "the Jewish sickness".<ref>Wendy Mayer and [[Pauline Allen]], ''John Chrysostom: The Early Church Fathers'' (London, 2000), pp. 113, 146.</ref> Such heated language contributed to a climate of Christian distrust and hate toward the large Jewish settlements, such as those in [[Antioch]] and [[Constantinople]]. In the beginning of the 5th century, the [[Emperor Theodosius]] issued a set of decrees establishing official persecution of Jews. Jews were not allowed to own slaves, build new synagogues, hold public office or try cases between a Jew and a non-Jew. Intermarriage between Jew and non-Jew was made a capital offence, as was the conversion of Christians to Judaism. Theodosius did away with the [[Sanhedrin]] and abolished the post of [[Nasi (Hebrew title)|Nasi]]. Under the [[Emperor Justinian]], the authorities further restricted the civil rights of Jews,<ref>Cod., I., v. 12</ref> and threatened their religious privileges.<ref>Procopius, ''Historia Arcana'', 28</ref> The emperor interfered in the internal affairs of the synagogue,<ref>Nov., cxlvi., February 8, 553</ref> and forbade, for instance, the use of the Hebrew language in divine worship. Those who disobeyed the restrictions were threatened with corporal penalties, exile, and loss of property. The Jews at Borium, not far from Syrtis Major, who resisted the Byzantine general [[Belisarius]] in his campaign against the [[Vandals]], were forced to embrace Christianity, and their synagogue was converted to a church.<ref>Procopius, ''De Aedificiis'', vi. 2</ref> Justinian and his successors had concerns outside the province of Judea, and he had insufficient troops to enforce these regulations. As a result, the 5th century was a period when a wave of new synagogues were built, many with beautiful mosaic floors. Jews adopted the rich art forms of the Byzantine culture. Jewish mosaics of the period portray people, animals, menorahs, zodiacs, and Biblical characters. Excellent examples of these synagogue floors have been found at Beit Alpha (which includes the scene of Abraham sacrificing a ram instead of his son Isaac along with a zodiac), Tiberius, Beit Shean, and Tzippori. The precarious existence of Jews under Byzantine rule did not long endure, largely due to the explosion of the Muslim religion out of the remote Arabian peninsula (where large populations of Jews resided, see [[History of the Jews under Muslim Rule]] for more). The [[Muslim]] [[Caliphate]] ejected the Byzantines from the Holy Land (or the Levant, defined as modern Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria) within a few years of their victory at the [[Battle of Yarmouk]] in 636. Numerous Jews fled the remaining Byzantine territories in favour of residence in the Caliphate over the subsequent centuries. The size of the Jewish community in the Byzantine Empire was not affected by attempts by some emperors to forcibly convert the Jews of Anatolia to Christianity, as these attempts met with very little success.<ref>[[G. Ostrogorsky]], ''History of the Byzantine State''</ref> Historians continue to research the status of the Jews in Asia Minor under Byzantine rule. (for a sample of views, see, for instance, J. Starr ''The Jews in the Byzantine Empire, 641–1204''; S. Bowman, ''The Jews of Byzantium''; R. Jenkins ''Byzantium''; Averil Cameron, "Byzantines and Jews: Recent Work on Early Byzantium", ''Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies'' 20 (1996)). No systematic persecution of the type endemic at that time in Western Europe (pogroms, the stake, mass [[Expulsions and exoduses of Jews|expulsions]], etc.) has been recorded in Byzantium.<ref>''The Oxford History of Byzantium'', C. Mango (Ed) (2002)</ref> Much of the Jewish population of Constantinople remained in place after the conquest of the city by [[Mehmet II]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} <gallery widths="180"> File:Roman. Mosaic of Menorah with Lulav and Ethrog, 6th century C.E.jpg|''Mosaic of Menorah with Lulav and Ethrog'', 6th century [[Brooklyn Museum]] File:Beit alfa01.jpg|Mosaic pavement of a synagogue at [[Beit Alpha]] (5th century) File:ZodiacMosaicTzippori.jpg|Mosaic in the [[Tzippori Synagogue]] (5th century) File:Hammat Gader.JPG|Mosaic pavement recovered from the [[Hamat Gader]] synagogue (5th or 6th century) </gallery> === Diaspora communities === [[File:Arrival of the Jewish pilgrims at Coachin, A.D. 68.jpg|thumb|Arrival of the Jewish pilgrims at Cochin, 68 CE]] Cochin Jewish tradition holds that the roots of their community go back to the arrival of Jews at [[Kodungallur|Shingly]] in 72 CE, after the [[Destruction of the Second Temple]]. It also states that a Jewish kingdom, understood to mean the granting of autonomy by a local [[Tamils|Tamil]] king, [[Cheraman Perumal Nayanar]], to the community, under their leader Joseph Rabban, in 379 CE. The first synagogue there was built in 1568. The legend of the founding of Indian [[Christianity in Kerala]] by [[Thomas the Apostle]] relates that on his arrival there, he encountered a local girl who understood Hebrew.<ref>Nathan Katz, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OEolDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 ''Who Are the Jews of India?,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160937/https://books.google.com/books?id=OEolDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22|date=April 9, 2023}} [[University of California Press]], 2000 {{isbn|978-0-520-92072-9}} pp. 13–14, 17–18</ref> Perhaps in the 4th century, the [[Kingdom of Semien]], a Jewish nation in modern [[Beta Israel|Ethiopia]] was established, lasting until the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exploring a Forgotten Jewish Land – Archaeology Magazine |url=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/498-2301/letter-from/11057-ethiopia-beta-israel |access-date=November 9, 2023 |website=www.archaeology.org}}</ref> ==وچين دور== ===اسلامي دور=== [[File:Education (T-S K5.13) (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|قاهره جينيزا جو ٽڪرو، ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي لائبريري<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cairo Genizah : Education|url=https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-TS-K-00005-00013|access-date=2025-10-18|website=Cambridge Digital Library}}</ref>]] سال 638 عيسوي ۾ [[بازنطيني سلطنت]] [[سر زمين شام (ليوانت)|سر زمين شام]] جو ڪنٽرول وڃائي ڇڏيو. خليفي [[عمر بن خطاب|عمر]] [[عمر بن خطاب|رضي الله تعالى عنه]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[پهرين اسلامي رياست|عرب اسلامي سلطنت]] [[يروشلم]]، [[ميسوپوٽيميا]]، [[سر زمين شام (ليوانت)|سر زمين شام]] ([[شام]]، [[اردن]] ۽ [[فلسطين]]) ۽ [[مصر]] جي زمينن کي فتح ڪيو. هڪ سياسي نظام جي طور تي، [[اسلام]] يهودين جي معاشي، سماجي ۽ ذهني ترقي لاءِ بنيادي طور تي نوان حالات پيدا ڪيا.<ref>Ehrlich, Mark. ''Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1''. ABC-CLIO, 2009, p. 152.({{ISBN|978-1-85109-873-6}})</ref>عمر رضي الله تعالى عنه يهودين کي، 500 سالن جي وقفي کان پوءِ، [[يروشلم]] ۾ پنهنجي موجودگي کي ٻيهر قائم ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني (ڏسو:عمر جي يقين دهاني).<ref name="Bashan-20072">{{cite EJ|last=Bashan|first=Eliezer|volume=15|page=419|title=Omar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb}}</ref> يهودي روايتون عمر کي هڪ مهربان حڪمران جي طور تي ڏسي ٿي ۽ مدراش (<small>نست</small><small>اروت دي-راو شمعون بار يوحائي</small>) کيس "بني اسرائيل جي دوست" طور حوالو ڏئي ٿو.<ref name="Bashan-20073">{{cite EJ|last=Bashan|first=Eliezer|volume=15|page=419|title=Omar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb}}</ref> عرب جاگرافيدان المقدسي جي مطابق، <ref name="Joseph E. Katz-20012">{{cite web|url=http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html|title=Continuous Jewish Presence in the Holy Land|author=Joseph E. Katz|year=2001|publisher=EretzYisroel.Org|access-date=August 12, 2012|archive-date=January 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125175116/http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html|url-status=live}}</ref> يهودي "سڪن جي چڪاس ڪندڙ، رنگ ڪندڙ، چمڙي جا ماهر ۽ مهاجن" طور ڪم ڪندا هئا. [[فاطمي خلافت|فاطمي دور]] ۾، ڪيترن ئي يهودي عملدارن حڪومت ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون.<ref name="Joseph E. Katz-20013">{{cite web|url=http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html|title=Continuous Jewish Presence in the Holy Land|author=Joseph E. Katz|year=2001|publisher=EretzYisroel.Org|access-date=August 12, 2012|archive-date=January 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125175116/http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html|url-status=live}}</ref> پروفيسر موشئ گل جو خيال آهي، ته 7هين صدي ۾ عرب فتح جي وقت، يروشلم جي آبادي جي اڪثريت عيسائي ۽ يهودي هئي.<ref>Moshe Gil, ''A History of Palestine: 634–1099'' pp. 170, 220–221.</ref> هن وقت دوران يهودي سڄي قديم بابل ۾ خوشحال برادرين ۾ رهندا هئا. جيونڪ دور (650-1250 عيسوي) ۾، بابلي يشيوا اڪيڊميون يهودي سکيا جا مکيه مرڪز هئا. جيونم (جن جو معنيٰ آهي "شان" يا "جينيئس") انهن اسڪولن جا سربراهه هئا. انهن کي يهودي قانون ۾ اعليٰ اختيارين طور تسليم ڪيو ويو. 7هين صدي ۾، غير مسلمن جي زمينن تي حڪمران جزيو (<small>Poll</small> <small>Tax</small>) عائد ڪيو، جن جي ڪري بابلي يهودين جي ڳوٺاڻن علائقن مان [[بغداد]] جهڙن شهرن ڏانهن وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ ٿي. ان جي نتيجي ۾ يهودي برادري ۾ وڌيڪ دولت ۽ بين الاقوامي اثر ۽ انهي سان گڏ يهودي مفڪرن جو هڪ وڌيڪ عالمگير نقطه نظر،جهڙوڪ سعديه گاون، جيڪو هاڻي پهريون ڀيرو مغربي فلسفي سان تمام گهڻي دلچسپي رکن ٿا، پيدا ٿيو. جڏهن 10هين صدي ۾ [[عباسي خلافت]] ۽ بغداد شهر جو زوال ٿيو، ڪيترائي بابلي يهودي [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقن ڏانهن لڏپلاڻ ڪيا. سڄي يهودي دنيا ۾ بابلي يهودي رسمن جي پکيڙ ۾ حصو ورتو.<ref>[[Marina Rustow]], [http://perspectives.ajsnet.org/the-iran-iraq-issue-fall-2010/baghdad-in-the-west-migration-and-the-making-of-medieval-jewish-traditions/ Baghdad in the West: Migration and the Making of Medieval Jewish Traditions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711065105/http://perspectives.ajsnet.org/the-iran-iraq-issue-fall-2010/baghdad-in-the-west-migration-and-the-making-of-medieval-jewish-traditions/|date=July 11, 2020}}</ref> === اندلس ۾ يهودي ثقافت جو سونهري دور (711-1031) === <nowiki>{{اندلس ۾ يهودي ثقافت جو سونهري دور}}</nowiki> [[اندلس]] ۾ يهودي ثقافت جو سونهري دور [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] ۾ [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] سان گڏ هو، جيڪو سڃي [[جزیرو نما آئیبیریا|جزيري نما آئبيريا]] تي مسلمانن جي حڪمراني جو دور هو. === Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain (711–1031) === {{Main|Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain}} The golden age of Jewish culture in Spain coincided with the [[Middle Ages]] in Europe, a period of [[Al-Andalus|Muslim rule]] throughout much of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. During that time, Jews were generally accepted in society and Jewish religious, cultural, and economic life blossomed. A period of tolerance thus dawned for the Jews of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], whose number was considerably augmented by immigration from Africa in the wake of the Muslim conquest. Especially after 912, during the reign of [[Abd-ar-Rahman III]] and his son, [[al-Hakam II]], the Jews prospered, devoting themselves to the service of the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]], to the study of the sciences, and to commerce and industry, especially to trading in silk and slaves, in this way promoting the prosperity of the country. Jewish economic expansion was unparalleled. In [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], Jews were involved in translating Arabic texts to the [[Romance languages]], as well as translating Greek and Hebrew texts into Arabic. Jews also contributed to botany, geography, medicine, mathematics, poetry and philosophy.<ref name="Sephardim Archived September 7">[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html Sephardim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907212349/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html |date=September 7, 2012 }} by Rebecca Weiner.</ref><ref>Ahmed, M.I. Muslim-Jewish Harmony: A Politically-Contingent Reality. Religions 2022, 13, 535. {{doi|10.3390/rel13060535|doi-access=free}}</ref> According to [[Bernard Lewis]]: {{Blockquote|Generally, the Jewish people were allowed to practice their religion and live according to the laws and scriptures of their community. Furthermore, the restrictions to which they were subject were social and symbolic rather than tangible and practical in character. That is to say, these regulations served to define the relationship between the two communities, and not to oppress the Jewish population.<ref>Lewis, Bernard W (1984). ''The Jews of Islam''</ref>|}} 'Abd al-Rahman's court physician and minister was Hasdai ben Isaac ibn Shaprut, the patron of Menahem ben Saruq, Dunash ben Labrat, and other Jewish scholars and poets. Jewish thought during this period flourished under famous figures such as Samuel Ha-Nagid, Moses ibn Ezra, Solomon ibn Gabirol [[Judah Halevi]] and [[Moses Maimonides]].<ref name="Sephardim Archived September 7" /> During 'Abd al-Rahman's term of power, the scholar [[Moses ben Enoch]] was appointed [[rabbi]] of [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], and as a consequence [[al-Andalus]] became the centre of Talmudic study, and [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] the meeting-place of Jewish savants. The Golden Age ended with the invasion of al-Andalus by the [[Almohads]], a conservative dynasty originating in North Africa, who were highly intolerant of religious minorities. === Jews and the Crusades (1099–1260) === {{Main|History of the Jews and the Crusades}} {{See also|Siege of Jerusalem (1099)}} [[File:1099jerusalem.jpg|thumb|left|[[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|Capture of Jerusalem]], 1099]] Sermonical messages to avenge the death of Jesus encouraged Christians to participate in the Crusades. The 12th-century Jewish narration from R. Solomon ben Samson records that crusaders en route to the Holy Land decided that before combating the Ishmaelites they would massacre the Jews residing in their midst to avenge the [[crucifixion of Christ]]. The massacres began at [[Rouen]] and Jewish communities in [[Rhine Valley]] were seriously affected.<ref name="Malamat-1976">{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |title=A History of the Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv |url-access=registration |year=1976 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/413 413]}}</ref> Crusading attacks were made upon Jews in the territory around Heidelberg. A huge loss of Jewish life took place. Many were forcibly converted to Christianity and many committed suicide to avoid baptism. A major driving factor behind the choice to commit suicide was the Jewish realisation that upon being slain their children could be taken to be raised as Christians. The Jews were living in the middle of Christian lands and felt this danger acutely.<ref>{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |title=A History of the Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv |url-access=registration |year=1976 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/416 416]}}</ref> This massacre is seen as the first in a sequence of antisemitic events which culminated in the Holocaust.<ref>{{cite book |author=David Nirenberg |editor=Gerd Althoff |others=Johannes Fried |title=Medieval Concepts of the Past: Ritual, Memory, Historiography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MxS6-pQZzGsC&pg=PA279 |year=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-78066-7 |pages=279–}}</ref> Jewish populations felt that they had been abandoned by their Christian neighbours and rulers during the massacres and lost faith in all promises and charters.<ref>{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |title=A History of the Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv |url-access=registration |year=1976 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/419 419]}}</ref> Many Jews chose self-defence. But their means of self-defence were limited and their casualties only increased. Most of the forced conversions proved ineffective. Many Jews reverted to their original faith later. The pope protested this but Emperor Henry IV agreed to permitting these reversions.<ref name="Malamat-1976" /> The massacres began a new epoch for Jewry in Christendom. The Jews had preserved their faith from social pressure, now they had to preserve it at sword point. The massacres during the crusades strengthened Jewry from within spiritually. The Jewish perspective was that their struggle was Israel's struggle to hallow the name of God.<ref>{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |title=A History of the Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv |url-access=registration |year=1976 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/414 414]–}}</ref> In 1099, Jews helped the Arabs to defend Jerusalem against the [[Crusaders]]. When the city fell, the Crusaders gathered many Jews in a synagogue and set it on fire.<ref name="Malamat-1976" /> In Haifa, the Jews almost single-handedly defended the town against the Crusaders, holding out for a month, (June–July 1099).<ref name="Joseph E. Katz-2001">{{cite web |url=http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html |title=Continuous Jewish Presence in the Holy Land |author=Joseph E. Katz |year=2001 |publisher=EretzYisroel.Org |access-date=August 12, 2012 |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125175116/http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html |url-status=live}}</ref> At this time there were Jewish communities scattered all over the country, including Jerusalem, Tiberias, Ramleh, Ashkelon, Caesarea, and [[Gaza City|Gaza]]. As Jews were not allowed to hold land during the Crusader period, they worked at trades and commerce in the coastal towns during times of quiescence. Most were artisans: glassblowers in [[Sidon]], furriers and dyers in Jerusalem.<ref name="Joseph E. Katz-2001" /> During this period, the [[Masoretes]] of Tiberias established the ''[[niqqud]]'', a system of [[diacritic]]s used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations of letters of the [[Hebrew alphabet]]. Numerous [[piyutim]] and [[midrash]]im were recorded in Palestine at this time.<ref name="Joseph E. Katz-2001" /> [[Maimonides]] wrote that in 1165 he visited Jerusalem and went to the Temple Mount, where he prayed in the "great, holy house".<ref>Sefer HaCharedim Mitzvat Tshuva Chapter 3</ref> Maimonides established a yearly holiday for himself and his sons, the 6th of [[Cheshvan]], commemorating the day he went up to pray on the Temple Mount, and another, the 9th of Cheshvan, commemorating the day he merited to pray at the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]] in [[Hebron]]. In 1141 [[Yehuda Halevi]] issued a call to Jews to emigrate to Palestine and took on the long journey himself. After a stormy passage from [[Córdoba, Andalusia|Córdoba]], he arrived in Egyptian [[Alexandria]], where he was enthusiastically greeted by friends and admirers. At [[Damietta]], he had to struggle against his heart, and the pleadings of his friend Ḥalfon ha-Levi, that he remain in Egypt, where he would be free from intolerant oppression. He started on the rough route overland. He was met along the way by Jews in [[Tyre (Lebanon)|Tyre]] and [[Damascus]]. Jewish legend relates that as he came near Jerusalem, overpowered by the sight of the Holy City, he sang his most beautiful elegy, the celebrated "Zionide" (''Zion ha-lo Tish'ali''). At that instant, an Arab had galloped out of a gate and rode him down; he was killed in the accident.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} === Mamluk period (1260–1517) === [[Nahmanides]] is recorded as settling in the Old City of Jerusalem in 1267. He moved to [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], where he was active in spreading Jewish learning, which was at that time neglected in the Holy Land. He gathered a circle of pupils around him, and people came in crowds, even from the district of the Euphrates, to hear him. [[Karaite Judaism|Karaites]] were said to have attended his lectures, among them Aaron ben Joseph the Elder. He later became one of the greatest [[Karaite (Jewish sect)|Karaite]] authorities. Shortly after Nahmanides' arrival in Jerusalem, he addressed a letter to his son Nahman, in which he described the desolation of the Holy City. At the time, it had only two Jewish inhabitants—two brothers, dyers by trade. In a later letter from Acre, Nahmanides counsels his son to cultivate humility, which he considers to be the first of virtues. In another, addressed to his second son, who occupied an official position at the [[Crown of Castile|Castilian]] court, Nahmanides recommends the recitation of the daily prayers and warns above all against immorality. Nahmanides died after reaching seventy-six, and his remains were interred at [[Haifa]], by the grave of [[Yechiel of Paris]]. Yechiel had [[aliyah|emigrated]] to Acre in 1260, along with his son and a large group of followers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/places/acco.html |title=Jewish Zionist Education |publisher=Jafi.org.il |date=May 15, 2005 |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013142810/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/places/acco.html |archive-date=October 13, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lookstein.org/resources/bionotes.pdf |title=Hadrat Melech |access-date=April 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502035808/http://www.lookstein.org/resources/bionotes.pdf |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There he established the Talmudic academy ''Midrash haGadol d'Paris''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id=AdditionalReadings&content=content/segal_ch17 |title=Section III: The Biblical Age: Chapter Seventeen: Awaiting the Messiah |author=Benjamin J. Segal |work=Returning, the Land of Israel as a Focus in Jewish History |publisher=JewishHistory.com |access-date=August 12, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227184802/http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id=AdditionalReadings&content=content%2Fsegal_ch17 |archive-date=February 27, 2012}}</ref> He is believed to have died there between 1265 and 1268. In 1488 [[Obadiah ben Abraham]], commentator on the [[Mishnah]], arrived in Jerusalem; this marked a new period of return for the Jewish community in the land. ==== Spain, North Africa, and the Middle East ==== {{Main|History of the Jews in Spain}} {{See also|Islam and Judaism|Mizrahi Jew|History of the Jews under Muslim rule}} [[File:Hebrew Bible Spain.jpg|right|thumb|Sephardic Hebrew Bible from Spain, 1300<ref>[https://lccn.loc.gov/2021667534]</ref>]] During the Middle Ages, Jews were generally better treated by Islamic rulers than Christian ones. Despite second-class citizenship, Jews played prominent roles in Muslim courts, and experienced a Golden Age in [[Moorish Spain]] about 900–1100, though the situation deteriorated after that time. Riots resulting in the deaths of Jews did however occur in North Africa through the centuries and especially in [[Morocco]], [[Libya]] and [[Algeria]], where eventually Jews were forced to live in ghettos.<ref>Maurice Roumani, ''The Case of the Jews from Arab Countries: A Neglected Issue'', 1977, pp. 26–27.</ref> During the 11th century, Muslims in Spain conducted pogroms against the Jews; those occurred in Cordoba in 1011 and in [[1066 Granada massacre|Granada in 1066]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia |title=Granada |url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6855-granada |access-date=August 12, 2012 |year=1906 |archive-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412000424/https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6855-granada |url-status=live}}</ref> During the Middle Ages, the governments of Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Yemen enacted decrees ordering the destruction of synagogues. At certain times, Jews were forced to convert to Islam or face death in some parts of Yemen, Morocco and [[Baghdad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/Jews_in_Arab_lands_%28gen%29.html |title=The Treatment of Jews in Arab/Islamic Countries |author=Mitchell Bard |year=2012 |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=August 12, 2012 |archive-date=October 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007003054/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/Jews_in_Arab_lands_(gen).html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}} The [[Almohad]]s, who had taken control of much of Islamic Iberia by 1172, surpassed the [[Almoravides]] in fundamentalist outlook. They treated the ''[[dhimmi]]s'' harshly. They expelled both Jews and Christians from Morocco and Islamic Spain. Faced with the choice of death or conversion, many Jews emigrated.<ref>[http://www.theforgottenrefugees.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid=39 The Forgotten Refugees] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928051923/http://www.theforgottenrefugees.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid=39 |date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref> Some, such as the family of [[Maimonides]], fled south and east to more tolerant Muslim lands, while others went northward to settle in the growing Christian kingdoms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html |title=Sephardim |author=Rebecca Weiner |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=August 12, 2012 |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907212349/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Kraemer, Joel L., "Moses Maimonides: An Intellectual Portrait," ''The Cambridge Companion to Maimonides'', pp. 16–17 (2005)</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}} === Europe === {{Main|History of European Jews in the Middle Ages}} [[File:Mishnah (Ms. 3173; De Rossi 138), Palatina.jpg|right|thumb|11th century ''[[mishnah]]'' codex from Italy, [[Biblioteca Palatina, Parma]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=adkim |date=2014-02-28 |title=The Biblioteca Palatina and the National Library of Israel |url=https://primolevicenter.org/printed-matter/the-biblioteca-palatina-and-the-national-library-of-israel/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Printed_Matter |language=en-US}}</ref>]] According to [[James P. Carrol]], "Jews accounted for 10% of the total population of the Roman Empire. By that ratio, if other factors had not intervened, there would be 200 million Jews in the world today, instead of something like 13 million."<ref>Carroll, James. ''[[Constantine's Sword]]'' (Houghton Mifflin, 2001) {{ISBN|978-0-395-77927-9}} p. 26</ref> Jewish populations have existed in Europe, especially in the area of the former Roman Empire, from very early times. As Jewish males had emigrated, some sometimes took wives from local populations, as is shown by the various [[MtDNA]], compared to [[Y-DNA#Genetic genealogy|Y-DNA]] among Jewish populations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/14/science/in-dna-new-clues-to-jewish-roots.html |title=In DNA, New Clues to Jewish Roots |first=Nicholas |last=Wade |date=May 14, 2002 |work=The New York Times |access-date=June 16, 2013 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126180104/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/14/science/in-dna-new-clues-to-jewish-roots.html |url-status=live}}</ref> These groups were joined by traders and later on by members of the diaspora.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}} Records of Jewish communities in France (see [[History of the Jews in France]]) and Germany (see [[History of the Jews in Germany]]) date from the 4th century, and substantial Jewish communities in Spain were noted even earlier.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}} The historian [[Norman Cantor]] and other 20th-century scholars dispute the tradition that the Middle Ages was a uniformly difficult time for Jews. Before the Church became fully organized as an institution with an increasing array of rules, early medieval society was tolerant. Between 800 and 1100, an estimated 1.5 million Jews lived in Christian Europe. As they were not Christians, they were not included as a [[Estates of the realm|division]] of the feudal system of clergy, knights and serfs. This means that they did not have to satisfy the oppressive demands for labour and military conscription that Christian commoners suffered. In relations with the Christian society, the Jews were protected by kings, princes and bishops, because of the crucial services they provided in three areas: finance, administration and medicine.<ref name="Norman F" /> The lack of political strengths did leave Jews vulnerable to exploitation through extreme taxation.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ebenhard |last=Isenmann |editor-first=Richard |editor-last=Bonney |title=The Rise of the Fiscal State in Europe c. 1200–1815 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U24lRLy_qT8C&pg=PA259 |date=1999 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-154220-6 |page=259}}</ref> Christian scholars interested in the Bible consulted with Talmudic rabbis. As the Roman Catholic Church strengthened as an institution, the Franciscan and Dominican preaching orders were founded, and there was a rise of competitive middle-class, town-dwelling Christians. By 1300, the friars and local priests staged the Passion Plays during Holy Week, which depicted Jews (in contemporary dress) killing Christ, according to Gospel accounts. From this period, persecution of Jews and deportations became endemic. Around 1500, Jews found relative security and a renewal of prosperity in present-day [[Poland]].<ref name="Norman F">Norman F. Cantor, ''The Last Knight: The Twilight of the Middle Ages and the Birth of the Modern Era'', Free Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-7432-2688-2}}, pp. 28–29</ref> After 1300, Jews suffered more discrimination and persecution in Christian Europe. Europe's Jewry was mainly urban and literate. The Christians were inclined to regard Jews as obstinate deniers of the truth because in their view the Jews were expected to know of the truth of the Christian doctrines from their knowledge of the Jewish scriptures. Jews were aware of the pressure to accept Christianity.<ref>{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |title=A History of the Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv |url-access=registration |year=1976 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/412 412]}}</ref> As Catholics were forbidden by the church to loan money for interest, some Jews became prominent moneylenders. Christian rulers gradually saw the advantage of having such a class of people who could supply capital for their use without being liable to excommunication. As a result, the money trade of western Europe became a speciality of the Jews. But, in almost every instance when Jews acquired large amounts through banking transactions, during their lives or upon their deaths, the king would take it over.<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5764-england "England"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730231726/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5764-england |date=July 30, 2020 }}, [[Jewish Encyclopedia]] (1906)</ref> Jews became imperial{{-"}}[[Servi camerae regis|''servi cameræ'']]{{-"}}, the property of the King, who might present them and their possessions to princes or cities. Jews were frequently massacred and exiled from various European countries. The persecution hit its first peak during the [[Crusades]]. In the [[People's Crusade]] (1096) flourishing Jewish communities on the Rhine and the Danube were utterly destroyed. In the [[Second Crusade]] (1147) the Jews in France were subject to frequent massacres. They were also subjected to attacks by the [[Shepherds' Crusade (1251)|Shepherds' Crusades of 1251]] and [[Shepherds' Crusade (1320)|1320]]. The Crusades were followed by massive expulsions, including the [[Edict of Expulsion|expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290]];<ref>{{cite book |first=Robin R. |last=Mundill |title=England's Jewish Solution: Experiment and Expulsion, 1262–1290 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSKLfi_j110C |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52026-3}}</ref> in 1396 100,000 Jews were expelled from France; and in 1421, thousands were expelled from Austria. Over this time many Jews in Europe, either fleeing or being expelled, migrated to Poland, where they prospered into another [[History of the Jews in Poland#Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572|Golden Age]]. In Italy, Jews were allowed to live in Venice but were required to live in a [[ghetto]], and the practice spread across Italy (see [[Cum nimis absurdum]]) and was adopted in many places in Catholic Europe. Jews outside the Ghetto often had to wear a yellow star.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn539121 |title=Print of Jews forced to listen to a Christian sermon – Collections Search – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |website=collections.ushmm.org |access-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-date=November 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129142432/https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn539121 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>The Jewish-Christian Encounter in Medieval Preaching, Routledge 2015, edited by Jonathan Adams and Jussi Hanska chapter 13, see page 297</ref> === Expulsions of the Jews of Spain and Portugal === {{further|Expulsion of Jews from Spain|Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal}} [[File:Vicente Cutanda - A los pies del Salvador.jpg|thumb|250px|''At the Feet of the Saviour'', massacre of Jews in [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], oil on canvas by [[Vicente Cutanda]] (1887)]] [[File:Matanza de judíos en Barcelona - año 1391.jpg|thumb|250px|''Slaughter of Jews in Barcelona in 1391'' by [[Josep Segrelles]], {{circa|1910}}]] [[File:A Expulsão dos Judeus (Roque Gameiro, Quadros da História de Portugal, 1917).png|250px|thumb|Expulsion of the Jews in 1497, in a 1917 watercolour by [[Alfredo Roque Gameiro]] ]] [[File:Inquis1.jpg|thumb|250px|Burning of Crypto-Jews in Lisbon, Portugal]] Significant repression of Spain's numerous community occurred during the 14th century, notably a [[History of the Jews in Spain#Massacres and mass conversions of 1391|major pogrom in 1391]] which resulted in the majority of Spain's 300,000 Jews converting to Catholicism. With the [[Granada War|conquest of the Muslim Kingdom of Granada]] in 1492, the Catholic monarchs issued the [[Alhambra Decree]], and Spain's remaining 100,000 Jews were forced to choose between conversion and exile. The expulsion of the Jews of Spain, is regarded by Jews as the worst catastrophe between the destruction of Jerusalem in 73 CE and the [[Holocaust]] of the 1940s.<ref>European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism, 1550–1750 by Jonathan Israel, chapter 1 Exodus from the West (page 25)</ref> As a result, an estimated 50,000 to 70,000 Jews left Spain, the remainder joining Spain's already numerous [[Converso]] community. Perhaps a quarter of a million Conversos thus were gradually absorbed by the dominant Catholic culture, although those among them who secretly practised Judaism were subject to 40 years of intense repression by the [[Spanish Inquisition]]. This was particularly the case up until 1530, after which the trials of Conversos by the Inquisition dropped to 3% of the total. Similar expulsions of Sephardic Jews occurred 1493 in [[Sicily]] (37,000 Jews) and Portugal in 1496. The expelled Spanish Jews fled mainly to the Ottoman Empire and North Africa and Portugal. A small number also settled in Holland and England. The expulsion followed a long process of expulsions and bans from what are now England, France, Germany, Austria, and Holland. In January 1492, the [[Emirate of Granada|last Muslim state]] was defeated in Spain and six months later the Jews of Spain (the largest community in the world) were required to [[Expulsion of Jews from Spain|convert or leave without their property]]. 100,000 converted with many continuing to [[Marrano|secretly practice Judaism]], for which the Catholic church's inquisition (led by [[Tomás de Torquemada]]) now mandated a sentence of death by public burning. 175,000 left Spain.<ref>The Jews of Spain by Jane Gerber, Free Press 1994 pp 138 – 144 / Secrecy and Deceit: The Religion of the Crypto-Jews by David Martin Gitlitz, University of New Mexico 2002, pp 75 – 81</ref> Many [[Sephardi Jews|Spanish Jews]] moved to North Africa, [[History of the Jews in Poland|Poland]] and the Ottoman Empire, especially [[History of the Jews in Thessaloniki|Thessaloniki]] (now in Greece) which became the world's largest Jewish city. Some groups headed to the Middle East and Palestine, within the domains of the Ottoman Empire. About 100,000 Spanish Jews were allowed into Portugal, however five years later, their children were seized and they were given the choice of conversion or departing without them.<ref>The Jews of Spain by Jane Gerber, Free Press 1994 pp 142 – 144</ref> ==ابتدائي جديد دور== Historians who study modern Jewry have identified four different paths by which European Jews were "modernized" and thus integrated into the mainstream of European society. A common approach has been to view the process through the lens of the European [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] as Jews faced the promise and the challenges posed by political emancipation. Scholars that use this approach have focused on two social types as paradigms for the decline of Jewish tradition and as agents of the sea changes in Jewish culture that led to the collapse of the [[ghetto]]. The first of these two social types is the [[Court Jew]] who is portrayed as a forerunner of the modern Jew, having achieved integration with and participation in the proto-capitalist economy and court society of central European states such as the [[Habsburg Empire]]. In contrast to the cosmopolitan Court Jew, the second social type presented by historians of modern Jewry is the ''maskil'', (learned person), a proponent of the [[Haskalah]] (Enlightenment). This narrative sees the maskil's pursuit of secular scholarship and his rationalistic critiques of rabbinic tradition as laying a durable intellectual foundation for the secularization of Jewish society and culture. The established paradigm has been one in which Ashkenazic Jews entered modernity through a self-conscious process of westernization led by "highly atypical, Germanized Jewish intellectuals". Haskalah gave birth to the Reform and Conservative movements and planted the seeds of [[Zionism]] while at the same time encouraging cultural assimilation into the countries in which Jews resided.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reframing Jewish History |date=May 2005 |url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=10513 |access-date=May 24, 2011 |archive-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930222143/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=10513 |url-status=live}}</ref> At around the same time that Haskalah was developing, [[Hasidic Judaism]] was spreading as a movement that preached a world view nearly opposed to the Haskalah. In the 1990s, the concept of the "[[Port Jew]]" has been suggested as an "alternate path to modernity" that was distinct from the European [[Haskalah]]. In contrast to the focus on Ashkenazic Germanized Jews, the concept of the [[Port Jew]] focused on the Sephardi conversos who fled the Inquisition and resettled in European port towns on the coast of the Mediterranean, the Atlantic and the Eastern seaboard of the United States.<ref name="Fry-2002">{{cite journal |title=Port Jews: Jewish Communities in Cosmopolitan Maritime Trading Centres, 1550–1950 |first=Helen P. |last=Fry |journal=European Judaism |volume=36 |publisher=Frank Cass Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7146-8286-0 |url=https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5002650793 |quote=Port Jews were a social type, usually those who were involved in seafaring and maritime trade, who (like Court Jews) could be seen as the earliest modern Jews. Often arriving as refugees from the Inquisition, they were permitted to settle as merchants and allowed to trade openly in places such as Amsterdam, London, Trieste and Hamburg. 'Their Diaspora connections and accumulated expertise lay in exactly the areas of overseas expansion that were then of interest to mercantilist governments.' |access-date=September 1, 2017 |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160935/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia?docId=5002650793 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Court Jews === [[Court Jew]]s were Jewish bankers or businessmen who lent money and handled the finances of some of the Christian European noble houses. Corresponding historical terms are ''Jewish bailiff'' and ''[[shtadlan]]''. Examples of what would be later called court Jews emerged when local rulers used services of Jewish bankers for short-term loans. They lent money to nobles and in the process gained social influence. Noble patrons of court Jews employed them as financiers, suppliers, diplomats and [[trade delegate]]s. Court Jews could use their family connections, and connections between each other, to provision their sponsors with, among other things, food, arms, ammunition and precious metals. In return for their services, court Jews gained social privileges, including up to noble status for themselves, and could live outside the Jewish ghettos. Some nobles wanted to keep their bankers in their own courts. And because they were under noble protection, they were exempted from rabbinical jurisdiction. From medieval times, court Jews could amass personal fortunes and gained political and social influence. Sometimes they were also prominent people in the local Jewish community and could use their influence to protect and influence their brethren. Sometimes they were the only Jews who could interact with the local high society and present petitions of the Jews to the ruler. However, the court Jew had social connections and influence in the Christian world mainly through his Christian patrons. Due to the precarious position of Jews, some nobles could just ignore their debts. If the sponsoring noble died, his Jewish financier could face exile or execution.{{Citation needed| date=February 2012}} === Port Jews === The [[Port Jew]] is a descriptive term for Jews who were involved in the seafaring and maritime economy of Europe, especially during the 17th and 18th centuries. Helen Fry suggests that they can be considered "the earliest modern Jews". According to Fry, Port Jews frequently arrived as "refugees from the Inquisition" and the expulsion of Jews from Iberia. They were allowed to settle in port cities because merchants granted them permission to trade in ports such as Amsterdam, London, Trieste and Hamburg. Fry notes that their connections to the [[Jewish Diaspora]] and their expertise in maritime trade made them particularly valuable to the mercantilist governments of Europe.<ref name="Fry-2002" /> Lois Dubin describes Port Jews as Jewish merchants who were "valued for their engagement in the international maritime trade upon which such cities thrived".<ref>Dubin, ''The port Jews of Habsburg Trieste: absolutist politics and enlightenment culture'', Stanford University Press, 1999, p. 47</ref> Sorkin and others have characterized the socio-cultural profile of these men as marked by a flexibility towards religion and a "reluctant cosmopolitanism that was alien to both traditional and 'enlightened' Jewish identities". From the 16th to the 18th century, Jewish merchants dominated the chocolate and vanilla trade, exporting to Jewish centres across Europe, mainly Amsterdam, Bayonne, Bordeaux, Hamburg and Livorno.<ref>Encyclopedia of Jewish Food, Gil Marks, HMH, November 17, 2010</ref> === Ottoman Empire === {{Main|History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire}} During the Classical Ottoman period (1300–1600), the Jews, together with most other communities of the empire, enjoyed a certain level of prosperity. Compared with other Ottoman subjects, they were the predominant power in commerce and trade as well in diplomacy and other high offices. In the 16th century especially, the Jews were the most prominent under the ''[[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|millets']]'', the apogee of Jewish influence could arguably be the appointment of [[Joseph Nasi]] to [[Sanjak-bey]] (governor, a rank usually only held by Muslims) of the island of [[Naxos]].<ref>Charles Issawi & Dmitri Gondicas; ''Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism'', Princeton, (1999)</ref> At the time of the [[Battle of Yarmuk]] when the Levant passed under Muslim Rule, thirty Jewish communities existed in Haifa, Sh'chem, Hebron, Ramleh, Gaza, Jerusalem, and many in the north. Safed became a spiritual centre for the Jews and the [[Shulchan Aruch]] was compiled there as well as many Kabbalistic texts. The first Hebrew printing press, and the first printing in Western Asia began in 1577. Jews lived in the geographic area of Asia Minor (modern Turkey, but more geographically either Anatolia or Asia Minor) for more than 2,400 years. Initial prosperity in Hellenistic times had faded under Christian Byzantine rule, but recovered somewhat under the rule of the various Muslim governments that displaced and succeeded rule from Constantinople. For much of the Ottoman period, Turkey was a safe haven for Jews fleeing persecution, and it continues to have a small Jewish population today. The situation where Jews both enjoyed cultural and economical prosperity at times but were widely persecuted at other times was summarised by G. E. Von Grunebaum: <blockquote>It would not be difficult to put together the names of a very sizeable number of Jewish subjects or citizens of the Islamic area who have attained to high rank, to power, to great financial influence, to significant and recognized intellectual attainment; and the same could be done for Christians. But it would again not be difficult to compile a lengthy list of persecutions, arbitrary confiscations, attempted forced conversions, or pogroms.<ref>G. E. Von Grunebaum, ''Eastern Jewry Under Islam'', 1971, p. 369.</ref></blockquote> === Russia, Poland, and Eastern Europe === {{Further|History of the Jews in Poland|History of the Jews in Russia|History of the Jews in Ukraine|History of the Jews in Lithuania|History of the Jews in Romania}} {{expand section|date=October 2025}} In the 17th century, there were many significant Jewish populations in Western and Central Europe. The relatively tolerant Poland had the largest Jewish population in Europe that dated back to the 13th century, and enjoyed relative prosperity and freedom for nearly four hundred years. However, the calm situation ended when Polish and Lithuanian Jews of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] were slaughtered in the hundreds of thousands by Ukrainian Cossacks during the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] (1648) and by the [[Swedish wars]] (1655). Driven by these and other persecutions, some Jews moved back to Western Europe in the 17th century, notably to [[Amsterdam]]. The last ban on Jewish residency in a European nation was revoked in 1654, but periodic expulsions from individual cities still occurred, and Jews were often restricted from land ownership, or forced to live in [[ghetto]]s. With the [[Partitions of Poland]] in the late 18th century, the Polish-Jewish population was split between the [[Russian Empire]], [[Austria-Hungary]], and German [[Prussia]], which divided Poland among themselves. === European Enlightenment and Haskalah (18th century) === [[File:Moritz Daniel Oppenheim--Lavater and Lessing Visit Moses Mendelssohn--1856--Magnes Collection.jpg|thumb|right|[[Moses Mendelssohn]] (in red coat), Lavater (at right) and Lessing (standing), in an imaginary portrait by the Jewish artist [[Moritz Daniel Oppenheim]] (1856), [[Magnes Collection of Jewish Art and Life]]]] During the period of the [[European Renaissance]] and Enlightenment, significant changes occurred within the Jewish community. The [[Haskalah]] movement paralleled the wider Enlightenment, as Jews in the 18th century began to campaign for emancipation from restrictive laws and integration into the wider European society. Secular and scientific education was added to the traditional religious instruction received by students, and interest in a national Jewish identity, including a revival in the study of Jewish history and Hebrew, started to grow. Among the prominient Haskalah intellectuals were [[Moses Mendelssohn]], [[Naphtali Hirz Wessely]], [[Isaac Satanow]] and [[Isaac Euchel]]. Haskalah gave birth to the [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] and [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] movements in Judaism and planted the seeds of [[Zionism]] while at the same time encouraging cultural assimilation into the countries in which Jews resided. At around the same time another movement was born, one preaching almost the opposite of Haskalah, [[Hasidic Judaism]]. Hasidic Judaism began in the 18th century by [[Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov]], and quickly gained a following with its more exuberant, mystical approach to religion. These two movements, and the traditional orthodox approach to Judaism from which they spring, formed the basis for the modern divisions within Jewish observance. At the same time, the outside world was changing, and debates began over the potential emancipation of the Jews (granting them equal rights). The first country to do so was France, during the [[French Revolution]] in 1789. Even so, Jews were expected to assimilate, not continue their traditions. This ambivalence is demonstrated in the famous speech of [[Clermont-Tonnerre]] before the [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] in 1789: <blockquote>We must refuse everything to the Jews as a nation and accord everything to Jews as individuals. We must withdraw recognition from their judges; they should only have our judges. We must refuse legal protection to the maintenance of the so-called laws of their Judaic organization; they should not be allowed to form in the state either a political body or an order. They must be citizens individually. But, some will say to me, they do not want to be citizens. Well then! If they do not want to be citizens, they should say so, and then, we should banish them. It is repugnant to have in the state an association of non-citizens, and a nation within the nation...</blockquote> === Hasidic Judaism === {{See also|Mitnagdim}} [[File:Maurycy Gottlieb - Jews Praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur.jpg|thumb|upright=1|right|Hasidic Jews praying in the synagogue on [[Yom Kippur]], by [[Maurycy Gottlieb]]]] [[Hasidic Judaism]] is a branch of [[Orthodox Judaism]] that promotes spirituality and joy through the popularisation and internalization of [[Jewish mysticism]] as the fundamental aspects of the [[Jewish faith]]. Hasidism comprises part of contemporary [[Ultra-Orthodox]] Judaism, alongside the previous Talmudic [[Lithuanian Jews|Lithuanian-Yeshiva]] approach and the Oriental [[Sephardi Judaism|Sephardi]] tradition. It was founded in 18th-century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel [[Baal Shem Tov]] as a reaction against overly [[Talmud|legalistic]] Judaism. Opposite to this, Hasidic teachings cherished the sincerity and concealed holiness of the unlettered common folk, and their equality with the scholarly elite. The emphasis on the [[Immanent]] Divine presence in everything gave new value to prayer and deeds of kindness, alongside Rabbinic supremacy of [[Torah study|study]], and replaced historical [[Kabbalah|mystical (kabbalistic)]] and [[Musar literature|ethical (musar)]] [[Asceticism in Judaism|asceticism]] and [[Maggid|admonishment]] with optimism, encouragement, and daily [[Deveikut|fervour]]. This populist emotional revival accompanied the elite ideal of nullification to paradoxical Divine [[Panentheism]], through intellectual articulation of inner dimensions of mystical thought. The adjustment of Jewish values sought to add to required standards of ritual [[Halacha|observance]], while relaxing others where inspiration predominated. Its communal gatherings celebrate soulful [[Nigun|song]] and [[Yiddish literature#Hasidic and Haskalah literature|storytelling]] as forms of mystical devotion.{{Citation needed| date=February 2012}} ==اڻويهين صدي== [[File:Napoleon stellt den israelitischen Kult wieder her, 30. Mai 1806.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|An 1806 French print depicts [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] emancipating the Jews.]] Though persecution still existed, [[Jewish emancipation]] spread throughout Europe in the 19th century. [[Napoleon]] invited Jews to leave the [[Jewish ghettos in Europe]] and seek refuge in the newly created tolerant political regimes that offered equality under Napoleonic Law (see [[Napoleon and the Jews]]). Gradually all European nations established in constitutions the principle of equality under the law and abolished all restrictions for Jews.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org">[https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/antisemitism-in-history-the-era-of-nationalism-1800-1918 Antisemitism in History: The Era of Nationalism, 1800–1918]</ref><ref>[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/emancipation Emancipation]</ref><ref>[https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/jewish-emancipation-in-western-europe/ Jewish Emancipation in Western Europe]</ref><ref>[https://d-nb.info/1175689041/34 Jewish Emancipation in the 18th and 19th Centuries]</ref> [[File:Antisemiticroths.jpg|thumb|A caricature by [[Charles Lucien Léandre]] (France, 1898) showing [[Rothschild family|Rothschild]] with the world in his hands]] Jews now could own land and enter the civil service. The abolition of restraints on political activism and the broadening of the electoral franchise on the basis of citizenship, not religion, made Jews most visible among [[liberalism|liberal]], [[Radical politics|radical]], and [[Marxism|Marxist]] ([[Social Democracy|Social Democratic]]) political parties.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org"/> For centuries, so-called [[court Jew]]s acted as the principal financiers for the European aristocracys. In the 1760s, one of them, [[Mayer Amschel Rothschild]], established a banking business in Germany that eventually became a vast international conglomerate and yield one of the largest family fortunes in world history. Thus the name of the [[Rothschilds]] became synonymous with Jewish financial power. Across Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, other Jews also created a number of influential banks.<ref>[https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/usury-and-moneylending-in-judaism/ Jews and Finance]</ref> The most important branch of Jewish economic life in Eastern Europe was trade. While most remained small shopkeepers, stallholders, and peddlers, others became owners of department stores and shopping arcades. During the 19th century Jews began to move from rural regions to cities, this contributed to the decline of traditional Jewish tavernkeeping. Jews made up a considerable proportion of all craftsmen in the [[Russian Empire]] and [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] during the 19th century, but with the spread of industrialization large factories tended to squeeze out small Jewish-run workshops, and only limited numbers of Jews became employees in these modern factories. Jews were considered less desirable employees since they did not want to work on Saturdays and tended to organize into unions to demand improved working conditions, the foundation of the [[General Jewish Labour Bund|Bund]] in the Russian Empire in 1897 strengthened this process.<ref name="Economic Life">[https://encyclopedia.yivo.org/article/7 Economic Life]</ref> The economic achivements of Jews in the 19th century created the impression for some that Jews were being overrepresented in such lucrative occupations as finance, banking, trade, industry, medicine, law, journalism, art, music, literature, and theater. Despite increasing integration of the Jews with secular society, a new form of [[antisemitism]] emerged, [[Racial antisemitism|based on the ideas of race and nationhood]] rather than the religious hatred of the Middle Ages. This form of antisemitism held that Jews were a separate and inferior race from the [[Aryan]] people of Western Europe, and led to the emergence of political parties in France, Germany, and [[Austria-Hungary]] that campaigned on a platform of rolling back emancipation. This form of antisemitism emerged frequently in European culture, most famously in the [[Dreyfus Trial]] in France.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org"/><ref>[https://evolve.reconstructingjudaism.org/anti-semitism-europe-history/ Antisemitism in Europe and America in the Modern Period: Historical Perspectives]</ref><ref>[https://www.quest-cdecjournal.it/anti-jewish-prejudices-antisemitic-ideologies-open-violence-antisemitism-in-european-comparison-from-the-1870s-to-the-first-world-war-a-commentary/ Anti-Jewish Prejudices, Antisemitic Ideologies, Open Violence: Antisemitism in European Comparison from the 1870s to the First World War. A Commentary]</ref> During this period, Jewish migration to the United States (see [[American Jews]]) created a large new community mostly freed of the restrictions of Europe. Over 2 million Jews arrived in the United States between 1890 and 1924, most from the Russian Empire and Galicia. A similar case occurred in the southern tip of the continent, specifically in the countries of [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]]. ==ويهين صدي== ===جديد صيهونيت=== [[File:Herzl on a balcony full.jpg|thumb|Theodor Herzl, visionary of the Jewish State, in Basel, photographed during [[World Zionist Congress|Fifth Zionist Congress]] in December 1901, by [[Ephraim Moses Lilien]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Theodor Herzl Signed Photograph, Basel, Switzerland {{!}} Shapell Manuscript Foundation |url=https://www.shapell.org/manuscript/theodor-herzl-signed-photograph-basel-switzerland/ |website=Shapell |access-date=May 10, 2023}}</ref>]] During the 1870s and 1880s, the Jewish population in Europe began to more actively discuss emigration to [[Ottoman Syria]] with the aim of re-establishing a Jewish polity in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and fulfilling the biblical prophecies related to [[Shivat Tzion]]. In 1882 the first Zionist settlement—[[Rishon LeZion]]—was founded by immigrants who belonged to the "[[Hovevei Zion]]" movement. Later on, the "[[Bilu (movement)|Bilu]]" movement established many other settlements in Palestine. The Zionist movement was officially founded after the [[Kattowitz convention]] (1884) and the [[World Zionist Congress]] (1897), and it was [[Theodor Herzl]] who initiated the struggle to establish a state for the Jews. After the [[First World War]], it seemed that the conditions that made it possible for the Jews to establish such a state had arrived: The United Kingdom captured [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] from the Ottoman Empire, and the Jews received the promise of a "National Home" from the British in the form of the [[Balfour Declaration]] of 1917, given to [[Chaim Weizmann]]. In 1920, the British Mandate of Palestine was established and the pro-Jewish [[Herbert Samuel]] was appointed High Commissioner of Palestine, the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] was established and several large Jewish immigration waves to Palestine occurred. The Arab inhabitants of Palestine grew hostile to increasing Jewish immigration, and as a result, they began to express their opposition to the establishment of Jewish settlements and the pro-Jewish policy of the British government. New Jewish immigrants began to create militias and paramilitary groups such as the [[Bar-Giora]] and [[Hashomer]]. Clashes between Jews and Arabs became more frequent. After the [[1920 Nebi Musa riots]], the Jewish leadership in Palestine believed that the British had little desire to involve themselves in these clashes and maintain order. Believing that they could not rely on the British administration for protection, the Jewish leadership created the [[Haganah]] and [[Irgun]] paramilitary organizations in order to protect its community's farms and [[Kibbutz]]im. These paramilitary organization were involved in major riots, such as the [[Jaffa riots (May 1921)|Jaffa riots]], [[1929 Palestine riots]] and the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]]. Arabs, Jews and Britons suffered in this violence. Due to the increasing violence, the United Kingdom gradually started to backtrack from its original idea of supporting the establishment of a Jewish homeland and it also started to speculate on a [[binational solution]] to the crisis or the establishment of an Arab state that would have a Jewish minority. ===Jews in Europe and the United States after World War I === [[File:Yung-teater poster 15.jpg|thumb|Bilingual [[Polish language|Polish]]-[[Yiddish]] poster for the [[Warsaw]] [[Young Theater]]'s production of ''Mississippi'' in 1935, written by [[Leib Malach]]]] The World War I and subsequent political changes, such as the [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917 and the establishment of new nation-states after 1918, led to far-reaching consequenсes for the Jews of Eastern Europe. The authorities of the [[Soviet Union]] viewed private commerce as negative and sought to bring all trade under the aegis of state enterprises. Therefore, many Jews, who had previously made their living from trade, were forced to find other occupations. In Poland, Hungary, and Romania, the authorities adopted policies aimed at ethnicizing their national economies, aiming to exclude Jews as far as possible from the marketplace.<ref name="Economic Life"/> Nevertheless, the Jews of Europe and the United States gained success in the fields of science, culture and the economy. In Austria in the years between the two World Wars Jews were approximately 3.5% of the population but were 27.3% of university professors. In Germany between 1918 and 1933 Jews were 0.78% of the population but were 16% of the doctors, 15% of the dentists, 25% of the lawyers, 50% of the theatre directors and occupied 80% of the leading positions in the [[Berlin stock exchange]]. In Poland in 1931 Jews were 10.2% of the population but were 56% of the doctors in private practice, 33% of the lawyers, and 24% of the pharmacists. In Russia during the period 1917–1939 Jews were approximately 1.8% of the population, while Jews were 9% of the officers in military academies, 15% of the university graduates, 11% of the doctors and 14% of the university professors.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Lynn | first1=Richard | last2=Kanazawa | first2=Satoshi | title=How to explain high Jewish achievement: The role of intelligence and values | journal=Personality and Individual Differences | date=2008 | volume=44 | issue=4 | pages=801–808 | doi=10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.019 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886907003674 }}</ref> Among those Jews who were generally considered the most famous were the scientist [[Albert Einstein]] and the philosopher [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]. At that time, a disproportionate number of [[Nobel Prize]] winners were Jewish, as is still the case.<ref name="jinfo.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html |title=Jewish Nobel Prize Winners |publisher=jinfo.org |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211039/http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html |url-status=live}}</ref> === The Holocaust === {{Main|History of the Jews during World War II|The Holocaust}} [[File:Rows of bodies of dead inmates fill the yard of Lager Nordhausen, a Gestapo concentration camp.jpg|thumb|Bodies of inmates of the [[Mittelbau-Dora]] Nazi concentration camp who died during [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[Bombing of Nordhausen in World War II|bombing raids]] on April 3 and 4, 1945]] In 1933, with [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazi Party]]'s rise to power in Germany, the Jewish situation became more severe. [[Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic|Economic crises]], [[Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany|racial Anti-Jewish laws]], and fear of an upcoming war led many Jews to flee from Europe and settle in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], the United States and the Soviet Union. In 1939, [[World War II]] began and until 1945, [[German-occupied Europe|Germany occupied almost all of Europe]], including [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|Poland]]—[[History of the Jews in Poland|where millions of Jews were living at that time]]—and [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|France]]. In 1941, following the [[invasion of the Soviet Union]], the [[Final Solution]] began, an extensive organized operation on an unprecedented scale, aimed at the annihilation of the Jewish people, and resulting in the persecution and murder of Jews in Europe, as well as Jews in European North Africa (pro-Nazi [[Vichy France|Vichy]]-[[French North Africa|North Africa]] and [[Italian Libya]]). This [[genocide]], in which approximately six million Jews were methodically murdered with horrifying cruelty, is known as [[The Holocaust]] or the ''Shoah'' (Hebrew term). In Poland, as many as one million Jews were murdered in [[gas chambers]] at the [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz camp complex]]. The massive scale of the Holocaust, and the horrors that happened during it, were only understood after the war, and they heavily affected the Jewish nation and world public opinion. Efforts were then increased to establish a Jewish state in Palestine. === The establishment of the State of Israel === {{Main|History of Israel (1948–present)}} {{Further|Israel|Israeli Declaration of Independence}} {{History of Israel}} In 1945 the Jewish resistance organizations in Palestine unified and established the Jewish Resistance Movement. The movement began guerrilla attacks against Arab paramilitaries and the British authorities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/resist.html |title=The Jewish Resistance Movement |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=August 12, 2012 |archive-date=September 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907162736/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/resist.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}} Following the [[King David Hotel bombing]], [[Chaim Weizmann]], president of the [[WZO]] appealed to the movement to cease all further military activity until a decision would be reached by the [[Jewish Agency]]. The Jewish Agency backed Weizmann's recommendation to cease activities, a decision reluctantly accepted by the Haganah, but not by the [[Irgun]] and [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]]. The JRM was dismantled and each of the founding groups continued operating according to their own policy.<ref>Horne, Edward (1982). ''A Job Well Done (Being a History of The Palestine Police Force 1920–1948)''. Anchor. {{ISBN|978-0-9508367-0-6}}. pp. 272, 299. States that Haganah withdrew on July 1, 1946. But remained permanently uncooperative.</ref> The Jewish leadership decided to centre the struggle in the illegal immigration to Palestine and began organizing a massive number of Jewish war refugees from Europe, without the approval of the British authorities. This immigration contributed a great deal to the Jewish settlements in Israel in the world public opinion and the British authorities decided to let the United Nations decide upon the fate of Palestine.{{Citation needed| date=February 2012}} On November 29, 1947, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] adopted [[Resolution 181]](II) recommending partitioning Palestine into an Arab state, a Jewish state and the City of Jerusalem. The Jewish leadership accepted the decision but the Arab League and the leadership of Palestinian Arabs opposed it. Following a period of [[1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine|civil war]] the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]] started.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} In the middle of the war, after the last British soldiers of the Palestine Mandate left, David Ben-Gurion proclaimed on May 14, 1948, the establishment of a [[Jewish state]] in [[Eretz Israel]] to be known as the [[State of Israel]]. The war ended in 1949 and Israel started building the state and absorbing massive waves of hundreds of thousands of Jews from all over the world, notably [[Jewish exodus from the Muslim world|Arab countries]]. Since 1948, Israel has been involved in a series of major military conflicts, including the 1956 [[Suez Crisis]], 1967 [[Six-Day War]], 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]], [[1982 Lebanon War]], and [[2006 Lebanon War]], as well as a nearly constant series of [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|ongoing minor conflicts]]. Since 1977, an ongoing and largely unsuccessful series of diplomatic efforts have been initiated by Israel, Palestinian organizations, their neighbours, and other parties, including the United States and the European Union, to bring about a [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process|peace process]] to resolve conflicts between Israel and its neighbours, mostly over the fate of the Palestinian people. ==ايڪويهين صدي== Israel is a [[parliamentary democracy]] with a population of over 8 million people, of whom about 6 million are [[Israeli Jews|Jewish]]. The largest Jewish communities are in Israel and the [[American Jews|United States]], with major communities in France, Argentina, Russia, England, and Canada. The [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]], created during the [[Soviet]] period, continues to be an [[autonomous oblast]] of the Russian state.<ref>Fishkoff, Sue (October 8, 2008). [http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/041008/revival.shtml "A Jewish revival in Birobidzhan?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510142551/http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/041008/revival.shtml |date=May 10, 2011 }} ''Jewish News of Greater Phoenix''. Accessed on June 8, 2008.</ref> The [[Chief Rabbi]] of [[Birobidzhan]], [[Mordechai Scheiner]], says there are 4,000 Jews in the capital city.<ref>Paxton, Robin (June 1, 2007). [http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=525676&cid=84435&NewsType=80052 "From Tractors to Torah in Russia's Jewish Land"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411050518/http://fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=525676&cid=84435&NewsType=80052 |date=April 11, 2013 }}. Federation of Jewish Communities. Accessed on June 8, 2008.</ref> [[Governor]] [[Nikolay Mikhaylovich Volkov]] has stated that he intends to, "support every valuable initiative maintained by our local Jewish organizations".<ref>[http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=221939 "Governor Voices Support for Growing Far East Jewish Community"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518042318/http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=221939 |date=May 18, 2011 }} (November 15, 2004). Federation of Jewish Communities. Accessed on June 8, 2008.</ref> The [[Birobidzhan Synagogue]] opened in 2004 on the 70th anniversary of the region's founding in 1934.<ref>[http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=166969 "Far East Community Prepares for 70th Anniversary of Jewish Autonomous Republic"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518041740/http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=166969 |date=May 18, 2011 }} (August 30, 2004). Federation of Jewish Communities. Accessed on June 8, 2008.</ref> The number of people who identified as Jews in [[England and Wales]] rose slightly between 2001 and 2011, with the growth being attributed to the higher birth rate of the [[Haredi]] community.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7411877.stm |title=Jewish population on the increase |date=May 21, 2008 |access-date=March 18, 2020 |archive-date=May 27, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527215725/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7411877.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> The estimated [[British Jew]]ish population in [[England]] as of 2011 was 263,346.<ref>{{cite web |title=2011 Census: KS209EW Religion, local authorities in England and Wales |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |publisher=ons.gov.uk |access-date=December 15, 2012 |archive-date=January 5, 2016 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2021, per the [[British Census]], the Jewish population of England and Wales was 271,327.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Graham |first1=David |last2=Boyd |first2=Jonathan |title=Jews in Britain in 2021: First results from the Census of England and Wales |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/reports/jews-britain-2021-first-results-census-england-and-wales |website=Institute for Jewish Policy Research |date=November 29, 2022 |access-date=December 13, 2023}}</ref> On October 7, 2023, [[Hamas]], along with other [[Palestinian Joint Operations Room|Palestinian militant groups]], [[October 7 attacks|attacked Israel]] from the [[Gaza Strip]], killing 1,139 people. The day is considered the deadliest day in Israel's history, and the deadliest day for Jews since the Holocaust.<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 11, 2023 |title=Biden calls Hamas attacks the deadliest day for Jews since the Holocaust as US death toll ticks up |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-us-biden-blinken-99eb4063edabc80fa1fa198fb0bb020e |access-date=November 9, 2023 |work=AP News |language=en}}</ref> The attack escalated into a [[Gaza war|major war between Israel and Hamas]]. Hundreds of thousands of civilians were displaced, and more than 250 hostages, including Israelis and foreign nationals, were taken by Hamas, [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]], and other Gaza-based militant groups.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |last2=Angel |first2=Maytaal |last3=Al-Mughrabi |first3=Nidal |last4=Angel |first4=Maytaal |date=November 8, 2023 |title=Israeli, Hamas fighters in close combat in Gaza City as civilians flee |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/thousands-civilians-flee-north-gaza-israeli-troops-hamas-fighters-clash-2023-11-08/ |access-date=November 9, 2023}}</ref> ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[يهوديت]] * [[اسلام ۾ ابراهيم]] * [[يعقوب عليہ السلام]] * [[عيسيٰ عليه السلام]] * [[توريت]] * [[فلسطين]] * [[يروشلم]] * [[اسرائيل]] * [[فلسطين جي رياست]] * [[غزه نسل ڪشي]] * [[يهوديت جي تاريخ]] * [[فلسطين جي تاريخ]] * [[يهودي تاريخ جو خاڪو]] * [[يهودي تاريخ جو وقت]] * [[يهودين جو جينياتي مطالعو]] * [[اسرائيل جي سرزمين ۾ يهودين ۽ يهوديت جي تاريخ]] ==نوٽ== {{Reflist|30em}} ===حوالي جا لکت=== * {{Cite book |last=Brettler |first=Marc Zvi |author-link=Marc Zvi Brettler |title=How to read the Bible |place=New York |publisher=Jewish Publication Society |year=2010 |url={{Google books |id=39nQafdJ_ssC |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=978-0-8276-0775-0}} * {{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Antony F. |last2=O'Brien |first2=Mark A. |title=Unfolding the Deuteronomistic History |year=2000 |publisher=Fortress Press |url={{Google books |id=AvZWPFqd2sEC |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=978-1-4514-1368-7}} * {{cite book |last=Faust |first=Avraham |chapter=The Emergence of Iron Age Israel: On Origins and Habitus |title=Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience |editor1=Thomas E. Levy |editor2=Thomas Schneider |editor3=William H.C. Propp |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/11906343 |date=2015 |publisher=Springer |pages=467–482 |isbn=978-3-319-04768-3}} * {{cite book |title=The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Israel |last2=Silberman |first2=Neil Asher |publisher=Simon and Schuster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-7432-2338-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Frei |first=Peter |title=Persia and Torah: The Theory of Imperial Authorization of the Pentateuch |date=2001 |publisher=SBL Press |isbn=978-1-58983-015-8 |editor-last=Watts |editor-first=James |location=Atlanta, GA |pages=6 |chapter=Persian Imperial Authorization: A Summary}} * {{Cite book |last=Gelston |first=Anthony |chapter=Habakkuk |editor1-last=Dunn |editor1-first=James D. G. |editor2-last=Rogerson |editor2-first=John William |title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2003a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Erdman+commentary+old+testament+hebrew+bible |isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Gelston |first=Anthony |chapter=Zephaniah |editor1-last=Dunn |editor1-first=James D. G. |editor2-last=Rogerson |editor2-first=John William |title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2003c |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Erdman+commentary+old+testament+hebrew+bible |isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0}} *{{cite book |title=Hosea 2: Metaphor and Rhetoric in Historical Perspective |first=Brad E. |last=Kelle |publisher=Society of Biblical Lit |year=2005}} * {{cite book |last1=Levenson |first1=Jon Douglas |title=Inheriting Abraham: the legacy of the patriarch in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam |date=2012 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=978-0-691-16355-0}} * {{cite book |first=Menahem |last=Mor |title=The Second Jewish Revolt: The Bar Kokhba War, 132-136 CE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T8wJDAAAQBAJ |date=May 4, 2016 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-31463-4}} * {{cite book |surname=Neusner |given=Jacob |author-link=Jacob Neusner |title=A Short History of Judaism: Three Meals, Three Epochs |year=1992 |place=Minneapolis, Mn |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=0-8006-2552-8 |url={{Google books |id=5Z3oZVjrDcgC |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}}}} * {{Cite book |last=O'Brien |first=Julia M. |title=Nahum |publisher=A&C Black |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0X9BTEO7OAC&q=%22seventh+century+BCE%22Assyria+remained+a+formidable%22%22threat%22&pg=PA14 |isbn=978-1-84127-300-6}} * {{cite book |last=Radine |first=Jason |title=The Book of Amos in Emergent Judah |year=2010 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=taqfL4qnJs0C |isbn=978-3-16-150114-2}} * {{cite book |author-last=Redmount |author-first=Carol A. |year=2001 |orig-year=1998 |title=The Oxford History of the Biblical World |chapter=Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PA58 |editor-last=Coogan |editor-first=Michael D. |editor-link=Michael Coogan |location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=58–89 |isbn=978-0-19-513937-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Rogerson |first=John W. |chapter=Micah |editor1-last=Dunn |editor1-first=James D. G. |editor2-last=Rogerson |editor2-first=John William |title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2003a |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%22It+is+rare+for+a+prophet+to+be+mentioned%22&pg=PA703 |isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Rogerson |first=John W. |chapter=Deuteronomy |editor1-last=Dunn |editor1-first=James D. G. |editor2-last=Rogerson |editor2-first=John William |title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2003b |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%22Deuteronomy+is+a+speech+delivered+by+Moses%22&pg=PA153 |isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0}} * {{Cite journal |last=Romer |first=Thomas |date=2008 |title=Moses Outside the Torah and the Construction of a Diaspora Identity |url=http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_92.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Hebrew Scriptures |volume=8, article 15 |pages=2–12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021035437/http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_92.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=September 27, 2019}} * {{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Skolnik |editor-given=Fred |editor-link=Fred Skolnik |title=[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]] |volume=1–22 |edition=2nd rev. |year=2007 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |place=Farmington Hills, Mi |isbn=978-0-02-865928-2}} ==ڪتابيات== * {{cite book |surname=Adler |given=Yonatan |title=The Origins of Judaism: An Archaeological-Historical Reappraisal |place=New Haven, Conn |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-300-25490-7 |url={{Google books |id=k8KREAAAQBAJ |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}}}} * {{cite book |surname=Albertz |given=Rainer |title=A History of Israelite Religion. Vol. 1: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy |translator=John Bowden |edition=Reprint |place=Louisville, Kentucky |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=1994 |orig-year=1992 |url={{Google books |id=GJS7BwAAQBAJ |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=0-664-21846-6}} * {{cite book |surname=Albertz |first=Rainer |title=A History of Israelite Religion. Vol. 2: From the Exile to the Maccabees |translator=John Bowden |edition=Reprint |place=Louisville, Kentucky |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=1994 |orig-year=1992 |url={{Google books |id=z5O7BwAAQBAJ |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=0-664-21847-4}} * Allegro, John. ''The chosen people: A study of Jewish history from the time of the exile until the revolt of Bar Kocheba'' (Andrews, UK, 2015). * Alpher, Joseph (1986). ''[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofje00lhis Encyclopedia of Jewish history: events and eras of the Jewish people].'' * [[Dan Cohn-Sherbok|Cohn-Sherbok, Dan]]. ''Atlas of Jewish history'' (Routledge, 2013). * Fireberg, H., Glöckner, O., & Menachem Zoufalá, M., eds. (2020). Being Jewish in 21st Century Central Europe. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg. {{doi|10.1515/9783110582369}} * Friesel, Evyatar. ''Atlas of modern Jewish history'' (1990) [[iarchive:atlasofmodernjew00evya|online free to borrow]] * Gilbert, Martin. ''Atlas of Jewish History'' (1993) [https://archive.org/details/atlasofjewishhis00mart online free to borrow] * Kobrin, Rebecca and Adam Teller, eds. ''Purchasing Power: The Economics of Modern Jewish History''. (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015. viii, 355 pp. Essays by scholars focused on Europe. * {{cite book |title=The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor1-first=Paul R. |editor1-last=Mendes-Flohr |editor1-link=Paul R. Mendes-Flohr |editor2-first=Jehuda |editor2-last=Reinharz |editor2-link=Jehuda Reinharz |year=1995 |isbn=0-19-507453-X |oclc=30026590}} * [[Jacob Neusner|Neusner, Jacob]]; Green, William Scott, eds. (1991). ''The Origins of Judaism. Religion, History, and Literature in Late Antiquity.'' 20-volume Set. New York: Garland Press. (Reprinted scholarly essays, with introductions.) * [[Jacob Neusner|Neusner, Jacob]] (1999). ''[{{Google books|id=5YFXIUJYgsYC |plainurl=y|page=}} The Four Stages of Rabbinic Judaism].'' London; New York: Routledge. * Sachar, Howard M. ''[https://archive.org/details/courseofmodernje00sach The course of modern Jewish history].'' (2nd ed. 2013). * Schloss, Chaim. ''2000 Years of Jewish History'' (2002), Heavily illustrated popular history. * Scheindlin, Raymond P. ''A short history of the Jewish people from legendary times to modern statehood'' (1998) [https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofje00sche online free to borrow] * {{cite book |surname=Sweeney |given=Marvin A. |author-link=Marvin A. Sweeney |chapter=The Religious World of Ancient Israel to 586&nbsp;BCE |editor-surname=Neusner |editor-given=Jacob |editor-link=Jacob Neusner |editor2-surname=Avery-Peck |editor2-given=Alan J. |title=The Blackwell Companion to Judaism |year=2003 |orig-year=2000 |edition=Reprint |pages=20–36 |publisher=Blackwell Publ. |place=Malden, Mass |chapter-url= |url={{Google books |id=bEyD_MaeqP4C |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=1-57718-058-5}} * {{cite book |year=2018 |orig-year=1999 |editor-surname=Visotzky |editor-given=Burton L. |editor-link=Burton Visotzky |editor-surname2=Fishman |editor-given2=David E. |editor-link2=David Fishman |title=From Mesopotamia to Modernity: Ten Introductions to Jewish History and Literature |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |edition=Reprint |url={{Google books |id=x1JPDwAAQBAJ |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=978-0-8133-6717-0}} === France === * Benbassa, Esther. ''The Jews of France: A History from Antiquity to the Present'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/Jews-France-History-Antiquity-Present/dp/0691090149/ excerpt and text search]; [https://www.questia.com/library/99832821/the-jews-of-france-a-history-from-antiquity-to-the online] * Birnbaum, Pierre, and Jane Todd. ''The Jews of the Republic: A Political History of State Jews in France from Gambetta to Vichy'' (1996). * Birnbaum, Pierre; Kochan, Miriam. ''Anti-Semitism in France: A Political History from Léon Blum to the Present'' (1992) 317p. * Cahm, Eric. ''The Dreyfus affair in French society and politics'' (Routledge, 2014). * Debré, Simon. "The Jews of France." ''Jewish Quarterly Review'' 3.3 (1891): 367–435. long scholarly description. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1450008.pdf online free] * Graetz, Michael, and Jane Todd. ''The Jews in Nineteenth-Century France: From the French Revolution to the Alliance Israelite Universelle'' (1996) * Hyman, Paula E. ''The Jews of Modern France'' (1998) [https://www.amazon.com/Modern-France-Jewish-Communities-World/dp/0520209257/ excerpt and text search] * Hyman, Paula. ''From Dreyfus to Vichy: The Remaking of French Jewry, 1906–1939'' (Columbia UP, 1979). [https://archive.org/details/fromdreyfustovic0000hyma online free to borrow] * Schechter, Ronald. ''Obstinate Hebrews: Representations of Jews in France, 1715–1815'' (Univ of California Press, 2003) * Taitz, Emily. ''The Jews of Medieval France: The Community of Champagne'' (1994) [https://www.questia.com/library/3665422/the-jews-of-medieval-france-the-community-of-champagne online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202034/https://www.questia.com/library/3665422/the-jews-of-medieval-france-the-community-of-champagne |date=November 30, 2018 }} === Russia and Eastern Europe === * Brinkmann, Tobias. (2024). ''Between Borders: The Great Jewish Migration from Eastern Europe''. New York: Oxford University Press. * Darieva, Tsypylma, Darja Klingenberg, and Chen Bram. (2025) "Jews of the Caucasus: multiple entanglements and migration routes." ''Journal of Modern Jewish Studies'' 24.2 (2025): 557-569. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14725886.2025.2518673 online] * [[David Fishman|Fishman, David]] (1996). ''Russia's First Modern Jews''. New York University Press. * [[Zvi Gitelman|Gitelman, Zvi]] (2001). ''A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present''. * Kushkova, Anna. (2025) "From a Shtetl House to an Urban Apartment: The Soviet Jewish Home Negotiated, Transformed, and Reimagined." ''Jewish Folklore and Ethnology'' 4.1 (2025): 70-125. [https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=jewishfolklore online] * Polonsky, Antony. ''The Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History'' (2013) * Sapritsky-Nahum, Marina. (2025) "Identity transformations of Ukrainian Jewry during the Russian–Ukrainian war: Odesa’s communities and religious leaders at home and in exile." ''Canadian Slavonic Papers'' 67.1-2 (2025): 214-235. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00085006.2025.2500199 online] * Schapiro, Leonard. "The role of the Jews in the Russian revolutionary movement." ''Slavonic and East European Review'' (1961): 148-167. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4205328 online] * Shumsky, Dmitry. (2025) "Beyond Antisemitism: Rethinking Stalin’s Anti-Jewish Campaign, 1948–1953." ''Journal of Modern History'' 97.2 (2025): 348-386. * {{cite book |last1=Weiner |first1=Miriam |last2=Polish State Archives (in cooperation with) |title=Jewish Roots in Poland: Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories |date=1997 |publisher=Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation |location=Secaucus, NJ |isbn=978-0-9656508-0-9 |oclc=38756480}} * {{cite book |last1=Weiner |first1=Miriam |last2=Ukrainian State Archives (in cooperation with) |last3=Moldovan National Archives (in cooperation with) |title=Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova: Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories |date=1999 |publisher=Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation |location=Secaucus, NJ |isbn=978-0-9656508-1-6 |oclc=607423469}} * Yivo Institute for Jewish Research. ''A Century of Ambivalence, Second Expanded Edition: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present'' (Indiana University Press, 2001). === United States === {{Main|American Jews#Bibliography|History of the{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2025}} [[File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 063.jpg|thumb|According to Jewish tradition, Jacob, shown [[Jacob wrestling with the angel|wrestling with the angel]] in this painting by [[Rembrandt]], was the father of the [[tribes of Israel]].]] {{Jews and Judaism sidebar|history}} {{history of religion|religions}} [[Jews]] originated from the [[Israelites]] and [[Hebrews]] of historical [[Israel and Judah]], two related kingdoms that emerged in the [[Levant]] during the [[Iron Age]].<ref name="Finkelstein-2001">{{cite book |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Israel |title=The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories |last2=Silberman |first2=Neil Asher |date=2001 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-86912-4 |edition=1st Touchstone |location=New York}}</ref><ref name="The Pitcher Is Broken">[https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160404/https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 |date=April 9, 2023 }} Quote: "For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to date."</ref> The earliest mention of [[Israelites]] is inscribed on the [[Merneptah Stele]] {{circa|1213–1203 BCE}}; later religious literature tells the story of Israelites going back at least as far as {{cx|1500 BCE}}. Traditionally, the name ''Israel'' is said to originate with the Hebrew patriarch [[Jacob]], who provides a narrative [[etiology]] for the name{{snd}}after wrestling with an angel, Jacob is renamed Israel, meaning "he who struggles with God". The [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]] based in [[Samaria]] fell to the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] {{cx|720 BCE}},<ref name="Broshi-2001">{{cite book |last=Broshi |first=Maguen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PAPA174 |title=Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-84127-201-6 |page=174}}</ref> and the [[Kingdom of Judah]] to the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] in 586 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Faust |first=Avraham |title=Judah in the Neo-Babylonian Period |date=August 29, 2012 |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |isbn=978-1-58983-641-9 |pages=1 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt5vjz28}}</ref> Part of the Judean population was exiled to [[Babylonia|Babylon]]. The [[Assyrian captivity|Assyrian]] and [[Babylonian captivity|Babylonian captivities]] are regarded as representing the start of the [[Jewish diaspora]]. After the [[Achaemenid Empire]] conquered the region, the exiled Jews were [[Return to Zion|allowed to return]] and [[Second Temple|rebuild the temple]]; these events mark the beginning of the [[Second Temple period]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Jonathan |last1=Stökl |first2=Caroline |last2=Waerzegger |title=Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context |date=2015 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |pages=7–11, 30, 226}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Judaica |edition=2nd |volume=3 |page=27}}</ref> After several centuries of foreign rule, the [[Maccabean Revolt]] against the [[Seleucid Empire]] led to an [[Hasmonean dynasty|independent Hasmonean kingdom]],<ref>{{cite book |first1=Peter Fibiger |last1=Bang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GCj09AmtvvwC&pg=PAPA184 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean |first2=Walter |last2=Scheidel |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-518831-8 |pages=184–187}}</ref> but it was gradually incorporated into the [[Roman Republic|Roman]] imperial system.<ref>{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |url={{Google books|2kSovzudhFUC|page=PA223|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=A History of the Jewish People |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |pages=223–239}}</ref> The [[Jewish–Roman wars]], a series of unsuccessful revolts against the Romans in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, resulted in the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zissu |first=Boaz |title=Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE |date=2018 |isbn=978-90-04-34986-5 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |page=19 |chapter=Interbellum Judea 70-132 CE: An Archaeological Perspective |oclc=988856967}}</ref> and the expulsion of many Jews.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Erwin |last1=Fahlbusch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PAPA15 |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |first2=Geoffrey William |last2=Bromiley |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5 |page=15}}</ref> The Jewish population in [[Syria Palaestina]] gradually decreased during the following centuries, enhancing the role of the Jewish diaspora and shifting the spiritual and demographic centre from the depopulated [[Judea]] to [[Galilee]] and then to [[Asoristan|Babylon]], with smaller communities spread out across the [[Roman Empire]]. During the same period, the [[Mishnah]] and the [[Talmud]], central Jewish texts, were composed. In the following millennia, the diaspora communities [[Coalescent theory|coalesced]] into three major [[Jewish ethnic divisions|ethnic subdivisions]] according to where their ancestors settled: the [[Ashkenazim]] in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern European Jewry|Eastern Europe]], the [[Sephardim]] initially in [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews|Iberia]], and the [[Mizrahim]] in the [[History of the Jews under Muslim rule|Middle East]] and [[North Africa]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GkzdBDuhoRgC&pg=PA87 "Heritage: Civilization and the Jews; The Uses of Adversity." p. 87.] Eban, Abba Solomon. "Heritage: Civilization and the Jews." Summit Books Syracuse, New York: 1984. p. 87.</ref><ref>Dosick (2007), pp. 59–60.</ref> The [[early Muslim conquests]] ended [[Byzantine]] control over the [[Eastern Mediterranean]], with the newly established [[Rashidun Caliphate]] taking over the [[Levant]], [[Mesopotamia]], and North Africa during the 7th century, and the [[Iberian Peninsula]] during the 8th century. [[Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain|Jewish culture enjoyed a golden age in Spain]], with Jews becoming widely accepted in society and their religious, cultural, and economic life blossomed before the arrival of the intolerant [[Almohades]]. In 1492 [[Expulsion of Jews from Spain|the Jews were forced to leave Spain]] by the Catholic Monarchs [[Catholic Monarchs of Spain|Queen Isabella I and King Ferdinand II]], whereafter they migrated in great numbers to the [[History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] and [[Italian Peninsula|Italy]]. Between the 12th and 15th centuries, Ashkenazi Jews experienced extreme persecution in Central Europe, which prompted their mass migration to [[History of Jews in Poland|Poland]].<ref>Mosk (2013), p. 143. "Encouraged to move out of the Holy Roman Empire as persecution of their communities intensified during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the Ashkenazi community increasingly gravitated toward Poland."</ref><ref>Harshav, Benjamin (1999). ''The Meaning of Yiddish''. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 6. "From the fourteenth and certainly by the sixteenth century, the centre of European Jewry had shifted to Poland, then ... comprising the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (including today's Byelorussia), Crown Poland, Galicia, the Ukraine and stretching, at times, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, from the approaches to Berlin to a short distance from Moscow."</ref> The 18th century saw the rise of the [[Haskalah]] intellectual movement. Also starting in the 18th century, Jews began to campaign for [[Jewish emancipation]] from restrictive laws and integration into the wider European society. In the 19th century, when Jews in [[Western Europe]] were increasingly granted equality before the law, Jews in the [[Pale of Settlement]] faced growing persecution, legal restrictions and widespread [[pogrom]]s. During the 1870s and 1880s, the Jewish population in Europe began to more actively discuss emigration to [[Ottoman Syria]] with the aim of re-establishing a Jewish polity in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. The [[Zionist movement]] was officially founded in 1897. The pogroms also triggered a mass exodus of more than two million Jews to the United States between 1881 and 1924.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lewin |first=Rhoda G. |date=1979 |title=Stereotype and reality in the Jewish immigrant experience in Minneapolis |url=http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/46/v46i07p258-273.pdf |journal=Minnesota History |volume=46 |issue=7 |page=259 |access-date=August 10, 2020 |archive-date=July 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721002023/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/46/v46i07p258-273.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The Jews of Europe and the United States gained success in the fields of science, culture and the economy. Among those generally considered the most famous were [[Albert Einstein]] and [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]. Many [[Nobel Prize]] winners at this time were Jewish, as is still the case.<ref name="jinfo.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html |title=Jewish Nobel Prize Winners |publisher=jinfo.org |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211039/http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1933, with the rise to power of [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazi Party]] in [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], the situation for Jews became severe. Economic crises, racial [[Antisemitism in Europe#The Holocaust|antisemitic laws]], and a fear of an upcoming war led many to flee from Europe to [[Mandatory Palestine]], to the United States and to the [[Soviet Union]]. In 1939, [[World War II]] began and until 1941 Germany [[German-occupied Europe|occupied almost all of Europe]]. In 1941, following the [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion]] of the Soviet Union, the [[Final Solution]] began, an extensive organized operation on an unprecedented scale, aimed at the annihilation of the Jewish people, and resulting in the persecution and murder of Jews in Europe and North Africa. In Poland, three million were murdered in [[gas chambers]] in all concentration camps combined, with one million at the [[Auschwitz]] camp complex alone. This [[genocide]], in which approximately six million Jews were methodically exterminated, is known as [[the Holocaust]]. Before and during the Holocaust, enormous numbers of Jews immigrated to Mandatory Palestine. On May 14, 1948, upon the termination of the British Mandate, [[David Ben-Gurion]] declared the creation of the [[State of Israel]], a [[Jewish and democratic state]] in ''[[Eretz Israel]]'' (Land of Israel). Immediately afterwards, all neighbouring Arab states invaded, yet the newly formed [[IDF]] resisted. In 1949, the war ended and Israel started building the state and absorbing massive waves of [[Aliyah]] from all over Europe and [[Jewish exodus from the Muslim world|Middle Eastern countries]]. {{As of|2022|post=,}} Israel is a [[parliamentary democracy]] with a population of 9.6 million people, of whom 7 million are [[Israeli Jews|Jewish]]. The largest Jewish community outside Israel is the [[American Jews|United States]], while large communities also exist in France, Canada, Argentina, Russia, United Kingdom, Australia, and [[History of the Jews in Germany|Germany]]. Currently, the Jewish ethnicity have two autonomous states under their power to act as sanctuaries, [[Israel]] and the [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]]. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Jewish history}} * [http://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/ The Jewish History Resource Center]. Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. * [http://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/Internetresources/modern/israelindex.htm The State of Israel] The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem * [http://www.encyclopaediajudaica.com/ Jewish History and Culture Encyclopaedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224094628/http://www.encyclopaediajudaica.com/ |date=December 24, 2008 }} Official Site of the 22-volume Encyclopaedia Judaica * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/jewishsbook.html Internet Jewish History Sourcebook] offering homework help and online texts * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050528023003/http://www.adath-shalom.ca/israelite_religion.htm Israelite Religion to Judaism: the Evolution of the Religion of Israel]. * [https://thinktorah.org/jewish-history/ 2000 Years of Jewish History] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050629084248/http://www.adath-shalom.ca/greek_influence.htm Greek Influence on Judaism from the Hellenistic Period Through the Middle Ages c. 300 BCE–1200 CE]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050604085120/http://www.adath-shalom.ca/jewish_sects.htm Jewish Sects of the Second Temple Period]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101119075635/http://adath-shalom.ca/samaritan_origin.htm The Origin and Nature of the Samaritans and their Relationship to Second Temple Jewish Sects]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051118233741/http://www.adath-shalom.ca/eb2bk.htm Jewish History Tables]. * [http://www.oztorah.com/category/australian-jewry/ Articles on Australian Jewish history]. * [http://www.oztorah.com/category/british-jewry/ Articles on British Jewish history]. * Barnavi, Eli (Ed.). ''A Historical Atlas of the Jewish People''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-679-40332-6}} * [http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/Jewish_History.htm Crash Course in Jewish History] * [http://csicso-nagy.uw.hu/fo-o-Csicso-NAGY-A/jewish-families.htm Jewish families in Csicsó – Cicov (Slovakia) until the Holocaust] * [http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=1&ArticleID=29 "Under the Influence: Hellenism in Ancient Jewish Life"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229232302/http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=1&ArticleID=29 |date=February 29, 2012 }} Biblical Archaeology Society * [http://www.jewishhistory.org/crash-course/ Summary of Jewish History] by Berel Wein * [http://histclo.com/chron/ancient/heb/heb-hist.html Ancient Hebrew history] * [http://jewishhistorylectures.org/ Videos of Jewish History Lectures by Henry Abramson of Touro College South] {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:يهودين جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:يهوديت جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:يهودي نسلي گروهه]] [[زمرو:تاريخ بلحاظ مذهب]] [[زمرو:نسلن جي تاريخون]] [[زمرو:ڪلاسيڪل قديم دور ۾ مذهب]] 0mksgx24fgi1wnryi35ewggaoy1px83 371036 371035 2026-04-12T03:42:06Z Ibne maryam 17680 371036 wikitext text/x-wiki يهودي (<small>Jews</small>) تاريخي اسرائيل ۽ يهوديه، ٻه لاڳاپيل بادشاهتن جيڪيون [[لوهه جو دور|لوهه جي دور]] ۾ [[سر زمين شام (ليوانت)|سرزمين شام (ليونٽ)]] ۾ ظاهر ٿيون، جي بني اسرائيل ۽ عبرانين مان پيدا ٿيا.<ref name="Finkelstein-20012">{{cite book|last1=Finkelstein|first1=Israel|title=The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories|last2=Silberman|first2=Neil Asher|date=2001|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-86912-4|edition=1st Touchstone|location=New York}}</ref><ref name="The Pitcher Is Broken2">[https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160404/https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229|date=April 9, 2023}} Quote: "For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to date."</ref> بني اسرائيل جو پهريون ذڪر، 1213-1203 ق.م. جو مرنيپتا اسٽيل تي لکيل آهي؛ بعد ۾ مذهبي ادب بني اسرائيلن جي ڪهاڻي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1500 ق.م. تائين ٻڌائي ٿو. روايتي طور تي، اسرائيل جو نالو عبراني بزرگ [[يعقوب عليہ السلام|يعقوب]] سان شروع ٿيو آهي، جيڪو نالي لاءِ هڪ داستاني ايٽولوجي فراهم ڪري ٿو - هڪ فرشتي سان وڙهڻ کان پوءِ، يعقوب جو نالو اسرائيل رکيو ويو، جنهن جو مطلب آهي "اهو جيڪو خدا سان ويڙهي ٿو". سامريه ۾ قائم اسرائيل جي بادشاهت 720 ق.م. ڌاري نيو-آشوري سلطنت جي هٿ ۾ اچي وئي<ref name="Broshi-20012">{{cite book|last=Broshi|first=Maguen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PAPA174|title=Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2001|isbn=978-1-84127-201-6|page=174}}</ref> ۽ 586 ق.م. ڌاري يهودين جي بادشاهت نيو-بابلي سلطنت جي هٿ ۾ اچي وئي.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Faust|first=Avraham|title=Judah in the Neo-Babylonian Period|date=August 29, 2012|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature|isbn=978-1-58983-641-9|pages=1|doi=10.2307/j.ctt5vjz28}}</ref> يهودي آبادي جو هڪ حصو [[بابل]] ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيو ويو. آشور ۽ بابل ۾ قيد ٿيل يهودين کي ڊائاسپورا جي شروعات جي نمائندگي ڪندڙ سمجهيو ويندو آهي. {{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2025}} [[File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 063.jpg|thumb|يهودي روايت موجب، يعقوب، جيڪو ريمبران جي هن تصوير ۾ ملائڪ سان وڙهندي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي، اسرائيل جي قبيلن جو پيءُ هو. ]][[هخامنشي سلطنت]] طرفان هن علائقي کي فتح ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، جلاوطن يهودين کي واپس اچڻ ۽ مندر کي ٻيهر تعمير ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي؛ اها واقعا ٻئي مندر جي دور جي شروعات جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا. <ref>{{cite book|first1=Jonathan|last1=Stökl|first2=Caroline|last2=Waerzegger|title=Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context|date=2015|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|pages=7–11, 30, 226}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Judaica|edition=2nd|volume=3|page=27}}</ref> ڪيترن ئي صدين جي پرڏيهي حڪمراني کانپوءِ، سيليوسڊ سلطنت جي خلاف مڪابي بغاوت هڪ آزاد هاشموني بادشاهت جو سبب بڻي، <ref>{{cite book|first1=Peter Fibiger|last1=Bang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GCj09AmtvvwC&pg=PAPA184|title=The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean|first2=Walter|last2=Scheidel|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-518831-8|pages=184–187}}</ref> پر ان رياست کي بتدريج [[رومي سلطنت]] ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{cite book|first=Abraham|last=Malamat|url={{Google books|2kSovzudhFUC|page=PA223|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=A History of the Jewish People|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1976|isbn=978-0-674-39731-6|pages=223–239}}</ref> يهودي-رومن جنگيون، پهرين ۽ ٻي صدي عيسوي ۾ رومن جي خلاف ناڪام بغاوتن جو هڪ سلسلو، [[يروشلم]] ۽ ٻئي مندر جي تباهي <ref>{{Cite book|last=Zissu|first=Boaz|title=Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE|date=2018|isbn=978-90-04-34986-5|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|page=19|chapter=Interbellum Judea 70-132 CE: An Archaeological Perspective|oclc=988856967}}</ref> ۽ ڪيترن ئي يهودين کي نيڪالي ڏيڻ جو سبب بڻيون.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Erwin|last1=Fahlbusch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PAPA15|title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity|first2=Geoffrey William|last2=Bromiley|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5|page=15}}</ref> سر زمين شام فلسطين ۾ يهودي آبادي ايندڙ صدين دوران بتدريج گهٽجي وئي، يهودي ڊائاسپورا جي ڪردار کي وڌايو ۽ روحاني ۽ آبادي جي مرڪز کي خالي ٿيل يهوديا کان گليلي ۽ پوءِ بابل ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو، يهودين جون ننڍيون برادريون رومن سلطنت ۾ پکڙيل هيون. ساڳئي عرصي دوران، مشناه ۽ تلمود، مرڪزي يهودي متن، ترتيب ڏنا ويا. ايندڙ هزار سالن ۾، ڊائاسپورا برادريون ٽن وڏن نسلي ذيلي تقسيم ۾، جتي انهن جا ابا ڏاڏا آباد ٿيا هئا: وچ ۽ اوڀر يورپ ۾ اشڪنازي، [[جزیرو نما آئیبیریا|آئبيريا]] ۾ سيفاردي ۽ [[وچ اوڀر]] ۽ [[اتر آفريڪا]] ۾ مزراهي طور گڏ ٿي ويون.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GkzdBDuhoRgC&pg=PA87 "Heritage: Civilization and the Jews; The Uses of Adversity." p. 87.] Eban, Abba Solomon. "Heritage: Civilization and the Jews." Summit Books Syracuse, New York: 1984. p. 87.</ref> <ref>Dosick (2007), pp. 59–60.</ref> شروعاتي اسلامي فتحون اوڀرين رومي سمنڊ جي علائقن تي [[بازنطيني سلطنت|بازنطيني]] ڪنٽرول ختم ڪري ڇڏيو، نئين قائم ٿيل راشدون خلافت 7هين صدي دوران [[سر زمين شام (ليوانت)|ليونٽ]]، [[ميسوپوٽيميا]] ۽ اتر آفريڪا تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 8هين صدي دوران [[جزیرو نما آئیبیریا|آئبيرين جزيره نما]] تي قبضو ڪيو. يهودي ثقافت مسلم [[اندلس]] ۾ هڪ سونهري دور مان لطف اندوز ٿي، يهودين کي سماج ۾ وڏي پيماني تي قبول ڪيو ويو ۽ انهن جي مذهبي، ثقافتي ۽ معاشي زندگي عدم برداشت واري الموحدين جي اچڻ کان اڳ ڦٽي نڪتي. سال 1492ع ۾ ڪيٿولڪ حڪمران، راڻي ازابيل اول ۽ بادشاهه فرڊيننڊ II پاران يهودين کي اسپين ڇڏڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو، جنهن کان پوءِ اهي وڏي تعداد ۾ [[عثماني سلطنت]] ۽ [[اٽلي]] ڏانهن لڏپلاڻ ڪئي. 12هين ۽ 15هين صدي جي وچ ۾، اشڪنازي يهودين وچ يورپ ۾ انتهائي ظلم جو تجربو ڪيو، جنهن جي ڪري انهن جي [[پولينڊ]] ڏانهن وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ ٿي. <ref>Mosk (2013), p. 143. "Encouraged to move out of the Holy Roman Empire as persecution of their communities intensified during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the Ashkenazi community increasingly gravitated toward Poland."</ref> <ref>Harshav, Benjamin (1999). ''The Meaning of Yiddish''. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 6. "From the fourteenth and certainly by the sixteenth century, the centre of European Jewry had shifted to Poland, then ... comprising the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (including today's Byelorussia), Crown Poland, Galicia, the Ukraine and stretching, at times, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, from the approaches to Berlin to a short distance from Moscow."</ref> <small>18</small>هين صدي ۾ هسڪاله دانشورانه تحريڪ جو عروج ڏٺو ويو. <small>18</small>هين صدي جي شروعات ۾، يهودي يهودين کي پابندين وارن قانونن کان آزاد ڪرڻ ۽ وسيع يورپي سماج ۾ ضم ڪرڻ لاءِ مهم هلائڻ شروع ڪئي. 19هين صدي ۾، جڏهن اولهائين يورپ ۾ يهودين کي قانون جي سامهون برابري ڏني پئي وئي، ته آبادڪاري جي ميدان ۾ يهودين کي وڌندڙ ظلم، قانوني پابندين ۽ وڏي پيماني تي قتل عام جو سامنا ڪرڻ پيو. 1870 ۽ 1880 جي ڏهاڪن دوران، يورپ ۾ يهودي آبادي فلسطين ۾ يهودي رياست کي ٻيهر قائم ڪرڻ جي مقصد سان عثماني شام ڏانهن هجرت تي وڌيڪ سرگرم بحث ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. صهيوني تحريڪ سرڪاري طور تي سال 1897ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي هئي. سال 1881ع ۽ 1924ع جي وچ ۾ [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ڏانهن 20 لک کان وڌيڪ يهودين جي وڏي پيماني تي هجرت کي به شروع ڪيو. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Lewin|first=Rhoda G.|date=1979|title=Stereotype and reality in the Jewish immigrant experience in Minneapolis|url=http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/46/v46i07p258-273.pdf|journal=Minnesota History|volume=46|issue=7|page=259|access-date=August 10, 2020|archive-date=July 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721002023/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/46/v46i07p258-273.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> يورپ ۽ آمريڪا جا يهودي سائنس، ثقافت ۽ معيشت جي شعبن ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪيا. عام طور تي سڀ کان وڌيڪ مشهور سمجهيا ويندڙن ۾ [[البرٽ آئنسٽائن|البرٽ آئن اسٽائن]] ۽ لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن شامل هئا. هن وقت ڪيترائي [[نوبل انعام حاصل ڪندڙن جي فهرست|نوبل انعام يافته]] يهودي هئا، جيئن اڃا تائين آهن.<ref name="jinfo.org2">{{cite web|url=http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html|title=Jewish Nobel Prize Winners|publisher=jinfo.org|access-date=October 7, 2011|archive-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211039/http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>1933</small>ع ۾، [[جرمنيا|جرمني]] ۾ [[هٽلر|ايڊولف هٽلر]] ۽ نازي پارٽي جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ سان، يهودين لاءِ صورتحال سخت ٿي وئي. معاشي بحران، نسل پرست يهودي مخالف قانون ۽ ايندڙ جنگ جي خوف سبب ڪيترائي ماڻهو [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] کان [[فلسطين|لازمي فلسطين]]، آمريڪا ۽ [[سوويت يونين]] ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. سال 1939ع ۾، [[ٻين مھاڀاري جنگ|ٻي مهاڀاري جنگ]] شروع ٿي ۽ سال 1941ع تائين جرمني تقريبن سڄي يورپ تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. سال 1941ع ۾، سوويت يونين جي حملي کان پوءِ، آخري حل شروع ٿيو، هڪ غير معمولي پيماني تي هڪ وسيع منظم آپريشن، جنهن جو مقصد يهودي ماڻهن کي ختم ڪرڻ هو ۽ نتيجي ۾ يورپ ۽ اتر آفريڪا ۾ يهودين جو قتل عام ٿيو. پولينڊ ۾، سڀني ڪنسنٽريشن ڪيمپن ۾ گيس چيمبرن ۾ 30 لک يهودي قتل ڪيا ويا، جن ۾ صرف آشوٽز ڪيمپ ڪمپليڪس ۾ 10 لک شامل هئا. هي نسل ڪشي، جنهن ۾ تقريبن 60 لک يهودين کي طريقي سان ختم ڪيو ويو، هولوڪاسٽ جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. هولوڪاسٽ کان اڳ ۽ دوران، يهودين جي وڏي تعداد لازمي فلسطين ڏانهن هجرت ڪئي. 14 مئي 1948ع تي، برطانوي مينڊيٽ جي خاتمي تي، ڊيوڊ بين-گورين ارض اسرائيل (اسرائيل جي سرزمين) ۾ هڪ يهودي ۽ جمهوري رياست، [[اسرائيل]] جي رياست جي قيام جو اعلان ڪيو. ان کان پوءِ فوري طور تي، سڀني پاڙيسري عرب رياستون اسرائيل تي حملو ڪيو، پر نئين ٺهيل اسرائيلي دفاعي فوج (IDF) مزاحمت ڪئي. سال 1949ع ۾ جنگ ختم ٿي وئي ۽ اسرائيل رياست جي تعمير شروع ڪئي ۽ سڄي يورپ ۽ وچ اوڀر جي ملڪن مان ايندڙ يهودين جي وڏين لهرن کي جذب ڪيو. سال 2022ع تائين، اسرائيل هڪ پارلياماني جمهوريت آهي جنهن جي آبادي 96 لک ماڻهن جي آهي، جن مان 70 لک يهودي آهن. ([[غزه جي پٽي|غزا]] ۽ [[فلسطين جي رياست|مغربي ڪناري]] جي 35 لک آبادي کانسواء). اسرائيل کان ٻاهر سڀ کان وڏي يهودي برادري آمريڪا ۾ آهي، جڏهن ته ٻيون وڏي برادريون [[فرانس]]، [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[ارجنٽائن]]، [[روس]]، [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]]، [[آسٽريليا]] ۽ [[جرمني]] ۾ پڻ موجود آهن. هن وقت، يهودي نسل جون ٻه خودمختيار رياستون؛ اسرائيل ۽ روس ۾ يهودي خودمختيار اوبلاست آهن جيڪي انهن جي اختيار هيٺ آهن ته اهي پناهه گاهه طور ڪم ڪن. ==جائزو== قديم يهودي تاريخ بائيبل ۽ غير بائيبل ذريعن، اپوڪرائيفا ۽ سوڊيپيگرافا، جوزيفس جي لکڻين، گريڪو-رومن ليکڪن ۽ چرچ جي پادرين، گڏوگڏ آثار قديمه جي دريافتن، لکتن، قديم دستاويزن، جهڙوڪ ايليفينٽائن ۽ فيوم مان پيپيري، مردار سمنڊ جا اسڪرول، بار ڪوخبا خط، باباٿا آرڪائيوز ۽ قاهره جينيزا دستاويزن، مان معلوم ٿئي ٿي، جيڪي زباني تاريخ ۽ مدراش ۽ تلمود ۾ تبصرن جي مجموعن سان گڏ آهن. ابتدائي جديد دور ۾ پرنٽنگ پريس جي آمد سان، يهودين جي تاريخ ۽ عبراني بائيبل جا شروعاتي ايڊيشن شايع ٿيا جيڪي يهودي مذهب جي تاريخ ۽ وڌندڙ طور تي، يهودين جي قومي تاريخن، يهودي قوم ۽ سڃاڻپ سان لاڳاپيل هئا، هڪ مسودي يا لکندڙ ڪلچر کان هڪ پرنٽنگ ڪلچر ڏانهن منتقلي هئي. يهودي مورخن پنهنجن اجتماعي تجربن جا احوال لکيا، پر سياسي، ثقافتي ۽ سائنسي يا فلسفياتي ڳولا لاءِ تاريخ کي پڻ وڌندڙ طور تي استعمال ڪيو. ليکڪن ثقافتي طور تي ورثي ۾ مليل متن جي هڪ مجموعي کي استعمال ڪيو ته جيئن فن جي حالت تي تنقيد ڪرڻ يا اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ هڪ منطقي داستان تيار ڪري سگهجي. جديد يهودي تاريخ نويسي يورپي نشاۃِ ثانيه ۽ روشن خيالي جي دور جهڙين دانشورانه تحريڪن سان جڙيل آهي، پر وچين دور جي آخر ۾ ۽ قديم زماني ۾ مختلف ذريعن ۾ اڳوڻين ڪمن تي ڌيان ڏنو. اڄ، يهودين ۽ يهوديت جي تاريخ کي اڪثر ست دورن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي: # قديم اسرائيل ۽ يهوديه رياست (<small>1200 ق.م. کان 586 ق.م.</small>) # ٻيو مندر وارو دور (<small>516 ق.م. کان 70 عيسوي</small>) <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|editor-last=Goodman|editor-first=Martin|chapter=Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period|pages=36–52|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0003|isbn=0-19-928032-0}}</ref> # ربانڪ يا تلمودي دور (<small>70 کان 640 عيسوي</small>)<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|editor-last=Goodman|editor-first=Martin|chapter=Historiography on the Jews in the ‘Talmudic Period’ (70–640 ce)|pages=79–114|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0005|isbn=0-19-928032-0}}</ref> # وچين دور (<small>640 کان 1492 عيسوي</small>) # ابتدائي جديد دور (<small>1492-1750 عيسوي</small>) # جديد دور (<small>1750ع کان 20هين صدي</small>) # [[صيهونيت]]، [[هولوڪاسٽ]] ۽ [[اسرائيل]] جو قيام (<small>19 کان 21هين صدي</small>) <imagemap> File:Chronology of Israel eng.png|center|800px default [[#Time periods in Jewish history|Jewish history]] rect 658 156 833 176 [[Aliyah|Periods of massive immigration to Palestine]] rect 564 156 647 175 [[Jewish diaspora|Periods in which the majority of Jews lived in exile]] rect 460 156 554 175 [[Land of Israel|Periods in which the majority of Jews lived in the southern Levant, with full or partial independence]] rect 314 156 452 175 [[Temple in Jerusalem|Periods in which a Jewish Temple existed]] rect 196 156 309 175 [[#Time periods in Jewish history|Jewish history]] rect 26 102 134 122 [[Book of Judges|Shoftim]] rect 134 102 265 121 [[Books of Kings|Melakhim]] rect 146 83 266 104 [[First Temple]] rect 286 83 418 103 [[Second Temple]] rect 341 103 392 121 [[Zugot]] rect 393 103 453 121 [[Tannaim]] rect 452 102 534 221 [[Amoraim]] rect 534 102 560 121 [[Savoraim]] rect 559 103 691 121 [[Geonim]] rect 691 102 825 121 [[Rishonim]] rect 825 100 940 120 [[Acharonim]] rect 939 94 959 120 [[Aliyah|Aliyot]] rect 957 65 975 121 [[Israel]] rect 940 62 958 94 [[The Holocaust]] rect 825 62 941 100 [[Jewish diaspora|Diaspora]] rect 808 61 825 101 [[Alhambra decree|Expulsion from Spain]] rect 428 62 808 103 [[Dispersion of the Jews in the Roman Empire|Roman exile]] poly 226 82 410 82 410 92 428 92 428 61 226 62 [[Ten Lost Tribes|Assyrian Exile (Ten Lost Tribes)]] rect 264 82 284 122 [[Babylonian captivity]] rect 283 103 341 121 [[Second Temple of Jerusalem|Second Temple period]] poly 26 121 17 121 17 63 225 63 226 81 145 82 145 101 26 101 [[Chronology of the Bible|Ancient Jewish History]] rect 58 136 375 146 [[Chronology of the Bible]] rect 356 122 373 135 [[Common Era]] desc none </imagemap> ==قديم اسرائيل== {{Main|يهوديت جي اصل}} ===شروعاتي بني اسرائيل=== {{Main|بني اسرائيل}} [[File:Ruins atop Tel Megiddo with circular altar-like shrine and a series of temples on top of the other dating from the early bronze-age through the iron-age periods, Tel Meggido, Israel (19888642855).jpg|thumb|تل ميگيدو، هڪ ڪنعاني ۽ بعد ۾ اسرائيلي شهر جا کنڊر]] ابتدائي يهودين ۽ انهن جي پاڙيسرين جي تاريخ، ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ جي زرخيز هلال ۽ اوڀر ساحل تي مرڪز آهي. اها انهن ماڻهن سان شروع ٿئي ٿي جيڪا [[نيل درياھہ|نيل]] ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا]] جي وچ واري علائقي تي قبضو ڪيو هو. مصر ۽ بابل ۾ ثقافت جي قديم مرڪزن، عرب جي ريگستانن ۽ ايشيا ڪوچڪ جي ميدان جي اهي، ڪنعان جي زمين (تقريبن جديد اسرائيل، فلسطين، اردن ۽ لبنان سان ملندڙ جلندڙ) تهذيبن جي ميلاپ جو هنڌ هئي. [[File:Map Israel Judea 926 BC-fr.svg|thumb|Kingdoms of Israel and Judah in 926 BCE]] The earliest recorded evidence of a people by the name of Israel appears in the [[Merneptah Stele]] of [[ancient Egypt]], dated to {{cx|1200 BCE}}. According to the modern archaeological account, the Israelites and their culture branched out of the [[Canaan]]ite peoples and their cultures through the development of a distinct [[monolatristic]]—and later [[monotheistic]]—religion centred on the national god [[Yahweh]].<ref>Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000&nbsp;BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's)</ref><ref>Rendsberg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". In Frederick E. Greenspahn. The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship. NYU Press, pp. 3–5</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gnuse |first1=Robert Karl |title=No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel |date=1997 |publisher=Sheffield Academic Press Ltd |isbn=1-85075-657-0 |location=England |pages=28, 31}}</ref> They spoke an archaic form of the [[Hebrew language]], known today as [[Biblical Hebrew]].<ref>Steiner, Richard C. (1997), "Ancient Hebrew", in Hetzron, Robert (ed.), ''The Semitic Languages'', Routledge, pp. 145–173, {{ISBN|978-0-415-05767-7}}</ref> From the mid-1st millennium BCE, the understanding Jews traditionally had of their own history was centred around the narratives in the [[Hebrew Bible]]. According to this view, [[Abraham]], signifying that he is both the biological progenitor of the Jews and the father of Judaism, is the first Jew.{{sfn|Levenson|2012|p=3}} Later, [[Isaac]] was born to Abraham, and [[Jacob]] was born to Isaac. Following a [[Jacob wrestling with the angel|struggle with an angel]], Jacob was given the name [[Israel (name)|Israel]]. Following a severe drought, Jacob and his twelve sons fled to [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], where they eventually formed the [[Twelve Tribes of Israel]]. The Israelites were later [[The Exodus|led out of slavery in Egypt and subsequently brought to Canaan]] by [[Moses]]; they eventually [[Book of Joshua|conquered Canaan]] under the leadership of [[Joshua]]. Modern scholars agree that the Bible does not provide an authentic account of the Israelites' origins; the consensus supports that the archaeological evidence showing largely indigenous origins of Israel in Canaan, not Egypt, is "overwhelming" and leaves "no room for an Exodus from Egypt or a 40-year pilgrimage through the Sinai wilderness".<ref name="Dever-2002">{{cite book |last=Dever |first=William G. |title=What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It? |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8028-2126-3}} p. 99</ref> Many archaeologists have abandoned the archaeological investigation of Moses and the Exodus as "a fruitless pursuit".<ref name="Dever-2002" /> However, it is accepted that this narrative does have a "historical core" to it.<ref>For more about the historicity of Jewish history as it pertains to [[Oral Torah|rabbinic]] sources, see {{cite journal |first1=Reuven Chaim |last1=Klein |date=2023 |title=Are historical sections of the Talmud actually historical? Critical tools for understanding historical claims in rabbinic literature |url=https://www.academia.edu/127965994 |journal=Journal of Philological Pedagogy |volume=12 |publisher=Chandler School of Education |pages=42–75 |doi=10.17613/rjp5a-md343 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>{{sfn|Faust|2015|loc=p.476: "While there is a consensus among scholars that the Exodus did not take place in the manner described in the Bible, surprisingly most scholars agree that the narrative has a historical core, and that some of the highland settlers came, one way or another, from Egypt.."}}{{sfn|Redmount|2001|p=61|ps=: "A few authorities have concluded that the core events of the Exodus saga are entirely literary fabrications. But most biblical scholars still subscribe to some variation of the Documentary Hypothesis, and support the basic historicity of the biblical narrative."}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Dever |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC |title=What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It? |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2001 |isbn=3-927120-37-5 |pages=98–99 |quote=After a century of exhaustive investigation, all respectable archaeologists have given up hope of recovering any context that would make Abraham, Isaac, or Jacob credible "historical figures" [...] archaeological investigation of Moses and the Exodus has similarly been discarded as a fruitless pursuit.}}</ref> A century of research by archaeologists and Egyptologists has arguably found no evidence that can be directly related to the Exodus narrative of an Egyptian captivity and the escape and travels through the wilderness, leading to the suggestion that [[Iron Age]] Israel—the kingdoms of Judah and Israel—has its origins in Canaan, not in Egypt:<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Finkelstein |editor-first1=Israel |editor-first2=Nadav |editor-last2=Naaman |title=From Nomadism to Monarchy: Archaeological and Historical Aspects of Early Israel |publisher=[[Israel Exploration Society]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-880317-20-4}}</ref><ref>Compare: {{cite book |first=Ian |last=Shaw |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmvNogJO2ZgC&q=%22Iron+Age+Israel%22+origins+in+Canaan%2C&pg=PA313 |title=A Dictionary of Archaeology |author2=Robert Jameson |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-631-23583-5 |editor=Ian Shaw |edition=New |page=313 |quote=The Biblical account of the origins of the people of Israel (principally recounted in Numbers, Joshua and Judges) often conflicts with non-Biblical textual sources and with the archaeological evidence for the settlement of Canaan in the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age. [...] Israel is first textually attested as a political entity in Egyptian texts of the late 13th century BCE and the Egyptologist Donald Redford argues that the Israelites must have been emerging as a distinct group within the Canaanite culture during the century or so prior to this. It has been suggested that the early Israelites were an oppressed rural group of Canaanites who rebelled against the more urbanized coastal Canaanites (Gottwald 1979). Alternatively, it has been argued that the Israelites were survivors of the decline in the fortunes of Canaan who established themselves in the highlands at the end of the late Bronze Age (Ahlstrom 1986: 27). Redford, however, makes a good case for equating the very earliest Israelites with a semi-nomadic people in the highlands of central Palestine whom the Egyptians called Shasu (Redford 1992:2689–80; although see Stager 1985 for strong arguments against the identification with the Shasu). These Shasu were a persistent thorn in the side of the Ramessid pharaohs' empire in Syria-Palestine, well-attested in Egyptian texts, but their pastoral lifestyle has left scant traces in the archaeological record. By the end of the 13th century BCE, however, the Shasu/Israelites were beginning to establish small settlements in the uplands, the architecture of which closely resembles contemporary Canaanite villages. |author-link=Israel, Israelites |access-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160406/https://books.google.com/books?id=zmvNogJO2ZgC&q=%22Iron+Age+Israel%22+origins+in+Canaan%2C&pg=PA313 |url-status=live}}</ref> The culture of the [[Israelite highland settlement|earliest Israelite settlements]] is Canaanite, their cult-objects are those of the Canaanite god [[El (deity)|El]], the pottery remains in the local Canaanite tradition, and the alphabet used is early Canaanite. The almost sole marker distinguishing the "Israelite" villages from Canaanite sites is an absence of pig bones, although whether this can be taken as an ethnic marker or is due to other factors remains a matter of dispute.<ref>{{cite book |last=Killebrew |first=Ann E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC |title=Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E. |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-58983-097-4 |location=Atlanta |page=176 |quote=Much has been made of the scarcity of pig bones at highland sites. Since small quantities of pig bones do appear in Late Bronze Age assemblages, some archaeologists have interpreted this to indicate that the ethnic identity of the highland inhabitants was distinct from Late Bronze Age indigenous peoples (see Finkelstein 1997, 227–230). Brian Hesse and Paula Wapnish (1997) advise caution, however, since the lack of pig bones at Iron I highland settlements could be a result of other factors that have little to do with ethnicity. |access-date=August 12, 2012 |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117055402/https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[Historicity of the Bible|Biblical narrative]], the [[Land of Israel]] was organized into a confederacy of twelve tribes ruled by a series of [[Biblical judges|Judges]] for several hundred years. === Ancient Israel and Judah === {{Main|History of ancient Israel and Judah}} [[File:LMLK, Ezekiah seals.jpg|thumb|A stamped bulla ([[LMLK seal]]) of [[Hezekiah]], "Of Hezekiah (son of) Ahaz King of Judah", [[Israel Museum]]]] Two Israelite kingdoms emerged during Iron Age II: [[Israel and Judah]]. The Bible portrays Israel and Judah as the successors of an earlier [[United Kingdom of Israel]], although [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)#Archaeological record|its historicity is disputed]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Zachary |date=April 22, 2016 |title=Debating the United Monarchy: Let's See How Far We've Come |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146107916639208 |journal=Biblical Theology Bulletin |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=59–69 |doi=10.1177/0146107916639208 |issn=0146-1079 |s2cid=147053561 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lipschits |first1=Oded |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ |title=The Jewish Study Bible |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-997846-5 |editor1-last=Berlin |editor1-first=Adele |edition=2nd |pages=2107–2119 |language=en |chapter=The history of Israel in the biblical period |quote=As this essay will show, however, the premonarchic period long ago became a literary description of the mythological roots, the early beginnings of the nation and the way to describe the right of Israel on its land. The archeological evidence also does not support the existence of a united monarchy under David and Solomon as described in the Bible, so the rubric of "united monarchy" is best abandoned, although it remains useful for discussing how the Bible views the Israelite past. [...] Although the kingdom of Judah is mentioned in some ancient inscriptions, they never suggest that it was part of a unit {{sic|comprised |hide=y|of}} Israel and Judah. There are no extrabiblical indications of a united monarchy called "Israel." |editor2-last=Brettler |editor2-first=Marc Zvi |access-date=August 19, 2022 |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160917/https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Historians and archaeologists agree that the northern [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]] existed from {{circa|900 BCE}}<ref name="Finkelstein-2001">{{cite book |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Israel |title=The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories |last2=Silberman |first2=Neil Asher |date=2001 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-86912-4 |edition=1st Touchstone |location=New York}}</ref>{{rp|169–195}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wright |first1=Jacob L. |date=July 2014 |title=David, King of Judah (Not Israel) |url=http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/2014/07/wri388001.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301164250/http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/2014/07/wri388001.shtml |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=The Bible and Interpretation}}</ref> and that the [[Kingdom of Judah]] existed from {{Abbr|ca.|circa}} 700 BCE.<ref name="The Pitcher Is Broken">[https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160404/https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 |date=April 9, 2023 }} Quote: "For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to date."</ref> The [[Tel Dan Stele]], discovered in 1993, shows that the kingdom, at least in some form, existed by the middle of the 9th century BCE, but it does not indicate the extent of its power.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grabbe |first=Lester L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcVmBAEo5rcC&pg=PA333 |title=Ahab Agonistes: The Rise and Fall of the Omri Dynasty |date=April 28, 2007 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-0-567-25171-8 |quote=The Tel Dan inscription generated a good deal of debate and a flurry of articles when it first appeared, but it is now widely regarded (a) as genuine and (b) as referring to the Davidic dynasty and the Aramaic kingdom of Damascus. |access-date=August 19, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cline |first=Eric H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uGzRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |title=Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction |date=September 28, 2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-971162-8 |quote=Today, after much further discussion in academic journals, it is accepted by most archaeologists that the inscription is not only genuine but that the reference is indeed to the House of David, thus representing the first allusion found anywhere outside the Bible to the biblical David. |access-date=August 19, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mykytiuk |first=Lawrence J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eprY1Qd0veAC&pg=PA113 |title=Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200-539 B.C.E. |date=January 1, 2004 |publisher=Society of Biblical Lit |isbn=978-1-58983-062-2 |quote=Some unfounded accusations of forgery have had little or no effect on the scholarly acceptance of this inscription as genuine.}}</ref> Biblical tradition tells that the Israelite monarchy was established in 1037 BCE under [[Saul]], who was anointed by the prophet Samuel,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Was the First King of Israel? |url=https://shopisrael.com/blogs/about-israel/first-king-of-israel |access-date=February 5, 2025 |website=Shop Israel |language=en}}</ref> and continued under [[David]] and his son, [[Solomon]]. David greatly expanded the kingdom's borders and [[Siege of Jebus|conquered Jerusalem]] from the [[Jebusites]], turning it into the national, political and religious capital of the kingdom. Solomon, his son, later built the [[First Temple]] on [[Moriah|Mount Moriah]] in Jerusalem. Upon his death, traditionally dated to c. 930 BCE, a civil war erupted between the ten northern Israelite tribes, and the tribes of [[Tribe of Judah|Judah]] ([[Tribe of Simeon|Simeon]] was absorbed into Judah) and [[Tribe of Benjamin|Benjamin]] in the south. The kingdom then split into the Kingdom of Israel in the north, and the Kingdom of Judah in the south. The Kingdom of Israel was the more prosperous of the two kingdoms and soon developed into a regional power.{{sfn|Finkelstein|Silberman|2002|pp=146-147|loc=Put simply, while Judah was still economically marginal and backward, Israel was booming. ... In the next chapter we will see how the northern kingdom suddenly appeared on the ancient Near Eastern stage as a major regional power}} During the days of the [[Omride Dynasty|Omride dynasty]], it controlled [[Samaria]], [[Galilee]], the upper [[Jordan Valley]], the [[Sharon plain|Sharon]] and large parts of the [[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Israel |last=Finkelstein |title=The forgotten kingdom : the archaeology and history of Northern Israel |isbn=978-1-58983-910-6 |pages=74 |oclc=949151323}}</ref> [[Samaria (ancient city)|Samaria]], the capital, was home to one of the largest Iron Age palaces in the Levant.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |title=The Forgotten Kingdom: the archaeology and history of Northern Israel |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-58983-911-3 |pages=65–66; 73; 78; 87–94 |oclc=880456140}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |date=November 1, 2011 |title=Observations on the Layout of Iron Age Samaria |url=https://doi.org/10.1179/033443511x13099584885303 |journal=Tel Aviv |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=194–207 |doi=10.1179/033443511x13099584885303 |issn=0334-4355 |s2cid=128814117 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The kingdom of Israel was destroyed {{cx|720 BCE}}, when it was [[Samerina|conquered]] by the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]].<ref name="Broshi-2001">{{cite book |last=Broshi |first=Maguen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PAPA174 |title=Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-84127-201-6 |page=174}}</ref> The Kingdom of Judah, with its capital in [[Jerusalem]], controlled the [[Judaean Mountains]], the [[Shephelah]], the [[Judaean Desert]] and parts of the [[Negev]]. After the fall of Israel, Judah became a [[client state]] of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. In the 7th century BCE, the kingdom's population increased greatly, prospering under [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Assyrian]] [[Vassal state|vassalage]], despite [[Hezekiah#Assyrian invasion|Hezekiah's revolt]] against the Assyrian king [[Sennacherib]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2kSovzudhFUC |title=A History of the Jewish People |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |editor-last=Ben-Sasson |editor-first=Haim Hillel |editor-link=H. H. Ben-Sasson |page=142 |quote=Sargon's heir, Sennacherib (705–681), could not deal with Hezekiah's revolt until he gained control of Babylon in 702 BCE.}}</ref> [[File:Mesad Hashavyahu ostracon.jpg|thumb|The [[Yavne-Yam ostracon]], a [[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet|Paleo-Hebrew]] inscription documenting administration in [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]]]] Large parts of the Hebrew Bible were written during this period. This includes the earliest portions of [[Book of Hosea|Hosea]],{{sfn|Kelle|2005|p=9}} [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]],{{sfn|Brettler|2010|pp=161–162}} [[Book of Amos|Amos]]{{sfn|Radine|2010|pp=71–72}} and [[Book of Micah|Micah]],{{sfn|Rogerson|2003a|p=690}} along with [[Book of Nahum|Nahum]],{{sfn|O'Brien|2002|p=14}} [[Book of Zephaniah|Zephaniah]],{{sfn|Gelston|2003c|p=715}} most of [[Deuteronomy]],{{sfn|Rogerson|2003b|p=154}} the first edition of the [[Deuteronomistic history]] (the books of [[Book of Joshua|Joshua]]/[[Book of Judges|Judges]]/[[Books of Samuel|Samuel]]/[[Books of Kings|Kings]]),{{sfn|Campbell|O'Brien|2000|p=2 and fn.6}} and [[Book of Habakkuk|Habakkuk]].{{sfn|Gelston|2003a|p=710}} With the collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 605 BCE, a power struggle emerged between [[Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt|Egypt]] and the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] for control of the [[Levant]],<ref name="Bickerman-2007">{{Citation |last=Bickerman |first=E. J. |title=Nebuchadnezzar And Jerusalem |date=January 1, 2007 |work=Studies in Jewish and Christian History (2 vols) |pages=961–974 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789047420729/Bej.9789004152946.i-1242_044.xml |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004152946.i-1242.280 |isbn=978-90-474-2072-9 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> leading to Judah's rapid decline. In 601 BCE, King [[Jehoiakim]] of Judah, who had recently submitted to Babylon, rebelled against the empire. He was soon succeeded by his son, Jehoiachin, who continued his father's policy and faced a Babylonian invasion.<ref name="Bickerman-2007" /> In March 597 BCE,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galil |first=Gershon |date=1991 |title=The Babylonian Calendar and the Chronology of the Last Kings of Judah |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42611193 |journal=Biblica |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=367–378 |jstor=42611193 |issn=0006-0887 |quote=All the scholars, without exception, establish the date of the surrender of Jehoiachin, king of Judah, as the second day of Adar, the seventh year of Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon (March 16, 597 BC), following the Babylonian chronicle ... This unique date is undoubtedly the most precise in Israelite history during the biblical period.}}</ref> Jehoiachin surrendered to the Babylonians and was taken captive to Babylon.<ref name="Bickerman-2007" /> This defeat is documented in the [[Babylonian Chronicles]].<ref>{{cite web |title=British Museum – Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605–594 BCE) |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030154541/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx |archive-date=October 30, 2014 |access-date=October 30, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ABC 5 (Jerusalem Chronicle) – Livius |url=https://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505195611/https://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html |archive-date=May 5, 2019 |access-date=March 26, 2020 |website=www.livius.org}}</ref> [[Zedekiah]], Jehoiachin's uncle, was then installed as king by the Babylonians.<ref name="Bickerman-2007" /> In 587 or 586 BCE, [[Nebuchadnezzar II]], responding to a second revolt in Judah, [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|besieged and destroyed Jerusalem]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shalom |first1=N. |last2=Vaknin |first2=Y. |last3=Shaar |first3=R. |last4=Ben-Yosef |first4=E. |last5=Lipschits |first5=O. |last6=Shalev |first6=Y. |last7=Gadot |first7=Y. |last8=Boaretto |first8=E. |date=2023 |title=Destruction by fire: Reconstructing the evidence of the 586 BCE Babylonian destruction in a monumental building in Jerusalem |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305440323001036 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=157 |article-number=105823 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2023.105823 |bibcode=2023JArSc.157j5823S |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Bickerman-2007" /> The [[First Temple]] was razed, and its sacred vessels were seized as spoils.<ref name="Bedford-2001a">{{Citation |last=Bedford |first=Peter Ross |title=Introduction |date=2001 |work=Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah |pages=1–39 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004498051/B9789004498051_s004.xml |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/9789004498051_004 |isbn=978-90-04-49805-1 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The destruction was followed by a mass exile: the surviving inhabitants of the city, including other segments of the population, were carried off to Mesopotamia,<ref name="Bedford-2001a" /> marking the onset of the era known in Jewish history as the "[[Babylonian Captivity]]". Zedekiah himself was captured, blinded, and transported to Babylon.<ref name="Bedford-2001a" /> Others [[History of the Jews in Egypt|fled to Egypt]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} The people of Judah lost their statehood, and, for those in exile, their homeland.<ref name="Bedford-2001b">{{Citation |last=Bedford |first=Peter Ross |title=Living Without the Jerusalem Temple—In Judah and Babylonia |date=January 1, 2001 |work=Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah |page=42 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004498051/B9789004498051_s005.xml |access-date=July 1, 2024 |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/9789004498051_005 |isbn=978-90-04-49805-1 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Following the dissolution of the monarchy, the former kingdom was annexed as a province of the Babylonian Empire.<ref name="Bickerman-2007" /><ref name="Bedford-2001a" /> === Babylonian captivity (c. 587–538 BCE)<!--[[Exilic]] redirects directly here.--> === {{Main|Babylonian captivity}} [[File:Tissot The Flight of the Prisoners.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Deportation and exile of the ancient [[Kingdom of Judah|Judeans]] to [[Babylon]] and the destruction of Jerusalem and [[Solomon's temple]]]]During the several decades between the fall of Judah and their [[return to Zion]] under Persian rule, Jewish history enters an obscure phase. Many Jews were exiled across [[Babylonia]], [[Elam]], and [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], while others remained in [[Yehud (Babylonian province)|Judea under Babylonian rule]]. [[Jeremiah]] refers to communities in Egypt, including settlements in [[Migdol]], [[Tahpanhes]], [[Noph]], and [[Pathros]]. Moreover, a Jewish military colony existed at [[Elephantine]], established before the exile, where they built their own shrine.<ref name="Bedford-2001b" /> Deuteronomy was expanded and earlier scriptures were edited during the exilic period. The first edition of [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]], the [[Book of Ezekiel]], the majority of [[Book of Obadiah|Obadiah]], and what is referred to in research as "[[Book of Isaiah|Second Isaiah]]" were all written during this time period as well.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} ==هيڪل سليماني جي ٻيهر تعمير== ===<span class="anchor" id="Post-exilic_period"></span>هخامنشي دور (332 کان 538ع)<!--"Post-exilic period", "Post-Exilic period", "Post-exilic", "Post-Exilic", Postexilic, "Pre-exilic period", "Pre-Exilic period", "Pre-Exilic" and "Pre-exilic" redirect here-->=== [[File:109.Ezra Reads the Law to the People.jpg|thumb|[[عزير عليہ السلام|عزير]] ماڻهن کي [[توريت|تورات]] پڙهي ٻڌائي رهيو آهي. گستاو ڊور پاران پينٽنگ]] عزير جي ڪتاب جي مطابق، [[سائرس اعظم|سائرس]] [[سائرس اعظم|اعظم]]، هخامنشي سلطنت جو بادشاهه، بابل جي فتح کان هڪ سال پوءِ،<ref>''Harper's Bible Dictionary'', ed. by Achtemeier, etc., Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1985, p. 103</ref> سال 538 ق.م ۾ بابلي جلاوطني جو خاتمو آندو.<ref name="Biu.ac.il22">{{cite web|title=Second Temple Period (538 BCE. to 70 CE) Persian Rule|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_4.html|access-date=March 15, 2014|publisher=Biu.ac.il}}</ref> واپس ڪندڙ يهودين جي اڳواڻي زربابل، [[داؤد عليہ السلام|دائود]] جي شاهي نسل مان هڪ شهزادو ۽ جوشوا، مندر جي اڳوڻي اعليٰ پادرين مان اولاد ڪئي، جنهن ٻئي مندر جي تعمير جي نگراني ڪيا، جيڪا سال <small>521</small> ۽ <small>516</small> ق.م. جي وچ ۾ مڪمل ٿيو.<ref name="Biu.ac.il2">{{cite web|title=Second Temple Period (538 BCE. to 70 CE) Persian Rule|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_4.html|access-date=March 15, 2014|publisher=Biu.ac.il}}</ref>۽ هخامنشي سلطنت جي حصي جي طور تي، يهودين جي اڳوڻي بادشاهت، مختلف حدن سان، هڪ ننڍڙو علائقو ڍڪيندي، يهودين جو صوبو بڻجي وئي.<ref>Yehud being the Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew Yehuda, or "Judah", and "medinata" the word for province</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Grabbe|first=Lester L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MnE5T_0RbMC&q=gave+the+Jews+permission+to+return+to+Yehud+province+and+to+rebuild+the&pg=PA355|title=A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud – A History of the Persian Province of Judah|volume=1|publisher=T&T Clark|year=2004|isbn=978-0-567-08998-4|page=355}}</ref> همعصر عالم بتدريج واپسي جي عمل ڏانهن اشارو ڪن ٿا، جيڪي 6هين صدي ق.م. جي آخر ۽ 5هين صدي ق.م. جي شروعات تائين وڌائي وئي. <ref>{{Citation|last=Lipschits|first=Oded|title=Judah in the Biblical Period|chapter=Between Archaeology and Text: A Reevaluation of the Development Process of Jerusalem in the Persian Period|date=March 18, 2024|page=374|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110487442-020/html|access-date=July 1, 2024|publisher=De Gruyter|doi=10.1515/9783110487442-020|isbn=978-3-11-048744-2}}</ref> فارسي يهودين جي آبادي بادشاهت جي دور کان تمام گهٽجي وئي. آثار قديمه جا سروي پنجين ۽ چوٿين صدي ق.م. دوران تقريبن <small>'''30,000'''</small> جي آبادي ڏيکارن ٿا. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Finkelstein|first1=Israel|title=The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories|last2=Silberman|first2=Neil Asher|date=2001|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=0-684-86912-8|edition=1st Touchstone|location=New York}}</ref> آخري توريت کي وڏي پيماني تي فارسي دور (<small>539</small> <small>کان 333</small> ق.م يا <small>450-350</small> ق.م.) جي پيداوار طور ڏٺو وڃي ٿو،{{Sfn|Frei|2001|p=6}} هي اتفاق راءِ هڪ روايتي يهودي نظريي جو گونج آهي ته [[عزير عليہ السلام|عزير عليه السلام]]، بابل کان واپسي تي يهودي برادري جا اڳواڻ، تورات جي اشاعت ۾ هڪ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Romer|2008|p=2 and fn.3}} ٽي نبي، جيڪا يهودي روايت ۾ آخري سمجهيا وڃن ٿا هن دور ۾ سرگرم هئا: حجائي، زڪريا ۽ ملاڪي.<ref>[[Jerusalem Bible]] (1966), ''Haggai'', ''Zechariah'', ''Malachi'' in ''Introduction to the Prophets'', London: Darton, Longman & Todd, pp. 1138–1140</ref> بني اسرائيل جي آخري نبي جي وفات کانپوءِ ۽ اڃا تائين فارسي حڪمراني هيٺ، يهودي ماڻهن جي قيادت اڳواڻن جي پنجن مسلسل نسلن جي زگوٽ (جوڙن) جي هٿن ۾ منتقل ٿي وئي. اهي پهرين فارسين جي دور ۾ ۽ پوءِ يونانين جي دور ۾ ترقي ڪيا ۽ نتيجي طور تي، انهن مان ٻه گروه، فريسي ۽ صدوقي ٺهيا. فارسين جي دور ۾ پوءِ يونانين جي دور ۾، يهودي سڪا يهوديه ۾ يهودي سڪن جي طور تي ٺاهيا ويا. === Hellenistic period (c. 332–110 BCE) === {{Main|Hellenistic Judaism}} [[File:Jews Byzantine Greek Alexander Manuscript (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Alexander the Great]], clad as a [[Byzantine emperor]], receives a delegation of Jewish [[rabbi]]s. Miniature from the 14th-century ''Alexander Romance'']] In 332 BCE, [[Alexander the Great]] of [[Macedon]] defeated the Persians. After Alexander's death and the division of his empire among his generals, the [[Seleucid Kingdom]] was formed. The Alexandrian conquests spread Greek culture to the Levant. During this time, currents of Judaism were influenced by [[Hellenistic philosophy]] developed from the 3rd century BCE, notably the [[Jewish diaspora]] in [[Alexandrian Jews|Alexandria]], culminating in the compilation of the [[Septuagint]]. An important advocate of the symbiosis of Jewish theology and Hellenistic thought is [[Philo]]. === Hasmonean dynasty (110–63 BCE) === {{Main|Hasmonean dynasty}} [[File:John Hyrcanus.jpg|thumb|JUDAEA, Hasmoneans. John Hyrcanus I (Yehohanan). 135–104 BCE. Æ Prutah (13mm, 2.02&nbsp;gm, 12h). "Yehohanan the High Priest and the Council of the Jews" (in Hebrew) in five lines within wreath / Double cornucopiae adorned with ribbons; pomegranate between horns; small A to lower left. Meshorer Group B, 11; Hendin 457.]] Triggered by anti-Jewish decrees from Seleucid king [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]] and tensions between Hellenized and conservative Jews, the [[Maccabean Revolt]] erupted in Judea in 167 BCE under the leadership of [[Mattathias]]. His son, [[Judas Maccabeus]], recaptured Jerusalem in 164 BCE, purifying the Second Temple and reinstating sacrificial worship.<ref name="Atkinson-2016">{{Cite book |last=Atkinson |first=Kenneth |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/949219870 |title=A History of the Hasmonean State: Josephus and Beyond |date=2016 |publisher=T&T Clark |isbn=978-0-567-66902-5 |series=T&T Clark Jewish and Christian texts series |location=London; New York |pages=2, 23–28 |oclc=949219870}}</ref> The successful revolt eventually led to the formation of an independent Jewish state under the [[Hasmonean dynasty]], which lasted from 165 to 63 BCE.<ref>See: *[[William David Davies]]. ''The Hellenistic Age''. Volume 2 of Cambridge History of Judaism. Cambridge University Press, 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-521-21929-7}}. pp. 292–312. *Jeff S. Anderson. ''The Internal Diversification of Second Temple Judaism: An Introduction to the Second Temple Period''. University Press of America, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-7618-2327-8}}. pp. 37–38. *Howard N. Lupovitch. ''Jews and Judaism in World History''. Taylor & Francis. 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-415-46205-1}}. pp. 26–30.</ref> Initially governing as both political leaders and High Priests, the [[Hasmoneans]] later assumed the title of kings. They employed military campaigns and diplomacy to consolidate power.<ref name="Atkinson-2016" /> Under the rule of [[Alexander Jannaeus]] and [[Salome Alexandra]], [[Hasmonean Judea]] reached its zenith in size and influence. However, internal strife erupted between Salome Alexandra's sons, [[Hyrcanus II]] and [[Aristobulus II]], leading to civil war and appeals to Roman authorities for intervention. Responding to these appeals, Pompey led a Roman campaign of conquest and annexation, which marked the end of Hasmonean sovereignty and ushered in Roman rule over Judea.<ref>Hooker, Richard. {{cite web |title=The Hebrews: The Diaspora |url=http://www.wsu.edu:8000/~dee/HEBREWS/HEBREWS.HTM |access-date=April 7, 2018 |archive-date=August 29, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829230214/http://www.wsu.edu:8000/%7Edee/HEBREWS/HEBREWS.HTM |url-status=dead}} World Civilizations Learning Modules. Washington State University, 1999.</ref> === Roman period (63 BCE – 135 CE) === {{Main|Herodian dynasty|History of the Jews in the Roman Empire|Roman Palestine|Judaea (Roman province)|Jewish–Roman wars}} [[File:Monnaie - Prutah, bronze, Jérusalem, Judée, Mattathias Antigonos - btv1b8480202s (1 of 2).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Hasmonean coinage|Hasmonean coin]] of [[Antigonus II Mattathias]], depicting the [[Temple menorah]]]] Judea had been an independent Jewish kingdom under the Hasmoneans, but it was [[Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)|conquered and reorganized as a client state by the Roman general Pompey in 63 BCE]]. [[Roman expansion]] was going on in other areas as well, and it would continue for more than a hundred and fifty years. Later, [[Herod the Great]] was appointed "King of the Jews" by the [[Roman Senate]], supplanting the Hasmonean dynasty. Some of his offspring held various positions after him, known as the [[Herodian dynasty]]. Briefly, from 4 BCE to 6 CE, [[Herod Archelaus]] ruled the [[Tetrarchy (Judea)|tetrarchy of Judea]] as [[ethnarch]], the Romans denying him the title of King. After the [[Census of Quirinius]] in 6 CE, the [[Roman province of Judaea]] was formed as a satellite of [[Roman Syria]] under the rule of a [[prefect]] (as was [[Roman Egypt]]) until 41 CE, then [[Procurator (Roman)|procurators]] after 44 CE. The empire was often callous and brutal in its treatment of its Jewish subjects, (see [[Anti-Judaism#Pre-Christian Roman Empire|Anti-Judaism in the pre-Christian Roman Empire]]). In 30 CE (or 33 CE), [[Jesus of Nazareth]], an itinerant [[rabbi]] from [[Galilee]], and the central figure of [[Christianity]], was put to death by [[crucifixion]] in Jerusalem under the Roman prefect of [[Judaea]], [[Pontius Pilate]].<ref>Charlesworth, James H. (2008). The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide. {{ISBN|978-1-4267-2475-6}}</ref> For a short time Judea was reunited and semi-independent under [[Agrippa the Great]] who had good relations with both the Roman aristocracy and local Jewish citizens. After his death Judea was again annexed by Rome and his less popular son [[Herod Agrippa II]] was made ethnarch.<ref>Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, livre XVIII, § V, 4, (132).</ref> [[File:19 Shrine of the Book 005 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Reconstruction of the [[Second Temple]], following renovations by [[Herod the Great|Herod]] in the 1st century CE]] [[File:Roberts Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Siege of Jerusalem (70)|Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans]] (1850 painting by [[David Roberts (painter)|David Roberts]])]] Roman oppressive rule, combined with economic, religious, and ethnic tensions, eventually led to the outbreak of the [[First Jewish–Roman War]], also known as the Great Revolt, in 66 CE. Future emperor [[Vespasian]] quelled the rebellion in [[Galilee]] by 67 CE, capturing key strongholds.<ref>Jensen, M. H. (2014). The Political History in Galilee from the First Century BCE to the end of the Second Century CE. ''Galilee in the late Second Temple and Mishnaic periods. Volume 1. Life, culture and society'', pp. 69-70. "According to Jewish War, Vespasian laid siege to and conquered all the major strongholds of Galilee [...] Since the entire campaign was short and lasted only for some months in the spring and summer of 67, there is no reason to believe that Galilee was entirely devastated when the Romans set their course south. However, the places that were conquered, were in a typical Roman fashion levelled more or less to the ground and many people sold of as slaves.</ref> He was succeeded by his son [[Titus]], who led the brutal [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|siege of Jerusalem]], culminating in the city's fall in 70 CE. The Romans burned Jerusalem and destroyed the Second Temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weksler-Bdolah |first=Shlomit |title=Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman period: in light of archaeological research |publisher=Brill |year=2019 |isbn=978-90-04-41707-6 |page=3 |oclc=1170143447 |quote=The historical description is consistent with the archeological finds. Collapses of massive stones from the walls of the Temple Mount were exposed lying over the Herodian street running along the Western Wall of the Temple Mount. The residential buildings of the Ophel and the Upper City were destroyed by great fire. The large urban drainage channel and the Pool of Siloam in the Lower City silted up and ceased to function, and in many places the city walls collapsed. [...] Following the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE, a new era began in the city's history. The Herodian city was destroyed and a military camp of the Tenth Roman Legion established on part of the ruins.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reich |first=Ronny |date=2009 |title=The Sack of Jerusalem in 70 CE: Flavius Josephus' Description and the Archaeological Record |script-title=he:חורבן ירושלים בשנת 70 לסה"נ: תיאורו של יוסף בן מתתיהו והממצא הארכאולוגי |journal=Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv |script-journal=he:קתדרה: לתולדות ארץ ישראל ויישובה |issue=131 |pages=25–42 |issn=0334-4657 |jstor=23407359}}</ref> The Roman victory was celebrated with a [[Roman triumph|triumph]] in Rome, showcasing Jewish artefacts like the [[Temple menorah|menorah]], which were then put on display in the new [[Temple of Peace, Rome|Temple of Peace]].<ref>Huitink, Luuk. "Between Triumph and Tragedy: Josephus, Bellum Judaicum 7.121–157." ''Reading Greek, Hellenistic and Roman spolia. Objects, appropriation and cultural change, Euhormos: Greco-Roman Studies in Anchoring Innovation. Leiden: Brill'' (2023). pp. 215–216, 234</ref> The Flavian dynasty leveraged this victory for political gain, erecting monuments in Rome and minting [[Judaea Capta coinage|Judaea Capta coins]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Overman |first1=J. Andrew |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134518326 |title=The First Jewish Revolt |last2=Overman |first2=J. Andrew |date=September 2, 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-51832-6 |chapter=The First Revolt and Flavian politics |doi=10.4324/9780203167441}}</ref> The war concluded with the [[siege of Masada]] (73–74 CE). The Jewish population suffered widespread devastation, with displacement, enslavement, and Roman confiscation of Jewish-owned land.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Herr |first=Moshe David |title=The History of Eretz Israel: The Roman Byzantine period: the Roman period from the conquest to the Ben Kozba War (63 B.C.E-135 C.E.) |publisher=Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi |year=1984 |editor-last=Shtern |editor-first=Menahem |location=Jerusalem |page=288}}</ref> The destruction of the Second Temple marked a cataclysmic event in Jewish history, triggering far-reaching transformations within Judaism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maclean Rogers |first=Guy |title=For the Freedom of Zion: The Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66–74 CE |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-300-26256-8 |location=New Haven and London |pages=3–5 |oclc=1294393934}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Neusner |first=Jacob |title=Judaism in a Time of Crisis: Four Responses to the Destruction of the Second Temple |date=November 28, 2017 |work=Neusner on Judaism |pages=399–413 |editor-last1=Hinnells |editor-first1=John |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351152761-20 |access-date=May 22, 2022 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781351152761-20 |isbn=978-1-351-15276-1 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Karesh-2006">{{Cite book |last=Karesh |first=Sara E. |title=Encyclopedia of Judaism |publisher=Facts On File |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-78785-171-9 |oclc=1162305378 |quote=Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. Without the Temple, the Sadducees no longer had any claim to authority, and they faded away. The sage Yochanan ben Zakkai, with permission from Rome, set up the outpost of Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism.}}</ref> With the central role of sacrificial worship obliterated, religious practices shifted towards [[Jewish prayer|prayer]], [[Torah study]], and communal gatherings in [[synagogue]]s. According to Rabbinic tradition, Yohanan ben Zakkai secured permission from the Romans to establish a center for Torah study in [[Yavne]]h, which then served as a focal point for Jewish religious and cultural life for a generation.<ref name="Stemberger-2003">{{Citation |last=Stemberger |first=Guenter |title=The Formation of Rabbinic Judaism, 70–640 CE |date=2003 |work=The Blackwell Companion to Judaism |pages=78–79 |editor-last=Neusner |editor-first=Jacob |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470758014.ch5 |access-date=July 2, 2024 |edition=1 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |doi=10.1002/9780470758014.ch5 |isbn=978-1-57718-058-6 |editor2-last=Avery-Peck |editor2-first=Alan J. |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-judaism/3F4F0A32983FC0DCDB414553888DC394 |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |volume=4 |page=268 |doi=10.1017/chol9780521772488 |quote=Under the leadership of R. Yohanan ben Zakkai and his circle at Yavneh, Judaism sought to reconstitute itself and find a new equilibrium in the face of the disaster of 70.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neusner |first=Jacob |title=Religion (Judentum: Palästinisches Judentum &#91;Forts.&#93;) |date=September 26, 2016 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-083904-3 |editor-last1=Haase |editor-first1=Wolfgang |language=de |chapter=The Formation of Rabbinic Judaism: Yavneh (Jamnia) from A.D. 70 to 100 |pages=3–42 |doi=10.1515/9783110839043-002 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110839043-002/html}}</ref> Judaism also underwent a significant shift away from its sectarian divisions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Shaye J. D. |date=1984 |title=The Significance of Yavneh: Pharisees, Rabbis, and the End of Jewish Sectarianism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507609 |journal=Hebrew Union College Annual |volume=55 |page=29 |jstor=23507609 |issn=0360-9049 |quote=The goal was not the triumph over other sects but the elimination of the need for sectarianism itself. [...] The destruction of the temple provided the impetus for this process: it warned the Jews of the dangers of internal divisiveness and it removed one of the major focal points of Jewish sectarianism.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Jodi |last=Magness |title=Was 70 CE a Watershed in Jewish History?: On Jews and Judaism before and after the Destruction of the Second Temple |publisher=Brill |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-04-21744-7 |editor-first=Daniel R. |editor-last=Schwartz |chapter=Sectarianism before and after 70 CE |editor-first2=Zeev |editor-last2=Weiss |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VecxAQAAQBAJ&q=diaspora+70+ce&pg=PA189}}</ref> The [[Sadducees]] and [[Essenes]], two prominent sects in the late Second Temple period, faded into obscurity,<ref name="Karesh-2006" /> while the traditions of the [[Pharisees]], including their halakhic interpretations, the centrality of the [[Oral Torah]], and [[Jewish eschatology|belief in resurrection]] became the foundation of [[Rabbinic Judaism]].<ref name="Stemberger-2003" />[[File:Arch of Titus Menorah.png|upright=1.15|thumb|The sack of Jerusalem depicted on the inside wall of the [[Arch of Titus]] in [[Rome]]]] === Diaspora during the Second Temple period === {{Main|Jewish diaspora}} The [[Jewish diaspora]] existed well before the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE and had been ongoing for centuries, with the dispersal driven by both forced expulsions and voluntary migrations.<ref>[[Erich S. Gruen]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=t1IR4WtFjGUC&pg=PA3 Diaspora: Jews Amidst Greeks and Romans] [[Harvard University Press]], 2009 pp. 3–4, 233–234: 'Compulsory dislocation, .…cannot have accounted for more than a fraction of the diaspora. … The vast bulk of Jews who dwelled abroad in the Second Temple Period did so voluntarily.' (2)' .Diaspora did not await the fall of Jerusalem to Roman power and destructiveness. The scattering of Jews had begun long before-occasionally through forced expulsion, much more frequently through voluntary migration.'</ref><ref name="Goodman-2018">{{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=Martin |title=A History of Judaism |date=2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18127-1 |location=Princeton Oxford |pages=21, 232}}</ref> In Mesopotamia, a testimony to the beginnings of the Jewish community can be found in [[Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets|Joachin's ration tablets]], listing provisions allotted to the exiled Judean king and his family by [[Nebuchadnezzar II]], and further evidence are the [[Al-Yahudu Tablets|Al-Yahudu tablets]], dated to the 6th-5th centuries BCE and related to the exiles from Judea arriving after the destruction of the [[First Temple]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Luke |date=February 3, 2017 |title=Ancient tablets reveal life of Jews in Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-archaeology-babylon-idUSKBN0L71EK20150203 |newspaper=Reuters}}</ref> though there is ample evidence for the presence of Jews in Babylonia even from 626 BCE.<ref>Zadok R. Judeans in Babylonia–Updating the Dossier. in U. Gabbay and Sh. Secunda. (eds.). ''Encounters by the Rivers of Babylon: Scholarly Conversations between Jews, Iranians and Babylonians in Antiquity'', Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism 160. Tübingen: MohrSiebeck. pp. 109–110.</ref> In Egypt, the [[Elephantine papyri and ostraca|documents from Elephantine]] reveal the trials of a community founded by a Persian Jewish garrison at two fortresses on the frontier during the 5th-4th centuries BCE, and according to [[Josephus]] the Jewish community in Alexandria existed since the founding of the city in the 4th century BCE by [[Alexander the Great]].<ref>Josephus Flavius, ''Against Appion''. 4.II</ref> By 200 BCE, there were well established Jewish communities both in Egypt and Mesopotamia ("[[History of the Jews in Iraq|Babylonia]]" in Jewish sources) and in the two centuries that followed, Jewish populations were also present in [[Asia Minor]], [[Greece]], [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]], [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]], and, beginning in the middle of the 1st century BCE, in the city of [[Rome]].<ref>{{cite book |first=E. Mary |last=Smallwood |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism: The early Roman period, Volume 3 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-521-24377-3 |editor1=William David Davies |chapter=The Diaspora in the Roman period before AD 70 |editor2=Louis Finkelstein |editor3=William Horbury |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AW2BuWcalXIC&q=Diaspora+before+70&pg=PA168}}</ref><ref name="Goodman-2018" /> In the first centuries CE, as a result of the [[Jewish–Roman wars]],<ref name="מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת">מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת "עם ישראל – תולדות 4000 שנה – מימי האבות ועד חוזה השלום", ע"מ 95. (Translation: Mordechai Vermebrand and Betzalel S. Ruth – "The People of Israel – the history of 4000 years – from the days of the Forefathers to the Peace Treaty", 1981, p. 95)</ref> a large number of Jews were taken as captives, sold into slavery, or compelled to flee from the regions affected by the wars, contributing to the formation and expansion of Jewish communities across the [[Roman Empire]] as well as in Arabia and Mesopotamia. Jewish communities across Cyrenaica, Cyprus, and Egypt were almost entirely obliterated due to the harsh Roman response to the Diaspora Revolt.<ref name="Kerkeslager-2006" /><ref name="Zeev-2006b" /> The [[New Testament]] Book of [[Acts]], as well as other [[Pauline epistles|Pauline]] texts, make frequent reference to the large populations of [[Hellenized Jews]] in the cities of the Roman world. These Hellenized Jews were affected by the diaspora only in its spiritual sense, absorbing the feeling of loss and homelessness that became a cornerstone of the Jewish creed, much supported by persecutions in various parts of the world. Of critical importance to the reshaping of Jewish tradition from the Temple-based religion to the rabbinic traditions of the Diaspora, was the development of the interpretations of the Torah found in the [[Mishnah]] and [[Talmud]]. ==تالمود وارو دور== ===پھرين يهودي بغاوت (115 کان 117ع)=== During the [[Diaspora Revolt]] (115–117 CE), [[Jewish diaspora]] communities across several eastern provinces of the [[Roman Empire]] engaged in widespread rebellion.<ref name="Zeev-2006a">{{Citation |last=Zeev |first=Miriam Pucci Ben |title=The uprisings in the Jewish Diaspora, 116–117 |date=June 22, 2006 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism |pages=93–106 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781139055130A007/type/book_part |access-date=September 8, 2024 |edition=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/chol9780521772488.005 |isbn=978-1-139-05513-0 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Driven by messianic fervor and hopes for the [[Gathering of Israel|ingathering of exiles]] and the [[Third Temple|reconstruction of the Temple]], these communities may have sought to spark a broader movement possibly aimed at returning to [[Judea]] and rebuilding Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smallwood |first=E. Mary |title=The Jews under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diocletian |publisher=SBL Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-90-04-50204-8 |pages=394–397}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Horbury |first=William |title=Jewish War under Trajan and Hadrian |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-139-04905-4 |pages=276}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Barclay |first=John M. G. |title=Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora: from Alexander to Trajan (323 BCE–117 CE) |date=1998 |publisher=T&T Clark |isbn=978-0-567-08651-8 |edition= |location=Edinburgh |pages=241}}</ref> Ancient sources describe the revolt as extremely brutal, with cases of cannibalism and mutilation, though modern scholars often consider these accounts to be exaggerated.<ref name="Zeev-2006a" /> The Roman suppression of the revolt was marked by severe measures, including [[ethnic cleansing]], leading to the near-total destruction of Jewish diaspora communities in [[Roman Libya|Libya]], [[Roman Cyprus|Cyprus]] and [[Roman Egypt|Egypt]],<ref name="Kerkeslager-2006">{{Citation |last1=Kerkeslager |first1=Allen |title=The Diaspora from 66 to c. 235 ce |date=2006 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |volume=4 |pages=62–63 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-judaism/diaspora-from-66-to-c-235-ce/5AECAD54BE6CA31C7968EED92D6CA36A |access-date=September 10, 2024 |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/chol9780521772488.004 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |last2=Setzer |first2=Claudia |last3=Trebilco |first3=Paul |last4=Goodblatt |first4=David}}</ref><ref name="Zeev-2006b">{{Citation |last=Zeev |first=Miriam Pucci Ben |title=The uprisings in the Jewish Diaspora, 116–117 |date=June 22, 2006 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism |page=98 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781139055130A007/type/book_part |access-date=September 8, 2024 |edition=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/chol9780521772488.005 |isbn=978-1-139-05513-0 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> including the significant and influential community in [[Alexandria]].<ref name="Goodman-2018" /><ref name="Kerkeslager-2006" /> ===بار ڪوخبا بغاوت (132 کان 136ع=== {{Main|بار ڪوخبا بغاوت}} [[File:Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg|thumb|A tetradrachm minted during the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]], featuring the former Second Temple, a ''lulav'', and the slogan 'to the freedom of Jerusalem']] From 132 to 136 CE, Judaea was the center of the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]], triggered by Hadrian's decision to establish the pagan colony of [[Aelia Capitolina]] on the ruins of Jerusalem.<ref name="Eck-2015">{{Citation |last=Eck |first=Werner |editor-first1=Werner |editor-last1=Eck |title=Bar Kokhba |date=July 30, 2015 |work=Oxford Classical Dictionary |url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-1056 |access-date=July 2, 2024 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1056 |isbn=978-0-19-938113-5 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Early successes led to the establishment of a short-lived Jewish state in Judea under the leadership of [[Simon Bar Kokhba]], styled as ''[[Nasi (Hebrew title)|nasi]]'' or prince of Israel.<ref name="Eck-2015" /> The [[Bar Kokhba revolt coinage|rebel state's coinage]] proclaimed "Freedom of Israel" and "For the Freedom of Jerusalem", using [[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet|ancient Hebrew script]] for nationalistic symbolism.<ref name="Eck-1999">{{Cite journal |last=Eck |first=Werner |date=1999 |title=The Bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of View |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/abs/bar-kokhba-revolt-the-roman-point-of-view/27E95F52A627562F93178F17A51D5FD4 |journal=The Journal of Roman Studies |volume=89 |pages=76, 80 |doi=10.2307/300735 |jstor=300735 |issn=1753-528X |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Eck-2015" /> However, the Romans soon amassed six legions and additional auxiliaries under [[Julius Severus]], who then brutally crushed the uprising. Historical accounts report the destruction of fifty major strongholds and 985 villages, resulting in 580,000 Jewish deaths and widespread famine and disease.<ref name="Raviv-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Raviv |first1=Dvir |last2=David |first2=Chaim Ben |date=2021 |title=Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account? |journal=Journal of Roman Archaeology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=585–607 |doi=10.1017/S1047759421000271 |issn=1047-7594 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Archaeological research confirms the widespread destruction and depopulation of the Jewish heartland in [[Judea]] proper, where most of the Jewish population was either killed, sold into slavery, expelled, or forced to flee.<ref name="Raviv-2021" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=A. H. M. |title=The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces |publisher=Oxford |year=1971 |edition=2nd |pages=277 |quote=This provoked the last Jewish war, which seems from our meager accounts [...] to have resulted in the desolation of Judaea and the practical extermination of its Jewish population.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Mor|2016|pp=483–484}}: "Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the [[Sicaricon|sikarikon laws]] were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it."</ref> The Romans also suffered heavy losses.<ref name="Eck-1999" /> Post-revolt, Jews were prohibited from entering Jerusalem, and Hadrian issued religious edicts,<ref>Hanan Eshel,[[iarchive:cambridgehis xxxx 1984 004 8494287/page/n1082|<!-- pg=105 --> 'The Bar Kochba revolt, 132-135,']] in William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.) ''The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period,'' pp. 105-127, p. 105.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Eshel |first=Hanan |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=T. Katz |editor-first=Steven |volume=4. The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |pages=105–127 |chapter=4: The Bar Kochba Revolt, 132 – 135 |oclc=7672733}}</ref> including a ban on circumcision, later repealed by [[Antoninus Pius]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} The province of Judaea was renamed [[Syria Palaestina]] as a punitive act against the Jews, aimed at placating non-Jewish residents and erasing Jewish historical ties to the land.<ref name="Eck-2015" /><ref>H.H. Ben-Sasson, ''A History of the Jewish People'', Harvard University Press, 1976, {{ISBN|0-674-39731-2}}, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."</ref><ref>Ariel Lewin. ''The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine''. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name – one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus – Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." {{ISBN|0-89236-800-4}}</ref> Christians refused to participate in the revolt and from this point the Jews regarded Christianity as a separate religion.<ref>M. Avi-Yonah, ''The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule'', Jerusalem 1984 p. 143</ref> The Jewish defeat marked the termination of efforts to reestablish a Jewish state until the modern era.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grabbe |first=Lester L. |title=An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History And Religion Of The Jews In The Time Of Nehemiah, The Maccabees, Hillel, And Jesus |date=2010 |publisher=T&T Clark |isbn=978-0-567-55248-8 |location=Edinburgh |page=78 |quote=It was the total defeat and the massive destruction of the 132–35 war which put paid to any hopes of a revived Jewish state for another 1800 years.}}</ref> A rabbi of this period, [[Simeon bar Yochai]], is regarded as the author of the [[Zohar]], the foundational text for Kabbalistic thought. However, modern scholars believe it was written in Medieval Spain.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Zohar |encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=142&letter=Z#406 |access-date=May 19, 2014 |last=Jacobs |first=Joseph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007024121/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=142&letter=Z#406 |archive-date=October 7, 2011 |author2=Broydé, Isaac |url-status=live}}</ref> === Late Roman period in the Land of Israel === {{further|Byzantine Palestine|History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire}} The relations of the Jews with the Roman Empire in the region continued to be complicated. [[Constantine the Great and Judaism|Constantine I]] allowed Jews to mourn their defeat and humiliation once a year on [[Tisha B'Av]] at the [[Western Wall]]. In 351–352 CE, the Jews of Galilee launched [[Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus|yet another revolt]], provoking heavy retribution.<ref>Bernard Lazare and Robert Wistrich, Antisemitism: Its History and Causes, University of Nebraska Press, 1995, I, pp. 46–47.</ref> The Gallus revolt came during the rising influence of early Christians in the Eastern Roman Empire, under the [[Constantinian dynasty]]. In 355, however, the relations with the Roman rulers improved, upon the rise of Emperor [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]], the last of the Constantinian dynasty, who unlike his predecessors defied Christianity. In 363, not long before Julian left Antioch to launch his campaign against Sasanian Persia, in keeping with his effort to foster religions other than Christianity, he ordered the Jewish Temple rebuilt.<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Res Gestae'', 23.1.2–3.</ref> The failure to rebuild the Temple has mostly been ascribed to the dramatic [[Galilee earthquake of 363]] and traditionally also to the Jews' ambivalence about the project. Sabotage is a possibility, as is an accidental fire. Divine intervention was the common view among Christian historians of the time.<ref>See [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/julian-jews.html "Julian and the Jews 361–363 CE"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520080932/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/julian-jews.html |date=May 20, 2012 }} (Fordham University, The Jesuit University of New York) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20051020130904/http://www.gibsoncondo.com/~david/convert/history.html "Julian the Apostate and the Holy Temple"].</ref> Julian's support of Jews caused Jews to call him "Julian the [[Hellenes (religion)|Hellene]]".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Falk |first1=Avner |title=A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews |year=1996 |pages=343 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press |isbn=978-0-8386-3660-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z10-Xz9Kno4C&q=julian&pg=PA343 |access-date=August 3, 2022}}</ref> Julian's fatal wound in the Persian campaign and his consequent death had put an end to Jewish aspirations, and Julian's successors embraced Christianity through the entire timeline of Byzantine rule of Jerusalem, preventing any Jewish claims. In 438 CE, when the Empress [[Licinia Eudoxia|Eudocia]] removed the ban on Jews' praying at the [[Temple Mount|Temple site]], the heads of the Community in Galilee issued a call "to the great and mighty people of the Jews" which began: "Know that the end of the exile of our people has come!" However, the Christian population of the city, who saw this as a threat to their primacy, did not allow it and a riot erupted after which they chased away the Jews from the city.<ref>Avraham Yaari, ''Igrot Eretz Yisrael'' (Tel Aviv, 1943), p. 46.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Andrew S. Jacobs |title=Remains of the Jews: The Holy Land and Christian Empire in Late Antiquity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8O95ErDSZQgC&pg=PA157 |year=2004 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-4705-9 |page=157 |access-date=April 19, 2018}}</ref> During the 5th and the 6th centuries, a series of [[Samaritan Revolts|Samaritan insurrections]] broke out across the [[Palaestina Prima]] province. Especially violent were the third and the fourth revolts, which resulted in almost the entire annihilation of the Samaritan community. It is likely that the Samaritan [[Samaritan Revolts|Revolt of 556]] was joined by the Jewish community, which had also suffered a brutal suppression of Israelite religion. In the belief of restoration to come, in the early 7th century the Jews made an [[Jewish revolt against Heraclius|alliance]] with the [[Sassanid Empire|Persians]], who invaded Palaestina Prima in 614, fought at their side, overwhelmed the [[Byzantine]] garrison in Jerusalem, and were given Jerusalem to be governed as an autonomy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Itineraria Phoenicia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&q=Opusculum+de+Persica+captivitate&pg=PA542 |author=Edward Lipiński |publisher=Peeters |pages=542–543 |year=2004 |isbn=978-90-429-1344-8 |access-date=March 11, 2014 |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409161013/https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&q=Opusculum+de+Persica+captivitate&pg=PA542 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, their autonomy was brief: the [[Nehemiah ben Hushiel|Jewish leader]] in Jerusalem was shortly assassinated during a Christian revolt and though Jerusalem was reconquered by Persians and Jews within 3 weeks, it fell into anarchy. With the consequent withdrawal of Persian forces, Jews surrendered to Byzantines in 625 or 628 CE, but were massacred by Christian radicals in 629 CE, with the survivors fleeing to Egypt. The Byzantine (Eastern Roman Empire) control of the region was finally lost to the Muslim Arab armies in 637 CE, when [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]] completed the conquest of Akko. === Jews of pre-Muslim Babylonia (219–638 CE) === {{Main|History of the Jews in Iraq}} After the fall of Jerusalem, Babylonia would become the focus of Judaism for more than a thousand years. The first Jewish communities in Babylonia started with the exile of the Tribe of Judah to Babylon by [[Jehoiachin]] in 597 BCE as well as after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 586 BCE.<ref name="מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת" /> Many more Jews migrated to Babylon in 135 CE after the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]] and in the centuries after.<ref name="מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת" /> Babylonia, where some of the largest and most prominent Jewish cities and communities were established, became the centre of Jewish life up to the 13th century. By the 1st century, Babylonia already held a speedily growing<ref name="מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת" /> population of an estimated 1,000,000 Jews, which increased to an estimated 2 million<ref name="Solomon Gryazel">Solomon Gryazel, ''History of the Jews: From the destruction of Judah in 586 BCE to the present Arab Israeli conflict'', p. 137.</ref> between the years 200 CE and 500 CE, both by natural growth and by immigration of more Jews from Judea, making up about 1/6 of the world Jewish population at that era.<ref name="Solomon Gryazel" /> It was there that they would write the Babylonian Talmud in the languages used by the Jews of ancient Babylonia: [[Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]]. The Jews established [[Talmudic Academies in Babylonia]], also known as the Geonic Academies (from "Geonim", meaning "splendour" in Biblical Hebrew or "geniuses"), which became the centre for Jewish scholarship and the development of Jewish law in Babylonia from roughly 500 CE to 1038 CE. The two most famous academies were the [[Pumbedita Academy]] and the [[Sura Academy]]. Major yeshivot were also located at [[Nehardea]] and Mahuza.<ref>''Codex Judaica'', pp. 161–174, Kantor, Zichron Press, NY 2005.</ref> The Talmudic [[Yeshiva]] Academies became a main part of Jewish culture and education, and Jews continued establishing Yeshiva Academies in Western and Eastern Europe, North Africa, and in later centuries, in America and other countries around the world where Jews lived in the Diaspora. Talmudic study in Yeshiva academies, most of them located in The United States and Israel, continues today. These Talmudic [[Yeshiva]] academies of Babylonia followed the era of the [[Amoraim]] (expounders)—the sages of the Talmud who were active (both in Judah and in Babylon) during the end of the era of the sealing of the [[Mishnah]] and until the times of the sealing of the Talmud (220–500 CE), and following the [[Savoraim]] (reasoners)—the sages of beth midrash (Torah study places) in Babylon from the end of the era of the Amoraim (5th century) and until the beginning of the era of the [[Geonim]]. The Geonim were the presidents of the two great rabbinical colleges of Sura and Pumbedita, and were the generally accepted spiritual leaders of the worldwide Jewish community in the early medieval era, in contrast to the [[Resh Galuta]] (Exilarch) who wielded secular authority over the Jews in Islamic lands. According to traditions, the [[Resh Galuta]] were descendants of Judean kings, which is why the kings of [[Parthia]] would treat them with much honour.<ref>[מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס. רותת "עם ישראל – תולדות 4000 שנה – מימי האבות ועד חוזה השלום", ע"מ 97. (Translation: Mordechai Vermebrand and Betzalel S. Ruth ''The People of Israel: The History of 4,000 Years, from the Days of the Forefathers to the Peace Treaty'', 1981, p. 97)</ref> For the Jews of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, the yeshivot of Babylonia served much the same function as the ancient [[Sanhedrin]]—that is, as a council of Jewish religious authorities. The academies were founded in pre-Islamic Babylonia under the Zoroastrian Sassanid dynasty and were located not far from the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon, which at that time was the largest city in the world. After the conquest of Persia in the 7th century, the academies subsequently operated for four hundred years under the Islamic caliphate. The first gaon of Sura, according to [[Sherira Gaon]], was Mar bar Rab Chanan, who assumed office in 609. The last gaon of [[Sura]] was [[Samuel ben Hofni]], who died in 1034; the last gaon of Pumbedita was [[Hezekiah Gaon]], who was tortured to death in 1040; hence the activity of the Geonim covers a period of nearly 450 years. One of principal seats of Babylonian Judaism was [[Nehardea]], which was then a very large city made up mostly of Jews.<ref name="מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת" /> A very ancient synagogue, built, it was believed, by King Jehoiachin, existed in Nehardea. At Huzal, near Nehardea, there was another synagogue, not far from which could be seen the ruins of Ezra's academy. In the period before Hadrian, Akiba, on his arrival at Nehardea on a mission from the Sanhedrin, entered into a discussion with a resident scholar on a point of matrimonial law (Mishnah Yeb., end). At the same time there was at Nisibis (northern [[Mesopotamia]]), an excellent Jewish college, at the head of which stood [[Judah ben Bathyra]], and in which many Judean scholars found refuge at the time of the persecutions. A certain temporary importance was also attained by a school at [[Nehar Pekod|Nehar-Pekod]], founded by the Judean immigrant Hananiah, nephew of [[Joshua ben Hananiah]], which school might have been the cause of a schism between the Jews of Babylonia and those of Judea-Israel, had not the Judean authorities promptly checked Hananiah's ambition. === Byzantine period (324–638 CE) === {{Main|History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire}} Jews were also widespread throughout the Roman Empire, and this carried on to a lesser extent in the period of Byzantine rule in the central and eastern Mediterranean. The militant and exclusive Christianity and [[caesaropapism]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]] did not treat Jews well, and the condition and influence of diaspora Jews in the Empire declined dramatically. It was official Christian policy to convert Jews to Christianity, and the Christian leadership used the official power of Rome in their attempts. In 351 CE the Jews revolted against the added pressures of their governor, [[Constantius Gallus]]. Gallus put down the revolt and destroyed the major cities in the Galilee area where the revolt had started. Tzippori and Lydda (site of two of the major legal academies) never recovered. In this period, the Nasi in Tiberias, [[Hillel II]], created an official calendar, which needed no monthly sightings of the moon. The months were set, and the calendar needed no further authority from Judea. At about the same time, the Jewish academy at Tiberius began to collate the combined Mishnah, [[braitot]], explanations, and interpretations developed by generations of scholars who studied after the death of [[Judah HaNasi]]. The text was organized according to the order of the Mishna: each paragraph of Mishnah was followed by a compilation of all of the interpretations, stories, and responses associated with that Mishnah. This text is called the ''[[Jerusalem Talmud]].'' The Jews of Judea received a brief respite from official persecution during the rule of the Emperor [[Julian the Apostate]]. Julian's policy was to return the Roman Empire to Hellenism, and he encouraged the Jews to rebuild Jerusalem. As Julian's rule lasted only from 361 to 363, the Jews could not rebuild sufficiently before Roman Christian rule was restored over the Empire. Beginning in 398 with the consecration of [[St. John Chrysostom]] as [[Patriarch]], Christian rhetoric against Jews grew sharper; he preached sermons with titles such as "Against the Jews" and "On the Statues, Homily 17", in which John preaches against "the Jewish sickness".<ref>Wendy Mayer and [[Pauline Allen]], ''John Chrysostom: The Early Church Fathers'' (London, 2000), pp. 113, 146.</ref> Such heated language contributed to a climate of Christian distrust and hate toward the large Jewish settlements, such as those in [[Antioch]] and [[Constantinople]]. In the beginning of the 5th century, the [[Emperor Theodosius]] issued a set of decrees establishing official persecution of Jews. Jews were not allowed to own slaves, build new synagogues, hold public office or try cases between a Jew and a non-Jew. Intermarriage between Jew and non-Jew was made a capital offence, as was the conversion of Christians to Judaism. Theodosius did away with the [[Sanhedrin]] and abolished the post of [[Nasi (Hebrew title)|Nasi]]. Under the [[Emperor Justinian]], the authorities further restricted the civil rights of Jews,<ref>Cod., I., v. 12</ref> and threatened their religious privileges.<ref>Procopius, ''Historia Arcana'', 28</ref> The emperor interfered in the internal affairs of the synagogue,<ref>Nov., cxlvi., February 8, 553</ref> and forbade, for instance, the use of the Hebrew language in divine worship. Those who disobeyed the restrictions were threatened with corporal penalties, exile, and loss of property. The Jews at Borium, not far from Syrtis Major, who resisted the Byzantine general [[Belisarius]] in his campaign against the [[Vandals]], were forced to embrace Christianity, and their synagogue was converted to a church.<ref>Procopius, ''De Aedificiis'', vi. 2</ref> Justinian and his successors had concerns outside the province of Judea, and he had insufficient troops to enforce these regulations. As a result, the 5th century was a period when a wave of new synagogues were built, many with beautiful mosaic floors. Jews adopted the rich art forms of the Byzantine culture. Jewish mosaics of the period portray people, animals, menorahs, zodiacs, and Biblical characters. Excellent examples of these synagogue floors have been found at Beit Alpha (which includes the scene of Abraham sacrificing a ram instead of his son Isaac along with a zodiac), Tiberius, Beit Shean, and Tzippori. The precarious existence of Jews under Byzantine rule did not long endure, largely due to the explosion of the Muslim religion out of the remote Arabian peninsula (where large populations of Jews resided, see [[History of the Jews under Muslim Rule]] for more). The [[Muslim]] [[Caliphate]] ejected the Byzantines from the Holy Land (or the Levant, defined as modern Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria) within a few years of their victory at the [[Battle of Yarmouk]] in 636. Numerous Jews fled the remaining Byzantine territories in favour of residence in the Caliphate over the subsequent centuries. The size of the Jewish community in the Byzantine Empire was not affected by attempts by some emperors to forcibly convert the Jews of Anatolia to Christianity, as these attempts met with very little success.<ref>[[G. Ostrogorsky]], ''History of the Byzantine State''</ref> Historians continue to research the status of the Jews in Asia Minor under Byzantine rule. (for a sample of views, see, for instance, J. Starr ''The Jews in the Byzantine Empire, 641–1204''; S. Bowman, ''The Jews of Byzantium''; R. Jenkins ''Byzantium''; Averil Cameron, "Byzantines and Jews: Recent Work on Early Byzantium", ''Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies'' 20 (1996)). No systematic persecution of the type endemic at that time in Western Europe (pogroms, the stake, mass [[Expulsions and exoduses of Jews|expulsions]], etc.) has been recorded in Byzantium.<ref>''The Oxford History of Byzantium'', C. Mango (Ed) (2002)</ref> Much of the Jewish population of Constantinople remained in place after the conquest of the city by [[Mehmet II]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} <gallery widths="180"> File:Roman. Mosaic of Menorah with Lulav and Ethrog, 6th century C.E.jpg|''Mosaic of Menorah with Lulav and Ethrog'', 6th century [[Brooklyn Museum]] File:Beit alfa01.jpg|Mosaic pavement of a synagogue at [[Beit Alpha]] (5th century) File:ZodiacMosaicTzippori.jpg|Mosaic in the [[Tzippori Synagogue]] (5th century) File:Hammat Gader.JPG|Mosaic pavement recovered from the [[Hamat Gader]] synagogue (5th or 6th century) </gallery> === Diaspora communities === [[File:Arrival of the Jewish pilgrims at Coachin, A.D. 68.jpg|thumb|Arrival of the Jewish pilgrims at Cochin, 68 CE]] Cochin Jewish tradition holds that the roots of their community go back to the arrival of Jews at [[Kodungallur|Shingly]] in 72 CE, after the [[Destruction of the Second Temple]]. It also states that a Jewish kingdom, understood to mean the granting of autonomy by a local [[Tamils|Tamil]] king, [[Cheraman Perumal Nayanar]], to the community, under their leader Joseph Rabban, in 379 CE. The first synagogue there was built in 1568. The legend of the founding of Indian [[Christianity in Kerala]] by [[Thomas the Apostle]] relates that on his arrival there, he encountered a local girl who understood Hebrew.<ref>Nathan Katz, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OEolDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 ''Who Are the Jews of India?,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160937/https://books.google.com/books?id=OEolDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22|date=April 9, 2023}} [[University of California Press]], 2000 {{isbn|978-0-520-92072-9}} pp. 13–14, 17–18</ref> Perhaps in the 4th century, the [[Kingdom of Semien]], a Jewish nation in modern [[Beta Israel|Ethiopia]] was established, lasting until the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exploring a Forgotten Jewish Land – Archaeology Magazine |url=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/498-2301/letter-from/11057-ethiopia-beta-israel |access-date=November 9, 2023 |website=www.archaeology.org}}</ref> ==وچين دور== ===اسلامي دور=== [[File:Education (T-S K5.13) (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|قاهره جينيزا جو ٽڪرو، ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي لائبريري<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cairo Genizah : Education|url=https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-TS-K-00005-00013|access-date=2025-10-18|website=Cambridge Digital Library}}</ref>]] سال 638 عيسوي ۾ [[بازنطيني سلطنت]] [[سر زمين شام (ليوانت)|سر زمين شام]] جو ڪنٽرول وڃائي ڇڏيو. خليفي [[عمر بن خطاب|عمر]] [[عمر بن خطاب|رضي الله تعالى عنه]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[پهرين اسلامي رياست|عرب اسلامي سلطنت]] [[يروشلم]]، [[ميسوپوٽيميا]]، [[سر زمين شام (ليوانت)|سر زمين شام]] ([[شام]]، [[اردن]] ۽ [[فلسطين]]) ۽ [[مصر]] جي زمينن کي فتح ڪيو. هڪ سياسي نظام جي طور تي، [[اسلام]] يهودين جي معاشي، سماجي ۽ ذهني ترقي لاءِ بنيادي طور تي نوان حالات پيدا ڪيا.<ref>Ehrlich, Mark. ''Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1''. ABC-CLIO, 2009, p. 152.({{ISBN|978-1-85109-873-6}})</ref>عمر رضي الله تعالى عنه يهودين کي، 500 سالن جي وقفي کان پوءِ، [[يروشلم]] ۾ پنهنجي موجودگي کي ٻيهر قائم ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني (ڏسو:عمر جي يقين دهاني).<ref name="Bashan-20072">{{cite EJ|last=Bashan|first=Eliezer|volume=15|page=419|title=Omar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb}}</ref> يهودي روايتون عمر کي هڪ مهربان حڪمران جي طور تي ڏسي ٿي ۽ مدراش (<small>نست</small><small>اروت دي-راو شمعون بار يوحائي</small>) کيس "بني اسرائيل جي دوست" طور حوالو ڏئي ٿو.<ref name="Bashan-20073">{{cite EJ|last=Bashan|first=Eliezer|volume=15|page=419|title=Omar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb}}</ref> عرب جاگرافيدان المقدسي جي مطابق، <ref name="Joseph E. Katz-20012">{{cite web|url=http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html|title=Continuous Jewish Presence in the Holy Land|author=Joseph E. Katz|year=2001|publisher=EretzYisroel.Org|access-date=August 12, 2012|archive-date=January 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125175116/http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html|url-status=live}}</ref> يهودي "سڪن جي چڪاس ڪندڙ، رنگ ڪندڙ، چمڙي جا ماهر ۽ مهاجن" طور ڪم ڪندا هئا. [[فاطمي خلافت|فاطمي دور]] ۾، ڪيترن ئي يهودي عملدارن حڪومت ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون.<ref name="Joseph E. Katz-20013">{{cite web|url=http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html|title=Continuous Jewish Presence in the Holy Land|author=Joseph E. Katz|year=2001|publisher=EretzYisroel.Org|access-date=August 12, 2012|archive-date=January 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125175116/http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html|url-status=live}}</ref> پروفيسر موشئ گل جو خيال آهي، ته 7هين صدي ۾ عرب فتح جي وقت، يروشلم جي آبادي جي اڪثريت عيسائي ۽ يهودي هئي.<ref>Moshe Gil, ''A History of Palestine: 634–1099'' pp. 170, 220–221.</ref> هن وقت دوران يهودي سڄي قديم بابل ۾ خوشحال برادرين ۾ رهندا هئا. جيونڪ دور (650-1250 عيسوي) ۾، بابلي يشيوا اڪيڊميون يهودي سکيا جا مکيه مرڪز هئا. جيونم (جن جو معنيٰ آهي "شان" يا "جينيئس") انهن اسڪولن جا سربراهه هئا. انهن کي يهودي قانون ۾ اعليٰ اختيارين طور تسليم ڪيو ويو. 7هين صدي ۾، غير مسلمن جي زمينن تي حڪمران جزيو (<small>Poll</small> <small>Tax</small>) عائد ڪيو، جن جي ڪري بابلي يهودين جي ڳوٺاڻن علائقن مان [[بغداد]] جهڙن شهرن ڏانهن وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ ٿي. ان جي نتيجي ۾ يهودي برادري ۾ وڌيڪ دولت ۽ بين الاقوامي اثر ۽ انهي سان گڏ يهودي مفڪرن جو هڪ وڌيڪ عالمگير نقطه نظر،جهڙوڪ سعديه گاون، جيڪو هاڻي پهريون ڀيرو مغربي فلسفي سان تمام گهڻي دلچسپي رکن ٿا، پيدا ٿيو. جڏهن 10هين صدي ۾ [[عباسي خلافت]] ۽ بغداد شهر جو زوال ٿيو، ڪيترائي بابلي يهودي [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقن ڏانهن لڏپلاڻ ڪيا. سڄي يهودي دنيا ۾ بابلي يهودي رسمن جي پکيڙ ۾ حصو ورتو.<ref>[[Marina Rustow]], [http://perspectives.ajsnet.org/the-iran-iraq-issue-fall-2010/baghdad-in-the-west-migration-and-the-making-of-medieval-jewish-traditions/ Baghdad in the West: Migration and the Making of Medieval Jewish Traditions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711065105/http://perspectives.ajsnet.org/the-iran-iraq-issue-fall-2010/baghdad-in-the-west-migration-and-the-making-of-medieval-jewish-traditions/|date=July 11, 2020}}</ref> === اندلس ۾ يهودي ثقافت جو سونهري دور (711-1031) === <nowiki>{{اندلس ۾ يهودي ثقافت جو سونهري دور}}</nowiki> [[اندلس]] ۾ يهودي ثقافت جو سونهري دور [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] ۾ [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] سان گڏ هو، جيڪو سڃي [[جزیرو نما آئیبیریا|جزيري نما آئبيريا]] تي مسلمانن جي حڪمراني جو دور هو. === Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain (711–1031) === {{Main|Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain}} The golden age of Jewish culture in Spain coincided with the [[Middle Ages]] in Europe, a period of [[Al-Andalus|Muslim rule]] throughout much of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. During that time, Jews were generally accepted in society and Jewish religious, cultural, and economic life blossomed. A period of tolerance thus dawned for the Jews of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], whose number was considerably augmented by immigration from Africa in the wake of the Muslim conquest. Especially after 912, during the reign of [[Abd-ar-Rahman III]] and his son, [[al-Hakam II]], the Jews prospered, devoting themselves to the service of the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]], to the study of the sciences, and to commerce and industry, especially to trading in silk and slaves, in this way promoting the prosperity of the country. Jewish economic expansion was unparalleled. In [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], Jews were involved in translating Arabic texts to the [[Romance languages]], as well as translating Greek and Hebrew texts into Arabic. Jews also contributed to botany, geography, medicine, mathematics, poetry and philosophy.<ref name="Sephardim Archived September 7">[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html Sephardim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907212349/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html |date=September 7, 2012 }} by Rebecca Weiner.</ref><ref>Ahmed, M.I. Muslim-Jewish Harmony: A Politically-Contingent Reality. Religions 2022, 13, 535. {{doi|10.3390/rel13060535|doi-access=free}}</ref> According to [[Bernard Lewis]]: {{Blockquote|Generally, the Jewish people were allowed to practice their religion and live according to the laws and scriptures of their community. Furthermore, the restrictions to which they were subject were social and symbolic rather than tangible and practical in character. That is to say, these regulations served to define the relationship between the two communities, and not to oppress the Jewish population.<ref>Lewis, Bernard W (1984). ''The Jews of Islam''</ref>|}} 'Abd al-Rahman's court physician and minister was Hasdai ben Isaac ibn Shaprut, the patron of Menahem ben Saruq, Dunash ben Labrat, and other Jewish scholars and poets. Jewish thought during this period flourished under famous figures such as Samuel Ha-Nagid, Moses ibn Ezra, Solomon ibn Gabirol [[Judah Halevi]] and [[Moses Maimonides]].<ref name="Sephardim Archived September 7" /> During 'Abd al-Rahman's term of power, the scholar [[Moses ben Enoch]] was appointed [[rabbi]] of [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], and as a consequence [[al-Andalus]] became the centre of Talmudic study, and [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] the meeting-place of Jewish savants. The Golden Age ended with the invasion of al-Andalus by the [[Almohads]], a conservative dynasty originating in North Africa, who were highly intolerant of religious minorities. === Jews and the Crusades (1099–1260) === {{Main|History of the Jews and the Crusades}} {{See also|Siege of Jerusalem (1099)}} [[File:1099jerusalem.jpg|thumb|left|[[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|Capture of Jerusalem]], 1099]] Sermonical messages to avenge the death of Jesus encouraged Christians to participate in the Crusades. The 12th-century Jewish narration from R. Solomon ben Samson records that crusaders en route to the Holy Land decided that before combating the Ishmaelites they would massacre the Jews residing in their midst to avenge the [[crucifixion of Christ]]. The massacres began at [[Rouen]] and Jewish communities in [[Rhine Valley]] were seriously affected.<ref name="Malamat-1976">{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |title=A History of the Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv |url-access=registration |year=1976 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/413 413]}}</ref> Crusading attacks were made upon Jews in the territory around Heidelberg. A huge loss of Jewish life took place. Many were forcibly converted to Christianity and many committed suicide to avoid baptism. A major driving factor behind the choice to commit suicide was the Jewish realisation that upon being slain their children could be taken to be raised as Christians. The Jews were living in the middle of Christian lands and felt this danger acutely.<ref>{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |title=A History of the Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv |url-access=registration |year=1976 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/416 416]}}</ref> This massacre is seen as the first in a sequence of antisemitic events which culminated in the Holocaust.<ref>{{cite book |author=David Nirenberg |editor=Gerd Althoff |others=Johannes Fried |title=Medieval Concepts of the Past: Ritual, Memory, Historiography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MxS6-pQZzGsC&pg=PA279 |year=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-78066-7 |pages=279–}}</ref> Jewish populations felt that they had been abandoned by their Christian neighbours and rulers during the massacres and lost faith in all promises and charters.<ref>{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |title=A History of the Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv |url-access=registration |year=1976 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/419 419]}}</ref> Many Jews chose self-defence. But their means of self-defence were limited and their casualties only increased. Most of the forced conversions proved ineffective. Many Jews reverted to their original faith later. The pope protested this but Emperor Henry IV agreed to permitting these reversions.<ref name="Malamat-1976" /> The massacres began a new epoch for Jewry in Christendom. The Jews had preserved their faith from social pressure, now they had to preserve it at sword point. The massacres during the crusades strengthened Jewry from within spiritually. The Jewish perspective was that their struggle was Israel's struggle to hallow the name of God.<ref>{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |title=A History of the Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv |url-access=registration |year=1976 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/414 414]–}}</ref> In 1099, Jews helped the Arabs to defend Jerusalem against the [[Crusaders]]. When the city fell, the Crusaders gathered many Jews in a synagogue and set it on fire.<ref name="Malamat-1976" /> In Haifa, the Jews almost single-handedly defended the town against the Crusaders, holding out for a month, (June–July 1099).<ref name="Joseph E. Katz-2001">{{cite web |url=http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html |title=Continuous Jewish Presence in the Holy Land |author=Joseph E. Katz |year=2001 |publisher=EretzYisroel.Org |access-date=August 12, 2012 |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125175116/http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/presence.html |url-status=live}}</ref> At this time there were Jewish communities scattered all over the country, including Jerusalem, Tiberias, Ramleh, Ashkelon, Caesarea, and [[Gaza City|Gaza]]. As Jews were not allowed to hold land during the Crusader period, they worked at trades and commerce in the coastal towns during times of quiescence. Most were artisans: glassblowers in [[Sidon]], furriers and dyers in Jerusalem.<ref name="Joseph E. Katz-2001" /> During this period, the [[Masoretes]] of Tiberias established the ''[[niqqud]]'', a system of [[diacritic]]s used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations of letters of the [[Hebrew alphabet]]. Numerous [[piyutim]] and [[midrash]]im were recorded in Palestine at this time.<ref name="Joseph E. Katz-2001" /> [[Maimonides]] wrote that in 1165 he visited Jerusalem and went to the Temple Mount, where he prayed in the "great, holy house".<ref>Sefer HaCharedim Mitzvat Tshuva Chapter 3</ref> Maimonides established a yearly holiday for himself and his sons, the 6th of [[Cheshvan]], commemorating the day he went up to pray on the Temple Mount, and another, the 9th of Cheshvan, commemorating the day he merited to pray at the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]] in [[Hebron]]. In 1141 [[Yehuda Halevi]] issued a call to Jews to emigrate to Palestine and took on the long journey himself. After a stormy passage from [[Córdoba, Andalusia|Córdoba]], he arrived in Egyptian [[Alexandria]], where he was enthusiastically greeted by friends and admirers. At [[Damietta]], he had to struggle against his heart, and the pleadings of his friend Ḥalfon ha-Levi, that he remain in Egypt, where he would be free from intolerant oppression. He started on the rough route overland. He was met along the way by Jews in [[Tyre (Lebanon)|Tyre]] and [[Damascus]]. Jewish legend relates that as he came near Jerusalem, overpowered by the sight of the Holy City, he sang his most beautiful elegy, the celebrated "Zionide" (''Zion ha-lo Tish'ali''). At that instant, an Arab had galloped out of a gate and rode him down; he was killed in the accident.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} === Mamluk period (1260–1517) === [[Nahmanides]] is recorded as settling in the Old City of Jerusalem in 1267. He moved to [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], where he was active in spreading Jewish learning, which was at that time neglected in the Holy Land. He gathered a circle of pupils around him, and people came in crowds, even from the district of the Euphrates, to hear him. [[Karaite Judaism|Karaites]] were said to have attended his lectures, among them Aaron ben Joseph the Elder. He later became one of the greatest [[Karaite (Jewish sect)|Karaite]] authorities. Shortly after Nahmanides' arrival in Jerusalem, he addressed a letter to his son Nahman, in which he described the desolation of the Holy City. At the time, it had only two Jewish inhabitants—two brothers, dyers by trade. In a later letter from Acre, Nahmanides counsels his son to cultivate humility, which he considers to be the first of virtues. In another, addressed to his second son, who occupied an official position at the [[Crown of Castile|Castilian]] court, Nahmanides recommends the recitation of the daily prayers and warns above all against immorality. Nahmanides died after reaching seventy-six, and his remains were interred at [[Haifa]], by the grave of [[Yechiel of Paris]]. Yechiel had [[aliyah|emigrated]] to Acre in 1260, along with his son and a large group of followers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/places/acco.html |title=Jewish Zionist Education |publisher=Jafi.org.il |date=May 15, 2005 |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013142810/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/places/acco.html |archive-date=October 13, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lookstein.org/resources/bionotes.pdf |title=Hadrat Melech |access-date=April 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502035808/http://www.lookstein.org/resources/bionotes.pdf |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There he established the Talmudic academy ''Midrash haGadol d'Paris''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id=AdditionalReadings&content=content/segal_ch17 |title=Section III: The Biblical Age: Chapter Seventeen: Awaiting the Messiah |author=Benjamin J. Segal |work=Returning, the Land of Israel as a Focus in Jewish History |publisher=JewishHistory.com |access-date=August 12, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227184802/http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id=AdditionalReadings&content=content%2Fsegal_ch17 |archive-date=February 27, 2012}}</ref> He is believed to have died there between 1265 and 1268. In 1488 [[Obadiah ben Abraham]], commentator on the [[Mishnah]], arrived in Jerusalem; this marked a new period of return for the Jewish community in the land. ==== Spain, North Africa, and the Middle East ==== {{Main|History of the Jews in Spain}} {{See also|Islam and Judaism|Mizrahi Jew|History of the Jews under Muslim rule}} [[File:Hebrew Bible Spain.jpg|right|thumb|Sephardic Hebrew Bible from Spain, 1300<ref>[https://lccn.loc.gov/2021667534]</ref>]] During the Middle Ages, Jews were generally better treated by Islamic rulers than Christian ones. Despite second-class citizenship, Jews played prominent roles in Muslim courts, and experienced a Golden Age in [[Moorish Spain]] about 900–1100, though the situation deteriorated after that time. Riots resulting in the deaths of Jews did however occur in North Africa through the centuries and especially in [[Morocco]], [[Libya]] and [[Algeria]], where eventually Jews were forced to live in ghettos.<ref>Maurice Roumani, ''The Case of the Jews from Arab Countries: A Neglected Issue'', 1977, pp. 26–27.</ref> During the 11th century, Muslims in Spain conducted pogroms against the Jews; those occurred in Cordoba in 1011 and in [[1066 Granada massacre|Granada in 1066]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia |title=Granada |url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6855-granada |access-date=August 12, 2012 |year=1906 |archive-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412000424/https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6855-granada |url-status=live}}</ref> During the Middle Ages, the governments of Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Yemen enacted decrees ordering the destruction of synagogues. At certain times, Jews were forced to convert to Islam or face death in some parts of Yemen, Morocco and [[Baghdad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/Jews_in_Arab_lands_%28gen%29.html |title=The Treatment of Jews in Arab/Islamic Countries |author=Mitchell Bard |year=2012 |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=August 12, 2012 |archive-date=October 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007003054/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/Jews_in_Arab_lands_(gen).html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}} The [[Almohad]]s, who had taken control of much of Islamic Iberia by 1172, surpassed the [[Almoravides]] in fundamentalist outlook. They treated the ''[[dhimmi]]s'' harshly. They expelled both Jews and Christians from Morocco and Islamic Spain. Faced with the choice of death or conversion, many Jews emigrated.<ref>[http://www.theforgottenrefugees.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid=39 The Forgotten Refugees] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928051923/http://www.theforgottenrefugees.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid=39 |date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref> Some, such as the family of [[Maimonides]], fled south and east to more tolerant Muslim lands, while others went northward to settle in the growing Christian kingdoms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html |title=Sephardim |author=Rebecca Weiner |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=August 12, 2012 |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907212349/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Kraemer, Joel L., "Moses Maimonides: An Intellectual Portrait," ''The Cambridge Companion to Maimonides'', pp. 16–17 (2005)</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}} === Europe === {{Main|History of European Jews in the Middle Ages}} [[File:Mishnah (Ms. 3173; De Rossi 138), Palatina.jpg|right|thumb|11th century ''[[mishnah]]'' codex from Italy, [[Biblioteca Palatina, Parma]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=adkim |date=2014-02-28 |title=The Biblioteca Palatina and the National Library of Israel |url=https://primolevicenter.org/printed-matter/the-biblioteca-palatina-and-the-national-library-of-israel/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Printed_Matter |language=en-US}}</ref>]] According to [[James P. Carrol]], "Jews accounted for 10% of the total population of the Roman Empire. By that ratio, if other factors had not intervened, there would be 200 million Jews in the world today, instead of something like 13 million."<ref>Carroll, James. ''[[Constantine's Sword]]'' (Houghton Mifflin, 2001) {{ISBN|978-0-395-77927-9}} p. 26</ref> Jewish populations have existed in Europe, especially in the area of the former Roman Empire, from very early times. As Jewish males had emigrated, some sometimes took wives from local populations, as is shown by the various [[MtDNA]], compared to [[Y-DNA#Genetic genealogy|Y-DNA]] among Jewish populations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/14/science/in-dna-new-clues-to-jewish-roots.html |title=In DNA, New Clues to Jewish Roots |first=Nicholas |last=Wade |date=May 14, 2002 |work=The New York Times |access-date=June 16, 2013 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126180104/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/14/science/in-dna-new-clues-to-jewish-roots.html |url-status=live}}</ref> These groups were joined by traders and later on by members of the diaspora.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}} Records of Jewish communities in France (see [[History of the Jews in France]]) and Germany (see [[History of the Jews in Germany]]) date from the 4th century, and substantial Jewish communities in Spain were noted even earlier.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}} The historian [[Norman Cantor]] and other 20th-century scholars dispute the tradition that the Middle Ages was a uniformly difficult time for Jews. Before the Church became fully organized as an institution with an increasing array of rules, early medieval society was tolerant. Between 800 and 1100, an estimated 1.5 million Jews lived in Christian Europe. As they were not Christians, they were not included as a [[Estates of the realm|division]] of the feudal system of clergy, knights and serfs. This means that they did not have to satisfy the oppressive demands for labour and military conscription that Christian commoners suffered. In relations with the Christian society, the Jews were protected by kings, princes and bishops, because of the crucial services they provided in three areas: finance, administration and medicine.<ref name="Norman F" /> The lack of political strengths did leave Jews vulnerable to exploitation through extreme taxation.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ebenhard |last=Isenmann |editor-first=Richard |editor-last=Bonney |title=The Rise of the Fiscal State in Europe c. 1200–1815 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U24lRLy_qT8C&pg=PA259 |date=1999 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-154220-6 |page=259}}</ref> Christian scholars interested in the Bible consulted with Talmudic rabbis. As the Roman Catholic Church strengthened as an institution, the Franciscan and Dominican preaching orders were founded, and there was a rise of competitive middle-class, town-dwelling Christians. By 1300, the friars and local priests staged the Passion Plays during Holy Week, which depicted Jews (in contemporary dress) killing Christ, according to Gospel accounts. From this period, persecution of Jews and deportations became endemic. Around 1500, Jews found relative security and a renewal of prosperity in present-day [[Poland]].<ref name="Norman F">Norman F. Cantor, ''The Last Knight: The Twilight of the Middle Ages and the Birth of the Modern Era'', Free Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-7432-2688-2}}, pp. 28–29</ref> After 1300, Jews suffered more discrimination and persecution in Christian Europe. Europe's Jewry was mainly urban and literate. The Christians were inclined to regard Jews as obstinate deniers of the truth because in their view the Jews were expected to know of the truth of the Christian doctrines from their knowledge of the Jewish scriptures. Jews were aware of the pressure to accept Christianity.<ref>{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |title=A History of the Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv |url-access=registration |year=1976 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/412 412]}}</ref> As Catholics were forbidden by the church to loan money for interest, some Jews became prominent moneylenders. Christian rulers gradually saw the advantage of having such a class of people who could supply capital for their use without being liable to excommunication. As a result, the money trade of western Europe became a speciality of the Jews. But, in almost every instance when Jews acquired large amounts through banking transactions, during their lives or upon their deaths, the king would take it over.<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5764-england "England"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730231726/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5764-england |date=July 30, 2020 }}, [[Jewish Encyclopedia]] (1906)</ref> Jews became imperial{{-"}}[[Servi camerae regis|''servi cameræ'']]{{-"}}, the property of the King, who might present them and their possessions to princes or cities. Jews were frequently massacred and exiled from various European countries. The persecution hit its first peak during the [[Crusades]]. In the [[People's Crusade]] (1096) flourishing Jewish communities on the Rhine and the Danube were utterly destroyed. In the [[Second Crusade]] (1147) the Jews in France were subject to frequent massacres. They were also subjected to attacks by the [[Shepherds' Crusade (1251)|Shepherds' Crusades of 1251]] and [[Shepherds' Crusade (1320)|1320]]. The Crusades were followed by massive expulsions, including the [[Edict of Expulsion|expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290]];<ref>{{cite book |first=Robin R. |last=Mundill |title=England's Jewish Solution: Experiment and Expulsion, 1262–1290 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSKLfi_j110C |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52026-3}}</ref> in 1396 100,000 Jews were expelled from France; and in 1421, thousands were expelled from Austria. Over this time many Jews in Europe, either fleeing or being expelled, migrated to Poland, where they prospered into another [[History of the Jews in Poland#Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572|Golden Age]]. In Italy, Jews were allowed to live in Venice but were required to live in a [[ghetto]], and the practice spread across Italy (see [[Cum nimis absurdum]]) and was adopted in many places in Catholic Europe. Jews outside the Ghetto often had to wear a yellow star.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn539121 |title=Print of Jews forced to listen to a Christian sermon – Collections Search – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |website=collections.ushmm.org |access-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-date=November 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129142432/https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn539121 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>The Jewish-Christian Encounter in Medieval Preaching, Routledge 2015, edited by Jonathan Adams and Jussi Hanska chapter 13, see page 297</ref> === Expulsions of the Jews of Spain and Portugal === {{further|Expulsion of Jews from Spain|Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal}} [[File:Vicente Cutanda - A los pies del Salvador.jpg|thumb|250px|''At the Feet of the Saviour'', massacre of Jews in [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], oil on canvas by [[Vicente Cutanda]] (1887)]] [[File:Matanza de judíos en Barcelona - año 1391.jpg|thumb|250px|''Slaughter of Jews in Barcelona in 1391'' by [[Josep Segrelles]], {{circa|1910}}]] [[File:A Expulsão dos Judeus (Roque Gameiro, Quadros da História de Portugal, 1917).png|250px|thumb|Expulsion of the Jews in 1497, in a 1917 watercolour by [[Alfredo Roque Gameiro]] ]] [[File:Inquis1.jpg|thumb|250px|Burning of Crypto-Jews in Lisbon, Portugal]] Significant repression of Spain's numerous community occurred during the 14th century, notably a [[History of the Jews in Spain#Massacres and mass conversions of 1391|major pogrom in 1391]] which resulted in the majority of Spain's 300,000 Jews converting to Catholicism. With the [[Granada War|conquest of the Muslim Kingdom of Granada]] in 1492, the Catholic monarchs issued the [[Alhambra Decree]], and Spain's remaining 100,000 Jews were forced to choose between conversion and exile. The expulsion of the Jews of Spain, is regarded by Jews as the worst catastrophe between the destruction of Jerusalem in 73 CE and the [[Holocaust]] of the 1940s.<ref>European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism, 1550–1750 by Jonathan Israel, chapter 1 Exodus from the West (page 25)</ref> As a result, an estimated 50,000 to 70,000 Jews left Spain, the remainder joining Spain's already numerous [[Converso]] community. Perhaps a quarter of a million Conversos thus were gradually absorbed by the dominant Catholic culture, although those among them who secretly practised Judaism were subject to 40 years of intense repression by the [[Spanish Inquisition]]. This was particularly the case up until 1530, after which the trials of Conversos by the Inquisition dropped to 3% of the total. Similar expulsions of Sephardic Jews occurred 1493 in [[Sicily]] (37,000 Jews) and Portugal in 1496. The expelled Spanish Jews fled mainly to the Ottoman Empire and North Africa and Portugal. A small number also settled in Holland and England. The expulsion followed a long process of expulsions and bans from what are now England, France, Germany, Austria, and Holland. In January 1492, the [[Emirate of Granada|last Muslim state]] was defeated in Spain and six months later the Jews of Spain (the largest community in the world) were required to [[Expulsion of Jews from Spain|convert or leave without their property]]. 100,000 converted with many continuing to [[Marrano|secretly practice Judaism]], for which the Catholic church's inquisition (led by [[Tomás de Torquemada]]) now mandated a sentence of death by public burning. 175,000 left Spain.<ref>The Jews of Spain by Jane Gerber, Free Press 1994 pp 138 – 144 / Secrecy and Deceit: The Religion of the Crypto-Jews by David Martin Gitlitz, University of New Mexico 2002, pp 75 – 81</ref> Many [[Sephardi Jews|Spanish Jews]] moved to North Africa, [[History of the Jews in Poland|Poland]] and the Ottoman Empire, especially [[History of the Jews in Thessaloniki|Thessaloniki]] (now in Greece) which became the world's largest Jewish city. Some groups headed to the Middle East and Palestine, within the domains of the Ottoman Empire. About 100,000 Spanish Jews were allowed into Portugal, however five years later, their children were seized and they were given the choice of conversion or departing without them.<ref>The Jews of Spain by Jane Gerber, Free Press 1994 pp 142 – 144</ref> ==ابتدائي جديد دور== Historians who study modern Jewry have identified four different paths by which European Jews were "modernized" and thus integrated into the mainstream of European society. A common approach has been to view the process through the lens of the European [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] as Jews faced the promise and the challenges posed by political emancipation. Scholars that use this approach have focused on two social types as paradigms for the decline of Jewish tradition and as agents of the sea changes in Jewish culture that led to the collapse of the [[ghetto]]. The first of these two social types is the [[Court Jew]] who is portrayed as a forerunner of the modern Jew, having achieved integration with and participation in the proto-capitalist economy and court society of central European states such as the [[Habsburg Empire]]. In contrast to the cosmopolitan Court Jew, the second social type presented by historians of modern Jewry is the ''maskil'', (learned person), a proponent of the [[Haskalah]] (Enlightenment). This narrative sees the maskil's pursuit of secular scholarship and his rationalistic critiques of rabbinic tradition as laying a durable intellectual foundation for the secularization of Jewish society and culture. The established paradigm has been one in which Ashkenazic Jews entered modernity through a self-conscious process of westernization led by "highly atypical, Germanized Jewish intellectuals". Haskalah gave birth to the Reform and Conservative movements and planted the seeds of [[Zionism]] while at the same time encouraging cultural assimilation into the countries in which Jews resided.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reframing Jewish History |date=May 2005 |url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=10513 |access-date=May 24, 2011 |archive-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930222143/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=10513 |url-status=live}}</ref> At around the same time that Haskalah was developing, [[Hasidic Judaism]] was spreading as a movement that preached a world view nearly opposed to the Haskalah. In the 1990s, the concept of the "[[Port Jew]]" has been suggested as an "alternate path to modernity" that was distinct from the European [[Haskalah]]. In contrast to the focus on Ashkenazic Germanized Jews, the concept of the [[Port Jew]] focused on the Sephardi conversos who fled the Inquisition and resettled in European port towns on the coast of the Mediterranean, the Atlantic and the Eastern seaboard of the United States.<ref name="Fry-2002">{{cite journal |title=Port Jews: Jewish Communities in Cosmopolitan Maritime Trading Centres, 1550–1950 |first=Helen P. |last=Fry |journal=European Judaism |volume=36 |publisher=Frank Cass Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7146-8286-0 |url=https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5002650793 |quote=Port Jews were a social type, usually those who were involved in seafaring and maritime trade, who (like Court Jews) could be seen as the earliest modern Jews. Often arriving as refugees from the Inquisition, they were permitted to settle as merchants and allowed to trade openly in places such as Amsterdam, London, Trieste and Hamburg. 'Their Diaspora connections and accumulated expertise lay in exactly the areas of overseas expansion that were then of interest to mercantilist governments.' |access-date=September 1, 2017 |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160935/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia?docId=5002650793 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Court Jews === [[Court Jew]]s were Jewish bankers or businessmen who lent money and handled the finances of some of the Christian European noble houses. Corresponding historical terms are ''Jewish bailiff'' and ''[[shtadlan]]''. Examples of what would be later called court Jews emerged when local rulers used services of Jewish bankers for short-term loans. They lent money to nobles and in the process gained social influence. Noble patrons of court Jews employed them as financiers, suppliers, diplomats and [[trade delegate]]s. Court Jews could use their family connections, and connections between each other, to provision their sponsors with, among other things, food, arms, ammunition and precious metals. In return for their services, court Jews gained social privileges, including up to noble status for themselves, and could live outside the Jewish ghettos. Some nobles wanted to keep their bankers in their own courts. And because they were under noble protection, they were exempted from rabbinical jurisdiction. From medieval times, court Jews could amass personal fortunes and gained political and social influence. Sometimes they were also prominent people in the local Jewish community and could use their influence to protect and influence their brethren. Sometimes they were the only Jews who could interact with the local high society and present petitions of the Jews to the ruler. However, the court Jew had social connections and influence in the Christian world mainly through his Christian patrons. Due to the precarious position of Jews, some nobles could just ignore their debts. If the sponsoring noble died, his Jewish financier could face exile or execution.{{Citation needed| date=February 2012}} === Port Jews === The [[Port Jew]] is a descriptive term for Jews who were involved in the seafaring and maritime economy of Europe, especially during the 17th and 18th centuries. Helen Fry suggests that they can be considered "the earliest modern Jews". According to Fry, Port Jews frequently arrived as "refugees from the Inquisition" and the expulsion of Jews from Iberia. They were allowed to settle in port cities because merchants granted them permission to trade in ports such as Amsterdam, London, Trieste and Hamburg. Fry notes that their connections to the [[Jewish Diaspora]] and their expertise in maritime trade made them particularly valuable to the mercantilist governments of Europe.<ref name="Fry-2002" /> Lois Dubin describes Port Jews as Jewish merchants who were "valued for their engagement in the international maritime trade upon which such cities thrived".<ref>Dubin, ''The port Jews of Habsburg Trieste: absolutist politics and enlightenment culture'', Stanford University Press, 1999, p. 47</ref> Sorkin and others have characterized the socio-cultural profile of these men as marked by a flexibility towards religion and a "reluctant cosmopolitanism that was alien to both traditional and 'enlightened' Jewish identities". From the 16th to the 18th century, Jewish merchants dominated the chocolate and vanilla trade, exporting to Jewish centres across Europe, mainly Amsterdam, Bayonne, Bordeaux, Hamburg and Livorno.<ref>Encyclopedia of Jewish Food, Gil Marks, HMH, November 17, 2010</ref> === Ottoman Empire === {{Main|History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire}} During the Classical Ottoman period (1300–1600), the Jews, together with most other communities of the empire, enjoyed a certain level of prosperity. Compared with other Ottoman subjects, they were the predominant power in commerce and trade as well in diplomacy and other high offices. In the 16th century especially, the Jews were the most prominent under the ''[[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|millets']]'', the apogee of Jewish influence could arguably be the appointment of [[Joseph Nasi]] to [[Sanjak-bey]] (governor, a rank usually only held by Muslims) of the island of [[Naxos]].<ref>Charles Issawi & Dmitri Gondicas; ''Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism'', Princeton, (1999)</ref> At the time of the [[Battle of Yarmuk]] when the Levant passed under Muslim Rule, thirty Jewish communities existed in Haifa, Sh'chem, Hebron, Ramleh, Gaza, Jerusalem, and many in the north. Safed became a spiritual centre for the Jews and the [[Shulchan Aruch]] was compiled there as well as many Kabbalistic texts. The first Hebrew printing press, and the first printing in Western Asia began in 1577. Jews lived in the geographic area of Asia Minor (modern Turkey, but more geographically either Anatolia or Asia Minor) for more than 2,400 years. Initial prosperity in Hellenistic times had faded under Christian Byzantine rule, but recovered somewhat under the rule of the various Muslim governments that displaced and succeeded rule from Constantinople. For much of the Ottoman period, Turkey was a safe haven for Jews fleeing persecution, and it continues to have a small Jewish population today. The situation where Jews both enjoyed cultural and economical prosperity at times but were widely persecuted at other times was summarised by G. E. Von Grunebaum: <blockquote>It would not be difficult to put together the names of a very sizeable number of Jewish subjects or citizens of the Islamic area who have attained to high rank, to power, to great financial influence, to significant and recognized intellectual attainment; and the same could be done for Christians. But it would again not be difficult to compile a lengthy list of persecutions, arbitrary confiscations, attempted forced conversions, or pogroms.<ref>G. E. Von Grunebaum, ''Eastern Jewry Under Islam'', 1971, p. 369.</ref></blockquote> === Russia, Poland, and Eastern Europe === {{Further|History of the Jews in Poland|History of the Jews in Russia|History of the Jews in Ukraine|History of the Jews in Lithuania|History of the Jews in Romania}} {{expand section|date=October 2025}} In the 17th century, there were many significant Jewish populations in Western and Central Europe. The relatively tolerant Poland had the largest Jewish population in Europe that dated back to the 13th century, and enjoyed relative prosperity and freedom for nearly four hundred years. However, the calm situation ended when Polish and Lithuanian Jews of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] were slaughtered in the hundreds of thousands by Ukrainian Cossacks during the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] (1648) and by the [[Swedish wars]] (1655). Driven by these and other persecutions, some Jews moved back to Western Europe in the 17th century, notably to [[Amsterdam]]. The last ban on Jewish residency in a European nation was revoked in 1654, but periodic expulsions from individual cities still occurred, and Jews were often restricted from land ownership, or forced to live in [[ghetto]]s. With the [[Partitions of Poland]] in the late 18th century, the Polish-Jewish population was split between the [[Russian Empire]], [[Austria-Hungary]], and German [[Prussia]], which divided Poland among themselves. === European Enlightenment and Haskalah (18th century) === [[File:Moritz Daniel Oppenheim--Lavater and Lessing Visit Moses Mendelssohn--1856--Magnes Collection.jpg|thumb|right|[[Moses Mendelssohn]] (in red coat), Lavater (at right) and Lessing (standing), in an imaginary portrait by the Jewish artist [[Moritz Daniel Oppenheim]] (1856), [[Magnes Collection of Jewish Art and Life]]]] During the period of the [[European Renaissance]] and Enlightenment, significant changes occurred within the Jewish community. The [[Haskalah]] movement paralleled the wider Enlightenment, as Jews in the 18th century began to campaign for emancipation from restrictive laws and integration into the wider European society. Secular and scientific education was added to the traditional religious instruction received by students, and interest in a national Jewish identity, including a revival in the study of Jewish history and Hebrew, started to grow. Among the prominient Haskalah intellectuals were [[Moses Mendelssohn]], [[Naphtali Hirz Wessely]], [[Isaac Satanow]] and [[Isaac Euchel]]. Haskalah gave birth to the [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] and [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] movements in Judaism and planted the seeds of [[Zionism]] while at the same time encouraging cultural assimilation into the countries in which Jews resided. At around the same time another movement was born, one preaching almost the opposite of Haskalah, [[Hasidic Judaism]]. Hasidic Judaism began in the 18th century by [[Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov]], and quickly gained a following with its more exuberant, mystical approach to religion. These two movements, and the traditional orthodox approach to Judaism from which they spring, formed the basis for the modern divisions within Jewish observance. At the same time, the outside world was changing, and debates began over the potential emancipation of the Jews (granting them equal rights). The first country to do so was France, during the [[French Revolution]] in 1789. Even so, Jews were expected to assimilate, not continue their traditions. This ambivalence is demonstrated in the famous speech of [[Clermont-Tonnerre]] before the [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] in 1789: <blockquote>We must refuse everything to the Jews as a nation and accord everything to Jews as individuals. We must withdraw recognition from their judges; they should only have our judges. We must refuse legal protection to the maintenance of the so-called laws of their Judaic organization; they should not be allowed to form in the state either a political body or an order. They must be citizens individually. But, some will say to me, they do not want to be citizens. Well then! If they do not want to be citizens, they should say so, and then, we should banish them. It is repugnant to have in the state an association of non-citizens, and a nation within the nation...</blockquote> === Hasidic Judaism === {{See also|Mitnagdim}} [[File:Maurycy Gottlieb - Jews Praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur.jpg|thumb|upright=1|right|Hasidic Jews praying in the synagogue on [[Yom Kippur]], by [[Maurycy Gottlieb]]]] [[Hasidic Judaism]] is a branch of [[Orthodox Judaism]] that promotes spirituality and joy through the popularisation and internalization of [[Jewish mysticism]] as the fundamental aspects of the [[Jewish faith]]. Hasidism comprises part of contemporary [[Ultra-Orthodox]] Judaism, alongside the previous Talmudic [[Lithuanian Jews|Lithuanian-Yeshiva]] approach and the Oriental [[Sephardi Judaism|Sephardi]] tradition. It was founded in 18th-century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel [[Baal Shem Tov]] as a reaction against overly [[Talmud|legalistic]] Judaism. Opposite to this, Hasidic teachings cherished the sincerity and concealed holiness of the unlettered common folk, and their equality with the scholarly elite. The emphasis on the [[Immanent]] Divine presence in everything gave new value to prayer and deeds of kindness, alongside Rabbinic supremacy of [[Torah study|study]], and replaced historical [[Kabbalah|mystical (kabbalistic)]] and [[Musar literature|ethical (musar)]] [[Asceticism in Judaism|asceticism]] and [[Maggid|admonishment]] with optimism, encouragement, and daily [[Deveikut|fervour]]. This populist emotional revival accompanied the elite ideal of nullification to paradoxical Divine [[Panentheism]], through intellectual articulation of inner dimensions of mystical thought. The adjustment of Jewish values sought to add to required standards of ritual [[Halacha|observance]], while relaxing others where inspiration predominated. Its communal gatherings celebrate soulful [[Nigun|song]] and [[Yiddish literature#Hasidic and Haskalah literature|storytelling]] as forms of mystical devotion.{{Citation needed| date=February 2012}} ==اڻويهين صدي== [[File:Napoleon stellt den israelitischen Kult wieder her, 30. Mai 1806.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|An 1806 French print depicts [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] emancipating the Jews.]] Though persecution still existed, [[Jewish emancipation]] spread throughout Europe in the 19th century. [[Napoleon]] invited Jews to leave the [[Jewish ghettos in Europe]] and seek refuge in the newly created tolerant political regimes that offered equality under Napoleonic Law (see [[Napoleon and the Jews]]). Gradually all European nations established in constitutions the principle of equality under the law and abolished all restrictions for Jews.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org">[https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/antisemitism-in-history-the-era-of-nationalism-1800-1918 Antisemitism in History: The Era of Nationalism, 1800–1918]</ref><ref>[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/emancipation Emancipation]</ref><ref>[https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/jewish-emancipation-in-western-europe/ Jewish Emancipation in Western Europe]</ref><ref>[https://d-nb.info/1175689041/34 Jewish Emancipation in the 18th and 19th Centuries]</ref> [[File:Antisemiticroths.jpg|thumb|A caricature by [[Charles Lucien Léandre]] (France, 1898) showing [[Rothschild family|Rothschild]] with the world in his hands]] Jews now could own land and enter the civil service. The abolition of restraints on political activism and the broadening of the electoral franchise on the basis of citizenship, not religion, made Jews most visible among [[liberalism|liberal]], [[Radical politics|radical]], and [[Marxism|Marxist]] ([[Social Democracy|Social Democratic]]) political parties.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org"/> For centuries, so-called [[court Jew]]s acted as the principal financiers for the European aristocracys. In the 1760s, one of them, [[Mayer Amschel Rothschild]], established a banking business in Germany that eventually became a vast international conglomerate and yield one of the largest family fortunes in world history. Thus the name of the [[Rothschilds]] became synonymous with Jewish financial power. Across Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, other Jews also created a number of influential banks.<ref>[https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/usury-and-moneylending-in-judaism/ Jews and Finance]</ref> The most important branch of Jewish economic life in Eastern Europe was trade. While most remained small shopkeepers, stallholders, and peddlers, others became owners of department stores and shopping arcades. During the 19th century Jews began to move from rural regions to cities, this contributed to the decline of traditional Jewish tavernkeeping. Jews made up a considerable proportion of all craftsmen in the [[Russian Empire]] and [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] during the 19th century, but with the spread of industrialization large factories tended to squeeze out small Jewish-run workshops, and only limited numbers of Jews became employees in these modern factories. Jews were considered less desirable employees since they did not want to work on Saturdays and tended to organize into unions to demand improved working conditions, the foundation of the [[General Jewish Labour Bund|Bund]] in the Russian Empire in 1897 strengthened this process.<ref name="Economic Life">[https://encyclopedia.yivo.org/article/7 Economic Life]</ref> The economic achivements of Jews in the 19th century created the impression for some that Jews were being overrepresented in such lucrative occupations as finance, banking, trade, industry, medicine, law, journalism, art, music, literature, and theater. Despite increasing integration of the Jews with secular society, a new form of [[antisemitism]] emerged, [[Racial antisemitism|based on the ideas of race and nationhood]] rather than the religious hatred of the Middle Ages. This form of antisemitism held that Jews were a separate and inferior race from the [[Aryan]] people of Western Europe, and led to the emergence of political parties in France, Germany, and [[Austria-Hungary]] that campaigned on a platform of rolling back emancipation. This form of antisemitism emerged frequently in European culture, most famously in the [[Dreyfus Trial]] in France.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org"/><ref>[https://evolve.reconstructingjudaism.org/anti-semitism-europe-history/ Antisemitism in Europe and America in the Modern Period: Historical Perspectives]</ref><ref>[https://www.quest-cdecjournal.it/anti-jewish-prejudices-antisemitic-ideologies-open-violence-antisemitism-in-european-comparison-from-the-1870s-to-the-first-world-war-a-commentary/ Anti-Jewish Prejudices, Antisemitic Ideologies, Open Violence: Antisemitism in European Comparison from the 1870s to the First World War. A Commentary]</ref> During this period, Jewish migration to the United States (see [[American Jews]]) created a large new community mostly freed of the restrictions of Europe. Over 2 million Jews arrived in the United States between 1890 and 1924, most from the Russian Empire and Galicia. A similar case occurred in the southern tip of the continent, specifically in the countries of [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]]. ==ويهين صدي== ===جديد صيهونيت=== [[File:Herzl on a balcony full.jpg|thumb|Theodor Herzl, visionary of the Jewish State, in Basel, photographed during [[World Zionist Congress|Fifth Zionist Congress]] in December 1901, by [[Ephraim Moses Lilien]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Theodor Herzl Signed Photograph, Basel, Switzerland {{!}} Shapell Manuscript Foundation |url=https://www.shapell.org/manuscript/theodor-herzl-signed-photograph-basel-switzerland/ |website=Shapell |access-date=May 10, 2023}}</ref>]] During the 1870s and 1880s, the Jewish population in Europe began to more actively discuss emigration to [[Ottoman Syria]] with the aim of re-establishing a Jewish polity in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and fulfilling the biblical prophecies related to [[Shivat Tzion]]. In 1882 the first Zionist settlement—[[Rishon LeZion]]—was founded by immigrants who belonged to the "[[Hovevei Zion]]" movement. Later on, the "[[Bilu (movement)|Bilu]]" movement established many other settlements in Palestine. The Zionist movement was officially founded after the [[Kattowitz convention]] (1884) and the [[World Zionist Congress]] (1897), and it was [[Theodor Herzl]] who initiated the struggle to establish a state for the Jews. After the [[First World War]], it seemed that the conditions that made it possible for the Jews to establish such a state had arrived: The United Kingdom captured [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] from the Ottoman Empire, and the Jews received the promise of a "National Home" from the British in the form of the [[Balfour Declaration]] of 1917, given to [[Chaim Weizmann]]. In 1920, the British Mandate of Palestine was established and the pro-Jewish [[Herbert Samuel]] was appointed High Commissioner of Palestine, the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] was established and several large Jewish immigration waves to Palestine occurred. The Arab inhabitants of Palestine grew hostile to increasing Jewish immigration, and as a result, they began to express their opposition to the establishment of Jewish settlements and the pro-Jewish policy of the British government. New Jewish immigrants began to create militias and paramilitary groups such as the [[Bar-Giora]] and [[Hashomer]]. Clashes between Jews and Arabs became more frequent. After the [[1920 Nebi Musa riots]], the Jewish leadership in Palestine believed that the British had little desire to involve themselves in these clashes and maintain order. Believing that they could not rely on the British administration for protection, the Jewish leadership created the [[Haganah]] and [[Irgun]] paramilitary organizations in order to protect its community's farms and [[Kibbutz]]im. These paramilitary organization were involved in major riots, such as the [[Jaffa riots (May 1921)|Jaffa riots]], [[1929 Palestine riots]] and the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]]. Arabs, Jews and Britons suffered in this violence. Due to the increasing violence, the United Kingdom gradually started to backtrack from its original idea of supporting the establishment of a Jewish homeland and it also started to speculate on a [[binational solution]] to the crisis or the establishment of an Arab state that would have a Jewish minority. ===Jews in Europe and the United States after World War I === [[File:Yung-teater poster 15.jpg|thumb|Bilingual [[Polish language|Polish]]-[[Yiddish]] poster for the [[Warsaw]] [[Young Theater]]'s production of ''Mississippi'' in 1935, written by [[Leib Malach]]]] The World War I and subsequent political changes, such as the [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917 and the establishment of new nation-states after 1918, led to far-reaching consequenсes for the Jews of Eastern Europe. The authorities of the [[Soviet Union]] viewed private commerce as negative and sought to bring all trade under the aegis of state enterprises. Therefore, many Jews, who had previously made their living from trade, were forced to find other occupations. In Poland, Hungary, and Romania, the authorities adopted policies aimed at ethnicizing their national economies, aiming to exclude Jews as far as possible from the marketplace.<ref name="Economic Life"/> Nevertheless, the Jews of Europe and the United States gained success in the fields of science, culture and the economy. In Austria in the years between the two World Wars Jews were approximately 3.5% of the population but were 27.3% of university professors. In Germany between 1918 and 1933 Jews were 0.78% of the population but were 16% of the doctors, 15% of the dentists, 25% of the lawyers, 50% of the theatre directors and occupied 80% of the leading positions in the [[Berlin stock exchange]]. In Poland in 1931 Jews were 10.2% of the population but were 56% of the doctors in private practice, 33% of the lawyers, and 24% of the pharmacists. In Russia during the period 1917–1939 Jews were approximately 1.8% of the population, while Jews were 9% of the officers in military academies, 15% of the university graduates, 11% of the doctors and 14% of the university professors.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Lynn | first1=Richard | last2=Kanazawa | first2=Satoshi | title=How to explain high Jewish achievement: The role of intelligence and values | journal=Personality and Individual Differences | date=2008 | volume=44 | issue=4 | pages=801–808 | doi=10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.019 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886907003674 }}</ref> Among those Jews who were generally considered the most famous were the scientist [[Albert Einstein]] and the philosopher [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]. At that time, a disproportionate number of [[Nobel Prize]] winners were Jewish, as is still the case.<ref name="jinfo.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html |title=Jewish Nobel Prize Winners |publisher=jinfo.org |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211039/http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html |url-status=live}}</ref> === The Holocaust === {{Main|History of the Jews during World War II|The Holocaust}} [[File:Rows of bodies of dead inmates fill the yard of Lager Nordhausen, a Gestapo concentration camp.jpg|thumb|Bodies of inmates of the [[Mittelbau-Dora]] Nazi concentration camp who died during [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[Bombing of Nordhausen in World War II|bombing raids]] on April 3 and 4, 1945]] In 1933, with [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazi Party]]'s rise to power in Germany, the Jewish situation became more severe. [[Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic|Economic crises]], [[Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany|racial Anti-Jewish laws]], and fear of an upcoming war led many Jews to flee from Europe and settle in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], the United States and the Soviet Union. In 1939, [[World War II]] began and until 1945, [[German-occupied Europe|Germany occupied almost all of Europe]], including [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|Poland]]—[[History of the Jews in Poland|where millions of Jews were living at that time]]—and [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|France]]. In 1941, following the [[invasion of the Soviet Union]], the [[Final Solution]] began, an extensive organized operation on an unprecedented scale, aimed at the annihilation of the Jewish people, and resulting in the persecution and murder of Jews in Europe, as well as Jews in European North Africa (pro-Nazi [[Vichy France|Vichy]]-[[French North Africa|North Africa]] and [[Italian Libya]]). This [[genocide]], in which approximately six million Jews were methodically murdered with horrifying cruelty, is known as [[The Holocaust]] or the ''Shoah'' (Hebrew term). In Poland, as many as one million Jews were murdered in [[gas chambers]] at the [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz camp complex]]. The massive scale of the Holocaust, and the horrors that happened during it, were only understood after the war, and they heavily affected the Jewish nation and world public opinion. Efforts were then increased to establish a Jewish state in Palestine. === The establishment of the State of Israel === {{Main|History of Israel (1948–present)}} {{Further|Israel|Israeli Declaration of Independence}} {{History of Israel}} In 1945 the Jewish resistance organizations in Palestine unified and established the Jewish Resistance Movement. The movement began guerrilla attacks against Arab paramilitaries and the British authorities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/resist.html |title=The Jewish Resistance Movement |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=August 12, 2012 |archive-date=September 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907162736/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/resist.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}} Following the [[King David Hotel bombing]], [[Chaim Weizmann]], president of the [[WZO]] appealed to the movement to cease all further military activity until a decision would be reached by the [[Jewish Agency]]. The Jewish Agency backed Weizmann's recommendation to cease activities, a decision reluctantly accepted by the Haganah, but not by the [[Irgun]] and [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]]. The JRM was dismantled and each of the founding groups continued operating according to their own policy.<ref>Horne, Edward (1982). ''A Job Well Done (Being a History of The Palestine Police Force 1920–1948)''. Anchor. {{ISBN|978-0-9508367-0-6}}. pp. 272, 299. States that Haganah withdrew on July 1, 1946. But remained permanently uncooperative.</ref> The Jewish leadership decided to centre the struggle in the illegal immigration to Palestine and began organizing a massive number of Jewish war refugees from Europe, without the approval of the British authorities. This immigration contributed a great deal to the Jewish settlements in Israel in the world public opinion and the British authorities decided to let the United Nations decide upon the fate of Palestine.{{Citation needed| date=February 2012}} On November 29, 1947, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] adopted [[Resolution 181]](II) recommending partitioning Palestine into an Arab state, a Jewish state and the City of Jerusalem. The Jewish leadership accepted the decision but the Arab League and the leadership of Palestinian Arabs opposed it. Following a period of [[1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine|civil war]] the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]] started.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} In the middle of the war, after the last British soldiers of the Palestine Mandate left, David Ben-Gurion proclaimed on May 14, 1948, the establishment of a [[Jewish state]] in [[Eretz Israel]] to be known as the [[State of Israel]]. The war ended in 1949 and Israel started building the state and absorbing massive waves of hundreds of thousands of Jews from all over the world, notably [[Jewish exodus from the Muslim world|Arab countries]]. Since 1948, Israel has been involved in a series of major military conflicts, including the 1956 [[Suez Crisis]], 1967 [[Six-Day War]], 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]], [[1982 Lebanon War]], and [[2006 Lebanon War]], as well as a nearly constant series of [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|ongoing minor conflicts]]. Since 1977, an ongoing and largely unsuccessful series of diplomatic efforts have been initiated by Israel, Palestinian organizations, their neighbours, and other parties, including the United States and the European Union, to bring about a [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process|peace process]] to resolve conflicts between Israel and its neighbours, mostly over the fate of the Palestinian people. ==ايڪويهين صدي== Israel is a [[parliamentary democracy]] with a population of over 8 million people, of whom about 6 million are [[Israeli Jews|Jewish]]. The largest Jewish communities are in Israel and the [[American Jews|United States]], with major communities in France, Argentina, Russia, England, and Canada. The [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]], created during the [[Soviet]] period, continues to be an [[autonomous oblast]] of the Russian state.<ref>Fishkoff, Sue (October 8, 2008). [http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/041008/revival.shtml "A Jewish revival in Birobidzhan?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510142551/http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/041008/revival.shtml |date=May 10, 2011 }} ''Jewish News of Greater Phoenix''. Accessed on June 8, 2008.</ref> The [[Chief Rabbi]] of [[Birobidzhan]], [[Mordechai Scheiner]], says there are 4,000 Jews in the capital city.<ref>Paxton, Robin (June 1, 2007). [http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=525676&cid=84435&NewsType=80052 "From Tractors to Torah in Russia's Jewish Land"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411050518/http://fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=525676&cid=84435&NewsType=80052 |date=April 11, 2013 }}. Federation of Jewish Communities. Accessed on June 8, 2008.</ref> [[Governor]] [[Nikolay Mikhaylovich Volkov]] has stated that he intends to, "support every valuable initiative maintained by our local Jewish organizations".<ref>[http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=221939 "Governor Voices Support for Growing Far East Jewish Community"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518042318/http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=221939 |date=May 18, 2011 }} (November 15, 2004). Federation of Jewish Communities. Accessed on June 8, 2008.</ref> The [[Birobidzhan Synagogue]] opened in 2004 on the 70th anniversary of the region's founding in 1934.<ref>[http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=166969 "Far East Community Prepares for 70th Anniversary of Jewish Autonomous Republic"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518041740/http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=166969 |date=May 18, 2011 }} (August 30, 2004). Federation of Jewish Communities. Accessed on June 8, 2008.</ref> The number of people who identified as Jews in [[England and Wales]] rose slightly between 2001 and 2011, with the growth being attributed to the higher birth rate of the [[Haredi]] community.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7411877.stm |title=Jewish population on the increase |date=May 21, 2008 |access-date=March 18, 2020 |archive-date=May 27, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527215725/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7411877.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> The estimated [[British Jew]]ish population in [[England]] as of 2011 was 263,346.<ref>{{cite web |title=2011 Census: KS209EW Religion, local authorities in England and Wales |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |publisher=ons.gov.uk |access-date=December 15, 2012 |archive-date=January 5, 2016 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2021, per the [[British Census]], the Jewish population of England and Wales was 271,327.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Graham |first1=David |last2=Boyd |first2=Jonathan |title=Jews in Britain in 2021: First results from the Census of England and Wales |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/reports/jews-britain-2021-first-results-census-england-and-wales |website=Institute for Jewish Policy Research |date=November 29, 2022 |access-date=December 13, 2023}}</ref> On October 7, 2023, [[Hamas]], along with other [[Palestinian Joint Operations Room|Palestinian militant groups]], [[October 7 attacks|attacked Israel]] from the [[Gaza Strip]], killing 1,139 people. The day is considered the deadliest day in Israel's history, and the deadliest day for Jews since the Holocaust.<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 11, 2023 |title=Biden calls Hamas attacks the deadliest day for Jews since the Holocaust as US death toll ticks up |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-us-biden-blinken-99eb4063edabc80fa1fa198fb0bb020e |access-date=November 9, 2023 |work=AP News |language=en}}</ref> The attack escalated into a [[Gaza war|major war between Israel and Hamas]]. Hundreds of thousands of civilians were displaced, and more than 250 hostages, including Israelis and foreign nationals, were taken by Hamas, [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]], and other Gaza-based militant groups.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |last2=Angel |first2=Maytaal |last3=Al-Mughrabi |first3=Nidal |last4=Angel |first4=Maytaal |date=November 8, 2023 |title=Israeli, Hamas fighters in close combat in Gaza City as civilians flee |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/thousands-civilians-flee-north-gaza-israeli-troops-hamas-fighters-clash-2023-11-08/ |access-date=November 9, 2023}}</ref> ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[يهوديت]] * [[اسلام ۾ ابراهيم]] * [[يعقوب عليہ السلام]] * [[عيسيٰ عليه السلام]] * [[توريت]] * [[فلسطين]] * [[يروشلم]] * [[اسرائيل]] * [[فلسطين جي رياست]] * [[غزه نسل ڪشي]] * [[يهوديت جي تاريخ]] * [[فلسطين جي تاريخ]] * [[يهودي تاريخ جو خاڪو]] * [[يهودي تاريخ جو وقت]] * [[يهودين جو جينياتي مطالعو]] * [[اسرائيل جي سرزمين ۾ يهودين ۽ يهوديت جي تاريخ]] ==نوٽ== {{Reflist|30em}} ===حوالي جا لکت=== * {{Cite book |last=Brettler |first=Marc Zvi |author-link=Marc Zvi Brettler |title=How to read the Bible |place=New York |publisher=Jewish Publication Society |year=2010 |url={{Google books |id=39nQafdJ_ssC |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=978-0-8276-0775-0}} * {{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Antony F. |last2=O'Brien |first2=Mark A. |title=Unfolding the Deuteronomistic History |year=2000 |publisher=Fortress Press |url={{Google books |id=AvZWPFqd2sEC |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=978-1-4514-1368-7}} * {{cite book |last=Faust |first=Avraham |chapter=The Emergence of Iron Age Israel: On Origins and Habitus |title=Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience |editor1=Thomas E. Levy |editor2=Thomas Schneider |editor3=William H.C. Propp |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/11906343 |date=2015 |publisher=Springer |pages=467–482 |isbn=978-3-319-04768-3}} * {{cite book |title=The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Israel |last2=Silberman |first2=Neil Asher |publisher=Simon and Schuster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-7432-2338-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Frei |first=Peter |title=Persia and Torah: The Theory of Imperial Authorization of the Pentateuch |date=2001 |publisher=SBL Press |isbn=978-1-58983-015-8 |editor-last=Watts |editor-first=James |location=Atlanta, GA |pages=6 |chapter=Persian Imperial Authorization: A Summary}} * {{Cite book |last=Gelston |first=Anthony |chapter=Habakkuk |editor1-last=Dunn |editor1-first=James D. G. |editor2-last=Rogerson |editor2-first=John William |title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2003a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Erdman+commentary+old+testament+hebrew+bible |isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Gelston |first=Anthony |chapter=Zephaniah |editor1-last=Dunn |editor1-first=James D. G. |editor2-last=Rogerson |editor2-first=John William |title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2003c |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Erdman+commentary+old+testament+hebrew+bible |isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0}} *{{cite book |title=Hosea 2: Metaphor and Rhetoric in Historical Perspective |first=Brad E. |last=Kelle |publisher=Society of Biblical Lit |year=2005}} * {{cite book |last1=Levenson |first1=Jon Douglas |title=Inheriting Abraham: the legacy of the patriarch in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam |date=2012 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=978-0-691-16355-0}} * {{cite book |first=Menahem |last=Mor |title=The Second Jewish Revolt: The Bar Kokhba War, 132-136 CE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T8wJDAAAQBAJ |date=May 4, 2016 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-31463-4}} * {{cite book |surname=Neusner |given=Jacob |author-link=Jacob Neusner |title=A Short History of Judaism: Three Meals, Three Epochs |year=1992 |place=Minneapolis, Mn |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=0-8006-2552-8 |url={{Google books |id=5Z3oZVjrDcgC |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}}}} * {{Cite book |last=O'Brien |first=Julia M. |title=Nahum |publisher=A&C Black |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0X9BTEO7OAC&q=%22seventh+century+BCE%22Assyria+remained+a+formidable%22%22threat%22&pg=PA14 |isbn=978-1-84127-300-6}} * {{cite book |last=Radine |first=Jason |title=The Book of Amos in Emergent Judah |year=2010 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=taqfL4qnJs0C |isbn=978-3-16-150114-2}} * {{cite book |author-last=Redmount |author-first=Carol A. |year=2001 |orig-year=1998 |title=The Oxford History of the Biblical World |chapter=Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PA58 |editor-last=Coogan |editor-first=Michael D. |editor-link=Michael Coogan |location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=58–89 |isbn=978-0-19-513937-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Rogerson |first=John W. |chapter=Micah |editor1-last=Dunn |editor1-first=James D. G. |editor2-last=Rogerson |editor2-first=John William |title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2003a |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%22It+is+rare+for+a+prophet+to+be+mentioned%22&pg=PA703 |isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Rogerson |first=John W. |chapter=Deuteronomy |editor1-last=Dunn |editor1-first=James D. G. |editor2-last=Rogerson |editor2-first=John William |title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2003b |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%22Deuteronomy+is+a+speech+delivered+by+Moses%22&pg=PA153 |isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0}} * {{Cite journal |last=Romer |first=Thomas |date=2008 |title=Moses Outside the Torah and the Construction of a Diaspora Identity |url=http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_92.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Hebrew Scriptures |volume=8, article 15 |pages=2–12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021035437/http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_92.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=September 27, 2019}} * {{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Skolnik |editor-given=Fred |editor-link=Fred Skolnik |title=[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]] |volume=1–22 |edition=2nd rev. |year=2007 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |place=Farmington Hills, Mi |isbn=978-0-02-865928-2}} ==ڪتابيات== * {{cite book |surname=Adler |given=Yonatan |title=The Origins of Judaism: An Archaeological-Historical Reappraisal |place=New Haven, Conn |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-300-25490-7 |url={{Google books |id=k8KREAAAQBAJ |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}}}} * {{cite book |surname=Albertz |given=Rainer |title=A History of Israelite Religion. Vol. 1: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy |translator=John Bowden |edition=Reprint |place=Louisville, Kentucky |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=1994 |orig-year=1992 |url={{Google books |id=GJS7BwAAQBAJ |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=0-664-21846-6}} * {{cite book |surname=Albertz |first=Rainer |title=A History of Israelite Religion. Vol. 2: From the Exile to the Maccabees |translator=John Bowden |edition=Reprint |place=Louisville, Kentucky |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=1994 |orig-year=1992 |url={{Google books |id=z5O7BwAAQBAJ |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=0-664-21847-4}} * Allegro, John. ''The chosen people: A study of Jewish history from the time of the exile until the revolt of Bar Kocheba'' (Andrews, UK, 2015). * Alpher, Joseph (1986). ''[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofje00lhis Encyclopedia of Jewish history: events and eras of the Jewish people].'' * [[Dan Cohn-Sherbok|Cohn-Sherbok, Dan]]. ''Atlas of Jewish history'' (Routledge, 2013). * Fireberg, H., Glöckner, O., & Menachem Zoufalá, M., eds. (2020). Being Jewish in 21st Century Central Europe. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg. {{doi|10.1515/9783110582369}} * Friesel, Evyatar. ''Atlas of modern Jewish history'' (1990) [[iarchive:atlasofmodernjew00evya|online free to borrow]] * Gilbert, Martin. ''Atlas of Jewish History'' (1993) [https://archive.org/details/atlasofjewishhis00mart online free to borrow] * Kobrin, Rebecca and Adam Teller, eds. ''Purchasing Power: The Economics of Modern Jewish History''. (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015. viii, 355 pp. Essays by scholars focused on Europe. * {{cite book |title=The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor1-first=Paul R. |editor1-last=Mendes-Flohr |editor1-link=Paul R. Mendes-Flohr |editor2-first=Jehuda |editor2-last=Reinharz |editor2-link=Jehuda Reinharz |year=1995 |isbn=0-19-507453-X |oclc=30026590}} * [[Jacob Neusner|Neusner, Jacob]]; Green, William Scott, eds. (1991). ''The Origins of Judaism. Religion, History, and Literature in Late Antiquity.'' 20-volume Set. New York: Garland Press. (Reprinted scholarly essays, with introductions.) * [[Jacob Neusner|Neusner, Jacob]] (1999). ''[{{Google books|id=5YFXIUJYgsYC |plainurl=y|page=}} The Four Stages of Rabbinic Judaism].'' London; New York: Routledge. * Sachar, Howard M. ''[https://archive.org/details/courseofmodernje00sach The course of modern Jewish history].'' (2nd ed. 2013). * Schloss, Chaim. ''2000 Years of Jewish History'' (2002), Heavily illustrated popular history. * Scheindlin, Raymond P. ''A short history of the Jewish people from legendary times to modern statehood'' (1998) [https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofje00sche online free to borrow] * {{cite book |surname=Sweeney |given=Marvin A. |author-link=Marvin A. Sweeney |chapter=The Religious World of Ancient Israel to 586&nbsp;BCE |editor-surname=Neusner |editor-given=Jacob |editor-link=Jacob Neusner |editor2-surname=Avery-Peck |editor2-given=Alan J. |title=The Blackwell Companion to Judaism |year=2003 |orig-year=2000 |edition=Reprint |pages=20–36 |publisher=Blackwell Publ. |place=Malden, Mass |chapter-url= |url={{Google books |id=bEyD_MaeqP4C |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=1-57718-058-5}} * {{cite book |year=2018 |orig-year=1999 |editor-surname=Visotzky |editor-given=Burton L. |editor-link=Burton Visotzky |editor-surname2=Fishman |editor-given2=David E. |editor-link2=David Fishman |title=From Mesopotamia to Modernity: Ten Introductions to Jewish History and Literature |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |edition=Reprint |url={{Google books |id=x1JPDwAAQBAJ |plainurl=y |page= |keywords= |text=}} |isbn=978-0-8133-6717-0}} === France === * Benbassa, Esther. ''The Jews of France: A History from Antiquity to the Present'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/Jews-France-History-Antiquity-Present/dp/0691090149/ excerpt and text search]; [https://www.questia.com/library/99832821/the-jews-of-france-a-history-from-antiquity-to-the online] * Birnbaum, Pierre, and Jane Todd. ''The Jews of the Republic: A Political History of State Jews in France from Gambetta to Vichy'' (1996). * Birnbaum, Pierre; Kochan, Miriam. ''Anti-Semitism in France: A Political History from Léon Blum to the Present'' (1992) 317p. * Cahm, Eric. ''The Dreyfus affair in French society and politics'' (Routledge, 2014). * Debré, Simon. "The Jews of France." ''Jewish Quarterly Review'' 3.3 (1891): 367–435. long scholarly description. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1450008.pdf online free] * Graetz, Michael, and Jane Todd. ''The Jews in Nineteenth-Century France: From the French Revolution to the Alliance Israelite Universelle'' (1996) * Hyman, Paula E. ''The Jews of Modern France'' (1998) [https://www.amazon.com/Modern-France-Jewish-Communities-World/dp/0520209257/ excerpt and text search] * Hyman, Paula. ''From Dreyfus to Vichy: The Remaking of French Jewry, 1906–1939'' (Columbia UP, 1979). [https://archive.org/details/fromdreyfustovic0000hyma online free to borrow] * Schechter, Ronald. ''Obstinate Hebrews: Representations of Jews in France, 1715–1815'' (Univ of California Press, 2003) * Taitz, Emily. ''The Jews of Medieval France: The Community of Champagne'' (1994) [https://www.questia.com/library/3665422/the-jews-of-medieval-france-the-community-of-champagne online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202034/https://www.questia.com/library/3665422/the-jews-of-medieval-france-the-community-of-champagne |date=November 30, 2018 }} === Russia and Eastern Europe === * Brinkmann, Tobias. (2024). ''Between Borders: The Great Jewish Migration from Eastern Europe''. New York: Oxford University Press. * Darieva, Tsypylma, Darja Klingenberg, and Chen Bram. (2025) "Jews of the Caucasus: multiple entanglements and migration routes." ''Journal of Modern Jewish Studies'' 24.2 (2025): 557-569. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14725886.2025.2518673 online] * [[David Fishman|Fishman, David]] (1996). ''Russia's First Modern Jews''. New York University Press. * [[Zvi Gitelman|Gitelman, Zvi]] (2001). ''A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present''. * Kushkova, Anna. (2025) "From a Shtetl House to an Urban Apartment: The Soviet Jewish Home Negotiated, Transformed, and Reimagined." ''Jewish Folklore and Ethnology'' 4.1 (2025): 70-125. [https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=jewishfolklore online] * Polonsky, Antony. ''The Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History'' (2013) * Sapritsky-Nahum, Marina. (2025) "Identity transformations of Ukrainian Jewry during the Russian–Ukrainian war: Odesa’s communities and religious leaders at home and in exile." ''Canadian Slavonic Papers'' 67.1-2 (2025): 214-235. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00085006.2025.2500199 online] * Schapiro, Leonard. "The role of the Jews in the Russian revolutionary movement." ''Slavonic and East European Review'' (1961): 148-167. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4205328 online] * Shumsky, Dmitry. (2025) "Beyond Antisemitism: Rethinking Stalin’s Anti-Jewish Campaign, 1948–1953." ''Journal of Modern History'' 97.2 (2025): 348-386. * {{cite book |last1=Weiner |first1=Miriam |last2=Polish State Archives (in cooperation with) |title=Jewish Roots in Poland: Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories |date=1997 |publisher=Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation |location=Secaucus, NJ |isbn=978-0-9656508-0-9 |oclc=38756480}} * {{cite book |last1=Weiner |first1=Miriam |last2=Ukrainian State Archives (in cooperation with) |last3=Moldovan National Archives (in cooperation with) |title=Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova: Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories |date=1999 |publisher=Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation |location=Secaucus, NJ |isbn=978-0-9656508-1-6 |oclc=607423469}} * Yivo Institute for Jewish Research. ''A Century of Ambivalence, Second Expanded Edition: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present'' (Indiana University Press, 2001). === United States === {{Main|American Jews#Bibliography|History of the{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2025}} [[File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 063.jpg|thumb|According to Jewish tradition, Jacob, shown [[Jacob wrestling with the angel|wrestling with the angel]] in this painting by [[Rembrandt]], was the father of the [[tribes of Israel]].]] {{Jews and Judaism sidebar|history}} {{history of religion|religions}} [[Jews]] originated from the [[Israelites]] and [[Hebrews]] of historical [[Israel and Judah]], two related kingdoms that emerged in the [[Levant]] during the [[Iron Age]].<ref name="Finkelstein-2001">{{cite book |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Israel |title=The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories |last2=Silberman |first2=Neil Asher |date=2001 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-86912-4 |edition=1st Touchstone |location=New York}}</ref><ref name="The Pitcher Is Broken">[https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160404/https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 |date=April 9, 2023 }} Quote: "For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to date."</ref> The earliest mention of [[Israelites]] is inscribed on the [[Merneptah Stele]] {{circa|1213–1203 BCE}}; later religious literature tells the story of Israelites going back at least as far as {{cx|1500 BCE}}. Traditionally, the name ''Israel'' is said to originate with the Hebrew patriarch [[Jacob]], who provides a narrative [[etiology]] for the name{{snd}}after wrestling with an angel, Jacob is renamed Israel, meaning "he who struggles with God". The [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]] based in [[Samaria]] fell to the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] {{cx|720 BCE}},<ref name="Broshi-2001">{{cite book |last=Broshi |first=Maguen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PAPA174 |title=Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-84127-201-6 |page=174}}</ref> and the [[Kingdom of Judah]] to the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] in 586 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Faust |first=Avraham |title=Judah in the Neo-Babylonian Period |date=August 29, 2012 |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |isbn=978-1-58983-641-9 |pages=1 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt5vjz28}}</ref> Part of the Judean population was exiled to [[Babylonia|Babylon]]. The [[Assyrian captivity|Assyrian]] and [[Babylonian captivity|Babylonian captivities]] are regarded as representing the start of the [[Jewish diaspora]]. After the [[Achaemenid Empire]] conquered the region, the exiled Jews were [[Return to Zion|allowed to return]] and [[Second Temple|rebuild the temple]]; these events mark the beginning of the [[Second Temple period]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Jonathan |last1=Stökl |first2=Caroline |last2=Waerzegger |title=Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context |date=2015 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |pages=7–11, 30, 226}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Judaica |edition=2nd |volume=3 |page=27}}</ref> After several centuries of foreign rule, the [[Maccabean Revolt]] against the [[Seleucid Empire]] led to an [[Hasmonean dynasty|independent Hasmonean kingdom]],<ref>{{cite book |first1=Peter Fibiger |last1=Bang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GCj09AmtvvwC&pg=PAPA184 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean |first2=Walter |last2=Scheidel |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-518831-8 |pages=184–187}}</ref> but it was gradually incorporated into the [[Roman Republic|Roman]] imperial system.<ref>{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Malamat |url={{Google books|2kSovzudhFUC|page=PA223|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=A History of the Jewish People |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |pages=223–239}}</ref> The [[Jewish–Roman wars]], a series of unsuccessful revolts against the Romans in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, resulted in the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zissu |first=Boaz |title=Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE |date=2018 |isbn=978-90-04-34986-5 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |page=19 |chapter=Interbellum Judea 70-132 CE: An Archaeological Perspective |oclc=988856967}}</ref> and the expulsion of many Jews.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Erwin |last1=Fahlbusch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PAPA15 |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |first2=Geoffrey William |last2=Bromiley |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5 |page=15}}</ref> The Jewish population in [[Syria Palaestina]] gradually decreased during the following centuries, enhancing the role of the Jewish diaspora and shifting the spiritual and demographic centre from the depopulated [[Judea]] to [[Galilee]] and then to [[Asoristan|Babylon]], with smaller communities spread out across the [[Roman Empire]]. During the same period, the [[Mishnah]] and the [[Talmud]], central Jewish texts, were composed. In the following millennia, the diaspora communities [[Coalescent theory|coalesced]] into three major [[Jewish ethnic divisions|ethnic subdivisions]] according to where their ancestors settled: the [[Ashkenazim]] in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern European Jewry|Eastern Europe]], the [[Sephardim]] initially in [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews|Iberia]], and the [[Mizrahim]] in the [[History of the Jews under Muslim rule|Middle East]] and [[North Africa]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GkzdBDuhoRgC&pg=PA87 "Heritage: Civilization and the Jews; The Uses of Adversity." p. 87.] Eban, Abba Solomon. "Heritage: Civilization and the Jews." Summit Books Syracuse, New York: 1984. p. 87.</ref><ref>Dosick (2007), pp. 59–60.</ref> The [[early Muslim conquests]] ended [[Byzantine]] control over the [[Eastern Mediterranean]], with the newly established [[Rashidun Caliphate]] taking over the [[Levant]], [[Mesopotamia]], and North Africa during the 7th century, and the [[Iberian Peninsula]] during the 8th century. [[Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain|Jewish culture enjoyed a golden age in Spain]], with Jews becoming widely accepted in society and their religious, cultural, and economic life blossomed before the arrival of the intolerant [[Almohades]]. In 1492 [[Expulsion of Jews from Spain|the Jews were forced to leave Spain]] by the Catholic Monarchs [[Catholic Monarchs of Spain|Queen Isabella I and King Ferdinand II]], whereafter they migrated in great numbers to the [[History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] and [[Italian Peninsula|Italy]]. Between the 12th and 15th centuries, Ashkenazi Jews experienced extreme persecution in Central Europe, which prompted their mass migration to [[History of Jews in Poland|Poland]].<ref>Mosk (2013), p. 143. "Encouraged to move out of the Holy Roman Empire as persecution of their communities intensified during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the Ashkenazi community increasingly gravitated toward Poland."</ref><ref>Harshav, Benjamin (1999). ''The Meaning of Yiddish''. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 6. "From the fourteenth and certainly by the sixteenth century, the centre of European Jewry had shifted to Poland, then ... comprising the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (including today's Byelorussia), Crown Poland, Galicia, the Ukraine and stretching, at times, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, from the approaches to Berlin to a short distance from Moscow."</ref> The 18th century saw the rise of the [[Haskalah]] intellectual movement. Also starting in the 18th century, Jews began to campaign for [[Jewish emancipation]] from restrictive laws and integration into the wider European society. In the 19th century, when Jews in [[Western Europe]] were increasingly granted equality before the law, Jews in the [[Pale of Settlement]] faced growing persecution, legal restrictions and widespread [[pogrom]]s. During the 1870s and 1880s, the Jewish population in Europe began to more actively discuss emigration to [[Ottoman Syria]] with the aim of re-establishing a Jewish polity in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. The [[Zionist movement]] was officially founded in 1897. The pogroms also triggered a mass exodus of more than two million Jews to the United States between 1881 and 1924.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lewin |first=Rhoda G. |date=1979 |title=Stereotype and reality in the Jewish immigrant experience in Minneapolis |url=http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/46/v46i07p258-273.pdf |journal=Minnesota History |volume=46 |issue=7 |page=259 |access-date=August 10, 2020 |archive-date=July 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721002023/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/46/v46i07p258-273.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The Jews of Europe and the United States gained success in the fields of science, culture and the economy. Among those generally considered the most famous were [[Albert Einstein]] and [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]. Many [[Nobel Prize]] winners at this time were Jewish, as is still the case.<ref name="jinfo.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html |title=Jewish Nobel Prize Winners |publisher=jinfo.org |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211039/http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1933, with the rise to power of [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazi Party]] in [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], the situation for Jews became severe. Economic crises, racial [[Antisemitism in Europe#The Holocaust|antisemitic laws]], and a fear of an upcoming war led many to flee from Europe to [[Mandatory Palestine]], to the United States and to the [[Soviet Union]]. In 1939, [[World War II]] began and until 1941 Germany [[German-occupied Europe|occupied almost all of Europe]]. In 1941, following the [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion]] of the Soviet Union, the [[Final Solution]] began, an extensive organized operation on an unprecedented scale, aimed at the annihilation of the Jewish people, and resulting in the persecution and murder of Jews in Europe and North Africa. In Poland, three million were murdered in [[gas chambers]] in all concentration camps combined, with one million at the [[Auschwitz]] camp complex alone. This [[genocide]], in which approximately six million Jews were methodically exterminated, is known as [[the Holocaust]]. Before and during the Holocaust, enormous numbers of Jews immigrated to Mandatory Palestine. On May 14, 1948, upon the termination of the British Mandate, [[David Ben-Gurion]] declared the creation of the [[State of Israel]], a [[Jewish and democratic state]] in ''[[Eretz Israel]]'' (Land of Israel). Immediately afterwards, all neighbouring Arab states invaded, yet the newly formed [[IDF]] resisted. In 1949, the war ended and Israel started building the state and absorbing massive waves of [[Aliyah]] from all over Europe and [[Jewish exodus from the Muslim world|Middle Eastern countries]]. {{As of|2022|post=,}} Israel is a [[parliamentary democracy]] with a population of 9.6 million people, of whom 7 million are [[Israeli Jews|Jewish]]. The largest Jewish community outside Israel is the [[American Jews|United States]], while large communities also exist in France, Canada, Argentina, Russia, United Kingdom, Australia, and [[History of the Jews in Germany|Germany]]. Currently, the Jewish ethnicity have two autonomous states under their power to act as sanctuaries, [[Israel]] and the [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]]. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Jewish history}} * [http://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/ The Jewish History Resource Center]. Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. * [http://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/Internetresources/modern/israelindex.htm The State of Israel] The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem * [http://www.encyclopaediajudaica.com/ Jewish History and Culture Encyclopaedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224094628/http://www.encyclopaediajudaica.com/ |date=December 24, 2008 }} Official Site of the 22-volume Encyclopaedia Judaica * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/jewishsbook.html Internet Jewish History Sourcebook] offering homework help and online texts * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050528023003/http://www.adath-shalom.ca/israelite_religion.htm Israelite Religion to Judaism: the Evolution of the Religion of Israel]. * [https://thinktorah.org/jewish-history/ 2000 Years of Jewish History] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050629084248/http://www.adath-shalom.ca/greek_influence.htm Greek Influence on Judaism from the Hellenistic Period Through the Middle Ages c. 300 BCE–1200 CE]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050604085120/http://www.adath-shalom.ca/jewish_sects.htm Jewish Sects of the Second Temple Period]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101119075635/http://adath-shalom.ca/samaritan_origin.htm The Origin and Nature of the Samaritans and their Relationship to Second Temple Jewish Sects]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051118233741/http://www.adath-shalom.ca/eb2bk.htm Jewish History Tables]. * [http://www.oztorah.com/category/australian-jewry/ Articles on Australian Jewish history]. * [http://www.oztorah.com/category/british-jewry/ Articles on British Jewish history]. * Barnavi, Eli (Ed.). ''A Historical Atlas of the Jewish People''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-679-40332-6}} * [http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/Jewish_History.htm Crash Course in Jewish History] * [http://csicso-nagy.uw.hu/fo-o-Csicso-NAGY-A/jewish-families.htm Jewish families in Csicsó – Cicov (Slovakia) until the Holocaust] * [http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=1&ArticleID=29 "Under the Influence: Hellenism in Ancient Jewish Life"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229232302/http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=1&ArticleID=29 |date=February 29, 2012 }} Biblical Archaeology Society * [http://www.jewishhistory.org/crash-course/ Summary of Jewish History] by Berel Wein * [http://histclo.com/chron/ancient/heb/heb-hist.html Ancient Hebrew history] * [http://jewishhistorylectures.org/ Videos of Jewish History Lectures by Henry Abramson of Touro College South] {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:يهودين جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:يهوديت جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:يهودي نسلي گروهه]] [[زمرو:تاريخ بلحاظ مذهب]] [[زمرو:نسلن جي تاريخون]] [[زمرو:ڪلاسيڪل قديم دور ۾ مذهب]] qqe642u8nbfyavdtgelyt3elhzdax8i سانچو:Taxobox colour/doc 10 94836 371024 371020 2026-04-11T12:22:37Z Intisar Ali 8681 371024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-risk}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺ ڏنل هنڌ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ انٽر وڪي لنڪس وڪي ڊيٽا تي ڏيو (ڏسو [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> <strong>ٽيمپليٽ ايڊيٽرن لاءِ نوٽ</strong>: هن ٽيمپليٽ ۾ ٽيڪسونامي اصطلاحن (ٽيڪسا) ۾ ڪيل تبديليون، مينوئل ٽيڪسو باڪس ۾ پنهنجو اثر ان وقت ظاهر ڪن ٿيون جڏهن رنگ طئي ڪندڙ ٽيڪسن اهڙي درجي تي هجي جيڪو {{tl|Taxobox}} طرفان رنگ تبديل ڪرڻ لاءِ اجازت ڏنل هجي، تنهنڪري ان کي تبديل ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي. رنگن کي لازمي طور rgb(..,..,..) فارميٽ ۾ بيان ڪيو وڃي ته جيئن {{tl|Sets taxobox colour}} صحيح نموني ڪم ڪري. == مقصد == هي ٽيمپليٽ ٽيڪسو باڪس نظام ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ ترتيب (configuration) ٽيمپليٽن مان هڪ آهي، جيڪو [[Template:Taxobox|مينوئل]] ۽ [[WP:Automated taxobox system|خودڪار ٽيڪسو باڪس]] ٻنهي ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿو. هي ٽيمپليٽ ٽيڪسو باڪس لاءِ مناسب رنگ پيدا ڪري ٿو. هي صرف ٻين ٽيڪسو باڪس ٽيمپليٽن طرفان استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجي. === ٽيڪسونامي ٽيمپليٽن طرفان استعمال === مينوئل ٽيڪسو باڪس هن ٽيمپليٽ کي {{tl|Taxobox}} مان سڏين ٿا، جيڪو ٽيڪسو باڪس ۾ ڏنل درجن (phylum کان مٿي) جي قيمتن کي ڏسي ٿو ۽ پهرين رنگ مقرر ڪندڙ ٽيڪسن لاءِ ٽيڪسو باڪس جو رنگ استعمال ڪري ٿو (يا جيڪڏهن ڪو به نه ملي ته غلطي وارو رنگ ڏيکاري ٿو). {{tl|Sets taxobox colour}} اهو طئي ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿئي ٿو ته ڪو ٽيڪسن رنگ مقرر ڪندڙ آهي يا نه، جيڪو اهو هن ٽيمپليٽ جي مدد سان ڪندو آهي. خودڪار ٽيڪسو باڪس [[Module:Autotaxobox]] ۾ هڪ فنڪشن استعمال ڪن ٿا، جيڪو ٽيڪسونامي ٽيمپليٽن ۾ ڏنل درجي بندي جي ڍانچي (يعني "Taxonomy/''taxon-name''" جي صورت وارن ٽيمپليٽن) ۾ ڳولا ڪري رنگ مقرر ڪندڙ ٽيڪسن ڳولي ٿو. === ٽيڪسو باڪس اندر رنگ مقرر ڪرڻ === مينوئل ۽ خودڪار ٻنهي ٽيڪسو باڪس عام طور تي پنهنجا رنگ پاڻمرادو پيدا ڪن ٿا. جيڪڏهن اهو ناڪام ٿئي، يا ڪنهن سبب سان خودڪار رنگ کي تبديل ڪرڻ ضروري هجي، ته {{para|color_as}} استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته جيئن مهيا ڪيل ٽيڪسن جي بنياد تي رنگ مقرر ڪيو وڃي. مثال طور: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">| color_as = Animalia </syntaxhighlight> ٽيڪسو باڪس اندر لکڻ سان ان جو رنگ جانورن لاءِ مناسب رنگ ۾ تبديل ٿي ويندو. {{para|color_as}} جي قيمت طور ڏنل ٽيڪسن هن ٽيمپليٽ جي switch بيان ۾ موجود هجڻ گهرجي. تنهنڪري {{para|color_as|Felis}} ناڪام ٿيندو ۽ غلطي وارو رنگ ڏيکاريندو. ==ٽيڪسو باڪس رنگي اسڪيم== {{Taxobox colour scheme}} == ٽريڪنگ زمرا == * {{clc|Taxoboxes with the error color}} * {{clc|Taxoboxes with no color}} == مددگار ٽيمپليٽ == * [[سانچو:Sets taxobox colour]] * [[سانچو:Taxobox/Error colour]] == پڻ ڏسو == ٻيا ترتيب وارا ماڊيول ۽ ٽيمپليٽ شامل آهن: *[[Module:Taxobox ranks]] – ٽيڪسونامي ٽيمپليٽن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ درجن جون خاصيتون مقرر ڪري ٿو، جهڙوڪ انهن جا انگريزي برابر *{{tl|Principal rank}} – لِنائين بنيادي درجا طئي ڪري ٿو جيڪي خودڪار ٽيڪسو باڪس ۾ ڊفالٽ طور ڏيکاريا ويندا آهن *{{tl|Is italic taxon}} – اهو طئي ڪري ٿو ته ڪهڙا درجا ٽيڪسن جا نالا italic ۾ ڏيکارين ٿا <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن لڪير کان هيٺ شامل ڪريو؛ انٽر وڪي لنڪس وڪي ڊيٽا تي ڏيو --> [[Category:Taxobox templates]] [[Category:Template implementation details]] [[Category:Templates that add a tracking category]] }}</includeonly> hkyaalm5o697v5x18n6ctzyxbcbp9w6 سانچو:Sets taxobox colour/doc 10 94837 371025 2026-04-11T12:25:39Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺ ڏنل هنڌ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ انٽر وڪي لنڪس وڪي ڊيٽا تي ڏيو (ڏسو [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{high use|ھزارين}} ==مقصد== {{tl|Sets taxobox colour}} هڪ مددگار ٽيمپليٽ آهي جيڪو {{tl|Taxobox}} طرفان استعمال ٿيندو آهي. اهو پنهنجي دليل، جيڪو هڪ ٽيڪسن جو نالو هجڻ گهر... 371025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺ ڏنل هنڌ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ انٽر وڪي لنڪس وڪي ڊيٽا تي ڏيو (ڏسو [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{high use|ھزارين}} ==مقصد== {{tl|Sets taxobox colour}} هڪ مددگار ٽيمپليٽ آهي جيڪو {{tl|Taxobox}} طرفان استعمال ٿيندو آهي. اهو پنهنجي دليل، جيڪو هڪ ٽيڪسن جو نالو هجڻ گهرجي، کي جانچي ٿو ته ڇا ان لاءِ {{tl|Taxobox colour}} ۾ ٽيڪسو باڪس رنگ مقرر ٿيل آهي ۽ اهو "incertae sedis" نه آهي. جيڪڏهن اها شرط صحيح هجي ته اهو ٽيڪسن جو نالو واپس ڪري ٿو، ٻي صورت ۾ خالي واپس ڪري ٿو. ==فرض== هي ٽيمپليٽ اهو فرض ڪري ٿو ته {{tl|Taxobox colour}} ۾ مقرر ڪيل رنگ <code>rgb(..,..,..)</code> فارميٽ ۾ هجن. ==استعمال== هي ٽيمپليٽ صرف ٻين ٽيڪسو باڪس ٽيمپليٽن اندر استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجي. <code><nowiki>{{Sets taxobox colour|</nowiki>''taxon_name''<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> جيڪڏهن شرط پوري ٿئي ٿي ته ٽيڪسن جو نالو واپس ڪندو، ٻي صورت ۾ خالي. ==مثال== *<nowiki>{{Sets taxobox colour|Animalia}}</nowiki> → {{Sets taxobox colour|Animalia}} :Animalia لاءِ ٽيڪسو باڪس رنگ واضح طور مقرر ٿيل آهي. *<nowiki>{{Sets taxobox colour|plantae}}</nowiki> → {{Sets taxobox colour|plantae}} :ٽيڪسن جو نالو وڏي يا ننڍي اکر سان شروع ٿي سگهي ٿو. *<nowiki>{{Sets taxobox colour|Acacia}}</nowiki> → {{Sets taxobox colour|Acacia}} :جيتوڻيڪ ''Acacia'' هڪ ٻوٽن جي جنس آهي، پر {{tl|Taxobox colour}} ۾ ان جو رنگ سڌي طرح مقرر ٿيل ناهي؛ حقيقي ٽيڪسو باڪس ۾ اهو هن بنياد تي مقرر ٿيندو آهي ته ''Acacia'' Plantae جو حصو آهي. *<nowiki>{{Sets taxobox colour|incertae sedis}}</nowiki> → {{Sets taxobox colour|incertae sedis}} :جيتوڻيڪ "incertae sedis" لاءِ {{tl|Taxobox colour}} ۾ رنگ مقرر ٿيل آهي، پر ان کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويندو آهي. (اهو انهي لاءِ ته جيڪي ٽيمپليٽ هن کي استعمال ڪن ٿا، اهي درجي بندي ۾ مٿي وڃي وڌيڪ مناسب رنگ ڳولي سگهن؛ مثال طور، ڪنهن ''incertae sedis'' خاندان کي جانورن سان تعلق ٿي سگهي ٿو، جتي Animalia جو رنگ استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجي.) <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن لڪير کان هيٺ شامل ڪريو؛ انٽر وڪي لنڪس وڪي ڊيٽا تي ڏيو --> [[Category:Taxobox templates]] }}</includeonly> 30qqx6nzzky4srehfa2t8b8i5wj6ur9 سانچو:Is italic taxon/doc 10 94838 371026 2026-04-11T12:31:14Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{high use|ھزارين}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺ ڏنل هنڌ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ انٽر وڪي لنڪس وڪي ڊيٽا تي ڏيو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪيڊيٽا]]) --> == مقصد == هي ٽيمپليٽ انهن ترتيب (configuration) ٽيمپليٽن مان هڪ آهي جيڪي [[وڪيپيڊيا:خودڪار ٽيڪسو باڪس نظام|خودڪار ٽيڪسو باڪس نظام]]... 371026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{high use|ھزارين}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺ ڏنل هنڌ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ انٽر وڪي لنڪس وڪي ڊيٽا تي ڏيو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪيڊيٽا]]) --> == مقصد == هي ٽيمپليٽ انهن ترتيب (configuration) ٽيمپليٽن مان هڪ آهي جيڪي [[وڪيپيڊيا:خودڪار ٽيڪسو باڪس نظام|خودڪار ٽيڪسو باڪس نظام]] ۾ استعمال ٿين ٿا (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:خودڪار ٽيڪسو باڪس نظام/نقشو#تفصيلي نقشو|ماڊيولن ۽ ٽيمپليٽن جو تفصيلي نقشو]]). هي طئي ڪري ٿو ته ڪنهن ٽيڪسن جو نالو اٽالڪ (ترڇي لکت) ۾ لکيو وڃي يا نه، ان جي درجي (rank) ۽ اهو وائرس آهي يا نه، ان بنياد تي. اهو انهن ٽيمپليٽن مان هڪ آهي جنهن کي نئين درجي شامل ٿيڻ جي صورت ۾ اپڊيٽ ڪرڻ جي ضرورت پئجي سگهي ٿي. == استعمال == <code><nowiki>{{Is italic taxon|</nowiki>''taxon-rank''|virus=''yes'' يا ''no''}}</code> – ڊفالٽ آهي {{para|virus|no}} * <code><nowiki>{{Is italic taxon|species}}</nowiki></code> → {{Is italic taxon|species}} * <code><nowiki>{{Is italic taxon|genus}}</nowiki></code> → {{Is italic taxon|genus}} * <code><nowiki>{{Is italic taxon|familia}}</nowiki></code> → {{Is italic taxon|familia}} * <code><nowiki>{{Is italic taxon|familia|virus=yes}}</nowiki></code> → {{Is italic taxon|familia|virus=yes}} * <code><nowiki>{{Is italic taxon|strain|virus=yes}}</nowiki></code> → {{Is italic taxon|strain|virus=yes}} == پڻ ڏسو == ٻيا ترتيب وارا ماڊيول ۽ ٽيمپليٽ شامل آهن: *[[Module:Taxobox ranks]] – ٽيڪسونامي ٽيمپليٽن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ درجن جون خاصيتون مقرر ڪري ٿو، جهڙوڪ انهن جا انگريزي برابر *{{tl|Principal rank}} – لِنائين بنيادي درجا طئي ڪري ٿو جيڪي خودڪار ٽيڪسو باڪس ۾ ڊفالٽ طور ڏيکاريا ويندا آهن *{{tl|Taxobox colour}} – اهو طئي ڪري ٿو ته ڪهڙا ٽيڪسا ٽيڪسو باڪس جو رنگ مقرر ڪن ٿا ۽ اهي رنگ ڪهڙا آهن <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن لڪير کان هيٺ شامل ڪريو؛ انٽر وڪي لنڪس وڪي ڊيٽا تي ڏيو --> [[زمرو:Taxobox templates]] }}</includeonly> o4t8nqkv8fyoilxyifiyzrlkqr0rzam سانچو:Anglicise rank/doc 10 94839 371027 2026-04-11T12:36:06Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{documentation subpage}} {{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Template:Anglicise rank|{{high-risk| {{formatnum: ھزارين}}+ }} }} {{Lua|Module:Taxobox ranks}} ==مقصد== هي ٽيمپليٽ [[ماڊيول:Taxobox ranks]] ۾ موجود فنڪشن <code>angliciseRank</code> لاءِ هڪ انٽرفيس آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪسو باڪس نظام ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ ترتيب (configuration) ٽيمپليٽن ۽ ماڊيولن مان هڪ آهي، ۽ اهو ٻنهي... 371027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation subpage}} {{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Template:Anglicise rank|{{high-risk| {{formatnum: ھزارين}}+ }} }} {{Lua|Module:Taxobox ranks}} ==مقصد== هي ٽيمپليٽ [[ماڊيول:Taxobox ranks]] ۾ موجود فنڪشن <code>angliciseRank</code> لاءِ هڪ انٽرفيس آهي، جيڪو ٽيڪسو باڪس نظام ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ ترتيب (configuration) ٽيمپليٽن ۽ ماڊيولن مان هڪ آهي، ۽ اهو ٻنهي [[وڪيپيڊيا:خودڪار ٽيڪسو باڪس نظام|خودڪار]] ۽ [[سانچو:Taxobox|مينوئل ٽيڪسو باڪس]] ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿو. هي [[ماڊيول:Taxobox ranks]] ۾ بيان ڪيل ٽيبل استعمال ڪري لاطيني طرز جي [[ٽيڪسونامي (علم حياتيات)|ٽيڪسونامي درجي]] کي ان جي انگريزي برابر ۾ تبديل ڪري ٿو. وڌيڪ معلومات لاءِ ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:خودڪار ٽيڪسو باڪس نظام/درجا]]. <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[زمرو:Taxobox templates]]}} </includeonly> q7cx1aek17ka474prvdaclxe105he3b سانچو:Taxonomy/doc 10 94840 371031 2026-04-11T12:56:49Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{high-use}} == استعمال == هي ٽيمپليٽ {{tl|taxobox}} ۾ هڪ [[taxon|ٽيڪسن]] لاءِ ٽيبل جي هڪ قطار تيار ڪري ٿو. اهو خاص طور تي ٻين ٽيڪسونامي ٽيمپليٽن ۾ استعمال لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي، خاص ڪري [[سانچو:Taxobox/core]] ۾. هي ٽي پيرا ميٽر وٺي ٿو: *<code>rank</code> – ٽيڪسن جو لاطيني درجو (مثال طور "or... 371031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{high-use}} == استعمال == هي ٽيمپليٽ {{tl|taxobox}} ۾ هڪ [[taxon|ٽيڪسن]] لاءِ ٽيبل جي هڪ قطار تيار ڪري ٿو. اهو خاص طور تي ٻين ٽيڪسونامي ٽيمپليٽن ۾ استعمال لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي، خاص ڪري [[سانچو:Taxobox/core]] ۾. هي ٽي پيرا ميٽر وٺي ٿو: *<code>rank</code> – ٽيڪسن جو لاطيني درجو (مثال طور "ordo")، جيڪو ڏيکارڻ کان اڳ انگريزي صورت ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو (لازمي) *<code>link</code> – ٽيڪسن جو فارميٽ ڪيل نالو جنهن ۾ وڪي لنڪ شامل هجي (لازمي) *<code>auth</code> – نالي لاءِ اختيار (authority) جيڪو لاڳاپيل نالي ڏيڻ واري ضابطي مطابق هجي (اختياري) == مثال == ٽيبل جي اندر: *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Taxonomy |rank=genus |link=''[[Acacia]]'' |auth=Martius}}</syntaxhighlight> پيدا ڪري ٿو {| class="wikitable" {{Taxonomy|rank=genus|link=''[[Acacia]]''|auth=Martius}} |} *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Taxonomy |rank=classis |link=[[Mammal|Mammalia]] |auth=[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758}}</syntaxhighlight> پيدا ڪري ٿو {| class="wikitable" {{Taxonomy|rank=classis|link=[[مئمل|مماليہ]]|auth=[[ڪارل لنيئس|لنيئس]], 1758}} |} *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Taxonomy |rank=نوع |link=''[[وولف|سي. لوپس]]''}}</syntaxhighlight> پيدا ڪري ٿو {| class="wikitable" {{Taxonomy|rank=نوع|link=''[[وولف|سي.لوپس ]]''}} |} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن لڪير کان هيٺ شامل ڪريو؛ انٽر وڪي لنڪس وڪي ڊيٽا تي ڏيو --> [[زمرو:Taxobox templates]] }}</includeonly> n2rl28k566putj0rukpk1fhkq3dq3sx 371032 371031 2026-04-11T13:00:45Z Intisar Ali 8681 371032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{high-use}} == استعمال == هي ٽيمپليٽ {{tl|taxobox}} ۾ هڪ [[taxon|ٽيڪسن]] لاءِ ٽيبل جي هڪ قطار تيار ڪري ٿو. اهو خاص طور تي ٻين ٽيڪسونامي ٽيمپليٽن ۾ استعمال لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي، خاص ڪري [[سانچو:Taxobox/core]] ۾. هي ٽي پيرا ميٽر وٺي ٿو: *<code>rank</code> – ٽيڪسن جو لاطيني درجو (مثال طور "ordo")، جيڪو ڏيکارڻ کان اڳ انگريزي صورت ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو (لازمي) *<code>link</code> – ٽيڪسن جو فارميٽ ڪيل نالو جنهن ۾ وڪي لنڪ شامل هجي (لازمي) *<code>auth</code> – نالي لاءِ اختيار (authority) جيڪو لاڳاپيل نالي ڏيڻ واري ضابطي مطابق هجي (اختياري) == مثال == ٽيبل جي اندر: *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Taxonomy |rank=جنس |link=''[[Acacia]]'' |auth=مارٽيس}}</syntaxhighlight> پيدا ڪري ٿو {| class="wikitable" {{Taxonomy|rank=جنس|link=''[[Acacia]]''|auth=مارٽيس}} |} *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Taxonomy |rank=ڪلاس |link=[[مئمل|مماليہ]] |auth=[[ڪارل لينوئس|لينوئس]], 1758}}</syntaxhighlight> پيدا ڪري ٿو {| class="wikitable" {{Taxonomy|rank=ڪلاس|link=[[مئمل|مماليہ]]|auth=[[ڪارل لنيئس|لنيئس]], 1758}} |} *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Taxonomy |rank=نوع |link=''[[وولف|سي. لوپس]]''}}</syntaxhighlight> پيدا ڪري ٿو {| class="wikitable" {{Taxonomy|rank=نوع|link=''[[وولف|سي.لوپس ]]''}} |} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن لڪير کان هيٺ شامل ڪريو؛ انٽر وڪي لنڪس وڪي ڊيٽا تي ڏيو --> [[زمرو:Taxobox templates]] }}</includeonly> kb79hdpss700feyouxc3fz2iojb35uk زمرو:هوائي جهاز جون قسمون 14 94841 371044 2026-04-12T05:19:43Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ قسم]] 371044 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ قسم]] envq9f977t8il2x3v5dl6ra9z2bbplq زمرو:واپس وٺڻ واري ٽرائي سائيڪل لينڊنگ گيئر سان هوائي جهاز 14 94842 371045 2026-04-12T05:21:24Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز جون قسمون]] 371045 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز جون قسمون]] 5ycafflbma3jcb9dhy9q35f9n0224nc زمرو:سپر سونڪ هوائي جهاز 14 94843 371046 2026-04-12T05:22:34Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز جون قسمون]] 371046 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز جون قسمون]] 5ycafflbma3jcb9dhy9q35f9n0224nc زمرو:سنگل انجن وارو جيٽ جهاز 14 94844 371047 2026-04-12T05:23:26Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز جون قسمون]] 371047 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز جون قسمون]] 5ycafflbma3jcb9dhy9q35f9n0224nc 371050 371047 2026-04-12T05:27:21Z Ibne maryam 17680 371050 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:جيٽ جهاز]] otnakzy9ebgwt3x15vl6vi9vf4u8vqw زمرو:وچين ونگ وارا هوائي جهاز 14 94845 371048 2026-04-12T05:24:31Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز جون قسمون]] 371048 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز جون قسمون]] 5ycafflbma3jcb9dhy9q35f9n0224nc زمرو:پهريون ڀيرو 2003 ۾ اڏامندڙ هوائي جهاز 14 94846 371049 2026-04-12T05:25:33Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] 371049 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] n1p7m9vxpeexi2u50otaorw03wylhl5 زمرو:جيٽ جهاز 14 94847 371051 2026-04-12T05:27:37Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز جون قسمون]] 371051 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز جون قسمون]] 5ycafflbma3jcb9dhy9q35f9n0224nc زمرو:چين جو قومي ترانو 14 94848 371056 2026-04-12T08:59:04Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:چين جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:ايشائي قومي ترانا]] 371056 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:چين جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:ايشائي قومي ترانا]] nc9n5lq20nwbdozlnh7jxyhu1lwgonh زمرو:چيني ترانا 14 94849 371060 2026-04-12T09:22:09Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ترانا]] [[زمرو:چين جي ثقافت]] 371060 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ترانا]] [[زمرو:چين جي ثقافت]] qztlnibquguj0kwcmb4p4re00d5okxg زمرو:چين جا قومي نشان 14 94850 371061 2026-04-12T09:23:28Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:قومي نشان]] [[زمرو:چين جي ثقافت]] 371061 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:قومي نشان]] [[زمرو:چين جي ثقافت]] 7r55tys3q71xl6poc59ecms4zxfdqti 371062 371061 2026-04-12T09:24:23Z Ibne maryam 17680 removed [[Category:قومي نشان]]; added [[Category:قومي علامتون]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 371062 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:قومي علامتون]] [[زمرو:چين جي ثقافت]] ipdcbcbx0qisugrmm419o8ajb8m2eq4 زمرو:سنڌي موسيقار 14 94851 371070 2026-04-12T09:49:33Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:موسيقار]] [[زمرو:سنڌي ماڻھو]] 371070 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:موسيقار]] [[زمرو:سنڌي ماڻھو]] 7ob5ea9m7yuzcaub54a069lnoz0lzz7 زمرو:احمد جي ڇاڳلا 14 94852 371071 2026-04-12T09:50:21Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:سنڌي موسيقار]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جو قومي ترانو]] 371071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:سنڌي موسيقار]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جو قومي ترانو]] e39maovuajsvabpr9adv88zp1zpkgi2 زمرو:خميسو خان 14 94853 371073 2026-04-12T09:59:18Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:سنڌي موسيقار]] [[زمرو:سنڌي لوڪ فنڪار]] [[زمرو:وصول ڪندڙ تمغو حسن ڪارڪردگي]] 371073 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:سنڌي موسيقار]] [[زمرو:سنڌي لوڪ فنڪار]] [[زمرو:وصول ڪندڙ تمغو حسن ڪارڪردگي]] 726inl94svoxodjzgcjao4k4evnkaza زمرو:سنڌي لوڪ فنڪار 14 94854 371074 2026-04-12T09:59:37Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:سنڌي ماڻھو]] [[زمرو:لوڪ فنڪار]] 371074 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:سنڌي ماڻھو]] [[زمرو:لوڪ فنڪار]] 2ux5sgmuhh32b68jmngsinsetbspybz زمرو:مصري خان جمالي 14 94855 371077 2026-04-12T10:05:06Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:سنڌي موسيقار]] [[زمرو:سنڌي لوڪ فنڪار]] 371077 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:سنڌي موسيقار]] [[زمرو:سنڌي لوڪ فنڪار]] 2mxaux40utiloxh33gnkh2gvnf6h30i زمرو:فن سان لاڳاپيل ماڻهو 14 94856 371080 2026-04-12T10:09:09Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:ماڻهو]] 371080 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:ماڻهو]] qyawxy8qivsxln6rdvkwdn2dkg4tu0o 371081 371080 2026-04-12T10:10:32Z Ibne maryam 17680 371081 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فن]] [[زمرو:ماڻھو بلحاظ وابستگي]] 58mptg9ujpobk35d7rutnpfy2otun10 ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن 0 94857 371085 2026-04-12T10:46:49Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: '''ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن''' (F-16 Fighting Falcon) جيٽ هڪ آمريڪي سنگل انجن سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر جهاز آهي جيڪو جنرل ڊائنامڪس (هاڻي لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن) پاران تيار ڪيو ويو آهي ۽ ڪيترن ئي ڪمپنين پاران تيار ڪيو ويو آهي، جن ۾ 1993 تائين جنرل ڊائنامڪس ۽ 2017 تائين لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن شامل... 371085 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن''' (F-16 Fighting Falcon) جيٽ هڪ آمريڪي سنگل انجن سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر جهاز آهي جيڪو جنرل ڊائنامڪس (هاڻي لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن) پاران تيار ڪيو ويو آهي ۽ ڪيترن ئي ڪمپنين پاران تيار ڪيو ويو آهي، جن ۾ 1993 تائين جنرل ڊائنامڪس ۽ 2017 تائين لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن شامل آهن. هڪ ايئر سپريويرٽي ڊي فائٽر جي طور تي ڊزائين ڪيو ويو، اهو هڪ ڪامياب آل-ويدر ملٽي رول جهاز ۾ تبديل ٿيو جنهن ۾ <small>1976</small> کان وٺي <small>4,600</small> کان وڌيڪ تعمير ڪيا ويا آهن. جيتوڻيڪ اصل نسخا هاڻي پيداوار ۾ نه آهن، لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن <small>'''ايف-16'''</small> وي وائپر خاندان جا بهتر نسخا لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن جي هڪ نئين پيداوار جي سهولت ۾ برآمد لاءِ ٺاهيا ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪيا پيا وڃن. 2026 تائين، اهو فوجي سروس ۾ دنيا جو سڀ کان عام فڪسڊ ونگ جهاز آهي، جنهن ۾ ايف-16 خاندان مان 2,102 آپريشنل آهن، جيڪي سڀني فعال جنگي جهازن جو 15٪ آهن. فائٽر. جنگ. جنگ. زومرو: هوائي جهاز. جنرل ڊائنامڪس qtghn9inhv42u5lm4zniqee6tsr1avi 371086 371085 2026-04-12T10:47:26Z Memon2025 21315 Memon2025 صفحي [[F-16]] کي [[ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن]] ڏانھن چوريو 371085 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن''' (F-16 Fighting Falcon) جيٽ هڪ آمريڪي سنگل انجن سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر جهاز آهي جيڪو جنرل ڊائنامڪس (هاڻي لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن) پاران تيار ڪيو ويو آهي ۽ ڪيترن ئي ڪمپنين پاران تيار ڪيو ويو آهي، جن ۾ 1993 تائين جنرل ڊائنامڪس ۽ 2017 تائين لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن شامل آهن. هڪ ايئر سپريويرٽي ڊي فائٽر جي طور تي ڊزائين ڪيو ويو، اهو هڪ ڪامياب آل-ويدر ملٽي رول جهاز ۾ تبديل ٿيو جنهن ۾ <small>1976</small> کان وٺي <small>4,600</small> کان وڌيڪ تعمير ڪيا ويا آهن. جيتوڻيڪ اصل نسخا هاڻي پيداوار ۾ نه آهن، لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن <small>'''ايف-16'''</small> وي وائپر خاندان جا بهتر نسخا لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن جي هڪ نئين پيداوار جي سهولت ۾ برآمد لاءِ ٺاهيا ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪيا پيا وڃن. 2026 تائين، اهو فوجي سروس ۾ دنيا جو سڀ کان عام فڪسڊ ونگ جهاز آهي، جنهن ۾ ايف-16 خاندان مان 2,102 آپريشنل آهن، جيڪي سڀني فعال جنگي جهازن جو 15٪ آهن. فائٽر. جنگ. جنگ. زومرو: هوائي جهاز. جنرل ڊائنامڪس qtghn9inhv42u5lm4zniqee6tsr1avi 371088 371086 2026-04-12T10:53:19Z Memon2025 21315 371088 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن''' (F-16 Fighting Falcon) جيٽ هڪ آمريڪي سنگل انجن سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر جهاز آهي جيڪو جنرل ڊائنامڪس (هاڻي لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن) پاران تيار ڪيو ويو آهي ۽ ڪيترن ئي ڪمپنين پاران تيار ڪيو ويو آهي، جن ۾ 1993 تائين جنرل ڊائنامڪس ۽ 2017 تائين لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن شامل آهن. هڪ ايئر سپريويرٽي ڊي فائٽر جي طور تي ڊزائين ڪيو ويو، اهو هڪ ڪامياب آل-ويدر ملٽي رول جهاز ۾ تبديل ٿيو جنهن ۾ <small>1976</small> کان وٺي <small>4,600</small> کان وڌيڪ تعمير ڪيا ويا آهن. جيتوڻيڪ اصل نسخا هاڻي پيداوار ۾ نه آهن، لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن <small>'''ايف-16'''</small> وي وائپر خاندان جا بهتر نسخا لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن جي هڪ نئين پيداوار جي سهولت ۾ برآمد لاءِ ٺاهيا ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪيا پيا وڃن. 2026 تائين، اهو فوجي سروس ۾ دنيا جو سڀ کان عام فڪسڊ ونگ جهاز آهي، جنهن ۾ ايف-16 خاندان مان 2,102 آپريشنل آهن، جيڪي سڀني فعال جنگي جهازن جو %15 آهن. [[زمرو:ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن]] [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:جنگي جهاز]] [[زمرو:جنگي هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:جنرل ڊائنامڪس]] ojgf3wddv3o46d6a85z8v9iy8uernno 371091 371088 2026-04-12T10:56:12Z Memon2025 21315 371091 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن''' (F-16 Fighting Falcon) جيٽ هڪ آمريڪي سنگل انجن سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر جهاز آهي جيڪو جنرل ڊائنامڪس (هاڻي لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن) پاران تيار ڪيو ويو آهي ۽ ڪيترن ئي ڪمپنين پاران تيار ڪيو ويو آهي، جن ۾ 1993 تائين جنرل ڊائنامڪس ۽ 2017 تائين لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن شامل آهن. هڪ ايئر سپريويرٽي ڊي فائٽر جي طور تي ڊزائين ڪيو ويو، اهو هڪ ڪامياب آل-ويدر ملٽي رول جهاز ۾ تبديل ٿيو جنهن ۾ <small>1976</small> کان وٺي <small>4,600</small> کان وڌيڪ تعمير ڪيا ويا آهن. جيتوڻيڪ اصل نسخا هاڻي پيداوار ۾ نه آهن، لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن <small>'''ايف-16'''</small> وي وائپر خاندان جا بهتر نسخا لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن جي هڪ نئين پيداوار جي سهولت ۾ برآمد لاءِ ٺاهيا ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪيا پيا وڃن. 2026 تائين، اهو فوجي سروس ۾ دنيا جو سڀ کان عام فڪسڊ ونگ جهاز آهي، جنهن ۾ ايف-16 خاندان مان 2,102 آپريشنل آهن، جيڪي سڀني فعال جنگي جهازن جو %15 آهن. [[زمرو:ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:جنرل ڊائنامڪس]] drfj317ygstyc3en8nky7x38v3j9sn8 371092 371091 2026-04-12T10:58:27Z Memon2025 21315 371092 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن''' (F-16 Fighting Falcon) جيٽ هڪ آمريڪي سنگل انجن سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر جهاز آهي جيڪو جنرل ڊائنامڪس (هاڻي لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن) پاران تيار ڪيو ويو آهي ۽ ڪيترن ئي ڪمپنين پاران تيار ڪيو ويو آهي، جن ۾ 1993 تائين جنرل ڊائنامڪس ۽ 2017 تائين لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن شامل آهن. هڪ ايئر سپريويرٽي ڊي فائٽر جي طور تي ڊزائين ڪيو ويو، اهو هڪ ڪامياب آل-ويدر ملٽي رول جهاز ۾ تبديل ٿيو جنهن ۾ <small>1976</small> کان وٺي <small>4,600</small> کان وڌيڪ تعمير ڪيا ويا آهن. جيتوڻيڪ اصل نسخا هاڻي پيداوار ۾ نه آهن، لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن <small>'''ايف-16'''</small> وي وائپر خاندان جا بهتر نسخا لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن جي هڪ نئين پيداوار جي سهولت ۾ برآمد لاءِ ٺاهيا ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪيا پيا وڃن. 2026 تائين، اهو فوجي سروس ۾ دنيا جو سڀ کان عام فڪسڊ ونگ جهاز آهي، جنهن ۾ ايف-16 خاندان مان 2,102 آپريشنل آهن، جيڪي سڀني فعال جنگي جهازن جو %15 آهن. [[زمرو:ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن]] [[زمرو:لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن]] [[زمرو:جنرل ڊائنامڪس]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] qz5r0su3w8wnvwmmenooxqy0nza5o8m 371094 371092 2026-04-12T11:04:19Z Memon2025 21315 371094 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن''' (F-16 Fighting Falcon) جيٽ هڪ آمريڪي سنگل انجن سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر جهاز آهي جيڪو جنرل ڊائنامڪس (هاڻي لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن) پاران تيار ڪيو ويو آهي ۽ ڪيترن ئي ڪمپنين پاران تيار ڪيو ويو آهي، جن ۾ 1993 تائين جنرل ڊائنامڪس ۽ 2017 تائين لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن شامل آهن. هڪ ايئر سپريويرٽي ڊي فائٽر جي طور تي ڊزائين ڪيو ويو، اهو هڪ ڪامياب آل-ويدر ملٽي رول جهاز ۾ تبديل ٿيو جنهن ۾ <small>1976</small> کان وٺي <small>4,600</small> کان وڌيڪ تعمير ڪيا ويا آهن. جيتوڻيڪ اصل نسخا هاڻي پيداوار ۾ نه آهن، لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن <small>'''ايف-16'''</small> وي وائپر خاندان جا بهتر نسخا لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن جي هڪ نئين پيداوار جي سهولت ۾ برآمد لاءِ ٺاهيا ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪيا پيا وڃن. 2026 تائين، اهو فوجي سروس ۾ دنيا جو سڀ کان عام فڪسڊ ونگ جهاز آهي، جنهن ۾ ايف-16 خاندان مان 2,102 آپريشنل آهن، جيڪي سڀني فعال جنگي جهازن جو %15 آهن. {{Short description|American multi-role fighter aircraft}} {{Redirect2|F16|F-16 Fighting Falcon|the video game|Falcon (series){{!}}''Falcon'' (video game series)|other uses|F16 (disambiguation)}} {{Use American English|date = July 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}} {{Infobox aircraft |name = F-16 Fighting Falcon |image = F-16 June 2008.jpg |caption = A USAF F-16C over the desert in [[Iraq]], 2008 |alt = Aerial view of jet aircraft, carrying cylindrical fuel tanks and ordnance, overflying desert |type = [[Multirole combat aircraft|Multirole fighter]],<br>[[air superiority fighter]] |national_origin = United States |manufacturer = {{ubl|[[General Dynamics]]<br>(1974–1993)|[[Lockheed Corporation]]<br>(1993–1995)|[[Lockheed Martin]]<br>(1995–2017)}} |builder = {{ubl|[[SABCA]] (1979–1985)|[[Fokker]] (1979–1982)|[[Korea Aerospace Industries|KAI]] (1994–2004)|[[Turkish Aerospace Industries|TUSAŞ]] (1987–2011)}} |first_flight = {{ubl|{{Start date and age|1974|01|20|df=yes|br=y}} (unplanned);|{{Start date and age|1974|02|02|df=yes|br=y}} (official)}} |introduction = {{Start date and age|1978|08|17|df=yes|br=y}} |retired = |status = In service |number_built = 4,604<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.star-telegram.com/news/business/aviation/article186288298.html |title= How the F-16 fighter jet put Fort Worth on the aerospace map |work= Fort Worth Star-Telegram |access-date= 24 November 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171124152750/http://www.star-telegram.com/news/business/aviation/article186288298.html |archive-date= 24 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bahrain">{{Cite press release |url=https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2018-06-25-Lockheed-Martin-Awarded-Contract-to-Build-F-16-Block-70-Aircraft-for-Bahrain |title=Lockheed Martin Awarded Contract to Build F-16 Block 70 Aircraft for Bahrain |publisher=[[Lockheed Martin]] |date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629022206/https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2018-06-25-Lockheed-Martin-Awarded-Contract-to-Build-F-16-Block-70-Aircraft-for-Bahrain |archive-date=29 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> |primary_user = [[United States Air Force]]<!-- List only ONE (1) user; for military aircraft, this is a nation or a service arm. Please DON'T add those tiny flags, as they limit horizontal space. --> |more_users = 25 other [[#Operators|users]]<br>(see ''[[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operators|operators page]]'') |produced = 1973–2017 |variants = [[General Dynamics X-62 VISTA]] |developed_into = {{ubl|[[Vought Model 1600]]|[[General Dynamics F-16XL]]|[[Mitsubishi F-2]]|[[Lockheed Martin F-16V Viper]]}} }} The '''General Dynamics''' (now '''Lockheed Martin''') '''F-16 Fighting Falcon''' is an American single-engine [[supersonic]] [[Multirole combat aircraft|multirole]] [[fourth-generation fighter|fourth-generation]] [[fighter aircraft]] developed by [[General Dynamics]] and produced by multiple companies, including General Dynamics until 1993 and [[Lockheed Martin]] until 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/f-16.html |title=F-16 Fighting Falcon |publisher=[[Lockheed Martin]]}}</ref> Designed as an [[air superiority]] [[day fighter]], it evolved into a successful [[night fighter|all-weather]] multirole aircraft with over 4,600 built since 1976.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 April 2012 |title=Lockheed Martin to deliver 4,500th F-16 fighter |url=https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/national/article24727069.html |work=McClatchy DC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731002852/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/04/02/143842/lockheed-martin-to-deliver-4500th.html |archive-date=31 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Although the original versions are no longer in production, improved versions of the [[Lockheed Martin F-16V Viper]] family are being built and upgraded for export in a new production facility of Lockheed Martin.<ref name="Last F-16 leaves Texas nest">{{cite web |last=Gunner |first=Jerry |title=Last F-16 leaves Texas nest |url=https://www.key.aero/article/last-f-16-leaves-texas-nest |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260224034100/https://www.key.aero/article/last-f-16-leaves-texas-nest |url-status=live |date=2017-12-28 |archive-date=2026-02-24 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Key.Aero}}</ref><ref name="Inside The Lockheed Martin Plant That’s Spearheading Resurgent F-16 Sales">{{cite web |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |title=Inside The Lockheed Martin Plant That's Spearheading Resurgent F-16 Sales |url=https://www.twz.com/sponsored-content/inside-the-lockheed-martin-plant-thats-spearheading-resurgent-f-16-sales |website=The War Zone |date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=February 24, 2026 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251209170830/https://www.twz.com/sponsored-content/inside-the-lockheed-martin-plant-thats-spearheading-resurgent-f-16-sales |archive-date=December 9, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2026}}, it is the world's most common [[fixed-wing aircraft]] in military service, with 2,102 from the F-16 family operational, comprising 15% of all active combat aircraft.<ref name="i536">{{cite web |last=Honeywell |first=Exclusive partner |date=2025-11-13 |title=2026 World Air Forces directory |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/2026-world-air-forces-directory/165267.article |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=Flight Global}}</ref> The aircraft was first developed by [[General Dynamics]] in 1974. In 1993, General Dynamics sold its aircraft manufacturing business to [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/16/AR2007121601522.html |last=Rosenwald |first=Michael S. |title=Downside of Dominance? Popularity of Lockheed Martin's F-16 Makes Its F-35 Stealth Jet a Tough Sell. |date=17 December 2007 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014055458/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/16/AR2007121601522.html |archive-date=14 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> which became part of [[Lockheed Martin]] after a 1995 merger with [[Martin Marietta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Lockheed-Martin-Corporation-Company-History.html |title=Company Histories – Lockheed Martin Corporation|work=Funding universe|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417221322/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Lockheed-Martin-Corporation-Company-History.html|archive-date=17 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The F-16's key features include a frameless [[bubble canopy]] for enhanced cockpit visibility, a [[side-stick]] to ease control while maneuvering, an [[ejection seat]] reclined 30 degrees from vertical to reduce the effect of [[g-force]]s on the pilot, and the first use of a [[relaxed stability|relaxed static stability]]/[[fly-by-wire]] flight control system that helps to make it an agile aircraft. The fighter has a single turbofan engine, an internal [[M61 Vulcan]] cannon and 11 [[hardpoint]]s. Although officially named "Fighting Falcon", the aircraft is commonly known by the nickname '''"Viper"''' among its crews and pilots.{{sfn|Peacock|1997|p=100}} Since its introduction in 1978, the F-16 became a mainstay of the U.S. Air Force's tactical airpower, where it mainly replaced the [[Republic F-105 Thunderchief|F-105 Thunderchief]], [[LTV A-7 Corsair II|A-7 Corsair II]], and [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II|F-4 Phantom II]]. The F-16 primarily performed strike and [[Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses|suppression of enemy air defenses]] (SEAD) missions, and in the latter role, it replaced the [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II#Variants|F-4G]] [[Wild Weasel]] by 1996. In addition to active duty in the U.S. Air Force, [[Air Force Reserve Command]], and [[Air National Guard]] units, the aircraft is also used by the [[U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds]] aerial demonstration team, the US Air Combat Command F-16 Viper Demonstration Team,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.acc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3328261/meet-the-2023-air-combat-command-demonstration-team-pilots/ |title=Meet the 2023 Air Combat Command Demonstration Team Pilots |publisher=[[Air Combat Command]] |date=14 March 2023}}</ref> and as an adversary/aggressor aircraft by the [[United States Navy]]. The F-16 has also been procured by the air forces of 25 other nations. F-16s from various US-led coalitions [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operational history|flew combat missions]] in the [[Gulf War]], [[NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Afghanistan]], [[2011 military intervention in Libya|Libya]], and [[Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve|Iraq and Syria]]. F-16s have also seen extensive combat use by [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operational history#Israel|Israel]], [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operational history#Pakistan|Pakistan]], and [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operational history#Ukraine|Ukraine]]. Since 1982, it has been a [[Dual Capable Aircraft]] platform for US nuclear weapons in Europe. Numerous countries have begun replacing the aircraft with the [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II]] and [[Lockheed Martin F-16V Viper]], although the original versions of F-16 also remains in service with many operators.<ref>{{cite press release |last1=Stout |first1=Joe |last2=Quincy |first2=Laurie |title=United States Government Awards Lockheed Martin Contract to Begin Production of Advanced F-16 Aircraft for Morocco |url=https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2008-06-06-United-States-Government-Awards-Lockheed-Martin-Contract-to-Begin-Production-of-Advanced-F-16-Aircraft-for-Morocco |work=[[Lockheed Martin]] |date=8 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104091800/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/news/press_releases/2008/060608ae_f16morocco.html |archive-date=4 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Development== ===Lightweight Fighter program=== {{main|Lightweight Fighter program}} US [[Vietnam War]] experience showed the need for [[Air supremacy|air superiority]] fighters and better air-to-air training for fighter pilots.{{sfn|Spick|2000|p=190}} Based on his experience in the [[Korean War]] and as a fighter tactics instructor in the early 1960s, Colonel [[John Boyd (military strategist)|John Boyd]] with mathematician [[Thomas P. Christie|Thomas Christie]] developed the [[energy–maneuverability theory]] to model a fighter aircraft's performance in combat. Boyd's work called for a small, lightweight aircraft that could maneuver with the minimum possible energy loss and which also incorporated an increased [[thrust-to-weight ratio]].<ref name="Hillaker-Boyd">{{cite web |last1=Hillaker |first1=Harry |url=https://www.codeonemagazine.com/f16_article.html?item_id=156 |title=John Boyd, USAF Retired, Father of the F-16. |access-date=7 June 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601193605/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/1997/articles/jul_97/july2a_97.html |archive-date=1 June 2009 |publisher=Code One: An Airpower Projection Magazine |date=April 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hehs |first1=Eric |title=F-16 Designer Harry Hillaker |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/article.html?item_id=37 |website=www.codeonemagazine.com |publisher=Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company |access-date=25 April 2023 |language=en-us |date=15 April 1991}}</ref> In the late 1960s, Boyd gathered a group of like-minded innovators who became known as the [[Fighter Mafia]], and in 1969, they secured [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] funding for General Dynamics and Northrop to study design concepts based on the theory.{{sfn|Richardson|1990|pp=7–8}}{{sfn|Coram|2002|pp=245–246}} Air Force F-X proponents were opposed to the concept because they perceived it as a threat to the [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle|F-15]] program, but the USAF's leadership understood that its budget would not allow it to purchase enough F-15 aircraft to satisfy all of its missions.<ref name="bjorkman 2014">{{cite web |last1=Bjorkman |first1=Eileen |title=The Outrageous Adolescence of the F-16 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/outrageous-adolescence-f-16-180949491/ |date=March 2014 |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |work=Air & Space Magazine}}</ref> The Advanced Day Fighter concept, renamed ''F-XX'', gained civilian political support under the reform-minded Deputy Secretary of Defense [[David Packard]], who favored the idea of competitive [[prototype|prototyping]]. As a result, in May 1971, the Air Force Prototype Study Group was established, with Boyd a key member, and two of its six proposals would be funded, one being the [[Lightweight Fighter program|Lightweight Fighter]] (LWF). The [[request for proposal]]s issued on 6 January 1972 called for a {{convert|20000|lb|kg|sigfig =2|adj =mid}} class air-to-air day fighter with a good turn rate, acceleration, and range, and optimized for combat at speeds of {{nowrap|Mach 0.6–1.6}} and altitudes of {{convert|30000|–|40000|ft|sigfig=2}}. This was the region where USAF studies predicted most future air combat would occur. The anticipated average flyaway cost of a production version was {{nowrap|$3 million}}. This production plan was hypothetical as the USAF had no firm plans to procure the winner.{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Richardson|1990|pp=7–9}} ====Selection of finalists and flyoff==== [[File:YF-16 and YF-17 in flight.jpg|thumb|A right-side view of a YF-16 (foreground) and a [[Northrop YF-17]], each armed with AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles|alt=Two jet aircraft flying together over mountain range and cloud]] Five companies responded, and in 1972, the Air Staff selected General Dynamics' Model 401 and Northrop's P-600 for the follow-on prototype development and testing phase. GD and Northrop were awarded contracts worth {{nowrap|$37.9 million}} and {{nowrap|$39.8 million}} to produce the YF-16 and [[Northrop YF-17|YF-17]], respectively, with the first flights of both prototypes planned for early 1974. To overcome resistance in the Air Force hierarchy, the [[Fighter Mafia]] and other LWF proponents{{which|date=December 2021}} successfully advocated the idea of complementary fighters in a high-cost/low-cost force mix.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://warontherocks.com/2017/01/re-thinking-the-high-low-mix-part-i-origins-story/ |title=Re-Thinking the High-Low Mix, Part I: Origins Story |date=25 January 2017}}</ref> The "high/low mix" would allow the USAF to be able to afford sufficient fighters for its overall fighter force structure requirements. The mix gained broad acceptance by the time of the prototypes' flyoff, defining the relationship between the LWF and the F-15.{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=10–11}}{{sfn|Richardson|1990|pp=8–9}} The YF-16 was developed by a team of General Dynamics engineers led by [[Robert H. Widmer]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Douglas |first1=Martin |title=Robert H. Widmer, Designer of Military Aircraft, Dies at 95. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/03/business/03widmer.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228092722/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/03/business/03widmer.html?_r=1&ref=deathsobituaries |archive-date=28 December 2016 |date=2 July 2011}}</ref> The first YF-16 was rolled out on 13 December 1973. Its 90-minute [[maiden flight]] was made at the Air Force Flight Test Center at [[Edwards AFB]], California, on 2 February 1974. Its actual first flight occurred accidentally during a high-speed taxi test on 20 January 1974. While gathering speed, a roll-control oscillation caused a fin of the port-side wingtip-mounted missile and then the starboard [[stabilator]] to scrape the ground, and the aircraft then began to veer off the runway. The test pilot, [[Phil Oestricher]], decided to lift off to avoid a potential crash, safely landing six minutes later. The slight damage was quickly repaired and the official first flight occurred on time.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a30645599/f-16-first-flight/ |last=Mizokami |first=Kyle |title=That Time When the F-16 Accidentally Had Its First Flight |date=23 January 2020 |magazine=[[Popular Mechanics]] |access-date=31 July 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210803011108/https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a30645599/f-16-first-flight/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The YF-16's first supersonic flight was accomplished on 5 February 1974, and the second YF-16 prototype first flew on 9 May 1974. This was followed by the first flights of Northrop's YF-17 prototypes on 9 June and 21 August 1974, respectively. During the flyoff, the YF-16s completed 330 [[sorties]] for a total of 417 flight hours;{{sfn|Richardson|1990|pp=12–13}} the YF-17s flew 288 sorties, covering 345 hours.{{sfn|Jenkins|2000|p=14}} ===Air Combat Fighter competition=== Increased interest turned the LWF into a serious acquisition program. [[NATO]] allies Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Norway were seeking to replace their [[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter|F-104G Starfighter]] [[fighter-bomber]]s.<ref>Osborne, Phil, Executive Producer. "F-16 Fighting Falcon" (video #9-315842-037444). ''Magna Pacific'', 2009. Quote: At 17:29, "Another development, which both manufacturers were aware of, was the aging F-104 Starfighters, which equip several European NATO air forces, would soon need to be replaced."</ref> In early 1974, they reached an agreement with the U.S. that if the USAF ordered the LWF winner, they would consider ordering it as well. The USAF also needed to replace its [[Republic F-105 Thunderchief|F-105 Thunderchief]] and [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II|F-4 Phantom II]] fighter-bombers. The U.S. Congress sought greater commonality in fighter procurements by the Air Force and Navy, and in August 1974 redirected Navy funds to a new Navy Air Combat Fighter program that would be a naval fighter-bomber variant of the LWF. The four NATO allies had formed the Multinational Fighter Program Group (MFPG) and pressed for a U.S. decision by December 1974; thus, the USAF accelerated testing.{{sfn|Jenkins|2000|pp=14–15, 19–20}}<ref name=Richardson_p14/><ref name=Peacock_p12-3/> [[File:YF-16 VASC.JPG|thumb|YF-16 on display at the [[Virginia Air and Space Center]]]] To reflect this serious intent to procure a new fighter-bomber, the LWF program was rolled into a new Air Combat Fighter (ACF) competition in an announcement by [[United States Secretary of Defense|U.S. Secretary of Defense]] [[James R. Schlesinger]] in April 1974. The ACF would not be a pure fighter, but [[Multirole combat aircraft|multirole]], and Schlesinger made it clear that any ACF order would be in addition to the F-15, which extinguished opposition to the LWF.<ref name=Richardson_p14>Richardson 1990, p. 14.</ref><ref name=Peacock_p12-3>Peacock 1997, pp. 12–13.</ref><ref name="f-16.net">{{cite web |title=YF-16 The Birth of a Fighter|url=http://www.f-16.net/f-16_versions_article25.html|website=f-16.net|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709010820/http://www.f-16.net/f-16_versions_article25.html|archive-date=9 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ACF also raised the stakes for GD and Northrop because it brought in competitors intent on securing what was touted at the time as "the arms deal of the century".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dörfer |first1=Ingemar |title=Arms Deal: The Selling of the F-16 |date=June 1983 |publisher=Praeger |access-date=23 April 2011 |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/37508/andrew-j-pierre/arms-deal-the-selling-of-the-f-16 |isbn=9780030623691}}</ref> These were [[Dassault Aviation|Dassault-Breguet's]] proposed [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M-53]], the Anglo-French [[SEPECAT Jaguar]], and the proposed [[Saab 37 Viggen|Saab 37E "Eurofighter"]]. Northrop offered the P-530 Cobra, which was similar to the YF-17. The Jaguar and Cobra were dropped by the MFPG early on, leaving two European and two U.S. candidates. On 11 September 1974, the U.S. Air Force confirmed plans to order the winning ACF design to equip five tactical fighter wings. Though computer modeling predicted a close contest, the YF-16 proved significantly quicker going from one maneuver to the next and was the unanimous choice of those pilots that flew both aircraft.{{sfn|Coram|2002|p=305}} On 13 January 1975, [[Secretary of the Air Force]] [[John L. McLucas]] announced the YF-16 as the winner of the ACF competition.{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=13–16}} The chief reasons given by the secretary were the YF-16's lower operating costs, greater range, and maneuver performance that was "significantly better" than that of the YF-17, especially at supersonic speeds. Another advantage of the YF-16 – unlike the YF-17 – was its use of the [[Pratt & Whitney F100]] turbofan engine, the same [[aircraft engine|powerplant]] used by the F-15; such commonality would lower the cost of engines for both programs.{{sfn|Richardson|1990|p=13}} Secretary McLucas announced that the USAF planned to order at least 650, possibly up to 1,400 production F-16s. In the Navy Air Combat Fighter competition, on 2 May 1975, the Navy selected the YF-17 over the YF-16 (in the form of the [[Vought Model 1600]] proposal) as the basis for what would become the [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet]].{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=14, 17–19, 33–34}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Donald |first1=David |title=Warplanes of the Fleet |location=[[London]] |publisher=AIRtime |date=2005 |isbn=9781880588819 |chapter=Boeing F/A-18 Hornet}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:F-16C Fighting Falcon.JPEG|thumb|left|upright|An F-16C of the [[Colorado Air National Guard]] with [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] missiles, an [[Air Combat Maneuvering Instrumentation]] pod, and a centerline fuel tank ({{convert|300|USgal|L|abbr=on|disp=or}} capacity)|alt=Upright aerial photo of gray jet aircraft flying above clouds]] The U.S. Air Force initially ordered 15 full-scale development (FSD) aircraft (11 single-seat and four two-seat models) for its flight test program which was reduced to eight (six F-16A single-seaters and two F-16B two-seaters).<ref name=Darling_p17>{{harvnb|Darling|2003|p=17}}</ref> The YF-16 design was altered for the production F-16. The fuselage was lengthened by {{convert|10.6|in|m|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}, a larger nose radome was fitted for the [[AN/APG-66]] radar, wing area was increased from {{convert|280|to|300|sqft|m2|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}, the tailfin height was decreased, the ventral fins were enlarged, two more stores stations were added, and a single door replaced the original nosewheel double doors. The F-16's weight was increased by 25% over the YF-16 by these modifications.{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=31–32}}{{sfn|Spick|2000|p=196}} The FSD F-16s were manufactured by General Dynamics in [[Fort Worth, Texas]], at [[United States Air Force Plant 4]] in late 1975; the first F-16A rolled out on 20 October 1976 and first flew on 8 December. The initial two-seat model achieved its first flight on 8 August 1977. The initial production-standard F-16A flew for the first time on 7 August 1978 and its delivery was accepted by the USAF on 6 January 1979. The aircraft entered USAF operational service with the [[34th Tactical Fighter Squadron]], [[388th Tactical Fighter Wing]], at [[Hill AFB]] in Utah, on 1 October 1980.{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=17–19, 33–34}} The F-16 was given its name of "Fighting Falcon" on 21 July 1980. Its pilots and crews often use the name "Viper" instead, because of a perceived resemblance to a [[Viperidae|viper]] snake as well as to the fictional Colonial Viper [[Starfighter (science fiction)|starfighter]] from the television program ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which aired at the time the F-16 entered service.<ref name="EyeoftheViper xxii">{{harvnb|Aleshire|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7c1kYLn6-O0C&pg=PR22 xxii]}}</ref>{{sfn|Peacock|1997|p=100}} On 7 June 1975, the four European partners, now known as the [[List of F-16 Fighting Falcon operators#Original NATO partners|European Participation Group]], signed up for 348 aircraft at the [[Paris Air Show]]. This was split among the European Participation Air Forces (EPAF) as 116 for Belgium, 58 for Denmark, 102 for the Netherlands, and 72 for Norway. Two European production lines, one in the Netherlands at [[Fokker]]'s Schiphol-Oost facility and the other at [[Société Anonyme Belge de Constructions Aéronautiques|SABCA's]] [[Brussels South Charleroi Airport|Gosselies]] plant in Belgium, would produce 184 and 164 units respectively. Norway's [[Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace|Kongsberg Vaapenfabrikk]] and Denmark's [[Terma A/S]] also manufactured parts and subassemblies for EPAF aircraft. European co-production was officially launched on 1 July 1977 at the Fokker factory. Beginning in November 1977, Fokker-produced components were sent to Fort Worth for fuselage assembly, then shipped back to Europe for final assembly of EPAF aircraft at the Belgian plant on 15 February 1978; deliveries to the [[Belgian Air Force]] began in January 1979. The first [[Royal Netherlands Air Force]] aircraft was delivered in June 1979. In 1980, the first aircraft were delivered to the [[Royal Norwegian Air Force]] by Fokker and to the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] by SABCA.{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=14–16, 21}}{{sfn|Richardson|1990|pp=13–15}} During the late 1980s and 1990s, [[Turkish Aerospace Industries]] (TAI) produced 232 [[Block Number (aircraft)|Block]] 30/40/50 F-16s on a production line in Ankara [[Licensed production|under license]] for the [[Turkish Air Force]]. TAI also produced 46 Block 40s for Egypt in the mid-1990s and 30 Block 50s from 2010 onwards. [[Korean Aerospace Industries]] opened a production line for the KF-16 program, producing 140 Block 52s from the mid-1990s to mid-2000s (decade). If India had selected the F-16IN for its [[Indian MRCA Competition|Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft]] procurement, a sixth F-16 production line would have been built in India.<ref name="JAWA">{{cite book |editor-last1=Jackson |editor-first1=Paul |editor-last2=Munson |editor-first2=Kenneth |editor-last3=Peacock |editor-first3=Lindsay |title=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]] |chapter=Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon |url= |date=1 January 2008 |publisher=Jane's |isbn=9780710628374}}</ref> In May 2013, Lockheed Martin stated there were currently enough orders to keep producing the F-16 until 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fuquay |first1=Jim |title=Iraq to buy 18 more Lockheed F-16 fighters |url=http://www.star-telegram.com/2013/05/01/4818637/iraq-to-buy-18-more-lockheed-f.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213001614/http://www.star-telegram.com/2013/05/01/4818637/iraq-to-buy-18-more-lockheed-f.html |archive-date=13 December 2013 |date=1 May 2013 |publisher=[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]]}}</ref> ===Improvements and upgrades=== One change made during production was augmented pitch control to avoid [[deep stall]] conditions at high angles of attack. The stall issue had been raised during development but had originally been discounted. Model tests of the YF-16 conducted by the [[Langley Research Center]] revealed a potential problem, but no other laboratory was able to duplicate it. YF-16 flight tests were not sufficient to expose the issue; later flight testing on the FSD aircraft demonstrated a real concern. In response, the area of each horizontal stabilizer was increased by 25% on the Block 15 aircraft in 1981 and later retrofitted to earlier aircraft. In addition, a manual override switch to disable the horizontal stabilizer flight limiter was prominently placed on the control console, allowing the pilot to regain control of the horizontal stabilizers (which the flight limiters otherwise lock in place) and recover. Besides reducing the risk of deep stalls, the larger horizontal tail also improved stability and permitted faster takeoff rotation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chambers |first1=Joseph R. |title=Partners in Freedom: Contributions of the Langley Research Center to U.S. Military Aircraft of the 1990s |chapter=Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon: Curing Deep Stall |location=Washington, DC |date=1 October 2000 |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20000115606 |id=20000115606 |access-date=22 June 2008}}</ref><ref name="Darling_p56">{{harvnb|Darling|2003|p=56}}</ref> In the 1980s, the Multinational Staged Improvement Program (MSIP) was conducted to evolve the F-16's capabilities, mitigate risks during technology development, and ensure the aircraft's worth. The program upgraded the F-16 in three stages. The MSIP process permitted the quick introduction of new capabilities, at lower costs and with reduced risks compared to traditional independent upgrade programs.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Camm |first1=Frank |title=The F-16 Multinational Staged Improvement Program: A Case Study of Risk Assessment and Risk Management |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA281706 |id=ADA281706 |date=1993 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] |access-date=2 June 2008}}</ref> In 2012, the USAF had allocated $2.8&nbsp;billion (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=2800000000|start_year=2012}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) to upgrade 350 F-16s while waiting for the [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]] to enter service.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wolf |first1=Jim |title=U.S. plans $2.8 billion upgrade of F-16 fighter |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-exclusive-usa-fighters-lockheedmartin-idUSTRE81200H20120203 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002034719/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/03/us-exclusive-usa-fighters-lockheedmartin-idUSTRE81200H20120203 |archive-date=2 October 2015 |publisher=Reuters |date=2 February 2012}}</ref> One key upgrade has been an auto-GCAS ([[Airborne collision avoidance system|ground collision avoidance system]]) to reduce instances of [[controlled flight into terrain]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/savings-in-aircraft-losses-swing-the-argument-in-favour-of-auto-gcas-390499/ |title=Savings in aircraft losses swing the argument in favour of auto-GCAS |website=FlightGlobal |date=13 September 2013 |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917113257/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/savings-in-aircraft-losses-swing-the-argument-in-favour-of-auto-gcas-390499/ |archive-date=17 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Onboard power and cooling capacities limit the scope of upgrades, which often involve the addition of more power-hungry avionics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dod-clears-aesa-export-policy-as-f-16-sales-await-322016/ |title=DoD clears AESA export policy as F-16 sales await |publisher=Reed Business Information Limited |date=4 February 2009 |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324015154/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dod-clears-aesa-export-policy-as-f-16-sales-await-322016/ |archive-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lockheed won many contracts to upgrade foreign operators' F-16s. BAE Systems also offers various F-16 upgrades, receiving orders from South Korea, Oman, Turkey, and the US Air National Guard;<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/AW_08_06_2012_p38-482308.xml |title=BAE Wins Korean F-16 Upgrade Contract.|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203093654/http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=%2Farticle-xml%2FAW_08_06_2012_p38-482308.xml|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.baesystems.com/article/BAES_156496/continuing-to-provide-critical-f-16-support-equipment-to-oman?_afrLoop=451838504148000&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=wstagqwl5_1 |title=Continuing to Provide Critical F-16 Support Equipment to Oman. |access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013204748/http://www.baesystems.com/article/BAES_156496/continuing-to-provide-critical-f-16-support-equipment-to-oman?_afrLoop=451838504148000&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=wstagqwl5_1|archive-date=13 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2013/08/12/bae-systems-growing-steadily-in-defense-services-by-beating-incumbents |title=BAE Systems Growing Steadily in Defense Services By Beating Incumbents.|date=12 August 2013 |work=Forbes |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022035924/http://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2013/08/12/bae-systems-growing-steadily-in-defense-services-by-beating-incumbents/ |archive-date=22 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> BAE lost the South Korean contract because of a price breach in November 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/south-korea-kills-bae-systems-f-16-upgrade-programme-405695/ |title=South Korea kills BAE Systems F-16 upgrade programme |last1=Waldron |first1=Greg |date=6 November 2014 |work=[[FlightGlobal]] |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106134751/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/south-korea-kills-bae-systems-f-16-upgrade-programme-405695/ |archive-date=6 November 2014 |url-status=live |ref=CITEREFWaldron2014b}}</ref> In 2012, the USAF assigned the total upgrade contract to Lockheed Martin.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumdar |first1=Dave |title=US Air Force changes acquisitions strategy for F-16 radar modernization |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/us-air-force-changes-acquisitions-strategy-for-f-16-radar-modernization/107410.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015042333/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-air-force-changes-acquisitions-strategy-for-f-16-radar-modernization-377627/ |archive-date=15 October 2012 |date=12 October 2012 |work=[[FlightGlobal]]}}</ref> Upgrades include Raytheon's Center Display Unit, which replaces several analog flight instruments with a single digital display.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://defense-update.com/20130314_new-mega-display-cleared-for-f-16s-primary-flight-reference.html |title=New Mega Display Cleared for F-16s' Primary Flight Reference|website=defense-update.com|date=14 March 2013|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819141422/http://defense-update.com/20130314_new-mega-display-cleared-for-f-16s-primary-flight-reference.html|archive-date=19 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, [[budget sequestration in 2013|sequestration budget cuts]] cast doubt on the USAF's ability to complete the Combat Avionics Programmed Extension Suite (CAPES), a part of secondary programs such as Taiwan's F-16 upgrade.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130919/DEFREG02/309190013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130920190805/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130919/DEFREG02/309190013 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2013 |title=US Budget Woes Could Affect Taiwan F-16 Upgrades |last1=Minnick |first1=Wendell |date=19 September 2013 |website=defensenews.com |publisher=Gannett Government Media Corporation |access-date=19 September 2013}}</ref> [[Air Combat Command]]'s General [[Gilmary M. Hostage III|Mike Hostage]] stated that if he only had money for a service life extension program (SLEP) or CAPES, he would fund SLEP to keep the aircraft flying.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140202/DEFREG02/302020016/Unfunded-F-16-Upgrades-Put-Jet-s-Combat-Value-Doubt |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140202193215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140202/DEFREG02/302020016/Unfunded-F-16-Upgrades-Put-Jet-s-Combat-Value-Doubt |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2014 |title=Unfunded F-16 Upgrades Put Jet's Combat Value in Doubt |last1=Minnick |first1=Wendell |last2=Mehta |first2=Aaron |date=2 February 2014 |work= Defense News |publisher=Gannett Government Media |access-date=2 February 2014 |ref=CITEREFMinnickMehta2014a}}</ref> Lockheed Martin responded to talk of CAPES cancellation with a fixed-price upgrade package for foreign users.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-lockheed-offers-fixed-price-f-16-upgrade-395824/ |title=SINGAPORE: Lockheed offers fixed-price F-16 upgrade |last1=Waldron |first1=Greg |date=11 February 2014 |work=FlightGlobal |access-date=11 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222045021/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-lockheed-offers-fixed-price-f-16-upgrade-395824/ |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=live |ref=CITEREFWaldron2014a}}</ref> CAPES was not included in the Pentagon's 2015 budget request.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140308/DEFREG03/303080020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140308222159/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140308/DEFREG03/303080020 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 March 2014 |title=Taiwan Faces Tough Choices After US Cancels F-16 Upgrade |last1=Minnick |first1=Wendell |last2=Mehta |first2=Aaron |date=8 March 2014 |website=defensenews.com |publisher=Gannett Government Media |access-date=8 March 2014 |ref=CITEREFMinnickMehta2014b}}</ref> The USAF said that the upgrade package will still be offered to Taiwan's [[Republic of China Air Force]], and Lockheed said that some common elements with the F-35 will keep the radar's unit costs down.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140319/DEFREG/303190036/USAF-Taiwan-Will-Still-Receive-F-16-Radar-Upgrades |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140320213454/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140319/DEFREG/303190036/USAF-Taiwan-Will-Still-Receive-F-16-Radar-Upgrades |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 March 2014 |title=USAF: Taiwan Will Still Receive F-16 Radar Upgrades |last1=MEHTA |first1=AARON |date=19 March 2014 |website=defensenews.com |publisher=Gannett Government Media |access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref> In 2014, the USAF issued a RFI to SLEP 300 F-16 C/Ds.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-air-force-moves-ahead-with-f-16-service-life-extension-404528/ |title=US Air Force moves ahead with F-16 service life extension |last1=Parsons |first1=Dan |date=9 October 2014 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=9 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011122955/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-air-force-moves-ahead-with-f-16-service-life-extension-404528/ |archive-date=11 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Production relocation=== To make more room for assembly of its newer [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35 Lightning II]] fighter aircraft, Lockheed Martin moved the F-16 production from Fort Worth, Texas to its plant in [[Greenville, South Carolina]].<ref name="Def1_F-16_line_to_SC">{{cite news |last1=Weisgerber |first1=Marcus |title=Lockheed to Move F-16 Production to South Carolina |url= https://www.defenseone.com/business/2017/03/lockheed-move-f-16-production-line-south-carolina/136365/ |access-date= 28 June 2018 |work= Defense One |date= 22 March 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170322111521/https://www.defenseone.com/business/2017/03/lockheed-move-f-16-production-line-south-carolina/136365/ |archive-date= 22 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lockheed delivered the last F-16 from Fort Worth to the [[Iraqi Air Force]] on 14 November 2017, ending 40 years of F-16 production there. The company started serial production of the [[Lockheed Martin F-16V Viper]] in 2019, though engineering and modernization work will remain in Fort Worth.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Baker |first1=Max |title= How the F-16 fighter jet put Fort Worth on the aerospace map |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/news/business/aviation/article186288298.html |access-date=28 June 2018 |work=[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]] |date=24 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629022341/https://www.star-telegram.com/news/business/aviation/article186288298.html |archive-date= 29 June 2018 |url-status=live |ref=CITEREFBaker2017b}}</ref> A gap in orders made it possible to stop production during the move; after completing orders for the last Iraqi purchase,<ref name="Star Telegram F-16 to SC Announced">{{cite news |last1= Baker |first1= Max |title= Lockheed Martin to shift F-16 production line to South Carolina |url= https://www.star-telegram.com/news/business/article140090128.html |access-date= 28 June 2018 |work= [[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]] |date= 22 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180629050031/https://www.star-telegram.com/news/business/article140090128.html |archive-date= 29 June 2018 |url-status=live |ref=CITEREFBaker2017a}}</ref> the company was negotiating an F-16 sale to [[Bahrain]] that would be produced in Greenville. This contract was signed in June 2018,<ref name="bahrain" /> and the first planes rolled off the Greenville line in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aviationweek.com/shownews/paris-air-show/lockheed-martin-rolls-out-second-f-16-bahrain |title=Lockheed Martin Rolls Out Second F-16 for Bahrain |last=Everstine |first=Brian |date=2023-06-21 |publisher=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]] |access-date=2023-06-28}}</ref> ==Design== ===Overview=== {{multiple image |align = right |direction = vertical |total_width = 220 |image1 = F16cannon.JPG |width1 = 1600 |height1 = 1200 |alt1 = |caption1 = Early |image2 = F16cannon-late.jpg |width2 = 628 |height2 = 468 |alt2 = |caption2 = Late |footer = Comparison between F-16's inset cannon; early aircraft had four leading vents, a grille, and four trailing vents, while later aircraft had only two trailing vents }} The F-16 is a single-engine, highly maneuverable, supersonic, multirole tactical fighter aircraft. It is much smaller and lighter than its predecessors but uses advanced [[aerodynamics]] and avionics, including the first use of a [[relaxed stability|relaxed static stability]]/[[Aircraft flight control system#Fly-by-wire control systems|fly-by-wire]] (RSS/FBW) flight control system, to achieve enhanced maneuver performance. Highly agile, the F-16 was the first fighter aircraft purpose-built to pull 9-''g'' maneuvers and can reach a maximum speed of over [[Mach number|Mach]] 2. Innovations include a frameless [[bubble canopy]] for better visibility, a side-mounted control stick, and a reclined seat to reduce [[g-force]] effects on the pilot. It is armed with an internal 20&nbsp;mm M61 Vulcan [[Cannon#Autocannon|cannon]] in the left wing root and has multiple locations for mounting various missiles, bombs and pods. It has a thrust-to-weight ratio greater than one, providing power to climb and vertical acceleration.<ref name=AF_fact_sh>{{cite web |url=https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104505/f-16-fighting-falcon/ |title=F-16 Fact Sheet |work=Air Force |publisher=U.S. Air Force |date=23 September 2015 |access-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129162437/http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/224/Article/104505/f-16-fighting-falcon.aspx |archive-date=29 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The F-16 was designed to be relatively inexpensive to build and simpler to maintain than earlier-generation fighters. The airframe is built with about 80% aviation-grade [[aluminum alloy]]s, 8% steel, 3% composites, and 1.5% [[titanium]]. The leading-edge flaps, stabilators, and ventral fins make use of bonded aluminum [[honeycomb structure]]s and [[Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer|graphite epoxy]] [[lamination]] [[Skin (aeronautics)|coatings]]. The number of lubrication points, fuel line connections, and [[line-replaceable unit|replaceable modules]] is significantly less than in preceding fighters; 80% of the access panels can be accessed without stands.<ref name="JAWA"/> The air intake was placed so it was rearward of the nose but forward enough to minimize air flow losses and reduce [[aerodynamic drag]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hillaker |first1=Harry |title=Technology and the F-16 Fighting Falcon Jet Fighter |date=1 March 2004 |url=https://www.nae.edu/Publications/TheBridge/Archives/V34-1CentennialofAviation/TechnologyandtheF-16FightingFalconJetFighter.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528045925/http://www.nae.edu/Publications/TheBridge/Archives/V34-1CentennialofAviation/TechnologyandtheF-16FightingFalconJetFighter.aspx |archive-date=28 May 2010 |website=nae.edu |publisher=[[National Academy of Engineering]] |access-date=25 October 2009}}</ref> Although the LWF program called for a structural life of 4,000 flight hours, capable of achieving {{nowrap|7.33-''g''}} with 80% internal fuel; GD's engineers decided to design the F-16's airframe life for 8,000 hours and for {{nowrap|9-''g''}} maneuvers on full internal fuel. This proved advantageous when the aircraft's mission changed from solely air-to-air combat to multirole operations. Changes in operational use and additional systems have increased weight, necessitating multiple structural strengthening programs.<ref name="Richardson 1990, p. 10">{{harvnb|Richardson|1990|p=10}}</ref> ===General configuration=== [[File:F-16 CJ Fighting Falcon.jpg|thumb|left|F-16CJ of the [[20th Fighter Wing]] from [[Shaw AFB]], [[South Carolina]], armed with a mix of [[air-to-air missile]]s, [[anti-radiation missile]]s, external fuel tanks and support equipment|alt=Jet heavily armed with weapons under wings taking off.]] The F-16 has a cropped-[[delta wing]] incorporating [[blended wing body|wing-fuselage blending]] and forebody [[vortex]]-control [[Strake (aviation)|strakes]]; a fixed-geometry, underslung air intake (with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plate]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=I.H. |last2=Ng |first2=E.Y.K. |last3=Wong|first3=K. |title=Flight Maneuverability Characteristics of the F-16 CFD and Correlation with its Intake Total Pressure Recovery and Distortion |journal=Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics |date=19 November 2014 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=223–234 |doi=10.1080/19942060.2011.11015366 |s2cid=124964283| issn = 1994-2060}}</ref>) to the single turbofan jet engine; a conventional tri-plane [[empennage]] arrangement with all-moving horizontal "stabilator" tailplanes; a pair of ventral fins beneath the fuselage aft of the wing's trailing edge; and a tricycle [[landing gear]] configuration with the aft-retracting, steerable nose gear deploying a short distance behind the inlet lip. The fixed-geometry pitot-type intake is lighter and simpler than variable-geometry designs, at the expense of pressure recovery performance at higher Mach numbers; the designers considered this a worthwhile tradeoff for an aircraft maneuvering primarily at subsonic and transonic speeds.<ref name="aero_integration">{{cite book |first1=Jeffrey W. |last1=Hamstra |first2=Brent N. |last2=McCallum |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470686652.eae490 |title=Tactical Aircraft Aerodynamic Integration |doi=10.1002/9780470686652.eae490 |isbn=9780470754405 |date=15 September 2010 |access-date=19 October 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019070031/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470686652.eae490 |url-status=live}}</ref> There is a boom-style [[aerial refueling]] receptacle located behind the single-piece "bubble" canopy of the cockpit. Split-flap [[Air brake (aircraft)|speedbrakes]] are located at the aft end of the wing-body fairing, and a [[tailhook]] is mounted underneath the fuselage. A fairing beneath the rudder often houses [[Electronic countermeasure|ECM equipment]] or a [[drag chute]]. Later F-16 models feature a long dorsal fairing along the fuselage's "spine", housing additional equipment or fuel.<ref name="JAWA"/>{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=99–102}} Aerodynamic studies in the 1960s demonstrated that the "[[vortex lift]]" phenomenon could be harnessed by highly [[swept wing]] configurations to reach higher [[angle of attack|angles of attack]], using [[leading edge]] vortex flow off a slender lifting surface. As the F-16 was being optimized for high combat agility, GD's designers chose a slender cropped-delta wing with a leading-edge sweep of 40° and a straight trailing edge. To improve maneuverability, a [[Camber (aerodynamics)|variable-camber]] wing with a NACA 64A-204 [[airfoil]] was selected; the camber is adjusted by leading-edge and trailing edge [[flaperon]]s linked to a digital [[flight control system]] regulating the [[flight envelope]].<ref name="JAWA"/><ref name="Richardson 1990, p. 10"/> The F-16 has a moderate wing loading, reduced by fuselage lift.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Dryden |first1=Joe Bill |title=F-16 Aerodynamics |date=April 1986 |access-date=7 August 2011 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/1986/articles/apr_86/f16_aero/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828124207/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/1986/articles/apr_86/f16_aero/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2008 |publisher=Code One Magazine |website=www.codeonemagazine.com |ref=CITEREFDryden1986a}}</ref> The vortex lift effect is increased by leading-edge extensions, known as strakes. Strakes act as additional short-span, triangular wings running from the [[wing root]] (the junction with the fuselage) to a point further forward on the fuselage. Blended into the fuselage and along the wing root, the strake generates a high-speed vortex that remains attached to the top of the wing as the angle of attack increases, generating additional lift and allowing greater angles of attack without stalling. Strakes allow a smaller, lower-[[Aspect ratio (wing)|aspect-ratio]] wing, which increases roll rates and [[directional stability]] while decreasing weight. Deeper wing roots also increase structural strength and internal fuel volume.<ref name="Richardson 1990, p. 10"/>{{sfn|Droste|Walker|1980|pp=3–8}} ===Armament=== [[File:F16A FAP linksup KC-10.jpg|left|thumb|A [[Portuguese Air Force]] F-16A outfitted with AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles, AN/ALQ-131 ECM pod, and external fuel tanks|alt=Aircraft carrying missiles on tips of wings during flight over ocean. Under each wing is a cylindrical external fuel tank with pointed nose]] Early F-16s could be armed with up to six [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] heat-seeking short-range [[air-to-air missile]]s (AAM) by employing rail launchers on each wingtip, as well as radar-guided [[AIM-7 Sparrow]] medium-range AAMs in a weapons mix.<ref name="Spick226232">Spick 2000, pp. 226–228, 232.</ref> More recent versions support the [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]], and US aircraft often mount that missile on their wingtips to reduce [[wing flutter]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rogoway |first=Tyler |title=The Definitive Answer on Why F-16s Carry AIM-120 AMRAAMs on Their Wingtip Rails |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/40382/the-definitive-answer-on-why-f-16s-carry-aim-120-amraams-on-their-wingtip-rails |website=The War Zone |date=6 May 2021 |publisher=The Drive |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510142356/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/40382/the-definitive-answer-on-why-f-16s-carry-aim-120-amraams-on-their-wingtip-rails |url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft can carry various other AAMs, a wide variety of air-to-ground missiles, rockets or bombs; [[electronic countermeasure]]s (ECM), navigation, [[Targeting pod|targeting]] or [[Gun pod|weapons pod]]s; and fuel tanks on 9 [[hardpoint]]s – six under the wings, two on wingtips, and one under the fuselage. Two other locations under the fuselage are available for sensor or radar pods.<ref name="Spick226232"/> The F-16 carries a [[20 mm caliber|{{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}}]] [[M61 Vulcan|M61A1 Vulcan cannon]], which is mounted inside the fuselage to the left of the cockpit.<ref name="Spick226232"/> ===Relaxed stability and fly-by-wire=== [[File:F16 SCANG InFlight.jpg|thumb|F-16C of the [[South Carolina Air National Guard]] in-flight over North Carolina equipped with air-to-air missiles, bomb rack, targeting pods, and electronic countermeasures pods]] The F-16 is the first production fighter aircraft intentionally designed to be slightly aerodynamically unstable, also known as relaxed static stability (RSS), to both reduce drag and improve maneuverability.<ref name=Frawley_Military>{{harvnb|Frawley|2002|p=114}}</ref> Most aircraft are designed to have positive static stability, which induces the aircraft to return to straight and level flight [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] if the pilot releases the controls. This reduces maneuverability as the inherent stability has to be overcome and increases a form of drag known as [[trim drag]]. Aircraft with ''relaxed'' stability are designed to be able to augment their stability characteristics while maneuvering to increase lift and reduce drag, thus greatly increasing their maneuverability. At {{nowrap|Mach 1}}, the F-16 gains positive stability because of aerodynamic changes.{{sfn|Hoh|Mitchell|1983|pp=11ff}}{{sfn|Aronstein|Piccirillo|1996|p=21}}{{sfn|Droste|Walker|1980|pp=8–13}} To counter the tendency to depart from controlled flight and avoid the need for constant trim inputs by the pilot, the F-16 has a quadruplex (four-channel) [[fly-by-wire]] (FBW) [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]] (FLCS). The flight control computer (FLCC) accepts pilot input from the stick and rudder controls and manipulates the control surfaces in such a way as to produce the desired result without inducing control loss. The FLCC conducts thousands of measurements per second on the aircraft's flight attitude to automatically counter deviations from the pilot-set flight path. The FLCC further incorporates limiters governing movement in the [[aircraft flight dynamics|three main axes]] based on attitude, airspeed, and angle of attack (AOA)/''g''; these prevent control surfaces from inducing instability such as [[slip (aerodynamic)|slips]] or [[skid (aerodynamic)|skids]], or a high AOA inducing a stall. The limiters also prevent maneuvers that would exert more than a {{nowrap|9-''g''}} load.{{sfn|Hoh|Mitchell|1983|p=5}}{{sfn|Droste|Walker|1980|loc=4: Unique Flight Control System Functional Features}} Flight testing revealed that "assaulting" multiple limiters at high AOA and low speed can result in an AOA far exceeding the 25° limit, colloquially referred to as "departing"; this causes a deep stall; a near-freefall at 50° to 60° AOA, either upright or inverted. While at a very high AOA, the aircraft's attitude is stable but control surfaces are ineffective. The pitch limiter locks the stabilators at an extreme pitch-up or pitch-down attempting to [[Departure resistance|recover]]. This can be overridden so the pilot can "rock" the nose via pitch control to recover.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dryden |first1=Joe Bill |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/1986/articles/july_86/deep_stalls/index.html |title=Recovering From Deep Stalls And Departures. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627050146/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/1986/articles/july_86/deep_stalls/index.html |archive-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=Code One Magazine |date=July 1986 |access-date=17 April 2010 |ref=CITEREFDryden1986b}}</ref> Unlike the YF-17, which had [[Aircraft flight control system#Hydro-mechanical|hydromechanical]] controls serving as a backup to the FBW, General Dynamics took the innovative step of eliminating mechanical linkages from the control stick and rudder pedals to the [[flight control surface]]s.{{sfn|Droste|Walker|1980|pp=14–19}} The F-16 is entirely reliant on its electrical systems to relay flight commands, instead of traditional mechanically linked controls, leading to the early moniker of "the electric jet" and aphorisms among pilots such as "You don't fly an F-16; it flies you."<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Greenwood |first1=Cynthia |title=Air Force Looks at the Benefits of Using CPCs on F-16 Black Boxes |date=Spring 2007 |magazine=CorrDefense |access-date=16 June 2008 |url=http://www.corrdefense.org/CorrDefense%20Magazine/Spring%202007/feature.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011192605/http://www.corrdefense.org/CorrDefense%20Magazine/Spring%202007/feature.htm |archive-date=11 October 2008}}</ref> The quadruplex design permits "[[Fault tolerance|graceful degradation]]" in flight control response in that the loss of one channel renders the FLCS a "triplex" system.{{sfn|Richardson|1990|p=12}}{{sfn|Droste|Walker|1980|pp=53–62}} The FLCC began as an analog system on the A/B variants but has been supplanted by a digital computer system beginning with the F-16C/D Block 40.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nielson |first1=Mats |title=Total Immersion Fuel Tank Airborne Cable Assemblies: Glenair's Manufacturing Model and Qualification Process |date=2007 |publisher=Glenair |url=http://www.glenair.com/html/tiftac.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502214022/http://www.glenair.com/html/tiftac.htm |archive-date=2 May 2007 |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Day |first1=Dwayne A. |title=Computers in Aviation |date=2003 |url=https://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Evolution_of_Technology/Computers/Tech37.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607155928/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Evolution_of_Technology/Computers/Tech37.htm |archive-date=7 June 2007 |publisher=US [[Centennial of Flight Commission]] |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref> The F-16's controls suffered from a sensitivity to static electricity or [[electrostatic discharge]] (ESD) and [[lightning]].{{sfn|Droste|Walker|1980|loc=3.4: Lightning Protection}} Up to 70–80% of the C/D models' electronics were vulnerable to ESD.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Thompson |first1= William H. |title=Electrical Overstress-Electrostatic Discharge Symposium Proceedings, 1984: EOS-6 |chapter=F-16 Study |page=23 |publisher=EOS/ESD Association, Inc. |access-date=14 November 2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tq4CTp-PbYcC&pg=PA23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313163300/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tq4CTp-PbYcC&pg=PA23 |archive-date=13 March 2023}}</ref> ===Cockpit and ergonomics=== [[File:A U.S. Air Force Airman from the 169th Fighter Wing conducts post flight tasks in an F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft during a phase II operational readiness evaluation at McEntire Joint National Guard Base, S.C. 080412-F-WT236-013.jpg|thumb|Bubble canopy, allowing all-round visibility]] A key feature of the F-16's cockpit is the exceptional field of view. The single-piece, [[Bird strike|bird-proof]] [[polycarbonate]] bubble canopy provides 360° all-round visibility, with a 40° look-down angle over the side of the aircraft, and 15° down over the nose (compared to the common 12–13° of preceding aircraft); the pilot's seat is elevated for this purpose. Additionally, the F-16's canopy omits the forward bow frame found on many fighters, which is an obstruction to a pilot's forward vision.<ref name="JAWA"/>{{sfn|Peacock|1997|p=99}} The F-16's [[Ejection seat#Egress systems|ACES II]] [[Zero-zero ejection seat|zero/zero ejection seat]] is reclined at an unusual tilt-back angle of 30°; most fighters have a tilted seat at 13–15°. The tilted seat can accommodate taller pilots and increases {{nowrap|''g''-force}} tolerance; however, it has been associated with reports of neck aches, possibly caused by incorrect headrest usage.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Albano |first1=J. J. |last2=Stanford |first2=J. B. |title=Prevention of minor neck injuries in F-16 pilots |journal=[[Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine]] |date=December 1998 |issue=69 |volume=12 |pages=1193–1199 |pmid=9856546}}</ref> Subsequent U.S. fighters have adopted more modest tilt-back angles of 20°.<ref name="JAWA"/>{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=99–100}} Because of the seat angle and the canopy's thickness, the ejection seat lacks canopy-breakers for emergency egress; instead the entire canopy is jettisoned prior to the seat's rocket firing.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sherman |first1=Robert |title=F-16 Fighting Falcon |date=30 May 2008 |access-date=23 March 2011 |url=https://fas.org/programs/ssp/man/uswpns/air/fighter/f16.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234034/http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/man/uswpns/air/fighter/f16.html |archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> [[File:F16 Cockpit, Asian Aerospace 2006.JPG|thumb|left|F-16 ground trainer cockpit (F-16 Mid-Life Update (MLU))|alt=Cramped cockpit of jet trainer, showing dials and instruments]] The pilot flies primarily by means of an armrest-mounted [[side-stick]] controller (instead of a traditional [[centre stick|center-mounted stick]]) and an engine throttle; conventional rudder pedals are also employed. To enhance the pilot's degree of control of the aircraft during {{nowrap|high-''g''}} combat maneuvers, various switches and function controls were moved to centralized [[HOTAS|hands on throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls upon both the controllers and the throttle. Hand pressure on the side-stick controller is transmitted by electrical signals via the FBW system to adjust various flight control surfaces to maneuver the F-16. Originally, the side-stick controller was non-moving, but this proved uncomfortable and difficult for pilots to adjust to, sometimes resulting in a tendency to "over-rotate" during takeoffs, so the control stick was given a small amount of "play". Since the introduction of the F-16, HOTAS controls have become a standard feature on modern fighters.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} [[File:170614-F-RH756-282 (34929964880) crop.jpg|thumb|upright|F-16 pilot with [[Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System]] and cockpit [[head-up display]]]] The F-16 has a [[head-up display]] (HUD), which projects visual flight and combat information in front of the pilot without obstructing the view; being able to keep their head "out of the cockpit" improves the pilot's [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite report |last1=Task |first1=H.L. |title=Optical Effects of F-16 Canopy-HUD (Head Up Display) Integration |date=December 1983 |id=ADP003222 |publisher=Air Force Aerospace Medical Research Lab |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADP003222}}</ref> Further flight and systems information are displayed on [[multi-function display]]s (MFD). The left-hand MFD is the [[primary flight display]] (PFD), typically showing radar and moving maps; the right-hand MFD is the system display (SD), presenting information about the engine, landing gear, slat and flap settings, and fuel and weapons status. Initially, the F-16A/B had monochrome [[cathode-ray tube]] (CRT) displays; replaced by color [[liquid-crystal display]]s on the Block 50/52.<ref name="JAWA"/>{{sfn|Spick|2000|p=222}} The Mid-Life Update (MLU) introduced compatibility with [[night vision device|night-vision goggles]] (NVG). The [[Boeing]] [[Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System]] (JHMCS) is available from Block 40 onwards for targeting based on where the pilot's head faces, unrestricted by the HUD, using high-[[gun harmonisation|off-boresight]] missiles like the [[AIM-9X]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Boeing Integrated Defense Systems |title=Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System (JHMCS) |access-date=25 October 2009 |url=http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/military/jhmcs/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611011835/http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/military/jhmcs/index.html |archive-date=11 June 2012 |publisher=[[Boeing]]}}</ref> The newer [[Helmet-mounted display#Helmet Mounted Integrated Targeting (HMIT)/Scorpion|Scorpion Helmet Mounted Display]] is also available and would later replace the JHMCS in U.S. service.<ref>{{cite web |last=Waldron |first=Greg |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/thales-to-provide-new-helmet-display-for-usaf-f-16s/162564.article |title=Thales to provide new helmet display for USAF F-16s |work=Flight Global |date=10 April 2025}}</ref> In November 2024 it was announced that the US Air Force had awarded a $9 million contract to Danish defense company Terma A/S, to supply its [[3-D audio]] system for the aircraft, with a program of upgrades over the following two years. The system will provide high-fidelity digital audio by spatially separating radio signals, aligning audio with threat directions, and integrating [[active noise reduction]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://interestingengineering.com/military/f16-gets-3d-audio-system |title=US Air Force F-16 jets to get 3D audio system for faster, clearer pilot alerts |website=Interesting Engineering |last=Kajal |first=Kapil |date=6 November 2024 |access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref> ===Fire-control radar=== The F-16A/B was originally equipped with the [[Westinghouse Electronic Systems|Westinghouse]] AN/APG-66 [[fire-control radar]]. Its slotted [[planar array]] antenna was designed to be compact to fit into the F-16's relatively small nose. In uplook mode, the APG-66 uses a low [[pulse-repetition frequency]] (PRF) for medium- and high-altitude target detection in a low-[[Clutter (radar)|clutter]] environment, and in [[look-down/shoot-down]] employs a medium PRF for heavy clutter environments. It has four operating frequencies within the X band, and provides four air-to-air and seven air-to-ground operating modes for combat, even at night or in bad weather. The Block 15's APG-66(V)2 model added more powerful [[signal processing]], higher output power, improved reliability, and increased range in cluttered or [[Radar jamming and deception|jamming]] environments. The Mid-Life Update (MLU) program introduced a new model, APG-66(V)2A, which features higher speed and more memory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avitop.com/interact/radar.htm |title=The AN/APG-66 Radar.|first=John|last= Raahauge|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130014311/http://www.avitop.com/interact/radar.htm |archive-date=30 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:F-16 Cockpit part.JPG|thumb|AN/APG-68, as fitted to the nose]] The [[AN/APG-68]], an evolution of the APG-66, was introduced with the F-16C/D Block 25. The APG-68 has greater range and resolution, as well as 25 operating modes, including ground-mapping, Doppler beam-sharpening, ground [[moving target indication]], sea target, and [[track while scan]] (TWS) for up to 10 targets. The Block 40/42's APG-68(V)1 model added full compatibility with Lockheed Martin [[LANTIRN|Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infrared for Night]] (LANTIRN) pods, and a high-PRF pulse-Doppler track mode to provide Interrupted Continuous Wave guidance for [[semi-active radar homing]] (SARH) missiles like the AIM-7 Sparrow. Block 50/52 F-16s initially used the more reliable APG-68(V)5 which has a programmable signal processor employing [[VHSIC|Very High Speed Integrated Circuit]] (VHSIC) technology. The Advanced Block 50/52 (or 50+/52+) is equipped with the APG-68(V)9 radar, with a 30% greater air-to-air detection range and a [[synthetic aperture radar]] (SAR) mode for high-resolution mapping and target detection-recognition. In August 2004, Northrop Grumman was contracted to upgrade the APG-68 radars of Block 40/42/50/52 aircraft to the (V)10 standard, providing all-weather autonomous detection and targeting for [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS)-aided precision weapons, SAR mapping, and [[terrain-following radar]] (TF) modes, as well as interleaving of all modes.<ref name="JAWA"/> The F-16E/F is outfitted with Northrop Grumman's [[AN/APG-80]] [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) radar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kopp |first1=Carlo |title=Active Electronically Steered Arrays: A Maturing Technology |date=June 2002 |issue=June |publisher=[[Air Power Australia]] |journal=[[Australian Aviation]] |volume=2002 |access-date=21 June 2008 |url=http://www.ausairpower.net/aesa-intro.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619091200/http://www.ausairpower.net/aesa-intro.html |archive-date=19 June 2008}}</ref> Northrop Grumman developed the latest AESA radar upgrade for the F-16 (selected for USAF and Taiwan's Republic of China Air Force F-16 upgrades), named the [[AN/APG-83]] Scalable Agile Beam Radar (SABR).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.asdnews.com/news-51168/NGC_s_SABR_to_Help_Extend_Viability_of_USAF_F-16s_Beyond_2025.htm |title=NGC's SABR to Help Extend Viability of USAF F-16s Beyond 2025 |work=ASDNews.com |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205223148/http://www.asdnews.com/news-51168/NGC_s_SABR_to_Help_Extend_Viability_of_USAF_F-16s_Beyond_2025.htm |archive-date=5 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.northropgrumman.com/air/sabr-scalable-agile-beam-radar-apg-83-aesa-for-the-f-16-and-legacy-aircraft/ |title=SABR (Scalable Agile Beam Radar) APG-83 AESA for the F-16 and Legacy Aircraft |work=Northrop Grumman |access-date=28 April 2020 |archive-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405093039/https://www.northropgrumman.com/air/sabr-scalable-agile-beam-radar-apg-83-aesa-for-the-f-16-and-legacy-aircraft/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2007, Raytheon announced that it was developing a Next Generation Radar (RANGR) based on its earlier [[AN/APG-79]] AESA radar as a competitor to Northrop Grumman's AN/APG-68 and AN/APG-80 for the F-16.<ref name="JAWA"/> On 28 February 2020, Northrop Grumman received an order from USAF to extend the service lives of their F-16s to at least 2048 with AN/APG-83 as part of the service-life extension program (SLEP).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Donald |first1=David |title=U.S. Air Force Orders AESA Radar for F-16s |date=3 March 2020 |work=AINOnline |access-date=29 April 2020 |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2020-03-03/us-air-force-orders-aesa-radar-f-16s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731032843/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2020-03-03/us-air-force-orders-aesa-radar-f-16s |archive-date=31 July 2020}}</ref> ===Propulsion=== [[File:Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-220 turbofan engine.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Afterburner – concentric ring structure inside the exhaust]] The initial powerplant selected for the single-engined F-16 was the Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-200 [[Turbofan#Afterburning turbofan|afterburning turbofan]], a modified version of the F-15's F100-PW-100, rated at {{cvt|23830|lbf|kN}} thrust. During testing, the engine was found to be prone to compressor stalls and "rollbacks", wherein the engine's thrust would spontaneously reduce to idle. Until resolved, the Air Force ordered F-16s to be operated within "[[dead-stick landing]]" distance of its bases.<ref name="bjorkman 2014" /> It was the standard F-16 engine through the Block 25, except for the newly built Block 15s with the Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU). The OCU introduced the {{cvt|23770|lbf|kN}} F100-PW-220, later installed on Block 32 and 42 aircraft: the main advance being a Digital Electronic Engine Control (DEEC) unit, which improved reliability and reduced [[Stall (engine)|stall]] occurrence. Beginning production in 1988, the "-220" also supplanted the F-15's "-100", for commonality. Many of the "-220" engines on Block 25 and later aircraft were upgraded from 1997 onwards to the "-220E" standard, which enhanced reliability and maintainability; unscheduled engine removals were reduced by 35%.<ref name="Peacock 1997, pp. 102–103">{{harvnb|Peacock|1997|pp=102–103}}</ref> [[File:F-16 Exhaust.JPG|thumb|Adjustable exhaust nozzle in contracted position]] The F100-PW-220/220E was the result of the USAF's Alternate Fighter Engine (AFE) program (colloquially known as "the Great Engine War"), which also saw the entry of General Electric as an F-16 engine provider. Its [[General Electric F110|F110-GE-100]] turbofan was limited by the original inlet to a thrust of {{cvt|25735|lbf|kN}}, the Modular Common Inlet Duct allowed the F110 to achieve its maximum thrust of {{cvt|28984|lbf|kN}}. (To distinguish between aircraft equipped with these two engines and inlets, from the Block 30 series on, blocks ending in "0" (e.g., Block 30) are powered by GE, and blocks ending in "2" (e.g., Block 32) are fitted with Pratt & Whitney engines.)<ref name="Peacock 1997, pp. 102–103"/><ref>{{cite report |last1=Camm |first1=Frank |last2=Glennan, Jr. |first2=Thomas K. |title=The Development of the F100-PW-220 and F110-GE-100 Engines |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] |date=1993 |access-date=21 June 2008 |id=N-3618-AF |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/notes/2007/N3618.pdf |url-status=live |type=pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605070804/http://www.rand.org/pubs/notes/2007/N3618.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2007}}</ref> The Increased Performance Engine (IPE) program led to the {{cvt|29588|lbf|kN}} F110-GE-129 on the Block 50 and {{cvt|29160|lbf|kN}} F100-PW-229 on the Block 52. F-16s began flying with these IPE engines in the early 1990s. Altogether, of the 1,446 F-16C/Ds ordered by the USAF, 556 were fitted with F100-series engines and 890 with F110s.<ref name="JAWA"/> The United Arab Emirates' Block 60 is powered by the General Electric F110-GE-132 turbofan with a maximum thrust of {{cvt|32500|lbf|kN}}, the highest thrust engine developed for the F-16.<ref name="Peacock 1997, p. 103">{{harvnb|Peacock|1997|p=103}}</ref> {{clear left}} ==Operational history== {{main|General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operational history}} ===United States=== [[File:F-16 takeoff in Germany.jpg|thumb|A U.S. Air Force F-16 from the [[480th Fighter Squadron]] takes off from [[Spangdahlem Air Base]] in support of [[Operation Odyssey Dawn]]]] The F-16 is used by the active duty USAF, [[Air Force Reserve]], and [[Air National Guard]] units, the USAF aerial demonstration team, the [[U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds]], and as an adversary-aggressor aircraft by the [[United States Navy]] at the [[Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |date=2021-05-28 |title=Navy Details Its Plans To Add Ex-Air Force F-16s To Its Fleet |url=https://www.twz.com/40846/navy-details-its-plans-to-add-ex-air-force-f-16s-to-its-fleet |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref> Although initially designed to be a highly maneuverable fighter for air combat, the F-16 would primarily be flown by squadrons focused on ground attack that previously flew aircraft such as the F-105 Thunderchief or A-7 Corsair II.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.419fw.afrc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1779148/in-history-wing-looks-back-on-f-105-f-16-legacy/ |title=In History: Wing looks back on F-105, F-16 legacy |date=7 March 2019 |work=419th Fighter Wing |publisher=U.S. Air Force}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dvidshub.net/image/8613210/day-coang-history-7-replaced-f-16 |title=This day in COANG history: A-7 replaced by F-16 |work=Colorado Air National Guard |publisher=Defense Visual Information Distribution Service |date=23 August 2015}}</ref> The U.S. Air Force, including the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard, flew the F-16 in combat during [[Operation Desert Storm]] in 1991 and in the Balkans during the [[Yugoslav Wars]] later in the 1990s. During the [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]], on 2 May 1999 an F-16 piloted by [[David L. Goldfein]], later [[Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force]], was shot down over western [[Serbia]] by the [[250th Air Defence Missile Brigade]]. F-16s also patrolled the no-fly zones in Iraq during [[Operation Northern Watch]] and [[Operation Southern Watch]] and served during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]] and the [[Iraq War|War in Iraq]] from 2001 and 2003 respectively. In 2011, Air Force F-16s took part in the [[2011 military intervention in Libya|intervention in Libya]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/20/libya-live-blog-allied-airstrikes-continue-against-gadhafi-forces/?hpt=T1/ |title=Libya live blog: Coalition confirms strike on Gadhafi compound|publisher=CNN|date=20 March 2011|access-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419112901/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/20/libya-live-blog-allied-airstrikes-continue-against-gadhafi-forces/?hpt=T1%2F|archive-date=19 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 11 September 2001, two unarmed F-16s were launched in an attempt to ram and down [[United Airlines Flight 93]] before it reached [[Washington D.C.]] during the [[September 11 attacks|11 September 2001 terrorist attacks]], but Flight 93 was prematurely brought down by the hijackers after passengers attacked the cockpit, so the F-16s were retasked to patrol the local airspace and later escorted [[Air Force One]] back to Washington.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/heather-penney-the-911-fighter-pilot-says-celebrating-normalcy-is-a-way-to-honor-heroes/2013/09/13/a97a4bc8-1c8f-11e3-8685-5021e0c41964_story.html |title=Heather Penney, the 9/11 fighter pilot, says celebrating normalcy is a way to honor heroes|last=Penney|first=Heather|author-link=Heather Penney|date=13 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200911154300/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/heather-penney-the-911-fighter-pilot-says-celebrating-normalcy-is-a-way-to-honor-heroes/2013/09/13/a97a4bc8-1c8f-11e3-8685-5021e0c41964_story.html|archive-date=11 September 2020|url-status=live|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name=WashingtonPost>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Steve|title=F-16 pilot was ready to give her life on Sept. 11|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/f-16-pilot-was-ready-to-give-her-life-on-sept-11/2015/09/06/7c8cddbc-d8ce-11e0-9dca-a4d231dfde50_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=8 September 2011|access-date=25 June 2021|archive-date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912191720/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/f-16-pilot-was-ready-to-give-her-life-on-sept-11/2015/09/06/7c8cddbc-d8ce-11e0-9dca-a4d231dfde50_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{importance inline|date=May 2021}} The F-16 had been scheduled to remain in service with the U.S. Air Force until 2025.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Tirpak|first1=John A.|title=Making the Best of the Fighter Force|date=March 2007|magazine=[[Air Force Magazine]]|publisher=[[Air Force Association]]|page=44|url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/app/uploads/2007/03/0307_March2007.pdf#page=46|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916044238/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2007/March%202007/0307force.pdf|archive-date=16 September 2025|volume=90|issue=3|access-date=20 May 2007}}</ref> Its replacement is planned to be the F-35A variant of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, which is expected to gradually begin replacing several multirole aircraft among the program's member nations. However, owing to delays in the F-35 program, all USAF F-16s will receive service life extension upgrades.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforcetimes.com/article/20130416/NEWS/304160020/AF-seeks-F-16-fleet-upgrade-requests-19-more-F-35As |title=AF seeks F-16 fleet upgrade, requests 19 more F-35As.|work=Air Force Times|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> In 2022, it was announced the USAF would continue to operate the F-16 for another two decades.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tirpak|first=John A.|url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/f-16s-to-serve-nearly-two-more-decades-replacement-choice-still-6-8-years-away/|title=F-16s to Serve Nearly Two More Decades, Replacement Choice Still 6–8 Years Away|website=[[Air & Space Forces Magazine]] (Daily Report)|date=4 April 2022|access-date=5 April 2022|archive-date=29 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829140233/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/f-16s-to-serve-nearly-two-more-decades-replacement-choice-still-6-8-years-away/|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Israel=== [[File:F-16-Netz-107-fighter-and-killmarks-01.jpg|thumb|[[Israeli Air Force]] [[IAF F-16 Netz 107|F-16A Netz 107]] with 6.5 kill marks of other aircraft, a record for an F-16, as well as one kill mark of an [[Operation Opera|Iraqi nuclear reactor]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Etzion |first1=Udi |title=Record-breaking F-16 Falcon to be retired from IDF service |date=11 February 2015 |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4625569,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213133717/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4625569,00.html |archive-date=13 February 2015}}</ref>]] The F-16's first air-to-air combat success was achieved by the [[Israeli Air Force]] (IAF) over the [[Bekaa Valley]] on 28 April 1981, against a Syrian [[Mil Mi-8|Mi-8]] helicopter, which was downed with cannon fire.<ref name="ACIG F-16">{{cite web |last1=Iskra |first1=Alex |title=GD/L-M F-16A/B Netz in Israeli Service |date=26 September 2003 |publisher=Air Combat Information Group (ACIG) |url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_276.shtml |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510123618/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_276.shtml |archive-date=10 May 2012 |access-date=16 May 2008}}</ref> On 7 June 1981, eight Israeli F-16s, escorted by six F-15s, executed [[Operation Opera]], their first employment in a significant air-to-ground operation. This raid severely damaged [[Osirak]], an Iraqi [[nuclear reactor]] under construction near [[Baghdad]], to prevent the regime of [[Saddam Hussein]] from using the reactor for the creation of [[nuclear weapon]]s.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Rebecca |first1=Grant |title=Osirak and Beyond |date=August 2002 |access-date=8 December 2011 |magazine=[[Air Force Magazine]] |publisher=[[Air & Space Forces Association]] |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2002/August%202002/0802osirik.pdf |url-status=live |type=pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426115420/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2002/August%202002/0802osirik.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2023}}</ref> The following year, during the [[1982 Lebanon War]] Israeli F-16s engaged Syrian aircraft in one of the largest air battles involving jet aircraft, which began on 9 June and continued for two more days. Israeli Air Force F-16s were credited with 44 air-to-air kills during the conflict.<ref name="ACIG F-16" /><ref>{{cite report |last1=Schow, Jr. |first1=Kenneth C. |title=Falcons Against the Jihad: Israeli Airpower and Coercive Diplomacy in Southern Lebanon. |date=November 1995 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA301572 |id=ADA301572 |publisher=[[Air University Press]] |access-date=16 May 2008}}</ref> In January 2000, Israel completed a purchase of 102 new F-16I aircraft in a deal totaling {{nowrap|$4.5 billion}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article7.html |title=F-16 Air Forces – Israel |work=F-16.net |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902045655/http://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article7.html |archive-date=2 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> F-16s were also used in their ground-attack role for strikes against targets in Lebanon. IAF F-16s participated in the [[2006 Lebanon War]] and the [[Gaza War (2008–09)|2008–09 Gaza War]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Colvin |first1=Marie |last2=Allen-Mills |first2=Tony |title=Israeli jets kill 'at least 225' in strikes on Gaza |date=28 December 2008 |work=The Sunday Times |publisher=[[The Times]] |access-date=25 October 2009 |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/israeli-jets-kill-at-least-225-in-strikes-on-gaza-7vxt2pmrb39 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429082825/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article5404501.ece |archive-date=29 April 2011}}</ref> During and after the 2006 Lebanon war, IAF F-16s shot down [[Iran]]ian-made [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]]s launched by [[Hezbollah]], using [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems|Rafael]] [[Python 5]] air-to-air missiles.<ref name= "f-16.net2">{{cite web|url=http://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/airframe-profile/2482/ |title=Airframe Details for F-16 #87-1672|work=F-16.net|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902003936/http://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/airframe-profile/2482|archive-date=2 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IAF shoots down hostile drone from Lebanon off Haifa|url=https://www.jpost.com/Defense/IAF-shoots-down-drone-which-flew-south-from-Lebanon-311098|newspaper=The [[Jerusalem Post]]|date=25 April 2013|access-date=23 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928193723/http://www.jpost.com/Defense/IAF-shoots-down-drone-which-flew-south-from-Lebanon-311098|archive-date=28 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Video-Articles/Video/IAF-shoots-down-UAV-in-northern-Negev |title=IAF shoots down UAV in northern Negev |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=6 October 2012 |access-date=9 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827084555/http://www.jpost.com/Video-Articles/Video/IAF-shoots-down-UAV-in-northern-Negev |archive-date=27 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 February 2018, an Israeli Air Force F-16I [[February 2018 Israel–Syria incident|was shot down]] in northern Israel when it was hit by a relatively old model [[S-200 (missile)|S-200]] (NATO name SA-5 Gammon) surface-to-air missile of the Syrian Air Defense Force.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5131594,00.html |title=Investigation finds pilots of downed F-16 failed to defend themselves |date=25 February 2018 |newspaper=Ynetnews |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311082643/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5131594,00.html |archive-date=11 March 2018 |url-status=live|last1=Zitun |first1=Yoav}}</ref> The pilot and navigator ejected safely in Israeli territory. The F-16I was part of a bombing mission against Syrian and Iranian targets around Damascus after an Iranian drone entered Israeli airspace and was shot down.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/02/10/middleeast/israel-military-jet-crash/index.html |title=Israeli F-16 jet crashes after Syrian fire |first1=Andrew | last1=Carey | first2=Laura | last2=Smith-Spark | first3=Nicole | last3=Chavez |publisher=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210071644/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/02/10/middleeast/israel-military-jet-crash/index.html |archive-date=10 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An Israel Air Force investigation determined on 27 February 2018 that the loss was due to pilot error since the IAF determined the air crew did not adequately defend themselves.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/israel-air-force-investigation-into-f-16-crash-blames-pilot-error-1.5848386 |title=Israel Air Force Investigation into F-16 Crash Blames Pilot Error |newspaper=Haaretz |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227161755/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/israel-air-force-investigation-into-f-16-crash-blames-pilot-error-1.5848386 |archive-date=27 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the aftermath of the [[October 7 attacks]], F-16Is have played a major role in Israel's [[Operation Swords of Iron]], executing numerous airstrikes against [[Hamas]] targets in Gaza. The IAF has also employed F-16s in operations against [[Hezbollah]] in Lebanon and in strikes on Iranian-linked assets in Syria and [[Iraq]], demonstrating the aircraft's versatility and reach.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Urso |first=Stefano |date=2023-10-12 |title=Configuration And Payload Of The Aircraft Employed By Israel In The Fight Against Hamas |url=https://theaviationist.com/2023/10/12/iaf-aircraft-war-with-hamas/?utm_ |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> On 16 July 2024, the last single-seat F-16C Barak-1 ('Lightning' in Hebrew) were retired; the IAF continue to use the F-16D Brakeet and F-16I Sufa two-seat variants.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 July 2024 |title=Israel retires Barak 1-variant F-16s |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/israel-retires-barak-1-variant-f-16s |accessdate=5 October 2024 |website=janes.com}}</ref> In October 2024, during [[October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran|Operation Days of Repentance]] F-16Is took part in significant operations against Iranian military infrastructure as the Israeli forces launched coordinated strikes on Iranian air defense systems and missile production facilities, aiming to degrade Iran's military capabilities and deter further aggression.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-29 |title=Israel attacks Iranian missile production, air-defence sites |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/weapons/israel-attacks-iranian-missile-production-air-defence-sites |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=Default |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel's "Days of Repentance" Operation Strikes Iran – NIAC |url=https://niacouncil.org/israels-days-of-response-operation-strikes-iran/ |access-date=2025-05-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Israeli F-16s have been instrumental in operations against [[Houthis|Houthi]] targets in Yemen, taking advantage of the F-16's extended operational range and strategic reach, flying a distance of approximately 1,700 kilometers (about 1,056 miles).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Altman |first=Howard |date=2024-07-20 |title=Israel Fighter Jets Carry Out Long-Range Retaliation Strike On Houthi Oil Depot In Yemen (Updated) |url=https://www.twz.com/news-features/israel-fighter-jets-carry-out-long-range-retaliation-strike-on-houthi-oil-depot-in-yemen |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref> Notably, on 26 December 2024, as part of [[Operation Tselilei HaKerem|Operation Tzelilei HaKerem]], the IAF conducted airstrikes targeting [[Sanaa International Airport|Sana'a International Airport]] and other strategic locations, responding to Houthi missile and drone attacks on Israeli territory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=Israel launches airstrikes on Yemen a day after Houthi rebels strike Israeli airport |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-airstrikes-houthi-rebels-airport-ea0ea0ca695a3a07c71c18bedc987c3e |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> On 28 February 2026, Israeli F-16s participated in [[2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran|Operation Roaring Lion]] ({{langx|he|מטס בראשית}}), a large-scale joint US-Israeli military operation against Iran. Approximately 200 Israeli Air Force jets, including F-16s, simultaneously struck around 500 targets across at least 14 Iranian cities, including [[Tehran]], [[Isfahan]], [[Qom]], [[Karaj]], and [[Kermanshah]]. Targets included Iranian air defence systems, ballistic missile launchers, command-and-control facilities, and military airfields. The Israeli military described it as a "much more wide-ranging campaign" than the previous US-Israeli strikes on Iran during the [[Twelve-Day War]] of June 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=What is happening in Iran? What we know about US-Israel attack and Tehran response |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo |work=BBC News |date=28 February 2026 |access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A visual guide to US-Israeli strikes on Iran – and Tehran's response |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/feb/28/us-israel-strikes-iran-tehran-response-visual-guide |work=The Guardian |date=28 February 2026 |access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref> In March 2026 during the Iran war the IRGC claims that it has shot down an Israeli F-16<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israeli F-16 shot down by Iran's modern air defense systems, claims IRGC |url=https://www.india.com/news/world/israeli-f-16-shot-down-by-irans-modern-air-defense-systems-claims-irgc-us-military-aircraft-mq-9-reaper-f-15-kc-135-stratotanker-f-35-lebanon-usa-8351502/ |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> however the IDF denies any damage to any of their aircraft.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-21 |title=Israeli F-16 hit? IRGC claims jet struck over central Iran; IDF says aircraft not damaged |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/israeli-f-16-hit-irgc-claims-jet-struck-over-central-iran-idf-says-aircraft-not-damaged/articleshow/129720773.cms |access-date=2026-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ===Pakistan=== [[File:84606 General Dynamics F-16BM 11(MR) 39W Pakistan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52233200683).jpg|thumb|left|The PAF F-16BM (S. No. 84-606)]] During the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) F-16As shot down between 20 and 30 Soviet and Afghan [[warplanes]]; the political situation however resulted in PAF officially recognizing only 9 kills which were made inside Pakistani airspace.<ref>{{cite journal|quote=due to political reasons, the kills made inside Afghan airspace by the PAF (estimated to be between 20 and 30, were never officially recognized or disclosed. To date, PAF officially recognized only the eight kills made inside Pakistani airspace and one forced manoeuvre kill.|website=Defence Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030422020522/http://defencejournal.com/2003/mar/airman.htm|url=http://defencejournal.com/2003/mar/airman.htm|archive-date=22 April 2003|title=An Airman Remembered|author=Rai Muhammad Saleh Azam|access-date=10 November 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> From May 1986 to January 1989, PAF F-16s from the [[Tail Choppers]] and [[No. 9 Squadron PAF|Griffin]] squadrons using mostly AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles, shot down four [[Afghan Air Force|Afghan]] [[Sukhoi Su-17|Su-22s]], two [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23|MiG-23s]], one [[Sukhoi Su-25|Su-25]], and one [[Antonov An-26|An-26]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pafwallpapers.com/kill_illustrations.htm |title= PAF F-16 air kills illustrations |publisher= PAFwallpapers.com |access-date= 5 July 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120115121441/http://www.pafwallpapers.com/kill_illustrations.htm |archive-date= 15 January 2012 |url-status= dead}}</ref> Most of these kills were by missiles, but at least one, a Su-22, was destroyed by cannon fire. One F-16 was lost in these battles. The downed F-16 was likely [[friendly fire|hit accidentally]] by the other F-16.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article14.html |title= F-16 Air Forces – Pakistan |publisher= F-16.net |access-date= 8 September 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110529022627/http://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article14.html |archive-date= 29 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Pakistan Air Force has used its F-16s in various foreign and internal military exercises, such as the "Indus Vipers" exercise in 2008 conducted jointly with Turkey.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bokhari |first1=Farhan |title=Pakistan and Turkey organise air force exercises |date=17 April 2008 |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |publisher=[[IHS Markit|IHS Inc.]] |url=https://janes.ihs.com/CustomPages/Janes/DisplayPage.aspx?DocType=News&ItemId=+++1176797&Pubabbrev=JDW}}</ref>{{failed verification |date=April 2023 |reason=Access to this article may no longer be possible; see [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293458559_Pakistan_and_Turkey_organise_air_force_exercises link]}} Between May 2009 and {{As of|2011|11|alt=November 2011}}, the PAF F-16 fleet flew more than 5,500 sorties{{Update inline|date=May 2019|reason=7.5-year-old count needs updating}} in support of the [[Pakistan Army]]'s [[War in North-West Pakistan|operations]] against the Taliban insurgency in the [[FATA]] region of [[North-West Pakistan]]. More than 80% of the dropped munitions were [[laser-guided bomb]]s.<ref name="NY Times, Pakistan injects precision">Schmitt, Eric. [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/30/world/asia/30pstan.html?_r=1 "Pakistan Injects Precision Into Air War on Taliban."] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119014733/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/30/world/asia/30pstan.html|date=19 January 2017}} ''[[The New York Times]]'', 29 July 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2009.</ref><ref name="TPK-20111114">{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291762/paf-conducted-5500-bombing-runs-in-fata-since-2008/ |title=PAF conducted 5,500 bombing runs in Fata since 2008 |author=PPI |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |language=en |date=14 November 2011 |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128202816/http://tribune.com.pk/story/291762/paf-conducted-5500-bombing-runs-in-fata-since-2008/ |archive-date=28 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 February 2019, following [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|six Pakistan Air Force airstrikes in Jammu and Kashmir, India]], Pakistani officials said that two of its fighter jets shot down one [[MiG-21]] and one [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]] belonging to the Indian Air Force.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofislamabad.com/17-Apr-2019/in-a-first-paf-chief-reveals-shooting-down-of-iaf-russian-made-su-30-mki-inside-details-of-indian-combat-helicopter-downing|title=In a first, PAF Chief reveals shooting down of IAF Russian made Su 30 MKI, inside details of Indian Combat Helicopter downing|date=17 April 2019|work=Times of Islamabad|access-date=27 October 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101021905/https://timesofislamabad.com/17-Apr-2019/in-a-first-paf-chief-reveals-shooting-down-of-iaf-russian-made-su-30-mki-inside-details-of-indian-combat-helicopter-downing|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/pakistan-shoots-indian-fighter-jets-military-190227055937142.html |title=Pakistan shoots down two Indian fighter jets: Military |date=27 February 2019 |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228124544/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/pakistan-shoots-indian-fighter-jets-military-190227055937142.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pakistan-says-it-downed-two-iaf-jets-identifies-pilots-behind-act/story-KekUb5nSBzJHksW5GpWiuI.html |title=Pakistan says it downed two IAF jets, identifies pilots behind act |date=6 March 2019 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103111401/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pakistan-says-it-downed-two-iaf-jets-identifies-pilots-behind-act/story-KekUb5nSBzJHksW5GpWiuI.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/27/india/india-pakistan-strikes-escalation-intl/index.html |title=Pakistan says it shot down two Indian jets as Kashmir border crisis deepens |author1=Helen Regan |author2=Nikhil Kumar |author3=Adeel Raja |author4=Swati Gupta |publisher=CNN |date=27 February 2019 |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227081256/https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/27/india/india-pakistan-strikes-escalation-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Indian officials only confirmed the loss of one MiG-21 but denied losing any Su-30MKI in the clash and claimed the Pakistani claims as dubious.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2019 |title=On Air Force Day, India flies the Sukhoi-30MKI that Pak claimed to have shot down |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/air-force-day-india-flies-sukhoi-30mki-pak-claimed-have-shot-down-110169 |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929143143/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/air-force-day-india-flies-sukhoi-30mki-pak-claimed-have-shot-down-110169 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2019 |title=Sukhoi Fighter Jet 'Shot Down' by Pakistan Makes Appearance at Indian Air Force Day Flypast |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sukhoi-fighter-jet-shot-down-by-pakistan-makes-appearance-at-indian-air-force-day-flypast-2337989.html |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313163302/https://www.news18.com/news/india/sukhoi-fighter-jet-shot-down-by-pakistan-makes-appearance-at-indian-air-force-day-flypast-2337989.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally Indian officials also claimed to have shot down one F-16 belonging to the Pakistan Air Force.<ref name="iex">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-pakistan-tension-amraam-missile-debris-f16-jet-5605806/|title=India's Exhibit A: Debris of AMRAAM missile that nails Pakistan's F-16 denial|date=1 March 2019|access-date=25 June 2020|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625074908/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-pakistan-tension-amraam-missile-debris-f16-jet-5605806/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="japantimes">{{cite web |date=9 April 2019 |title=Radar images prove Pakistan F-16 shot down, says Indian Air Force |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/04/09/asia-pacific/radar-images-prove-pakistan-f-16-shot-says-indian-air-force/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410132333/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/04/09/asia-pacific/radar-images-prove-pakistan-f-16-shot-says-indian-air-force/#.XK3ucGjP3IU |archive-date=10 April 2019 |work=The Japan Times}}</ref> This was denied by the Pakistani side,<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Marlow |first1=Iain |title=India Never Shot Down Pakistani F-16, New Report Says |url=https://time.com/5564980/india-never-shot-pakistani-plane-kashmir/ |magazine=Time |access-date=6 June 2020 |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405172535/http://time.com/5564980/india-never-shot-pakistani-plane-kashmir/ |url-status=live}}</ref> considered dubious by neutral sources,<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAF Did Not Shoot Down Pak F-16 in Balakot Aftermath, Says US Scholar Christine Fair |url=https://thewire.in/security/christine-fair-iaf-balakot-pakistan-f16 |access-date=30 January 2023 |website=The Wire |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109175530/https://thewire.in/security/christine-fair-iaf-balakot-pakistan-f16 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2019 |title=No proof India shot down Pakistan F-16 |url=https://asiatimes.com/2019/03/no-proof-india-shot-down-pakistan-f-16/ |access-date=30 January 2023 |website=Asia Times |language=en-US |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219105218/https://asiatimes.com/2019/03/no-proof-india-shot-down-pakistan-f-16/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and later backed by a report by ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' magazine, reporting that the US had completed a physical count of Pakistan's F-16s and found none missing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/04/did-india-shoot-down-a-pakistani-jet-u-s-count-says-no/|title=Did India Shoot Down a Pakistani Jet? U.S. Count Says No.|last=Seligman|first=Lara|website=Foreign Policy|date=4 April 2019 |language=en|access-date=5 April 2019|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123193754/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/04/did-india-shoot-down-a-pakistani-jet-u-s-count-says-no/|url-status=live}}</ref> A report by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' noted that [[the Pentagon]] and [[United States Department of State|State Department]] refused public comment on the matter but did not deny the earlier report.<ref name=wapo>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/17/did-india-shoot-down-pakistani-f-back-february-this-just-became-big-deal/ |title=Analysis &#124; Did India shoot down a Pakistani F-16 in February? This just became a big deal. |first1=Sameer |last1=Lalwani |first2=Emily |last2=Tallo |newspaper=The Washington Post |quote=Indian media reported that a U.S. Defense Department spokesman said he was unaware of any investigation. The Pentagon, like the State Department, has yet to issue a public statement on the F-16 count, but there have been no counter-leaks contradicting the Foreign Policy report. |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130122209/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/17/did-india-shoot-down-pakistani-f-back-february-this-just-became-big-deal/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2025, [[Indian Air Force]] Chief of the Air Staff [[Amar Preet Singh]] claimed that five "high tech fighters" between F-16 and JF-17 class were downed by Indian air defense systems.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Philip |first1=Snehesh Alex |title=IAF chief says around 13 Pakistani jets destroyed in Op Sindoor—4-5 F-16s on ground, S-400 downed 6 more |url=https://theprint.in/defence/iaf-chief-says-around-13-pakistani-jets-destroyed-in-op-sindoor-4-5-f-16s-on-ground-s-400-downed-6-more/2756690/ |agency=ThePrint |publisher=ThePrint |date=3 October 2025}}</ref> Though refraining to provide the evidences, he also reiterated his claim of August 2025 that 4-5 F-16s in the hangars at [[PAF Base Shahbaz]] were hit in Indian strikes during the [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]]. However, the U.S. defense officials had earlier refuted the Indian claims by having told the [[Reuters]] that they were not aware of any F-16 being hit inside Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=India shot down six Pakistani military aircraft in May, air force chief says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/india-shot-down-six-pakistani-military-aircraft-may-air-force-chief-says-2025-08-09/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Five Pakistani fighter jets, one aircraft taken down during Operation Sindoor: IAF Chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/air-chief-marshal-ap-singh-on-operation-sindoor-at-16th-air-chief-marshal-lm-katre-memorial-lecture-in-bengaluru/article69912822.ece |access-date=10 August 2025 |agency=The Hindu}}</ref> Following the [[2026 Iran war ceasefire]] in April 2026, Indian media sources reported that the [[Pakistan Air Force]] had mobilised its [[CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder|JF-17]] and F-16 fighters, as well as [[Ilyushin Il-78|IL-78]] tankers and [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130]] cargo planes. The fighters are expected to fly an escort mission for the Iranian representatives and the PAF set up a protective shield over Iran and the [[Persian Gulf]] for the Iranian delegation to travel to [[Islamabad]] for further negotiations with the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=News Desk |first=India Today |date=2026-04-10 |title=Why Pakistan scrambled fighter jets to Middle East ahead of US-Iran talks |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pakistan-paf-fighter-jets-air-defence-us-iran-peace-talks-islamabad-2894187-2026-04-10 |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-10 |title=Why Pakistan launched ‘air armada’ to the middle east ahead of US-Iran ceasefire talks |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/world-news/why-pakistannbsplaunched-air-armada-to-the-middle-east-ahead-of-us-iran-ceasefire-talksnbsp/4202822/ |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-10 |title=US-Iran peace talks: How Pakistan came to host the talks |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3dl0g4rgn5o |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> five PAF F-16s also escorted the US [[Vice President of the United States|Vice president]] [[JD Vance|JD Vance's]] [[Boeing C-32|C-32]] to [[PAF Base Nur Khan|Nur Khan base]] in Islamabad for negotiations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Chandrajit |date=11 April 2026 |title=Pak F-16s Escort JD Vance's Aircraft As He Arrives In Islamabad For Iran Talks |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/us-iran-talks-live-news-pakistan-f-16s-escort-jd-vances-aircraft-as-he-arrives-in-islamabad-for-iran-talks-11342470/amp/1 |url-status=live |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=NDTV}}</ref> ===Turkey=== [[File:F16 - RIAT 2014 (34306872320).jpg|thumb|F-16 SoloTürk aerial aerobatic aircraft]] The Turkish Air Force acquired its first F-16s in 1987. F-16s were later produced in Turkey under four phases of ''Peace Onyx'' programs. In 2015, they were upgraded to Block 50/52+ with [[Constantly computed impact point|CCIP]] by Turkish Aerospace Industries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article21.html|title=F-16 Air Forces – Turkey|website=f-16.net|access-date=19 May 2021|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412212033/https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article21.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Turkish F-16s are being fitted with indigenous AESA radars and EW suite called SPEWS-II.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/defense/2019/02/07/turkeys-f-16-jets-equipped-with-new-domestic-electronic-warfare-systems|title=Turkey's F-16 jets equipped with new domestic electronic warfare systems|date=7 February 2019|website=Daily Sabah|access-date=21 December 2020|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305123508/https://www.dailysabah.com/defense/2019/02/07/turkeys-f-16-jets-equipped-with-new-domestic-electronic-warfare-systems|url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 June 1992, a Greek Mirage F1 crashed during a [[dogfight]] with a Turkish F-16.<ref>{{YouTube|gyqq7lMyTnI|HUD footage}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wp.scn.ru/en/ww3/f/58/23/0 |title=While engaged by two THK F-16Cs, Sialmas entered a break that was too much for the F.1CG at low level: the aircraft entered a spin and crashed into the sea, killing the pilot.|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102015020/http://wp.scn.ru/en/ww3/f/58/23/0|archive-date=2 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ACIG 2004" /> On 8 February 1995, a Turkish F-16 crashed into the Aegean Sea after being intercepted by Greek Mirage F1 fighters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/f16-crash-heightens-tension-in-aegean-1572157.html |title=F-16 crash heightens tension in Aegean|work=The Independent|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312013710/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/f16-crash-heightens-tension-in-aegean-1572157.html|archive-date=12 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|knT8NA9Ggko|Greek TV: A pilot of Hellenic Air Force explain how the Turkish F-16 crashed over Aegean Sea}}</ref> Turkish F-16s have participated in [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]] and [[Kosovo]] since 1993 in support of [[United Nations]] resolutions.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Turkish Air Force]] |title=Our History |website=hkvv.tsk.tr |access-date=3 February 2012 |url=http://www.hvkk.tsk.tr/EN/IcerikDetay.aspx?ID=131 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111013955/http://www.hvkk.tsk.tr/EN/IcerikDetay.aspx?ID=131 |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref> On 8 October 1996, seven months after the escalation a Greek [[Mirage 2000]] reportedly fired an [[R.550 Magic|R.550 Magic II]] missile and shot down a Turkish F-16D over the Aegean Sea.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4362620.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104212512/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4362620.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2012 |title=Turkish F-16 jet crashes after Greek interception |work= Chicago Sun-Times |date= 9 October 1996 |access-date= 8 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f-16.net/f-16-news-article619.html |title=Deadly 1996 Aegean clash is confirmed|work=f-16.net|access-date=21 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127015725/http://www.f-16.net/f-16-news-article619.html|archive-date=27 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The Turkish pilot died, while the co-pilot ejected and was rescued by Greek forces.<ref name="ACIG 2004">{{cite web|url=http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=47&Itemid=47 |title=Greek & Turkish Air-to-Air Victories|author=Sander Peeters|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084111/http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=47&Itemid=47|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|2-aAb97Re9Y|Turkish Pilot at 0:46}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f-16.net/f-16_fighting_falcon_airframe-3371.html |title=F-16 Aircraft Database: F-16 Airframe Details for 91-0023|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506084845/http://www.f-16.net/f-16_fighting_falcon_airframe-3371.html|archive-date=6 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2012, after the [[Turkish-Syrian relations#Friction due to Syrian civil war|downing of an RF-4E]] on the Syrian coast, Turkish Defence Minister [[İsmet Yılmaz]] confirmed that the Turkish F-16D was shot down by a Greek Mirage 2000 with an R.550 Magic II in 1996 near [[Chios]] island.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cenciotti |first1=David |title=30 years later, Ankara admits Turkish Air Force jet was shot down by Iraq |date=6 September 2012 |publisher=The Aviationist |url=http://theaviationist.com/2012/09/06/tuaf-incidents/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130040159/http://theaviationist.com/2012/09/06/tuaf-incidents/ |archive-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> Greece denies that the F-16 was shot down.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/208753/article/ekathimerini/news/court-rejects-turkish-request-for-trial-of-greek-pilot-who-allegedly-shot-down-f-16-jet |title=Court rejects Turkish request for trial of Greek pilot who allegedly shot down F-16 jet |date=24 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224211622/http://www.ekathimerini.com/208753/article/ekathimerini/news/court-rejects-turkish-request-for-trial-of-greek-pilot-who-allegedly-shot-down-f-16-jet |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=24 February 2017}}</ref> Both Mirage 2000 pilots reported that the F-16 caught fire and they saw one [[parachute]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newsbomb.gr/ellada/ethnika/story/697371/katarripsi-toyrkikoy-f-16-ti-dilose-o-ellinas-pilotos |title=Κατάρριψη τουρκικού F-16 – Τι δήλωσε ο Έλληνας πιλότος &#124; Newsbomb |date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114060239/https://www.newsbomb.gr/ellada/ethnika/story/697371/katarripsi-toyrkikoy-f-16-ti-dilose-o-ellinas-pilotos |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/208734/article/ekathimerini/news/turkish-court-wants-trial-of-greek-pilot-for-allegedly-shooting-down-fighter-jet |title=Turkish court wants trial of Greek pilot for allegedly shooting down fighter jet |website=Ekathimerini.com |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224211622/http://www.ekathimerini.com/208753/article/ekathimerini/news/court-rejects-turkish-request-for-trial-of-greek-pilot-who-allegedly-shot-down-f-16-jet |url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 May 2006, two Greek F-16s intercepted a Turkish RF-4 reconnaissance aircraft and two F-16 escorts off the coast of the Greek island of [[Karpathos]], within the Athens [[Flight information region|FIR]]. A mock dogfight ensued between the two sides, resulting in a midair collision<ref>{{YouTube|YkIXc8-GPNU|Turkish F-16 pilots attitude-2:22}}</ref> between a Turkish F-16 and a Greek F-16. The Turkish pilot ejected safely, but the Greek pilot died owing to damage caused by the collision.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vasington.be.mfa.gov.tr/ShowAnnouncement.aspx?ID=115955 |title=It will be recalled that on 23 May 2006, a Greek F-16 aircraft crashed into a Turkish F-16 |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322030232/http://vasington.be.mfa.gov.tr/ShowAnnouncement.aspx?ID=115955 |archive-date=22 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.f-16.net/news_article1809.html |title=Greek F-16 and Turkish F-16 collide – 1 pilot OK |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115085633/http://www.f-16.net/news_article1809.html |archive-date=15 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Turkey used its F-16s extensively in its [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)|conflict with Kurdish insurgents]] in southeastern parts of Turkey and Iraq. Turkey launched its first cross-border raid on 16 December 2007, a prelude to the [[2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq]], involving 50 fighters before [[Operation Sun]]. This was the first time Turkey had mounted a night-bombing operation on a massive scale, and also the largest operation conducted by the Turkish Air Force.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gürgen |first1=Murat |title=Uçaklar nasıl vurdu? |date=17 December 2007 |work=[[Vatan (2002 newspaper)|Vatan]] |access-date=3 February 2012 |language=tr |url=https://www.gazetevatan.com/gundem/ucaklar-nasil-vurdu-152129 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520150423/http://haber.gazetevatan.com/Ucaklar_nasil_vurdu_152129_1/152129/1/Haber |archive-date=20 May 2013}}</ref> During the [[Syrian Civil War]], Turkish F-16s were tasked with airspace protection on the Syrian border. After the [[June 2012 interception of Turkish aircraft|RF-4 downing in June 2012]] Turkey changed its rules of engagement against Syrian aircraft, resulting in scrambles and downings of Syrian combat aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f-16.net/f-16-news-article4842.html |title=Turkish F-16 jets scramble to intercept 2 Syrian Su-24s|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505153249/http://www.f-16.net/f-16-news-article4842.html|archive-date=5 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 16 September 2013, a Turkish Air Force F-16 shot down a [[Syrian Arab Air Force]] [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopter near the Turkish border.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/17/world/europe/turkey-syria.html|work=The New York Times |first1=Kareem |last1=Fahim |first2=Sebnem |last2=Arsu |title=Turkey Says It Shot Down Syrian Military Helicopter Flying in Its Airspace |date=16 September 2013 |access-date=9 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803131453/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/17/world/europe/turkey-syria.html?_r=0 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 March 2014, a Turkish Air Force F-16 shot down a Syrian Arab Air Force MiG-23 when it allegedly entered Turkish air space during a ground attack mission against [[Al Qaeda]]-linked insurgents.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syrian-rebels-and-army-clash-over-coastal-town/2014/03/26/1c134e8c-b4cf-11e3-bab2-b9602293021d_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329065339/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syrian-rebels-and-army-clash-over-coastal-town/2014/03/26/1c134e8c-b4cf-11e3-bab2-b9602293021d_story.html |archive-date= 29 March 2014 |title= Al Qaeda-Linked Islamists Capture Christian Town |publisher=CBN |access-date=26 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 16 May 2015, two Turkish Air Force F-16s shot down a Syrian [[Ghods Mohajer|Mohajer 4]] UAV firing two [[AIM-9]] missiles after it trespassed into Turkish airspace for 5 minutes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/turkey-shot-syrian-helicopter-31092616 |title=Turkey Says It Shot Down Syrian Helicopter |work=ABC News |agency=Associated Press |last1=Butler |first1=Desmond |date=16 May 2015 |access-date=16 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518100733/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/turkey-shot-syrian-helicopter-31092616 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/f-16-larin-vurdugu-iha-suriye-gundem-2060652/ |title=F-16'ların vurduğu İHA, İran yapımı 'Muhacir'|date=18 May 2015|work=MİLLİYET HABER – TÜRKİYE'NİN HABER SİTESİ|access-date=28 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013709/http://www.milliyet.com.tr/f-16-larin-vurdugu-iha-suriye-gundem-2060652/|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> A Turkish Air Force F-16 [[2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown|shot down a Russian Air Force Sukhoi Su-24]] on the Turkey-Syria border on 24 November 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin calls plane's downing by Turkey 'stab in the back'|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/24/middleeast/warplane-crashes-near-syria-turkey-border/index.html|access-date=24 November 2015|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=24 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124084424/http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/24/middleeast/warplane-crashes-near-syria-turkey-border/index.html|archive-date=24 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 March 2020, two Syrian Sukhoi Su-24s were shot down by Turkish Air Force F-16s using air-to-air missiles over Syria's [[Idlib Governorate]].<ref>{{cite web |title=بعد إسقاطها لمروحيتين الشهر الفائت.. القوات التركية تسقط طائرتين حربيتين تابعة للنظام السوري في أجواء محافظة إدلب |url=http://www.syriahr.com/?p=366361 |website=SOHR |date=March 2020 |access-date=1 March 2020 |archive-date=20 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420195817/http://www.syriahr.com/?p=366361 |url-status=live}}</ref> All four pilots safely ejected.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cp24.com/world/two-syrian-jets-shot-down-near-turkish-border-pilots-survive-1.4833828|title=Two Syrian jets shot down near Turkish border, pilots survive|work=CP24 Toronto News|date=1 March 2020|access-date=19 May 2021|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124154541/https://www.cp24.com/world/two-syrian-jets-shot-down-near-turkish-border-pilots-survive-1.4833828|url-status=live}}</ref> On 3 March 2020, a Syrian Arab Army Air Force [[Aero L-39 Albatros|L-39]] combat trainer was shot down by a Turkish F-16 over Syria's Idlib province.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/joint-turkish-russian-patrols-to-begin-on-march-15-latest-updates-34168|title=Joint Turkish-Russian patrols to begin on March 15 – latest updates|date=7 March 2020|access-date=15 February 2021|archive-date=29 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029122955/https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/joint-turkish-russian-patrols-to-begin-on-march-15-latest-updates-34168|url-status=live}}</ref> The pilot died.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/wires/20200303-syrian-pilot-killed-turkey-downs-warplane-monitor|title=Syrian pilot killed as Turkey downs warplane: monitor|date=3 March 2020|publisher=Radio France Internationale|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913201320/https://www.rfi.fr/en/wires/20200303-syrian-pilot-killed-turkey-downs-warplane-monitor|url-status=live}}</ref> As a part of Turkish F-16 modernization program new air-to-air missiles are being developed and tested for the aircraft. [[GÖKTUĞ]] program led by [[Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey|TUBITAK SAGE]] has presented two types of air-to-air missiles named as Bozdogan ([[Merlin (bird)|Merlin]]) and Gokdogan ([[Peregrine falcon|Peregrine]]). While Bozdogan has been categorized as a Within Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile (WVRAAM), Gokdogan is a Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile ([[Beyond-visual-range missile|BVRAAM]]). On 14 April 2021, first live test exercise of Bozdogan have successfully completed and the first batch of missiles are expected to be delivered throughout the same year to the Turkish Air Force.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 April 2021|title=Turkey's air-to-air missile Bozdoğan successfully hits target|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/defense/turkeys-air-to-air-missile-bozdogan-successfully-hits-target|access-date=14 April 2021|website=Daily Sabah|language=en-US|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414083244/https://www.dailysabah.com/business/defense/turkeys-air-to-air-missile-bozdogan-successfully-hits-target|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Turkey becomes 1 of few countries with air-to-air missile|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/science-technology/turkey-becomes-1-of-few-countries-with-air-to-air-missile/2208467|access-date=14 April 2021|website=aa.com.tr|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414085258/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/science-technology/turkey-becomes-1-of-few-countries-with-air-to-air-missile/2208467|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Egypt=== [[File:An F-16 of the Egyptian Air Force fly in support of exercise Agile Phoenix.jpg|thumb|An F-16C of the Egyptian Air Force in 2022]] On 16 February 2015, Egyptian F-16s [[February 2015 Egyptian airstrikes in Libya|struck weapons caches and training camps]] of the [[Islamic State]] (ISIS) in Libya in retaliation for the murder of 21 Egyptian [[Copts|Coptic Christian]] construction workers by masked militants affiliated with ISIS. The airstrikes killed 64 ISIS fighters, including three leaders in [[Derna, Libya|Derna]] and [[Sirte]] on the coast.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/16/egypt-air-strikes-target-isis-weapons-stockpiles-libya |title=Egyptian air strikes in Libya kill dozens of Isis militants |first=Chris|last=Stephen |newspaper=The Guardian |date=17 February 2015 |access-date=17 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202000126/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/16/egypt-air-strikes-target-isis-weapons-stockpiles-libya |archive-date=2 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Europe=== {{see also||General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operators}} F-16s contribute to the NATO [[Dual Capable Aircraft]] program for delivery of US nuclear weapons stored in Europe. F-16 wings for this mission are operated by the [[Belgian Air Component]] at [[Kleine Brogel Air Base|Kleine Brogel]], the [[Royal Netherlands Air and Space Force]] at [[Volkel Air Base|Volkel]], by the USAF at [[Aviano Air Base|Aviano]] in Italy, as well as potentially the [[Turkish Air Force]] at [[Incirlik Air Base|Incirlik]] in an emergency scenario.<ref name="s446">{{cite journal |last1=Kristensen |first1=Hans M. |last2=Korda |first2=Matt |last3=Johns |first3=Eliana |last4=Knight |first4=Mackenzie |date=2025-01-02 |title=United States nuclear weapons, 2025 |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=53–79 |bibcode=2025BuAtS..81a..53K |doi=10.1080/00963402.2024.2441624 |issn=0096-3402 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="o622">{{cite journal |last1=Kristensen |first1=Hans M. |last2=Korda |first2=Matt |last3=Johns |first3=Eliana |last4=Knight |first4=Mackenzie |date=2023-11-02 |title=Nuclear weapons sharing, 2023 |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=79 |issue=6 |pages=393–406 |bibcode=2023BuAtS..79f.393K |doi=10.1080/00963402.2023.2266944 |issn=0096-3402 |doi-access=free}}</ref> F-16s deployed in Europe have had a nuclear mission since 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2011/March%202011/0311victor.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406012309/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2011/March%202011/0311victor.pdf |archive-date=2023-04-06 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=www.airandspaceforces.com}}</ref> They are intended to be replaced in this capacity by the [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II]].<ref name="s446" /><ref name="o622" /> [[File:RDAF General Dynamics F-16AM Fighting Falcon E-006 Royal International Air Tattoo 2025 02.jpg|thumb|F-16AM in the type's last year of service for the Royal Danish Air Force in 2025.]] The Royal Netherlands Air Force, Belgian Air Component, Royal Danish Air Force and Royal Norwegian Air Force all fly the F-16.{{sfn|Senior|2002|p=92}} All F-16s in most European air forces are equipped with [[drag chutes]] specifically to allow them to operate from automobile highways.<ref name="kp1">{{cite news |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/analysis/31630 |title=Analysis: French Expert's Claims Ukraine's F-16s and Pilots Won't be 'Up to the Job' Disproved |date=25 April 2024}}</ref> A Yugoslavian [[MiG-29]] was shot down by a Dutch F-16AM during the [[Kosovo War]] in 1999.<ref name=Spick_241>{{harvnb|Spick|2000|p=241}}</ref> Belgian and Danish F-16s also participated in joint operations over Kosovo during the war.<ref name=Spick_241/> Dutch, Belgian, Danish, and Norwegian F-16s were deployed during the 2011 intervention in Libya and in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Belgian Armed Forces]] |title=Composante Air de la Défense |access-date=19 February 2014 |url=https://www.mil.be/fr/a-propos-de-la-defense/composante-air/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218185301/http://www.mil.be/fr/composante-air |archive-date=18 February 2014}}</ref> In Libya, Norwegian F-16s dropped almost 550 bombs and flew 596 missions,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defencetalk.com/norway-withdraws-fighter-jets-from-libya-mission-military-36090/ |title=Norway withdraws fighter jets from Libya mission: military|work=defencetalk.com|access-date=2 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325045733/https://www.defencetalk.com/norway-withdraws-fighter-jets-from-libya-mission-military-36090/|archive-date=25 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> some 17% of the total strike missions<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/RUSIInterimLibyaReport.pdf|title=Accidental Heroes : Britain, France and the Libya Operation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010145939/https://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/RUSIInterimLibyaReport.pdf|access-date=8 November 2021|archive-date=10 October 2014}}</ref> including the bombing of [[Muammar Gaddafi]]'s headquarters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theforeigner.no/pages/news/norway-involved-in-gaddafi-bombing/ |title=Norway involved in Gaddafi bombing |author=Ramona Tancau |work=theforeigner.no |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007055625/http://theforeigner.no/pages/news/norway-involved-in-gaddafi-bombing/ |archive-date=7 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In late March 2018, Croatia announced its intention to purchase 12 used Israeli F-16C/D "Barak"/"Brakeet" jets, pending U.S. approval.<ref name=croa1>{{cite web|url=https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/27028-government-adopts-final-decision-to-buy-israeli-f-16-jets |title=Government Adopts Final Decision to Buy Israeli F-16 Jets|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404200830/https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/27028-government-adopts-final-decision-to-buy-israeli-f-16-jets|archive-date=4 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Acquiring these F-16s would allow Croatia to retire its aging MiG-21s.<ref name=aatr1>{{cite web |url=http://aa.com.tr/en/europe/croatia-agrees-to-buy-israeli-f-16s-for-500-million/1043736 |title=Croatia agrees to buy Israeli F-16s for $500&nbsp;million |date=26 January 2018 |publisher=Anadolu Agency |access-date=28 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201151030/http://aa.com.tr/en/europe/croatia-agrees-to-buy-israeli-f-16s-for-500-million/1043736 |archive-date=1 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2019, the deal was canceled because U.S. would only allow the resale if Israel stripped the planes of all the modernized electronics, while Croatia insisted on the original deal with all the upgrades installed.<ref>{{Cite web |location=Zagreb |agency=HINA |date=2019-01-10 |title=Israel-Croatia F-16 deal officially pronounced dead |url=https://n1info.hr/english/news/a361583-israel-croatia-f-16-deal-officially-pronounced-dead/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=N1 |language=hr}}</ref> At the end of November 2021, Croatia signed with France instead, for 12 [[Dassault Rafale|Rafales]].<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Hina |date=2021-11-25 |title=Croatia signs €999 purchase deal to buy 12 Rafale fighter jets from France |url=https://n1info.hr/english/news/croatia-signs-e999-purchase-deal-to-buy-12-rafale-fighter-jets-from-france/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=N1 |language=hr}}</ref> ===Ukraine=== [[File:F-16 UAF (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ukrainian Air Force F-16s]] In May 2023, an international coalition consisting of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium and Denmark announced their intention to train [[Ukrainian Air Force]] pilots on the F-16 ahead of possible future deliveries to increase the Ukrainian Air Force capabilities in the current [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russo-Ukrainian War]]. The U.S. confirmed that it would approve the re-export from these countries to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65649471 |title=Ukraine war: US to support providing F-16 fighter jets to Ukraine |work=BBC News |date=19 May 2023 |access-date=19 May 2023}}</ref> Denmark has agreed to help train Ukrainians on their usage of the fighter. Denmark's acting Defence Minister [[Troels Lund Poulsen]] said that Denmark "will now be able to move forward for a collective contribution to train Ukrainian pilots to fly F-16s".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/20/zelenskky-hails-bidens-decision-on-f-16-jet-training-for-ukraine |title=Zelenskky hails Biden's decision on F-16 jet training for Ukraine |publisher=Aljazeera |date=20 May 2023}}</ref> On 6 July 2023, Romania announced that it will host the future training center after the meeting of the [[Supreme Council of National Defence (Romania)|Supreme Council of National Defense]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defenseromania.ro/romania-devine-oficial-centru-regional-de-f-16-pilotii-romani-ucraineni-si-aliati-vor-fi-pregatiti-aici_623459.html |title=România devine oficial centru regional de F-16. Piloții români, ucraineni și aliați vor fi pregătiți aici |language=ro |work=DefenseRomania |date=6 July 2023}}</ref> During the [[2023 Vilnius summit]], [[F-16 training coalition|a coalition]] was formed consisting of Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Canada, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/07/11/7410869/ |title=Group of 11 countries forms coalition for training Ukrainian pilots on F-16 fighters |work=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |date=11 July 2023}}</ref> A number of Ukrainian pilots began training in Denmark and the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eight-ukrainian-pilots-begin-f-16-training-denmark-2023-08-22/ |title=Eight Ukrainian pilots begin F-16 training in Denmark |author=Johannes Birkebaek |work=[[Reuters]] |date=22 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/25/politics/ukrainian-pilots-begin-f-16-training-in-us/index.html |title=Ukrainian pilots begin F-16 training in US |first=Oren |last=Liebermann |work=[[CNN]] |date=25 October 2023}}</ref> The [[European F-16 Training Center]], organized by Romania, the Netherlands, and Lockheed Martin through several subcontractors, officially opened on 13 November 2023. It is located at the [[Romanian Air Force]]'s [[RoAF 86th Air Base|86th Air Base]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/romania-debuts-f-16-center-hosts-ukrainian-pilots-for-joint-exercises/ |title=Romania Debuts F-16 Center, Hosts Ukrainian Pilots for Joint Exercises |website=mil.in.ua |date=14 November 2023}}</ref> and Ukrainian pilots began training there in September 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2024/09/12/ukrainian-f-16-training-underway-in-romania/|title=Ukrainian F-16 training underway in Romania|author=Olena Mukhina|website=euromaidanpress.com|date=12 September 2024}}</ref> On 17 August 2023, the U.S. approved the transfer of F-16s from the Netherlands and Denmark to Ukraine after the Ukrainian pilots have completed their training.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-approves-sending-f-16s-ukraine-denmark-netherlands-2023-08-17/ |title=US approves sending F-16s to Ukraine from Denmark and Netherlands |author=Steve Holland |author2=Idrees Ali |date=2023-08-17 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=2023-08-18}}</ref> The Netherlands and Denmark have announced that together they will donate up to 61 [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16 Mid-Life Update|F-16AM/BM Block 15 MLU]] fighters to Ukraine once pilot training has been completed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine conflict – Analysis: Dutch and Danish F-16 options for Ukraine |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/ukraine-conflict-analysis-dutch-and-danish-f-16-options-for-ukraine |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Janes.com |date=26 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sabbagh2023Guardian">{{cite web |last1=Sabbagh |first1=Dan |author-link1=Dan Sabbagh |date=20 August 2023 |title=Netherlands and Denmark to donate up to 61 F-16 fighter jets to Ukraine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/20/netherlands-to-donate-up-to-42-f-16-fighter-jets-to-ukraine |website=[[The Guardian]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821000549/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/20/netherlands-to-donate-up-to-42-f-16-fighter-jets-to-ukraine |archive-date=21 August 2023}}</ref> On 13 May 2024, Danish Prime Minister [[Mette Frederiksen]] said that "F-16 from Denmark will be in the air over Ukraine within months." Denmark is sending 19 F-16s in total.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=F-16 fighters from Denmark will be in Ukraine within month - Danish PM|url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/f-16-fighters-from-denmark-will-be-in-ukraine-1715625056.html |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=RBC-Ukraine}}</ref> By the end of July 2024, the first F-16s were delivered to Ukraine.<ref name=Bloomberg>{{cite news|url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-31/ukraine-gets-first-delivery-of-f-16-fighter-jets-after-long-wait|title= Ukraine Receives First F-16 Fighter Jets After Long Wait|work=Bloomberg|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref> On 4 August 2024, President Zelensky announced to the public that the F-16 was now in operational service with Ukraine. Zelensky stated at an opening ceremony that: "F-16s are in Ukraine. We did it. I am proud of our guys who are mastering these jets and have already started using them for our country,".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cole |first=Deborah |date=2024-08-04 |title=Ukrainian pilots have started flying F-16s, says Zelenskiy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/04/ukrainian-pilots-have-started-flying-f-16s-says-zelenskiy |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> On [[26 August 2024 Russian strikes on Ukraine|26 August 2024]], F-16s were reportedly used to intercept Russian cruise missiles for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Axe |first1=David |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2024/08/27/ukraines-f-16s-have-scored-their-first-aerial-kills/|title=Forbes: Ukraine's F-16s Have Scored Their First Aerial Kills|website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Also on 26 August, a Ukrainian F-16 crashed and the pilot, [[Oleksii Mes]], was killed while intercepting Russian aerial targets during the cruise missile strikes. The cause is under investigation.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tarasova-Markina |first1=Daria |last2=Kottasová |first2=Ivana |date=2024-08-29 |title=Exclusive: Top Ukrainian pilot killed when US-made F-16 fighter jet crashed |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/08/29/europe/ukraine-f16-crashes-intl/index.html |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> <!-- On 20 August 2023, [[Denmark]] and the [[Netherlands]] announced the joint transfer of up to 61 F-16s to the [[Ukrainian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Denmark joins Netherlands in offering F-16 jets to Ukraine as Zelenskyy visits |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/article/denmark-joins-netherlands-in-offering-f-16-jets-to-ukraine-as-zelenskyy-visits/ |website=CTV News |date=20 August 2023 |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820221204/https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/denmark-joins-netherlands-in-offering-f-16-jets-to-ukraine-as-zelenskyy-visits-1.6526668}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Netherlands and Denmark to donate up to 61 F-16 fighter jets to Ukraine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/20/netherlands-to-donate-up-to-42-f-16-fighter-jets-to-ukraine |website=The Guardian |date=20 August 2023 |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820223416/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/20/netherlands-to-donate-up-to-42-f-16-fighter-jets-to-ukraine |last1=Sabbagh |first1=Dan}}</ref> Four days later, Norway announced the donation of 5–10 aircraft, depending on how many can be made operational.<ref name=NRK2023-08-24 /> In January 2024, the Netherlands announced the transfer of another 6 F-16s, bringing the total which will be donated by the country to 24.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defensie.nl/actueel/nieuws/2024/02/05/nederland-haalt-f-16s-uit-de-verkoop |title=Nederland haalt F-16's uit de verkoop |trans-title=Netherlands pulls F-16s from sale |language=Dutch |date=5 February 2024 |access-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205135314/https://www.defensie.nl/actueel/nieuws/2024/02/05/nederland-haalt-f-16s-uit-de-verkoop |archive-date=5 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2024, Belgium pledged 30 F-16 aircraft, bringing the total number of F-16s pledged to Ukraine by its allies to 85.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2024/05/28/the-ukrainian-air-force-wanted-four-squadrons-of-f-16s-its-finally-getting-them/?sh=690fb9e57a36 |title=The Ukrainian Air Force Wanted Four Squadrons Of F-16s. It's Finally Getting Them. |website=[[Forbes]] |date=28 May 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref> The first F-16s were delivered by the end of July 2024.<ref name=Bloomberg>{{cite news|url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-31/ukraine-gets-first-delivery-of-f-16-fighter-jets-after-long-wait|title= Ukraine Receives First F-16 Fighter Jets After Long Wait|work=Bloomberg|access-date=July 31, 2024}}</ref> Text moved from Operators section. This should be added and/or combined with other text in this subsection. --> On 13 December 2024, the Ukrainian Air Force stated that an F-16 shot down six Russian cruise missiles. Two were downed with "medium-range missiles", another two with "short-range missiles", and two were claimed to be downed by 20&nbsp;mm cannon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-13 |title= In historic record, Ukrainian F-16 pilot downs 6 cruise missiles in single mission, Air Force claims |url= https://kyivindependent.com/ukrainian-f-16-pilot-downs-6-cruise-missiles/ |work=The Kyiv Independent |author= Martin Fornusek |language=en}}</ref> On 12 April 2025, a Ukrainian Air Force F-16AM Block 20 was shot down in Sumy oblast, most likely by the S-400 missile system.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=Accident General Dynamics F-16AM Block 20 Fighting Falcon , Saturday 12 April 2025 |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/497457 |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=asn.flightsafety.org}}</ref> The crew of the S-400 system received a reward of 15 million roubles from a Russian private oil extraction company.<ref name=":2" /> As of October 2025, 4 F-16 fighters were lost by Ukrainian Air Force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attack On Europe: Documenting Ukrainian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-ukrainian.html |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=Oryx}}</ref> ==== Combat losses ==== Ukraine has confirmed the loss of four F-16 fighters and three pilots as of June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Ivana Kottasová |author2=Kostya Gak |author3=Helen Regan |author4=Billy Stockwell|date=2025-06-29 |title=Ukraine loses an F-16 pilot and his jet while fighting one of Russia's biggest ever aerial attacks |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/06/29/europe/ukraine-f-16-pilot-killed-russia |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> The first crash occurred on 26 August 2024. An F-16 of the Ukrainian Air Force crashed in an undisclosed location in Ukraine during a Russian missile and drone attack. The pilot of the aircraft, [[Oleksii Mes]], died in the crash.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 August 2024 |title=Ukraine F-16 crashes, pilot dies repelling Russian strike |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukrainian-f-16-jet-destroyed-crash-monday-wsj-reports-2024-08-29/ |work=Reuters}}</ref> On 30 August 2024, the [[Commander of the Air Force (Ukraine)|Commander of the Ukrainian Air Force]], [[Mykola Oleshchuk]], was dismissed by President Zelenskyy and replaced by Lieutenant General [[Anatolii Kryvonozhko]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Zelensky sacks Ukraine air force commander Mykola Oleshchuk |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1m0jvd4m3zo |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=BBC|date=31 August 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> which was partially attributed to "indications" that the F-16 that crashed on 26 August was shot down in "a friendly fire incident". Ukrainian parliamentarian [[Maryana Bezuhla]] and Oleshchuk had previously argued over the cause of the F-16 loss.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Zelensky Dismisses the Head of the Air Force Days After F-16 Crash |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/30/world/europe/ukraine-f16-crash.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |author= Matthew Mpoke Bigg |author2= Eric Schmitt |website=New York Times|date= 30 August 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Ukrainian president Zelenskyy fires air force commander after fatal F-16 crash |url= https://www.npr.org/2024/08/31/g-s1-20449/ukraine-president-zelenskyy-fires-air-force-commander-f16-crash |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=NPR |date= 31 August 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> The second crash occurred on 12 April 2025. Ukraine stated that pilot Pavlo Ivanov was killed in action flying an F-16.<ref name=nw-20250412>{{cite news |url=https://www.newsweek.com/russia-ukraine-f-16-pilot-killed-2058982 |title=Ukrainian F-16 Fighter Pilot Killed in Action |last=Cole |first=Brendan |newspaper=Newsweek |date=12 April 2025 |access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref><ref name=ki-20250412>{{cite news |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukrainian-f-16-pilot-pavlo-ivanov-killed-during-combat-mission/ |title=Ukrainian F-16 pilot Pavlo Ivanov killed during combat mission |last=Bandouil |first=Sonya |website=The Kyiv Independent |date=12 April 2025 |access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref> BBC Ukraine reported that [[Russian Armed Forces]] fired three missiles at the F-16, which was probably flying over the [[Sumy region]], either from an [[S-400 missile system|S-400 ground-to-air system]] or [[R-37 (missile)|R-37]] air-to-air missiles.<ref name=bbc-20250412>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/articles/cly189xz210o |title=Україна заявила про загибель пілота F-16. За даними ВВС, його літак збила ракета РФ |trans-title=Ukraine says F-16 pilot killed. According to BBC, his plane was shot down by Russian missile |work=BBC Україна |date=12 April 2025 |access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref> The third crash occurred on 16 May 2025. The Ukrainian Air Force Command stated that a third F-16 was lost due to an unspecified onboard emergency while carrying out a mission to repel a Russian aerial attack.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-16 |title=Ukrainian Air Force reports loss of contact with F-16 jet, pilot ejects |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3993539-ukrainian-air-force-reports-loss-of-contact-with-f16-jet-pilot-ejects.html |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=www.ukrinform.net |language=en}}</ref> The pilot was stated to have steered the aircraft from populated areas before ejecting and was rescued in a stable condition.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 May 2024 |title=Ukraine Loses F-16 in Combat, Pilot Safe After Downing 3 Russian Air Threats |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/52751 |work=Kyiv Post}}</ref> The fourth crash occurred on 29 June 2025. A Ukrainian F-16 was lost and the pilot killed while repelling a Russian missile and drone attack, the third F-16 Ukraine has lost in such a way. The pilot, Lieutenant Colonel [[Maksym Ustymenko]], "used all of his onboard weapons and shot down seven air targets". The seventh damaged his fighter and forced him to fly away from a residential area before crashing.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Ukraine pilot killed, F-16 fighter jet lost, Ukrainian military says |url= https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-pilot-killed-f-16-fighter-jet-lost-ukrainian-military-says-2025-06-29/| author= Pavel Polityuk |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Reuters|date= 29 June 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Ukrainian F-16 pilot Maksym Ustymenko killed while repelling Russian attack |url= https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/ukrainian-f-16-pilot-maksym-ustymenko-killed-1751178073.html |author= OLEKSANDRA BASHCHENKO |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=RBC News Ukraine|language=en}}</ref> === Venezuela === The [[Venezuela Air Force]] was the first Latin American operator of the F-16 and have used them on combat missions.{{sfn|Senior|2002|p=92}} Venezuela was granted permission to acquire 24 F-16s in the early 1980s, ordering 24 A/B models built to the Block 15 standard though they had originally sought 72. The purchase was rationalized to the American Government as a defense against Communism, specifically [[Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force|Cuban]] [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23|MiG-23s]] and [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21s]] and were used to equip Escuadrón 161 “Caribes” and Escuadrón 162 “Gavilanes” of Grupo Aéreo de Caza No.16 “Dragones”.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=95&Itemid=47 |title=Venezuelan Coup Attempt, 1992 |publisher=ACIG.info |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |last2=Sosa |first2=Juan |date=26 August 2007 |access-date=13 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200843/http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=95&Itemid=47 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> During the [[November 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt]], two F-16A belonging to the government loyalist managed to shoot down two [[OV-10 Bronco]] and an [[Embraer EMB 312 Tucano|AT-27 Tucano]] flown by the rebels and establishing aerial superiority for the government forces.<ref name=":3" /> Two armed F-16s of the Venezuelan Air Force flew over the U.S. Navy destroyer [[USS Jason Dunham|USS ''Jason Dunham'']] while in international waters, in what the [[U.S. Department of Defense]] described as a "show of force" and "highly provocative move". The action happened amidst tension between the U.S. and Venezuela due to ongoing [[2025 United States military campaign against cartels|U.S. military campaign]] against certain Latin American drug cartels.<ref>{{cite web |first1=James |last1=LaPorta |first2=Charlie |last2=D'Agata |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/venezuela-fighter-jets-navy-ship-trump-maduro/ |title=Venezuelan fighter jets flew over U.S. Navy ship in "show of force" |website=CBS News |date=4 September 2025 |access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Phil |last1=Stewart |first2=Kanishka |last2=Singh |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/venezuelan-military-aircraft-fly-near-us-warship-provocative-move-pentagon-says-2025-09-05/ |title=Venezuelan military aircraft fly near US warship in 'provocative move', Pentagon says |website=Reuters |date=5 September 2025 |access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref> ===Others=== [[File:Iraqi Air Force F-16 Fighting Falcon flies over an undisclosed location July 18 2019.jpg|thumb|right|[[Iraqi Air Force]] F-16C]] Two F-16B of the [[Indonesian Air Force]] intercepted and engaged several US Navy F/A-18 Hornets over the [[Java Sea]] in the [[2003 Bawean incident]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Indonesian, U.S. Jets Face Off Near Java |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jul-05-fg-indo5-story.html |work=[[The Los Angeles Times]] |date=5 July 2003 |access-date=31 December 2024}}</ref> The [[Royal Moroccan Air Force]] and the [[Royal Bahraini Air Force]] each lost a single F-16C, both shot down by [[Houthi]] anti-aircraft fire during the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]], respectively on 11 May 2015 and on 30 December 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://warisboring.com/the-houthis-do-it-yourself-air-defenses-3/ |title=The Houthis' Do-It-Yourself Air Defenses |date=23 January 2018 |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085719/https://warisboring.com/the-houthis-do-it-yourself-air-defenses-3/ |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 October 2023, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Regional Security Mira Resnick confirmed to [[Jorge Argüello]], [[Argentina|Argentinean]] ambassador to the US, that the State Department has approved the transfer of 38 F-16s from [[Denmark]].<ref>{{cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=US State Department clears transfer of 38 F-16 fighters from Denmark to Argentina |url=https://airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2023-news-aviation-aerospace/october/9293-us-state-department-clears-the-transfer-of-38-f-16-viper-fighter-jets-from-denmark-to-argentina.html |website=airrecognition.com |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013093058/https://airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2023-news-aviation-aerospace/october/9293-us-state-department-clears-the-transfer-of-38-f-16-viper-fighter-jets-from-denmark-to-argentina.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 16 April 2024, it was announced by defense minister [[Luis Petri]] that the country went through with the purchase of 24+1 Danish F-16s, that are to be brought up to date before they are sent to Argentina.<ref name="Mainardi">{{Cite web |last=Mainardi |first=Patricia Fernández |date=2024-10-16 |title=F-16 Fighting Falcon: ¿cuándo arribarán a Argentina los 24 aviones comprados a Dinamarca? |url=https://defonline.com.ar/defensa/f-16-fighting-falcon-cuando-arribaran-a-argentina-los-24-aviones-comprados-a-dinamarca/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=DefOnline |language=es-AR |ref=CITEREFMainardi2024a}}</ref> The 25th plane, an F-16B MLU Block 10, meant for mechanics training, came disassembled in an Argentinian [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130]] in late December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mainardi |first=Patricia Fernández |date=2024-12-21 |title=El primer F-16 ya está en Argentina: cuántos llegarán en 2025 y el balance de Petri sobre su primer año de gestión |url=https://www.infobae.com/def/2024/12/21/el-primer-f-16-ya-esta-en-argentina-cuantos-llegaran-en-2025-y-el-balance-de-petri-sobre-su-primer-ano-de-gestion/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=infobae |language=es-AR |ref=CITEREFMainardi2024b}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina chooses US-built F-16 fighters over Chinese JF-17s |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2024/01/29/argentina-chooses-us-built-f-16-fighters-over-chinese-jf-17s |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> The first aircraft, a F-16B, was unveiled in [[Buenos Aires]] on 24 February 2025.<ref name="ArgDeliv">{{cite web |title=Argentine Air Force unveils first F-16 Fighting Falcon |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/industry/argentine-air-force-unveils-first-f-16-fighting-falcon |website=Jane's |access-date=29 April 2025 |date=28 February 2025}}</ref> F-16s of the [[Royal Thai Air Force]] were used to strike several Cambodian military targets during the [[2025 Cambodia–Thailand conflict]] in July<ref>{{cite news |first1=Panarat |last1=Thepgumpanat |first2=Chantha |last2=Lach |first3=Panu |last3=Wongcha-um |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/thai-fighter-jet-bombs-cambodian-targets-border-battle-escalates-2025-07-24/ |title=Thai fighter jet bombs Cambodian targets as border battle escalates |work=[[Reuters]] |date=25 July 2025 |access-date=27 July 2025 |language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationthailand.com/news/asean/40053114 |title=Thailand's F-16s and Gripens jointly bomb Cambodian indirect fire positions to defend two strategic areas |website=NationThailand.com |date=26 July 2025 |access-date=27 July 2025 |language=EN}}</ref> and December 2025.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Thomas |last1=Newdick |url=https://www.twz.com/news-features/thai-f-16s-bomb-targets-along-disputed-cambodian-border |title=Thai F-16s Bomb Targets Along Disputed Cambodian Border |work=TWZ.com |date=8 December 2025 |access-date=12 December 2025 |language=EN}}</ref> ===Civilian operators=== ====Top Aces==== In January 2021, Canadian defence contractor [[Top Aces]] announced that they had taken delivery of the first civilian owned F-16s to their US HQ in Mesa, Arizona.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Aces Brings 1st Israeli F-16s Back to the US |date=19 February 2021 |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/top-aces-brings-1st-israeli-f-16s-back-to-the-us/}}</ref> In an approval process that had taken years, they had purchased a batch of 29 F-16A/B ''Netz'' from the Israeli Air Force, including several that had taken part in Operation Opera. A year later, the first of these aircraft had finished the extensive AAMS mission system upgrades including AESA radar, HMCS, ECM, and Tactical Datalink. In late 2022 they began regular operations flying as contracted aggressors for USAF F-22 and F-35 squadrons in Luke AFB and Eglin AFB, as well as supporting exercises in other USAF and USMC bases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/top-aces-private-f-16-fleet-wins-usaf-contract-for-adversary-air/150198.article|title=Top Aces' private F-16 fleet wins USAF contract for adversary air|website=Flight Global}}</ref> ==Variants== {{main|General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants}} [[File:ROCAF F-16B 6826 Taxiing at Hualien Air Force Base 20170923b.jpg|thumb|A Republic of China Air Force F-16B landing at [[Hualien Air Force Base]]]] [[File:Take-off F-16B Venezuela (11037665315).jpg|thumb|[[Venezuelan Air Force]] F-16B]] [[File:F-35 Divertless Supersonic Inlet F-16.jpg|thumb|Testing of the F-35 [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] on an F-16 testbed. The original intake with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plate]] is shown in the top image.]] F-16 models are denoted by increasing block numbers to denote upgrades. The blocks cover both single- and two-seat versions. A variety of software, hardware, systems, weapons compatibility, and structural enhancements have been instituted over the years to gradually upgrade production models and [[retrofit]] delivered aircraft.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} While many F-16s were produced according to these block designs, there have been many other variants with [[F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#Major modification variants|significant changes]], usually because of [[F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#Major upgrade programs|modification programs]]. Other changes have resulted in role-specialization, such as the [[F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#Special mission variants|close air support and reconnaissance variants]]. Several models were also developed to [[F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#Technology demonstrators, and test variants|test new technology]]. The F-16 design also inspired the design of other aircraft, which are considered [[F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#Derivative fighters|derivatives]]. Older F-16s are being converted into [[F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#QF-16|QF-16 drone targets]].<ref name="QF-16">{{cite web |publisher=Boeing |title=Boeing Receives 1st F-16 for Conversion into QF-16 Aerial Drone |date=27 May 2010 |url=https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2010-05-27-Boeing-Receives-1st-F-16-for-Conversion-into-QF-16-Aerial-Drone |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601034224/http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1229 |archive-date=1 June 2010}}</ref> ; {{visible anchor|F-16A/B}}: The F-16A (single seat) and F-16B (two seat) were initial production variants. These variants include the Block 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 versions. Block 15 was the first major change to the F-16 with larger horizontal stabilizers. It is the most numerous of all F-16 variants with 983 produced. Around 300 earlier USAF F-16A and B aircraft were upgraded to the Block 15 [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16 Mid-Life Update|Mid-Life Update]] (MLU) standard, getting analogous capability to F-16C/D Block 50/52 aircraft.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hehs |first=Eric |date=2014-02-19 |title=History Of The F-16 Fighting Falcon |url=https://www.codeonemagazine.com/article.html?item_id=23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402092757/https://www.codeonemagazine.com/article.html?item_id=23 |archive-date=2023-04-02 |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=Code One Magazine}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |date=12 October 2023 |title=Ukraine conflict: Belgium joins Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands in promising F-16s to Kyiv |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/ukraine-conflict-belgium-joins-denmark-norway-the-netherlands-in-promising-f-16s-to-kyiv |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref> From 1987 a total of 214 Block 15 aircraft were upgraded to OCU (Operational Capability Upgrade) standard, with engines, structural and electronic improvements, and from 1988 all Block 15 were directly built to OCU specifications. Between 1989 and 1992 a total of 271 Block 15OCU airframes (246 F-16A and 25 F-16B) were converted at the Ogden Air Logistic Center to the ADF (Air Defense Fighter) variant, with improved IFF system, radio and radar, the ability to carry advanced Beyond Visual Range missiles and the addition of a side-mounted 150,000 candlepower spotlight for visual night identification of intruders. Originally intended for Cold-War air defense of the continental U.S. airspace, with the fall of the Berlin Wall the ADF lost a clear mission, and most were mothballed starting from 1994. Some mothballed ADFs were later exported to Jordan (12 -A and 4 -B models) and Thailand (15 -A and 1 -B), while 30 -A and 4 -B models were leased to Italy from 2003 to 2012<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.f-16.net/f-16_versions_article14.html|title=F-16 ADF - Air Defense Fighter - F-16.net|website=www.f-16.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fanpage.it/attualita/addio-agli-f-16-restituiti-agli-usa-dopo-9-anni-di-leasing/ |title=Addio agli F-16, restituiti agli USA dopo 9 anni di leasing (VIDEO) |work=Fanpage |date=23 May 2012}}</ref> [[File:190320-F-BU402-0064.jpg|thumb|An F-16D assigned to the 416th Flight Test Squadron, 412th Test Wing, Air Force Test Center, flies over the Mojave Desert near Edwards AFB, California]] ; {{visible anchor|F-16C/D}}: [[File:F-16C Block 50M de la Fuerza aerea de Chile.jpg|thumb|F-16C Block 50M of the [[Chilean Air Force]]]]The F-16C (single seat) and F-16D (two seat) variants entered production in 1984. The first C/D version was the Block 25 with improved cockpit avionics and radar which added all-weather capability with [[Beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] (BVR) AIM-7 and AIM-120 air-air missiles. Block 30/32, 40/42, and 50/52 were later C/D versions.<ref name=Darling_p58-62>{{harvnb|Darling|2003|pp=58–62}}</ref> The F-16C/D had a unit cost of US$18.8&nbsp;million (1998).<ref name=AF_fact_sh/> [[Operating cost|Operational cost]] per flight hour has been estimated at $7,000<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saurabh |first1=Joshi |title=Gripen operational cost lowest of all western fighters: Jane's |date=4 July 2012 |publisher=Stratpost |access-date=4 July 2012 |url=https://stratpost.com/gripen-operational-cost-lowest-of-all-western-fighters-janes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216090306/http://www.stratpost.com/gripen-operational-cost-lowest-of-all-western-fighters-janes |archive-date=16 February 2014}}</ref> to $22,470<ref>{{cite report |id=DD-A&T(Q&A)823–198 |date=31 December 2011 |last1=Venlet |first1=David |title=F-35 Selected Acquisition Report (SAR) |page=84 |publisher=Defense Acquisition Management Information Retrieval |access-date=27 August 2012 |url=https://www.acqnotes.com/Attachments/F-35%20Selected%20Acquisition%20Report%20Dec%2011.pdf |url-status=live |type=pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513233905/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/dae/articles/communiques/F-35Dec11FinalSAR-3-29-2012.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012}}</ref> or $24,000, depending on the calculation method.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Trimble |first1=Steven |title=EXCLUSIVE: US Air Force combat fleet's true operational costs revealed |date=26 August 2011 |publisher=[[Flight International]] |access-date=27 August 2012 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/the-dewline/2011/08/exclusive-us-air-force-combat.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129021417/http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/the-dewline/2011/08/exclusive-us-air-force-combat.html |archive-date=29 January 2012 |ref=CITEREFTrimble2011b}}</ref>{{Unreliable source? |date=April 2023 |reason=Blog source no longer available.}} [[File:F-16e block60.jpg|thumb|[[United Arab Emirates Air Force]] F-16E Block 60 with the IFTS pod, CFTs, and various external armament taking off]] ; {{visible anchor|F-16E/F}}: The F-16E (single seat) and F-16F (two seat) are newer F-16 Block 60 variants based on the F-16C/D Block 50/52. The [[United Arab Emirates]] invested heavily in their development. They feature improved [[AN/APG-80]] [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) radar, [[infrared search and track]] (IRST), avionics, [[conformal fuel tank]]s (CFTs), and the more powerful [[General Electric F110]]-GE-132 engine.<ref name=Darling_p62-3>{{harvnb|Darling|2003|pp=62–63}}</ref><ref name=fg1>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/11/11/219363/dubai-2007-uae-shows-off-its-most-advanced-falcons.html |title=Dubai 2007: UAE shows off its most advanced Falcons |publisher=Reed Business Information Limited |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402230254/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/11/11/219363/dubai-2007-uae-shows-off-its-most-advanced-falcons.html |archive-date=2 April 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="def">{{cite web|url=https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/the-uaes-f-16-block-60-desert-falcon-fleet-04538/ |title=Top Falcons: The UAE's F-16 Block 60/61 Fighters|work=Defense Industry Daily|date=19 July 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826043827/https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/the-uaes-f-16-block-60-desert-falcon-fleet-04538/|archive-date=26 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|The [[F-16XL]] was originally referred to as "F-16E", with "F-16F" reserved for a variant, however this was dropped after the decision was made to procure the [[F-15E Strike Eagle]] instead.<ref>{{harvnb|Darling|2003|p=63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Piccirillo |first1=Albert C. |title=Elegance in Flight: A Comprehensive History of the F-16XL Experimental Prototype and its Role in NASA Flight Research |date=2014 |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-62683-022-6 |page=143}}</ref>|group=N}} ; {{visible anchor|F-16IN}}: For the [[Indian MRCA competition]] for the [[Indian Air Force]], Lockheed Martin offered the ''F-16IN Super Viper''.<ref>Pandey, Vinay. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/F-16-maker-Lockheed-mounts-an-India-campaign/articleshow/2706209.cms "F-16 maker Lockheed mounts an India campaign."] ''[[Times of India]]'', 17 January 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2011.</ref> The F-16IN is based on the F-16E/F Block 60 and features conformal fuel tanks; AN/APG-80 AESA radar, General Electric F110-GE-132A engine with [[FADEC]] controls; electronic warfare suite and [[Infra-red search and track|infrared search and track (IRST)]] unit; updated glass cockpit; and a helmet-mounted cueing system.<ref name="F-16IN page">{{cite web |url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f16/ |title=F-16IN page |access-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221041043/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f16/ |archive-date=21 February 2009 |publisher=[[Lockheed Martin]]}}</ref> As of 2011, the F-16IN is no longer in the competition.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Trimble |first1=Stephen |title=Tellis: US fighters lost MMRCA contract due to technical faults |date=3 June 2011 |publisher=[[Flight International]] |access-date=9 September 2011 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/06/03/357566/tellis-us-fighters-lost-mmrca-contract-due-to-technical.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903164144/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/06/03/357566/tellis-us-fighters-lost-mmrca-contract-due-to-technical.html |archive-date=3 September 2011 |ref=CITEREFTrimble2011a}}</ref>{{Unreliable source? |date=April 2023 |reason=Blog source no longer available}} In 2016, Lockheed Martin offered the new F-16 Block 70/72 version to India under the [[Make in India]] program.<ref name="block70/72">{{cite news |title=In exclusive deal, India to get 'most advanced' F-16 fighter jets by 2019–20|url=http://m.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/in-exclusive-deal-india-to-get-most-advanced-f16-fighter-jets-by-201920/article8835851.ece|access-date=11 July 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lockheedmartin.com/us/who-we-are/global/india.html |title=F-16 Block 70 Under Make in India|website=lockheedmartin.com|access-date=6 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814172356/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/who-we-are/global/india.html|archive-date=14 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, the Indian government offered to purchase 200 (potentially up to 300) fighters in a deal worth $13–15bn.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/govt-offers-to-buy-200-foreign-fighter-jets-if-they-are-made-in-india/articleshow/55130201.cms |title=Govt offers to buy 200 foreign fighter jets if they are Made in India |access-date=21 June 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609023740/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/govt-offers-to-buy-200-foreign-fighter-jets-if-they-are-made-in-india/articleshow/55130201.cms |archive-date=9 June 2017}}</ref> As of 2017, Lockheed Martin has agreed to manufacture F-16 Block 70 fighters in India with the Indian defense firm Tata Advanced Systems Limited. The new production line could be used to build F-16s for India and for exports.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/us-agrees-to-build-f-16-fighter-jets-in-india/ |title=Lockheed Martin Agrees to Build F-16 Fighter Jets in India|first=Franz-Stefan |last=Gady |date=20 June 2017 |access-date=21 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620172516/https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/us-agrees-to-build-f-16-fighter-jets-in-india/|archive-date=20 June 2017|url-status=live|website=The Diplomat |ref=CITEREFGady2017b}}</ref> ; {{visible anchor|F-16IQ}}: In September 2010, the [[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]] informed the [[United States Congress]] of a possible Foreign Military Sale of 18 F-16IQ aircraft along with the associated equipment and services to the newly reformed [[Iraqi Air Force]]. The total value of sale was estimated at {{US$|4.2 billion}}.<ref>{{cite press release |last1=Taylor |first1=Charles |last2=Ebner |first2=Paul |title=IRAQ – F-16 AIRCRAFT |date=15 September 2010 |publisher=[[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]] |id=10-23 |access-date=4 February 2011 |url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/iraq-f-16-aircraft-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928173307/http://www.dsca.osd.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2010/iraq_10-23.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2010}}</ref> The Iraqi Air Force purchased those 18 jets in the second half of 2011, then later exercised an option to purchase 18 more for a total of 36 F-16IQs.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Tyler |last=Rogoway |date=2014-05-07 |title=Iraq's F-16s Have A Cool Paint Job But Antiquated Weapons |url=https://jalopnik.com/iraqs-f-16s-have-a-cool-paint-job-but-antiquated-weapon-1573085398 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Jalopnik |language=en}}</ref> {{as of|2021}}, the Iraqi had lost two in accidents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |date=2021-01-07 |title=The Iraqi Air Force's F-16 Fleet Is On The Brink Of Collapse Despite Showy Flybys |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/38594/the-iraqi-air-forces-f-16-fleet-is-on-the-brink-of-collapse-despite-showy-flybys |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=The War Zone |language=en}}</ref> By 2023, the US government reported that these jets were Iraq's most capable airborne platforms with a 66 percent mission-capable rate. Their maintenance was being supported by private contractors. At the same time, Iraq's Russian-made systems were suffering from sanctions imposed in the wake of [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |date=2023-05-03 |title=Iraq's F-16 Fleet Surges In Importance Thanks In Part To War In Ukraine |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/iraqs-f-16-fleet-surges-in-importance-thanks-in-part-to-war-in-ukraine |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=The War Zone |language=en}}</ref> ; {{visible anchor|F-16N}}: The F-16N was an adversary aircraft operated by the [[United States Navy]]. It is based on the standard F-16C/D Block 30, is powered by the General Electric F110-GE-100 engine, and is capable of [[supercruise]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What it Was Like Flying and Fighting the F-16N Viper, Topgun's Legendary Hotrod|date=9 May 2016 |url=http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/3383/what-it-was-like-flying-and-fighting-the-f-16n-viper-topguns-legendary-hotrod|access-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218145615/http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/3383/what-it-was-like-flying-and-fighting-the-f-16n-viper-topguns-legendary-hotrod|archive-date=18 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The F-16N has a strengthened wing and is capable of carrying an Air Combat Maneuvering Instrumentation (ACMI) pod on the starboard wingtip. Although the single-seat F-16Ns and twin-seat (T)F-16Ns are based on the early-production small-inlet Block 30 F-16C/D airframe, they retain the APG-66 radar of the F-16A/B. In addition, the aircraft's {{nowrap|20 mm}} cannon has been removed, as has the airborne self-protection jammer (ASPJ), and they carry no missiles. Their EW fit consists of an ALR-69 radar warning receiver (RWR) and an ALE-40 chaff/flare dispenser. The F-16Ns and (T)F-16Ns have the standard Air Force tailhook and undercarriage and are not aircraft carrier–capable. Production totaled 26 airframes, of which 22 are single-seat F-16Ns and 4 are twin-seat TF-16Ns. The initial batch of aircraft was in service between 1988 and 1998. At that time, hairline cracks were discovered in several bulkheads, and the Navy did not have the resources to replace them, so the aircraft were eventually retired, with one aircraft sent to the collection of the [[National Naval Aviation Museum]] at [[NAS Pensacola]], Florida, and the remainder placed in storage at [[Davis-Monthan AFB]]. These aircraft were later replaced by embargoed ex-Pakistani F-16s in 2003. The original inventory of F-16Ns was previously operated by adversary squadrons at [[NAS Oceana]], Virginia; [[NAS Key West]], Florida; and the former [[NAS Miramar]], California. The current F-16A/B aircraft are operated by the [[Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center]] at [[NAS Fallon]], Nevada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f-16.net/f-16_versions_article22.html |title=F-16 Versions – (T)F-16N|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017232819/http://www.f-16.net/f-16_versions_article22.html|archive-date=17 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnic.navy.mil/Regions/cnrsw/installations/nas_fallon/about/nsawc/ |title=Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center|access-date=13 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923222307/http://www.cnic.navy.mil/regions/cnrsw/installations/nas_fallon/about/nsawc.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=1100&tid=1150&ct=1 |title=The US Navy – Fact File: F-16A/B Fighting Falcon Fighter|author=Petty, Dan |access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814052614/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=1100&tid=1150&ct=1|archive-date=14 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ; {{visible anchor|[[Lockheed Martin F-16V Viper]]}}: At the 2012 Singapore Air Show, Lockheed Martin unveiled plans for the new F-16V variant with the V suffix for its Viper nickname. It features an [[AN/APG-83]] [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) radar, a new mission computer and electronic warfare suite, an automated ground collision avoidance system, and various cockpit improvements; this package is an option on current production F-16s and can be retrofitted to most in service F-16s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-lockheed-martin-announces-f-16v-development-368323/ |title=Singapore: Lockheed Martin announces F-16V development. |publisher=Reed Business Information Limited|access-date=13 September 2014|date=15 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822145007/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-lockheed-martin-announces-f-16v-development-368323/|archive-date=22 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense-news/2015/10/21/lockheeds-new-f-16v-flies-advanced-aesa-radar/74319238/ |title=Lockheed's New F-16V Flies With Advanced AESA Radar |last1=Seligman |first1=Lara |date= 21 October 2015 |website= Defense News |access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> First flight took place 21 October 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2015-10-23/first-f-16v-developed-taiwan-requirement-takes-flight |title=First F-16V Developed for Taiwan Requirement Takes Flight|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108233505/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2015-10-23/first-f-16v-developed-taiwan-requirement-takes-flight|archive-date=8 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Taiwanese media reported that Taiwan and the U.S. both initially invested in the development of the F-16V.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Salmonsen |first1=Renée |title=Taiwan earns money off Korean fighter jet purchase |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3369953 |work=Taiwan News |date=23 February 2018 |access-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607200632/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3369953 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Upgrades to Taiwan's F-16 fleet began in January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/taiwan-begins-upgrade-of-144-f-16-fighter-jets/ |title=Taiwan Begins Upgrade of 144 F-16 Fighter Jets|first=Franz-Stefan |last=Gady |date=24 January 2017 |work=The Diplomat|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109181043/https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/taiwan-begins-upgrade-of-144-f-16-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2018|url-status=live |ref=CITEREFGady2017a}}</ref> The first country to confirm the purchase of 16 new F-16 Block 70/72 was Bahrain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/bahrain-order-keeps-f-16-production-ticking-over-449705/ |title=Bahrain order keeps F-16 production ticking over|date=25 June 2018|access-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720002739/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/bahrain-order-keeps-f-16-production-ticking-over-449705/|archive-date=20 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2018/06/25/lockheed-lands-first-customer-for-its-new-f-16.html?ana=yahoo&yptr=yahoo |title=Lockheed lands first customer for its new F-16 fighter jet |website=The Business Journals |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308095555/https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2018/06/25/lockheed-lands-first-customer-for-its-new-f-16.html?ana=yahoo&yptr=yahoo |archive-date=8 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Greece]] announced the upgrade of 84 F-16C/D Block 52+ and Block 52+ Advanced (Block 52M) to the latest V (Block 70/72) variant in October 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/government-greece-upgrade-f-16-aircraft-f-16-block-v-configuration/ |title=Government of Greece – Upgrade of F-16 Aircraft to F-16 Block V Configuration |publisher=Defence Security Cooperation Agency |language=en-US |access-date=23 December 2021 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223084934/https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/government-greece-upgrade-f-16-aircraft-f-16-block-v-configuration |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/f-16/f-16-greece.html |title=F-16V for the Hellenic Air Force |website=Lockheed Martin |date=2 March 2018 |language=en-US |access-date=23 December 2021 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223084925/https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/f-16/f-16-greece.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Slovakia announced on 11 July 2018 that it intends to purchase 14 F-16 Block 70/72 aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/slovakia-to-purchase-14-lockheed-martin-f-16vs-450130/ |title=Slovakia to purchase 14 Lockheed Martin F-16s |date=12 July 2018 |first=Reim |last=Garrett |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713205639/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/slovakia-to-purchase-14-lockheed-martin-f-16vs-450130/ |archive-date=13 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2018/11/18/with-f-16-buy-slovakia-cutting-off-russian-hardware/ |title=With F-16 buy, Slovakia 'cutting off' Russian hardware |last=Gould |first=Joe |date=18 November 2018 |website=Defense News |language=en-US |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181120160527/https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2018/11/18/with-f-16-buy-slovakia-cutting-off-russian-hardware/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Lockheed Martin has redesignated the F-16V Block 70 as the "F-21" in its offering for India's fighter requirement.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aero-india-f16v-rechristened-f-21-for-new-delhi-455954/ |title = AERO INDIA: F16V rechristened 'F-21' for New Delhi fighter deal|date = 20 February 2019|access-date = 23 February 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224144/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aero-india-f16v-rechristened-f-21-for-new-delhi-455954/|archive-date = 21 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Taiwan's [[Republic of China Air Force]] announced on 19 March 2019 that it formally requested the purchase of an additional 66 F-16V fighters.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/pressured-by-china-s-military-updates-taiwan-asks-us-for-more-weapons/4842487.html |title=Pressured by China's Military Updates, Taiwan Asks US for More Weapons |date=22 March 2019 |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407235541/https://www.voanews.com/a/pressured-by-china-s-military-updates-taiwan-asks-us-for-more-weapons/4842487.html |archive-date=7 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Donald Trump|Trump]] administration approved the sale on 20 August 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/16/world/asia/taiwan-f16.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/16/world/asia/taiwan-f16.html |archive-date=2 January 2022 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=Trump Administration Approves F-16 Fighter Jet Sales to Taiwan|last=Wong|first=Edward |date=16 August 2019 |work=The New York Times|access-date=19 August 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/taipei-economic-and-cultural-representative-office-united-states-tecro-f-16cd-block |title=Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States (TECRO) – F-16C/D Block 70 Aircraft and Related Equipment and Support |website=dsca.mil |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826201111/https://dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/taipei-economic-and-cultural-representative-office-united-states-tecro-f-16cd-block |url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 August 2020, Lockheed Martin was awarded a [[United States dollar|US$]]62&nbsp;billion contract by the US DoD<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2313931// |title=Contracts For Aug. 14, 2020 AIR FORCE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815133519/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2313931/ |archive-date=15 August 2020 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref> that includes 66 new F-16s at US$8&nbsp;billion (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=8000000000|start_year=2020}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) for Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web|title=66 new fighter jets to arrive in Taiwan by 2026|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3815244|website=[[Taiwan News]]|date=12 November 2019|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919125520/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3815244|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:QF-16.JPG|thumb|USAF QF-16A, on its first unmanned test flight, over the Gulf of Mexico]] ; {{visible anchor|QF-16}}: In September 2013, [[Boeing]] and the U.S. Air Force tested an unmanned F-16, with two US Air Force pilots controlling the airplane from the ground as it flew from [[Tyndall Air Force Base|Tyndall AFB]] over the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.3news.co.nz/Forget-drones---F-16-makes-unmanned-flight/tabid/412/articleID/314739/Default.aspx |title= Forget drones – F-16 makes unmanned flight|publisher= 3 news|access-date= 13 September 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131104021338/http://www.3news.co.nz/Forget-drones---F-16-makes-unmanned-flight/tabid/412/articleID/314739/Default.aspx|archive-date= 4 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/467196/first-unmanned-qf-16-flight-takes-place/ |title= First unmanned QF-16 flight takes place |date= 24 September 2013 |publisher= AF |access-date= 13 September 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140915031154/http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/467196/first-unmanned-qf-16-flight-takes-place.aspx |archive-date= 15 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/defense/support/qf-16/index.page |title=Boeing|access-date=21 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101012154/http://www.boeing.com/defense/support/qf-16/index.page|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Related developments=== ;[[Vought Model 1600]]: Proposed naval variant ;[[General Dynamics F-16XL]]: 1980s technology demonstrator ;[[General Dynamics NF-16D VISTA]]: 1990s experimental fighter ;[[Mitsubishi F-2]]: 1990s Japanese multirole fighter based on the F-16 {{clear}} ==Operators== [[File:F-16 Operators 2025-12-8.svg|alt=World map showing F-16 operators. Current operators are the US, Venezuela, Chile, Portugal, Morocco, The Netherlands, Belgium, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Greece, Turkey, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Bahrain, the UAE, Oman, Pakistan, Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea, Taiwan and Argentina. Former operators are Norway and Italy. Future operators are Slovakia, and Bulgaria.|thumb|Operators: {{legend|#0B60D4|Current}} {{legend|#DC0023|Former}} {{legend|#333333|Future}}]] [[File:F-16C block 52+ fighter jet, Hellenic Air Force (November 2010).jpg|thumb|F-16C Block 52 of the [[Hellenic Air Force]] with conformal fuel tanks and Advanced [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] (AIFF)]] {{main|General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operators}} As of 2024, there were 2,145 F-16s in active service around the world.<ref name="Lock Ready">{{cite web |url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/news/press-releases/2010/july/LockheedMartinF-16ReadyFo.html |title=Lockheed Martin F-16 Is Ready for the Future As The World's Most Advanced 4th Generation Fighter |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815135515/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/news/press-releases/2010/july/LockheedMartinF-16ReadyFo.html |archive-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Morales |first=Jowi |date=2024-06-29 |title=How Many Fighter Jets Does Ukraine Have: What Kind Are They? |url=https://www.slashgear.com/1608075/how-many-fighter-jets-ukraine-what-kind/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=SlashGear |language=en-US}}</ref> {{colbegin|colwidth=20em}} *{{ARG}} *{{BHR}} - [[Royal Bahraini Air Force]] operates 16 single-seat F-16C Block 40s and 4 dual-seat F-16D Block 40s.<ref name="Bahrain’s first F-16C/D Block 70s delivery">{{cite web |last=Cenciotti |first=David |url=https://www.key.aero/article/bahrains-first-f-16cd-block-70s-delivery |title=Bahrain's first F-16C/D Block 70s delivery |website=Key.Aero |publisher=Key Publishing |date=2023-03-13 |access-date=2026-02-25}}</ref> *{{BEL}} *{{CHI}} <!-- *{{CRO}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Croatia to Buy F-16 Jets from Israel in a $500M Deal |url=http://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/33654 |website=israeldefense.co.il |publisher=IsraelDefense |access-date=3 August 2018 |language=en |date=29 March 2018}}</ref> --> *{{EGY}} *{{GRE}} *{{IDN}} *{{IRQ}} *{{ISR}} *{{JOR}} - [[Royal Jordanian Air Force]] operates 44 F-16AM Block 20 MLU and 15-18 F-16BM Block 20 MLU. *{{OMA}} *{{PAK}} *{{POR}} *{{ROM}} *{{SGP}} *{{SVK}}<!-- On 12 December 2018, the contract to acquire 14 F-16 Block 70/72s was officially signed by Slovakian Minister of Defense Peter Gajdos. Deliveries are scheduled to start in 2022. --><ref>{{cite web |title=Slovakia's Government approves purchase of US F-16 fighter jets |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/slovakias-purchase-f-16-fighter-jets/ |website=Air Force Technology |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214181616/https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/slovakias-purchase-f-16-fighter-jets/ |archive-date=14 December 2018 |date=14 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Slovakia inks deal to buy 14 F-16s from US Lockheed Martin |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/slovakia-inks-deal-to-buy-14-f-16s-from-us-lockheed-martin/2018/12/12/bbf396d6-fe13-11e8-a17e-162b712e8fc2_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212174718/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/slovakia-inks-deal-to-buy-14-f-16s-from-us-lockheed-martin/2018/12/12/bbf396d6-fe13-11e8-a17e-162b712e8fc2_story.html |archive-date=12 December 2018 |location=Bratislava, Slovakia |date=12 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{KOR}} *{{THA}} *{{TUR}} *{{UKR}} *{{UAE}} *{{USA}} *{{VEN}} {{Colend}}<!-- Further details covered in [[F-16 Fighting Falcon operators]]. --> ===Former operators=== *{{DEN}} – [[Royal Danish Air Force]] sold 24 F-16s to [[Argentine Air Force]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McNeil |first=Harry |date=2024-03-27 |title=Denmark strikes deal to offload 24 F-16 fighter jets to Argentina |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/denmark-strikes-deal-to-offload-24-f-16-fighter-jets-to-argentina/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Airforce Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> 19 F-16s donated to [[Ukrainian Air Force]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/denmark-f-16-ukraine-fleet-decommissioned-1892643|title=NATO Ally Confirms F-16 to Ukraine as 'Entire Fleet' Decommissioned|work=[[Newsweek]]|first=Daniel|last=Orton|date=22 April 2024|access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> *{{ITA}} – [[Italian Air Force]] used up to 30 F-16As and 4 F-16Bs of the Block 15 ADF variant, leased from the [[United States Air Force]], from 2003 to 2012.<ref>Shamim, Asif. [http://www.f-16.net/news_article4581.html "Italian F-16 'Peace Caesar' program comes to an end."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603043901/http://www.f-16.net/news_article4581.html |date=3 June 2012}} F-16.net, 24 May 2012.</ref> *{{MOR}} - The [[Royal Moroccan Air Force]] is converting its 23 F-16C/D Block 52+ to F-16Vs.<ref name="Morocco modernizes military with next-gen F-16 fighters in major U.S. deal">{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Morocco modernizes military with next-gen F-16 fighters in major U.S. deal |url=https://en.7news.ma/morocco-modernizes-military-with-next-gen-f-16-fighters-in-major-u-s-deal/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260113103148/https://en.7news.ma/morocco-modernizes-military-with-next-gen-f-16-fighters-in-major-u-s-deal/ |url-status=live |website=7news Morocco |date=2025-04-05 |archive-date=2026-01-13 |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="Rare insight into Moroccan F-16C/D Block 52+ jets operations">{{cite web |last=Cenciotti |first=David |url=https://theaviationist.com/2014/05/08/rmaf-f-16-video/ |title=Rare insight into Moroccan F-16C/D Block 52+ jets operations |website=The Aviationist |date=May 8, 2014 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250915070431/https://theaviationist.com/2014/05/08/rmaf-f-16-video/ |archive-date=September 15, 2025 |url-status=live |access-date=March 5, 2026}}</ref><ref name="Raytheon receives $200 million order for Moroccan F-16 engines">{{cite web|title=Raytheon receives $200 million order for Moroccan F-16 engines |url=https://defenceweb.co.za/aerospace/aerospace-aerospace/raytheon-receives-200-million-order-for-moroccan-f-16-engines/ |website=defenceWeb |date=2025-02-06 |access-date=2025-02-26 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250206141633/https://defenceweb.co.za/aerospace/aerospace-aerospace/raytheon-receives-200-million-order-for-moroccan-f-16-engines/ |archive-date=2025-02-06 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Washington Selects Morocco in $304 Million F-16 Radar Support Contract">{{cite web |last=Assahifa Staff |first= |date=February 13, 2024 |title=Washington Selects Morocco in $304 Million F-16 Radar Support Contract |url=https://www.assahifa.com/english/morocco/washington-selects-morocco-in-304-million-f-16-radar-support-contract/ |website=Assahifa English |access-date=26 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> *{{NLD}} – [[Royal Netherlands Air and Space Force]] originally bought 213 aircraft. Later sold six F-16s to [[Royal Jordanian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruitenberg |first=Rudy |date=2024-02-05 |title=Netherlands halts F-16 sale to US firm, will send to Ukraine instead |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2024/02/05/netherlands-halts-f-16-sale-to-us-firm-will-send-to-ukraine-instead/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref> and 36 F-16s to [[Chilean Air Force]] in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=F-16.net - The ultimate F-16, F-35 and F-22 reference |url=https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article8.html#:~:text=Introduction,them%20upgraded%20to%20MLU%20standard. |access-date=2024-06-07 |website= f-16.net}}</ref> Donating the rest of the fleet of 42 aircraft to Ukraine in 2024.<ref name="Sabbagh2023Guardian" />{{Update inline|date=May 2025}} *{{NOR}} – [[Royal Norwegian Air Force]] (RNoAF) on 6 January 2022, Norway announced that all F-16s had been retired and replaced with the [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/norway-retires-f-16-as-f-35-takes-on-national-air-defence#:~:text=Norway%20has%20retired%20the%20Lockheed,from%20the%20beginning%20of%202022.&text=Although%20the%20F%2D16%20performed,will%20do%20so%20from%20Evenes.|title=Norway retires F-16 as F-35 takes on national air defence |date=7 January 2022 |access-date=5 February 2022|archive-date=23 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423025630/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/norway-retires-f-16-as-f-35-takes-on-national-air-defence#:~:text=Norway%20has%20retired%20the%20Lockheed,from%20the%20beginning%20of%202022.&text=Although%20the%20F%2D16%20performed,will%20do%20so%20from%20Evenes.|url-status=live}}</ref> The RNoAF sold 32 of their F-16s to [[Romanian Air Force]], with the remaining operational aircraft being donated to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Norway signs F-16-contract with Romania |date=4 November 2022 |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/norge-har-inngatt-kontrakt-om-salg-av-f-16-jagerfly-til-romania/id2945901/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Norway signs €388m deal with Romania to sell 32 F-16 fighter jets |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/norway-deal-romania-32-f16/ |website=Airforce-technology|date=7 November 2022}}</ref><ref name=NRK2023-08-24 >{{cite news |last1=Ulvin |first1=Philippe Bédos |last2=Sandven |first2=Synne Malen |last3=Kruse |first3=Jan Espen |last4=Uleberg |first4=Ingrid |date=2023-08-24 |title=Zelenskyj vil ha fredssamtaler i Norge |trans-title=Zelenskyj wants peace talks in Norway |url=https://www.nrk.no/urix/norge-gir-f-16-jagerfly_-_-en-historisk-avgjorelse-1.16527948 |language=NO |work=[[NRK]] |location=[[Kyiv]]/[[Oslo]] |access-date=2023-08-24}}</ref> *{{POL}} - The [[Polish Air Force]] is converting its 48 Block 52+ to F-16Vs.<ref name="Poland Finalizes Agreement to Modernize F-16 Fleet">{{cite web |last=Lockheed Martin |title=Poland Finalizes Agreement to Modernize F-16 Fleet |url=https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2025-08-14 |date=August 14, 2025 |website=Lockheed Martin Newsroom |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251204172611/https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2025-08-14 |archive-date=December 4, 2025 |access-date=March 5, 2026}}</ref> *{{ROC}}: The [[Republic of China Air Force]] has successfully completed the conversion of its existing 139 F-16s into the improved F-16V (Viper) version.<ref name="Taiwan’s Final Upgraded F-16V Completes Test Flights">{{cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |url=https://www.twz.com/taiwans-final-upgraded-f-16v-completes-test-flights |title=Taiwan's Final Upgraded F-16V Completes Test Flights |website=The War Zone |date=December 6, 2023 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260204003223/https://www.twz.com/taiwans-final-upgraded-f-16v-completes-test-flights |archive-date=February 4, 2026 |access-date=5 March 2026|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lockheed Martin Unveils Taiwan’s First Newly Built F-16 Block 70">{{cite web |last=D'Urso |first=Stefano |title=Lockheed Martin Unveils Taiwan's First Newly Built F-16 Block 70 |url=https://theaviationist.com/2025/04/01/taiwans-first-newly-built-f-16-block-70/ |website=The Aviationist |date=April 1, 2025 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260225172015/https://theaviationist.com/2025/04/01/taiwans-first-newly-built-f-16-block-70/ |archive-date=February 25, 2026 |url-status=live |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="Republic of China / Taiwan - Chung-kuo Kung Chun - Republic of China Air Force - RoCAF">{{cite web |title=Republic of China / Taiwan - Chung-kuo Kung Chun - Republic of China Air Force - RoCAF |url=https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article19.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260225120504/https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article19.html |archive-date=February 25, 2026 |url-status=live |website=F-16.net |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref> ==Notable accidents and incidents== {{see also|United States Air Force Thunderbirds#Accidents}} [[File:2003 Thunderbirds Mountain Home airshow crash ejection.jpg|thumb|thumbtime=2|A [[U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds]] pilot ejects from the F-16 just before impact at an air show in September 2003 at [[Mountain Home Air Force Base]]]] <!-- This section is only for notable aviation incidents and accidents. --> The F-16 has been involved in over 670 hull-loss accidents as of January 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/dblist.php?AcType=F16 |title=Aviation Safety Network > ASN Aviation Safety WikiBase > ASN Aviation Safety Database results |first=Harro |last=Ranter |work=aviation-safety.net |access-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809185648/https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/dblist.php?AcType=f16 |archive-date=9 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/mishaps-and-accidents/ |title=F-16 Mishaps & Accident Reports |work=f-16.net |access-date=28 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618103758/http://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/mishaps-and-accidents |archive-date=18 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> *On 8 May 1975, while practicing a 9-''g'' aerial display maneuver with the second YF-16 (tail number ''72-1568'') at [[Fort Worth, Texas]], prior to being sent to the [[Paris Air Show]], one of the main landing gears jammed. The test pilot, Neil Anderson, had to perform an emergency gear-up landing and chose to do so in the grass, hoping to minimize damage and avoid injuring any observers. The aircraft was only slightly damaged, but because of the mishap, the first prototype was sent to the Paris Air Show in its place.<ref>{{YouTube|9Djjmw6l3-4|"YF16 in Belly landing"}}. Retrieved 24 March 2011.</ref> *On 15 November 1982, while on a training flight outside [[Kunsan Air Base]] in South Korea, USAF Captain Ted Harduvel died when he crashed inverted into a mountain ridge. In 1985, Harduvel's widow filed a lawsuit against General Dynamics claiming an electrical malfunction, not pilot error, as the cause; a jury awarded the plaintiff {{nowrap|$3.4 million}} in damages. However, in 1989, the U.S. Court of Appeals ruled the contractor had immunity to lawsuits, overturning the previous judgment. The court remanded the case to the trial court "for entry of judgment in favor of General Dynamics".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/878/1311/166713/ |title=United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit. – 878 F.2d 1311. |work=Justia Law |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202133227/http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/878/1311/166713/ |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The accident and subsequent trial was the subject of the 1992 film ''[[Afterburn (1992 film)|Afterburn]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Schindehette |first1=Susan |editor-last1=Sider |editor-first1=Don |title=Pilot Error? An Angry Widow Rejects That Judgment |date=1 June 1992 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |publisher=[[Time Inc.]] |volume=37 |number=21 |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20112810,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508190016/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20112810,00.html |archive-date=8 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tucker |first1=Ken |title=Afterburn Review |date=29 May 1992 |publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,310657,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808042905/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,310657,00.html |archive-date=8 August 2011}}</ref> *On 23 March 1994, during a joint Army-Air Force exercise at [[Pope AFB]], North Carolina, F-16D (AF Serial No. 88-0171) of the [[23d Wing|23d Fighter Wing]] / [[74th Fighter Squadron]] was simulating an engine-out approach when it collided with a USAF C-130E. Both F-16 crew members ejected, but their aircraft, on full afterburner, continued on an arc towards Green Ramp and struck a USAF [[C-141]] that was being boarded by US Army paratroopers. This accident resulted in 24 fatalities and at least 100 others injured.<ref name="Fay Observer">{{cite web |last1=Brooks |first1=Drew |title=Fort Bragg Report: Green Ramp Disaster anniversary was March 23 |url=http://www.fayobserver.com/blogs/news/fort_bragg_report/fort-bragg-report-green-ramp-disaster-anniversary-was-march/article_535c6a22-cf68-11e4-a8be-d7909da5a604.html |website=Fay Observer |access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref> It has since been known as the "[[Green Ramp disaster]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19940323-2 |title=23 March 1994 crash |author=Harro Ranter |date=23 March 1994 |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103172548/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19940323-2 |archive-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> *On 15 September 2003, a [[United States Air Force Thunderbirds]] F-16C crashed during an air show at [[Mountain Home AFB]], Idaho. Captain Christopher Stricklin attempted a "[[split S]]" maneuver based on an incorrect mean-sea-level altitude of the airfield. Climbing to only {{convert|1670|ft|m|abbr=on}} above ground level instead of {{convert|2500|ft|m|abbr=on}}, Stricklin had insufficient altitude to complete the maneuver, but was able to guide the aircraft away from spectators and ejected less than one second before impact. Stricklin survived with only minor injuries; the aircraft was destroyed. USAF procedure for demonstration "Split-S" maneuvers was changed, requiring both pilots and controllers to use above-ground-level (AGL) altitudes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gladman |first1=Paul |title=Thunderbirds Lockheed Martin F-16 Ejection |date=3 October 2008 |publisher=FlightGlobal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/aircraft-pictures/2008/10/thunderbirds-lockheed-martin-f.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413061837/http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/aircraft-pictures/2008/10/thunderbirds-lockheed-martin-f.html |archive-date=13 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/138537/thunderbird-crashes-at-air-show/ |title=Thunderbird crashes at air show |publisher=[[US Air Force]] |date=15 September 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214024752/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123006413 |archive-date= 14 February 2006|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Entry covers the accident and is long enough as is. --> *On 26 January 2015, a Greek F-16D [[2015 Los Llanos Air Base crash|crashed]] while performing a NATO training exercise in [[Albacete]], Spain. Both crew members and nine French soldiers on the ground died when it crashed in the flight line, destroying or damaging two Italian [[AMX International AMX|AMX]]s, two French [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha jets]], and one French [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]].<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Greek fighter-jet crash in Spain leaves at least 10 dead |date=26 January 2015 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/26/spain-f16-fighter-jet-crash-albacete |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118045430/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/26/spain-f16-fighter-jet-crash-albacete |archive-date=18 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[Le Monde]] |title=Onze morts dont neuf Français lors du crash d'un avion de chasse en Espagne |date=28 January 2015 |language=fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2015/01/26/dix-morts-dans-le-crash-d-un-avion-de-chasse-grec-en-espagne_4563876_3214.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128025205/http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2015/01/26/dix-morts-dans-le-crash-d-un-avion-de-chasse-grec-en-espagne_4563876_3214.html |archive-date=28 January 2015 |via=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]}}</ref> Investigations suggested that the accident was due to an erroneous rudder setting that was caused by loose papers in the cockpit.<ref>{{cite news |last1=González |first1=Miguel |title=Loose papers in cockpit likely cause of F-16 crash at NATO base in Albacete |date=29 July 2015 |publisher=[[El País]] |url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2015/07/29/inenglish/1438167032_202612.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407145423/https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2015/07/29/inenglish/1438167032_202612.html |archive-date=7 April 2023}}</ref> *On 7 July 2015, an F-16CJ [[2015 Moncks Corner mid-air collision|collided]] with a [[Cessna 150M]] over Moncks Corner, South Carolina, U.S. The pilot of the F-16 ejected safely, but both people in the Cessna were killed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pager |first1=Tyler |title=2 killed when F-16, Cessna collide in midair over S.C. |date=8 July 2015 |publisher=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/07/07/f16-crash-south-carolina/29815069/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410203040/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/07/07/f16-crash-south-carolina/29815069/ |archive-date=10 April 2019}}</ref> * On 11 October 2018, an F-16 MLU from the [[2nd Tactical Wing]] of the [[Belgian Air Component]], on the apron at [[Florennes Air Base|Florennes Air Station]], was hit by a gun burst from a nearby F-16, whose cannon was fired inadvertently during maintenance. The aircraft caught fire and was burned to the ground, while two other F-16s were damaged and two maintenance personnel were treated for aural trauma.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Florennes, un F-16 a bien été détruit par un tir accidentel: "L'explosion a été provoquée par un tir de canon" |publisher=RTL Info |via=[[Belga (news agency)|Belga]] |date=7 November 2018 |url=https://www.rtl.be/actu/florennes-un-f-16-bien-ete-detruit-par-un-tir-accidentel-lexplosion-ete/2018-11-07/article/161584 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424053336/https://www.rtl.be/info/belgique/faits-divers/a-florennes-un-f-16-a-bien-ete-detruit-par-un-tir-accidentel-l-explosion-a-ete-provoquee-par-un-tir-de-canon--1075310.aspx |archive-date=24 April 2021}}</ref> * On 11 March 2020, a Pakistani F-16AM (Serial No. 92730) of the [[No. 9 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)]] crashed in the [[Shakarparian]] area of [[Islamabad]] during rehearsals for the [[Pakistan Day Parade]]. The plane crashed when the F-16 was executing an aerobatic loop. As a result, the pilot of the F-16, [[Wing Commander]] [[Noman Akram]], who was also the Commanding Officer of the No. 9 Squadron "Griffins", lost his life. A board of inquiry ordered by the [[Pakistan Air Force]] later revealed that the pilot had every chance to eject but opted not to and tried his best to save the aircraft and avoid civilian casualties on the ground. Videos taken by locals on the ground show his F-16AM crashing into some woods. He was hailed a hero by Pakistanis while also gaining some attention internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-pays-tribute-to-wing-commander-noman-akram-on-his-first-martyrdom-anniversary/ |title=Pakistan pays tribute to Wing Commander Noman Akram on his first martyrdom anniversary |date=11 March 2021 |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417034152/https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-pays-tribute-to-wing-commander-noman-akram-on-his-first-martyrdom-anniversary/ |url-status=live}}</ref> * On 6 May 2023, a U.S. Air Force F-16C of the [[8th Fighter Wing]] crashed in a field near Osan Air Base in South Korea during a daytime training sortie. The pilot safely ejected from the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2023/05/08/air-force-pilot-ejects-f-16-crashes-south-korea.html |title=Air Force Pilot Ejects as F-16 Crashes in South Korea |date=8 May 2023}}</ref>{{importance inline|date=October 2023}} *On 20 March 2024, an F-16 operated by the Hellenic Air Force crashed into the sea, close to the island of Psathoura in the northern Aegean Sea. The pilot ejected from the aircraft and was later rescued.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/1234446/greek-fighter-jet-crashes-into-sea-pilot-believed-to-have-survived/ |title=Greek fighter jet crahsed into sea|date=20 March 2024}}</ref> *On 30 April 2024, an Air Force General Dynamics F-16 crashed outside Holloman Air Force Base, located near Alamogordo in New Mexico. The pilot ejected safely before impact.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.twz.com/news-features/f-16-crashes-near-holloman-air-force-base-in-new-mexico/ |title=F-16 Crashes Near Holloman Air Force Base In New Mexico |date=30 April 2024}}</ref> *On 8 May 2024, an F-16C of the [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] crashed during takeoff within [[Tengah Air Base]]. The pilot successfully ejected from the aircraft without major injuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/rsaf-f16-crash-tengah-airbase-singapore-air-force-4320751|title=RSAF F-16 jet crashes at Tengah Air Base; pilot hospitalised with no major injuries|website=CNA}}</ref> The cause was later identified to be from the malfunction of two of the three primary pitch rate gyroscopes on the aircraft. This was noted to be a "rare occurrence" by [[Lockheed Martin]] due to the concurrent failure of the two independent pitch rate gyroscopes giving similar inputs which caused the digital flight control computer to reject inputs from the correctly functioning pitch rate gyroscope and the backup pitch rate gyroscope when it was activated by the rejection of a primary pitch rate gyroscope.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 Jun 2023 |title=Final Update on the RSAF's F-16 Crash at Tengah Air Base |url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/rsaf/news-and-publications/news/final-update-on-the-rsaf's-f-16-crash-at-tengah-air-base}}</ref> *On 28 August 2025, a [[Polish Air Force]] F-16C Block 52+, from the Tiger Demo Team, crashed in Poland, while practicing for the Radom Airshow. The pilot did not survive the accident and the airshow was cancelled.<ref>https://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/jagerfly-styrtet-under-flyshow-i-polen/s/5-95-2590673. Nettavisen.no. Retrieved 2025-08-28</ref><ref>https://www.vg.no/video/340326/her-styrter-jagerflyet VG.no. Retrieved 2025-08-28</ref> <!-- Section is only for [[aviation accidents and incidents]]. Entries need to be notable per [[WP:WikiProject Aircraft/page content#Accidents and incidents]] and [[WP:AIRCRASH]]. --> ==Aircraft on display== {{main|List of displayed General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcons}} As newer variants have entered service, many examples of older F-16 models have been preserved for display worldwide, particularly in Europe and the United States. ==Specifications (F-16C Block 50 and 52)== [[File:GENERAL DYNAMICS F-16 FIGHTING FALCON.svg|thumb|3-view drawing of an F-16]] [[File:F16 vertical climb.png|thumb|The underside of an F-16 during a vertical climb]] [[File:Lockheed F-16C USAF 92-3894 PACAF F-16 Demo Team RJNK.jpg|thumb|F-16 in afterburner]] [[File:B61 in Weapons Storage and Security System.jpg|thumb|[[Weapons Storage and Security System]] vault in raised position holding a [[B61 nuclear bomb]], adjacent to an F-16. The vault is within a [[Protective Aircraft Shelter]].]] [[File:Israeli F-16s at Red Flag.jpg|thumb|An Israeli F-16I Block 52 with conformal fuel tanks (CFTs), [[electronic countermeasure]]s, and other external stores during a [[Red Flag (United States Air Force)|Red Flag]] exercise at [[Nellis AFB]], Nevada]] [[File:01.06 總統春節勗勉「空軍第四聯隊」暨與重要幹部及官兵代表會餐 (52609493192).jpg|thumb|A view of an AGM-84 Harpoon air-to-surface anti-ship missile fixed under the wing of an F-16 of the [[Republic of China Air Force]]]] [[File:U.S. Air Force F-16 Operation Epic Fury.jpg|thumb|F-16 armed with [[AGM-88]] HARMs, [[AIM-9X]] Sidewinders, and [[AIM-120]] AMRAAMs during [[Operation Epic Fury]]]] {{Aircraft specs |ref=USAF sheet,<ref name=AF_fact_sh/> International Directory of Military Aircraft,<ref name=Frawley_Military/> [[Aircraft flight manual|Flight Manual]] for F-16C/D Block 50/52+<ref name=HAF>{{cite web |title=Hellenic Air Force F-16C/D Flight Manuals |entry= |date=15 June 2003 |id=GR1F-16CJ-1 |url=https://publicintelligence.net/hellenic-air-force-f-16cd-flight-manuals/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023073953/https://publicintelligence.net/hellenic-air-force-f-16cd-flight-manuals/ |archive-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> |prime units?=kts <!-- General characteristics --> |genhide= |crew= 1 |length ft=49 |length in=5 |length note= |span ft=32 |span in=8 |span note= |height ft=16 |height in= |height note= |wing area sqft=300 |wing area note= |aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes --> |airfoil=[[NACA airfoil|NACA 64A204]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326174850/https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |archive-date=26 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> |empty weight lb=18900 |empty weight note= |gross weight lb=26500 |gross weight note= |max takeoff weight lb=42300 |max takeoff weight note= |fuel capacity={{convert|7000|lb|kg}} internal |more general= <!-- Powerplant --> |eng1 number=1 |eng1 name=[[General Electric F110#F110-GE-129|General Electric F110-GE-129]] for Block 50 aircraft |eng1 type= |eng1 kw=<!-- prop engines --> |eng1 hp=<!-- prop engines --> |eng1 shp=<!-- prop engines --> |eng1 kn=<!-- jet/rocket engines --> |eng1 lbf=17155 |eng1 kn-ab=<!-- afterburners --> |eng1 lbf-ab=29500 |eng1 note= |power original= |thrust original= |more power=<br/>(1 × [[Pratt & Whitney F100#F100-PW-229|Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-229]] for Block 52 aircraft, {{cvt|17800|lbf|kN}} thrust dry and {{cvt|29160|lbf|kN}} with afterburner.) <!-- Performance --> |perfhide= |max speed kts= |max speed note= |max speed mach=2.05, {{cvt|1176|kn|mph km/h|0}} at 40,000 feet, clean<ref name=Frawley_Military/> **Mach 1.2, {{cvt|800|kn|mph km/h|0}} at sea level<ref name=Frawley_Military/> |cruise speed kts=504 |cruise speed note= |stall speed kts= |stall speed note= |never exceed speed kts= |never exceed speed note= |minimum control speed kts= |minimum control speed note= |range nmi= |range note= |combat range nmi=295 |combat range note=on a hi-lo-hi mission with 4 × {{cvt|1000|lb|0}} bombs |ferry range nmi=2277 |ferry range note= with three [[drop tank]]s |endurance=<!-- if range unknown --> |ceiling ft=50000 |ceiling note= |g limits=+9 |roll rate=324°/s<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.codeonemagazine.com/f16_article.html?item_id=174 |title=SEMPER VIPER! |publisher=Lockheed Martin |access-date=1 August 2015 |archive-date=3 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403001245/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/f16_article.html?item_id=174 |url-status=live}}</ref> |wing loading lb/sqft=88.3 |wing loading note= |fuel consumption lb/mi= |power/mass= |thrust/weight=1.095 (1.24 with loaded weight & 50% internal fuel){{#tag:ref|Thrust (28,600 lb) / Loaded weight with 50% internal fuel (23,000 lb)|group=N}} |more performance= <!-- Armament --> |guns=1 × [[20 mm caliber|20 mm (0.787 in)]] [[M61 Vulcan|M61A1 Vulcan]] [[Rotary cannon#M61 Vulcan and other designs|6-barrel rotary cannon]], 500 rounds |hardpoints= 2 × wing-tip air-to-air missile launch rails, 6 × under-wing, and 3 × under-fuselage pylon (2 of 3 for sensors) stations |hardpoint capacity=up to {{convert|17000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of stores |rockets=<nowiki /> **4 × LAU-61/LAU-68 rocket pods (each with 19/7 × [[Hydra 70]] mm/[[APKWS]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.baesystems.com/en-us/article/us-air-force-deploys-apkws-laser-guided-rockets-on-f-16s |title=U.S. Air Force Deploys APKWS Laser-Guided Rockets on F-16s |date=8 June 2016 |website=baesystems.com |publisher=BAE |access-date=8 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611120557/http://www.baesystems.com/en-us/article/us-air-force-deploys-apkws-laser-guided-rockets-on-f-16s |archive-date=11 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> rockets, respectively) **4 × LAU-5003 rocket pods (each with 19 × [[CRV7]] 70 mm rockets) **4 × LAU-10 rocket pods (each with 4 × [[Zuni (rocket)|Zuni]] 127 mm rockets) |missiles=<nowiki /> ** [[Air-to-air missile]]s: ***6 × [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] ***6 × [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] ***6 × [[IRIS-T]] ***6 × [[Python (missile)|Python-4]] ***6 × [[Python (missile)|Python-5]] ***2 × [[AIM-7 Sparrow]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marvineng.com/product/aim-7-sparrow-pylon/|title=AIM-7 Sparrow Pylon – Marvin Engineering Co}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Iddon |first1=Paul |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2023/08/08/provision-of-aim-120-missiles-would-greatly-enhance-iraqs-f-16s/?sh=7e39770e40c2 |title=Provision of AIM-120 Missiles Would Greatly Enhance Iraq's F-16s |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> and 4 × [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] ** [[Air-to-surface missile]]s: ***6 × [[AGM-65 Maverick]] ***2 × [[AGM-88 HARM]] *** [[AGM-158 JASSM]] (JASSM) ** [[Anti-ship missile]]s: ***2 × [[Harpoon (missile)|AGM-84 Harpoon]] ***4 × [[Penguin missile|AGM-119 Penguin]] *** [[Joint Strike Missile]] (to be integrated) |bombs=<nowiki /> **8 × [[CBU-87 Combined Effects Munition]] **8 × [[GATOR mine system|CBU-89 Gator mine]] **8 × [[CBU-97 Sensor Fuzed Weapon]] **4 × [[Mark 84 bomb|Mark 84]] general-purpose bombs **8 × [[Mark 83 bomb|Mark 83]] GP bombs **12 × [[Mark 82 bomb|Mark 82]] GP bombs **8 × [[GBU-39 SDB|GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb]] (SDB) **4 × [[GBU-10 Paveway II]] **6 × [[GBU-12 Paveway II]] **4 × [[GBU-24 Paveway III]] **4 × [[GBU-27 Paveway III]] **4 × [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]] (JDAM) series **4 × [[AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon]] (JSOW) ** [[Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser]] (WCMD) ** [[B61 nuclear bomb]] ** [[B83 nuclear bomb]] *'''Others:''' **[[ADM-160 MALD]]<ref>{{cite web |title=ADM-160 MALD |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/weapons-platforms/adm-160-mald/ |website=airandspaceforces.com |access-date=6 October 2023}}</ref> **SUU-42A/A [[Flare (countermeasure)|flares/infrared decoys]] dispenser pod and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] pod ''or'' **AN/ALQ-131 & AN/ALQ-184 [[electronic countermeasures|ECM]] pods on centerline ''or'' ** [[LANTIRN]], [[Lockheed Martin Sniper XR]] & [[Litening]] targeting pods ''or'' ** [[AN/ASQ-213 HARM targeting system]] (HTS) Pod (typically configured on station 5L with Sniper XR pod on station 5R) ''or'' **Up to 3 × 300/330/370/600 US [[gallon]] (1,135, 1,250, 1,400, 2,270 L) ''[[Sargent Fletcher]]'' [[drop tank]]s for ferry flight/extended range/loitering time ''or'' **UTC Aerospace DB-110 long range EO/IR sensor pod on centerline <!-- Avionics --> |avionics= * [[AN/APG-68]] radar * AN/ALR-56M radar warning receiver, being replaced on US Air Force F-16C/D Block 40/42 and 50/52 by AN/ALR-69A(V) * AN/ALQ-213 electronic warfare suite, being replaced on US Air Force F-16C/D Block 40/42 and 50/52 by AN/ALQ-257 * [[MIL-STD-1553]] bus<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interfacebus.com/Design_Connector_1553.html |title=MIL-STD-1553 Avionics Bus Description. Military Standard |publisher=Interfacebus.com |access-date=24 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019111637/http://www.interfacebus.com/Design_Connector_1553.html |archive-date=19 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> }} <!--==Notable appearances in media== --> <!-- ===============({{NoMoreCruft}})=============== --> <!-- Please READ [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history#Popular culture]] before adding any "Popular culture" items. Please do not add the many minor appearances of the aircraft. This section is only for major cultural appearances where the aircraft plays a MAJOR part in the story line, or has an "especially notable" role in what is listed. A verifiable source proving the appearance's notability may be required. Random cruft, including ALL Ace Combat, Battlefield, and Metal Gear Solid appearances, and ALL anime/fiction lookalike speculation, WILL BE removed. If your item has been removed, please discuss it on the talk page FIRST. A verifiable source proving the appearance's notability may be required. If a consensus is reached to include your item, a regular editor of this page will add it back. Thank you for your cooperation. --> <!-- ===============({{NoMoreCruft}})=============== --> ==See also== {{Portal|Aviation}} {{aircontent |see also=<!-- other related articles that have not already linked: --> * {{section link|Aircraft in fiction#F-16 Fighting Falcon}} * [[Fourth-generation fighter]] * [[Green Ramp disaster]] * [[David S. Lewis]] (General Dynamics' CEO during formative period for F-16) * [[RSAF Black Knights]] – F-16 Aerobatic Team |related=<!-- designs which were developed into or from this aircraft: --> * [[Vought Model 1600]] * [[General Dynamics F-16XL]] * [[General Dynamics X-62 VISTA]] * [[AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-kuo]] * [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle]] * [[Mitsubishi F-2]] |similar aircraft=<!-- aircraft that are of similar Role, Era, and Capability this design --> * [[Chengdu J-10]] * [[Dassault Mirage 2000]] * [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet]] * [[Mikoyan MiG-29]] *[[HAL Tejas]] * [[PAC/CAC JF-17 Thunder]] * [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen]] |lists=<!-- relevant lists that this aircraft appears in: --> * [[List of active United States military aircraft]] * [[List of fighter aircraft]] * [[List of military electronics of the United States]] }} ==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist|group=N}} ===Citations=== {{Reflist}} ===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=Aleshire |first1=Peter |date=2004 |title=The Eye of the Viper: The Making of an F-16 Pilot |edition=Illustrated |publisher=[[The Lyons Press]] |location=[[Guilford, Connecticut|Guilford, CT]] |isbn=9781599217222}} * {{cite book |last1=Aronstein |first1=David C. |last2=Piccirillo |first2=Albert C. |date=1996 |title=The Lightweight Fighter Program: A Successful Approach to Fighter Technology Transition |publisher=[[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]] |location=[[Reston, Virginia|Reston, VA]] |doi=10.2514/4.868047 |isbn=9781563471933}} * {{cite book |last1=Coram |first1=Robert |date=2002 |title=Boyd: The Fighter Pilot Who Changed the Art of War |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |isbn=9780759527775}} * {{cite book |last1=Darling |first1=Kev |date=2003 |title=F-16 Fighting Falcon |publisher=Airlife |location=[[Shrewsbury|Shrewsbury, England]] |isbn=9781840373998 |ol=8915445M}} * {{cite book |last1=Droste |first1=Carl S. |last2=Walker |first2=James E. |date=1980 |title=The General Dynamics Case Study on the F-16 Fly-by-Wire Flight Control System |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |isbn=9781563473074 |doi=10.2514/4.867873}} * {{cite book |editor-last1=Eden |editor-first1=Paul |date=2004 |title=The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft |location=[[London]] |publisher=Amber Books |isbn=9781904687085 |ol=8772911M |ref={{harvid|Eden et al|2004}}}} * {{cite book |last1=Frawley |first1=Gerard |date=2002 |title=The International Directory of Military Aircraft 2002/03 |edition=Rev. 4th |publisher=Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd |location=[[Fyshwick, Australian Capital Territory|Fyshwick, ACT]] |isbn=9781875671557 |ol=8656312M}} * {{cite book |last1=Hampton |first1=Dan |date=2012 |title=Viper Pilot: A Memoir of Air Combat |publisher=[[William Morrow and Company|William Morrow]] |isbn=9780062130358}} * {{cite book |last1=Hoh |first1=Roger H. |last2=Mitchell |first2=David G. |date=September 1983 |title=Flying Qualities of Relaxed Static Stability Aircraft – Volume I: Flying Qualities Airworthiness Assessment and Flight Testing of Augmented Aircraft. |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA128758 |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration |id=ADA128758 |access-date=16 June 2008}} * {{cite book |last1=Jenkins |first1=Dennis R. |date=2000 |title=F/A-18 Hornet: A Navy Success Story |edition=1st |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=[[New York City|New York]] |isbn=9780071346962}} * {{cite book |last1=Peacock |first1=Lindsay |date=1997 |title=On Falcon Wings: The F-16 Story |publisher=[[RAF Benevolent Fund|Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund Enterprises]] |location=[[RAF Fairford]] |isbn=9781899808014}} * {{cite book |last1=Richardson |first1=Doug |date=1990 |title=General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon |location=London |publisher=Salamander Books |isbn=9780861015344}} * {{cite book |last1=Senior |first1=Tim |date=2002 |title=The AirForces Monthly Book of the F-16 Fighting Falcon |location=[[Stamford, Lincolnshire|Stamford, England]] |publisher=Key Books Ltd |isbn=9780946219605}} * {{cite book |editor-last1=Spick |editor-first1=Mike |date=2000 |title=The Great Book of Modern Warplanes |location=[[Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul, MN]] |publisher=[[MBI Publishing Company]] |isbn=9780760308936}} * {{cite report |title=Standard Aircraft Characteristics, General Dynamics F-16A Block 15, A.F. Serial No. 80-0541 thru 80-1117, March 1984 |date=March 1984 |url=https://www.alternatewars.com/SAC/F-16A_Block_15_Falcon_SAC_-_March_1984.pdf |publisher=Office of the Secretary of the Air Force |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231190554/https://www.alternatewars.com/SAC/F-16A_Block_15_Falcon_SAC_-_March_1984.pdf |archive-date=31 December 2021}} {{Refend}} ==Further reading== *Drendel, Lou. ''F-16 Fighting Falcon – Walk Around No. 1.'' [[Carrollton, Texas]]: Squadron/[[Signal Books]], 1993. {{ISBN|0-89747-307-8}}. * [[Bill Gunston|Gunston, Bill]]. ''United States Military Aircraft of the 20th century'' London: [[Salamander Books]] Ltd, 1984. {{ISBN|0-86101-163-5}}. *Jenkins, Dennis R. ''McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, Supreme Heavy-Weight Fighter''. [[Arlington, Texas]]: Aerofax, 1998. {{ISBN|1-85780-081-8}}. * [[Bill Sweetman|Sweetman, Bill]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyKWYFKWP74C ''Supersonic Fighters: The F-16 Fighting Falcons''.] [[Mankato, Minnesota]]: [[Capstone Publishers|Capstone Press]], 2008. {{ISBN|1-4296-1315-7}}. *Williams, Anthony G. and Emmanuel Gustin. ''Flying Guns: The Modern Era''. Ramsbury, UK: The [[Crowood Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|1-86126-655-3}}. ==External links== {{Commons}} * [https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104505/f-16-fighting-falcon/ F-16 USAF fact sheet] * [https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/f-16.html F-16 page on LockheedMartin.com] and [http://www.codeonemagazine.com/f16-highlights.html F-16 articles on Code One magazine site] * [https://www.f-16.net/ F-16.net Fighting Falcon resource] {{Lockheed Martin aircraft}} {{Convair/GD aircraft}} {{F-16 Fighting Falcon variants}} {{Lockheed Martin|state=collapsed}} {{US fighters}} {{USAF system codes}} {{Thai fighter designations}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1970s United States fighter aircraft]] [[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1974]] [[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]] [[Category:Fourth-generation jet fighters]] [[Category:General Dynamics aircraft|F-016]] [[Category:General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon| ]] [[Category:Lockheed Martin aircraft|F-016]] [[Category:Mid-wing aircraft]] [[Category:Relaxed-stability aircraft]] [[Category:Single-engined jet aircraft]] [[زمرو:ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن]] [[زمرو:لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن]] [[زمرو:جنرل ڊائنامڪس]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] 0bu6xvd3c9pobv7z9r3omu07v7y5717 371095 371094 2026-04-12T11:07:16Z Memon2025 21315 371095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|American multi-role fighter aircraft}} {{Redirect2|F16|F-16 Fighting Falcon}} {{Infobox settlement |name = F-16 Fighting Falcon |image = F-16 June 2008.jpg |caption = A USAF F-16C over the desert in [[Iraq]], 2008 |alt = Aerial view of jet aircraft, carrying cylindrical fuel tanks and ordnance, overflying desert |type = [[Multirole combat aircraft|Multirole fighter]],<br>[[air superiority fighter]] |national_origin = United States |manufacturer = {{ubl|[[General Dynamics]]<br>(1974–1993)|[[Lockheed Corporation]]<br>(1993–1995)|[[Lockheed Martin]]<br>(1995–2017)}} |builder = {{ubl|[[SABCA]] (1979–1985)|[[Fokker]] (1979–1982)|[[Korea Aerospace Industries|KAI]] (1994–2004)|[[Turkish Aerospace Industries|TUSAŞ]] (1987–2011)}} |first_flight = {{ubl|{{Start date and age|1974|01|20|df=yes|br=y}} (unplanned);|{{Start date and age|1974|02|02|df=yes|br=y}} (official)}} |introduction = {{Start date and age|1978|08|17|df=yes|br=y}} |retired = |status = In service |number_built = 4,604<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.star-telegram.com/news/business/aviation/article186288298.html |title= How the F-16 fighter jet put Fort Worth on the aerospace map |work= Fort Worth Star-Telegram |access-date= 24 November 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171124152750/http://www.star-telegram.com/news/business/aviation/article186288298.html |archive-date= 24 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bahrain">{{Cite press release |url=https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2018-06-25-Lockheed-Martin-Awarded-Contract-to-Build-F-16-Block-70-Aircraft-for-Bahrain |title=Lockheed Martin Awarded Contract to Build F-16 Block 70 Aircraft for Bahrain |publisher=[[Lockheed Martin]] |date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629022206/https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2018-06-25-Lockheed-Martin-Awarded-Contract-to-Build-F-16-Block-70-Aircraft-for-Bahrain |archive-date=29 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> |primary_user = [[United States Air Force]]<!-- List only ONE (1) user; for military aircraft, this is a nation or a service arm. Please DON'T add those tiny flags, as they limit horizontal space. --> |more_users = 25 other [[#Operators|users]]<br>(see ''[[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operators|operators page]]'') |produced = 1973–2017 |variants = [[General Dynamics X-62 VISTA]] |developed_into = {{ubl|[[Vought Model 1600]]|[[General Dynamics F-16XL]]|[[Mitsubishi F-2]]|[[Lockheed Martin F-16V Viper]]}} }} '''ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن''' (F-16 Fighting Falcon) جيٽ هڪ آمريڪي سنگل انجن سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر جهاز آهي جيڪو جنرل ڊائنامڪس (هاڻي لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن) پاران تيار ڪيو ويو آهي ۽ ڪيترن ئي ڪمپنين پاران تيار ڪيو ويو آهي، جن ۾ 1993 تائين جنرل ڊائنامڪس ۽ 2017 تائين لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن شامل آهن. هڪ ايئر سپريويرٽي ڊي فائٽر جي طور تي ڊزائين ڪيو ويو، اهو هڪ ڪامياب آل-ويدر ملٽي رول جهاز ۾ تبديل ٿيو جنهن ۾ <small>1976</small> کان وٺي <small>4,600</small> کان وڌيڪ تعمير ڪيا ويا آهن. جيتوڻيڪ اصل نسخا هاڻي پيداوار ۾ نه آهن، لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن <small>'''ايف-16'''</small> وي وائپر خاندان جا بهتر نسخا لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن جي هڪ نئين پيداوار جي سهولت ۾ برآمد لاءِ ٺاهيا ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪيا پيا وڃن. 2026 تائين، اهو فوجي سروس ۾ دنيا جو سڀ کان عام فڪسڊ ونگ جهاز آهي، جنهن ۾ ايف-16 خاندان مان 2,102 آپريشنل آهن، جيڪي سڀني فعال جنگي جهازن جو %15 آهن. The '''General Dynamics''' (now '''Lockheed Martin''') '''F-16 Fighting Falcon''' is an American single-engine [[supersonic]] [[Multirole combat aircraft|multirole]] [[fourth-generation fighter|fourth-generation]] [[fighter aircraft]] developed by [[General Dynamics]] and produced by multiple companies, including General Dynamics until 1993 and [[Lockheed Martin]] until 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/f-16.html |title=F-16 Fighting Falcon |publisher=[[Lockheed Martin]]}}</ref> Designed as an [[air superiority]] [[day fighter]], it evolved into a successful [[night fighter|all-weather]] multirole aircraft with over 4,600 built since 1976.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 April 2012 |title=Lockheed Martin to deliver 4,500th F-16 fighter |url=https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/national/article24727069.html |work=McClatchy DC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731002852/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/04/02/143842/lockheed-martin-to-deliver-4500th.html |archive-date=31 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Although the original versions are no longer in production, improved versions of the [[Lockheed Martin F-16V Viper]] family are being built and upgraded for export in a new production facility of Lockheed Martin.<ref name="Last F-16 leaves Texas nest">{{cite web |last=Gunner |first=Jerry |title=Last F-16 leaves Texas nest |url=https://www.key.aero/article/last-f-16-leaves-texas-nest |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260224034100/https://www.key.aero/article/last-f-16-leaves-texas-nest |url-status=live |date=2017-12-28 |archive-date=2026-02-24 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Key.Aero}}</ref><ref name="Inside The Lockheed Martin Plant That’s Spearheading Resurgent F-16 Sales">{{cite web |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |title=Inside The Lockheed Martin Plant That's Spearheading Resurgent F-16 Sales |url=https://www.twz.com/sponsored-content/inside-the-lockheed-martin-plant-thats-spearheading-resurgent-f-16-sales |website=The War Zone |date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=February 24, 2026 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251209170830/https://www.twz.com/sponsored-content/inside-the-lockheed-martin-plant-thats-spearheading-resurgent-f-16-sales |archive-date=December 9, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2026}}, it is the world's most common [[fixed-wing aircraft]] in military service, with 2,102 from the F-16 family operational, comprising 15% of all active combat aircraft.<ref name="i536">{{cite web |last=Honeywell |first=Exclusive partner |date=2025-11-13 |title=2026 World Air Forces directory |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/2026-world-air-forces-directory/165267.article |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=Flight Global}}</ref> The aircraft was first developed by [[General Dynamics]] in 1974. In 1993, General Dynamics sold its aircraft manufacturing business to [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/16/AR2007121601522.html |last=Rosenwald |first=Michael S. |title=Downside of Dominance? Popularity of Lockheed Martin's F-16 Makes Its F-35 Stealth Jet a Tough Sell. |date=17 December 2007 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014055458/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/16/AR2007121601522.html |archive-date=14 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> which became part of [[Lockheed Martin]] after a 1995 merger with [[Martin Marietta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Lockheed-Martin-Corporation-Company-History.html |title=Company Histories – Lockheed Martin Corporation|work=Funding universe|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417221322/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Lockheed-Martin-Corporation-Company-History.html|archive-date=17 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The F-16's key features include a frameless [[bubble canopy]] for enhanced cockpit visibility, a [[side-stick]] to ease control while maneuvering, an [[ejection seat]] reclined 30 degrees from vertical to reduce the effect of [[g-force]]s on the pilot, and the first use of a [[relaxed stability|relaxed static stability]]/[[fly-by-wire]] flight control system that helps to make it an agile aircraft. The fighter has a single turbofan engine, an internal [[M61 Vulcan]] cannon and 11 [[hardpoint]]s. Although officially named "Fighting Falcon", the aircraft is commonly known by the nickname '''"Viper"''' among its crews and pilots.{{sfn|Peacock|1997|p=100}} Since its introduction in 1978, the F-16 became a mainstay of the U.S. Air Force's tactical airpower, where it mainly replaced the [[Republic F-105 Thunderchief|F-105 Thunderchief]], [[LTV A-7 Corsair II|A-7 Corsair II]], and [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II|F-4 Phantom II]]. The F-16 primarily performed strike and [[Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses|suppression of enemy air defenses]] (SEAD) missions, and in the latter role, it replaced the [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II#Variants|F-4G]] [[Wild Weasel]] by 1996. In addition to active duty in the U.S. Air Force, [[Air Force Reserve Command]], and [[Air National Guard]] units, the aircraft is also used by the [[U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds]] aerial demonstration team, the US Air Combat Command F-16 Viper Demonstration Team,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.acc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3328261/meet-the-2023-air-combat-command-demonstration-team-pilots/ |title=Meet the 2023 Air Combat Command Demonstration Team Pilots |publisher=[[Air Combat Command]] |date=14 March 2023}}</ref> and as an adversary/aggressor aircraft by the [[United States Navy]]. The F-16 has also been procured by the air forces of 25 other nations. F-16s from various US-led coalitions [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operational history|flew combat missions]] in the [[Gulf War]], [[NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Afghanistan]], [[2011 military intervention in Libya|Libya]], and [[Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve|Iraq and Syria]]. F-16s have also seen extensive combat use by [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operational history#Israel|Israel]], [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operational history#Pakistan|Pakistan]], and [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operational history#Ukraine|Ukraine]]. Since 1982, it has been a [[Dual Capable Aircraft]] platform for US nuclear weapons in Europe. Numerous countries have begun replacing the aircraft with the [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II]] and [[Lockheed Martin F-16V Viper]], although the original versions of F-16 also remains in service with many operators.<ref>{{cite press release |last1=Stout |first1=Joe |last2=Quincy |first2=Laurie |title=United States Government Awards Lockheed Martin Contract to Begin Production of Advanced F-16 Aircraft for Morocco |url=https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2008-06-06-United-States-Government-Awards-Lockheed-Martin-Contract-to-Begin-Production-of-Advanced-F-16-Aircraft-for-Morocco |work=[[Lockheed Martin]] |date=8 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104091800/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/news/press_releases/2008/060608ae_f16morocco.html |archive-date=4 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Development== ===Lightweight Fighter program=== {{main|Lightweight Fighter program}} US [[Vietnam War]] experience showed the need for [[Air supremacy|air superiority]] fighters and better air-to-air training for fighter pilots.{{sfn|Spick|2000|p=190}} Based on his experience in the [[Korean War]] and as a fighter tactics instructor in the early 1960s, Colonel [[John Boyd (military strategist)|John Boyd]] with mathematician [[Thomas P. Christie|Thomas Christie]] developed the [[energy–maneuverability theory]] to model a fighter aircraft's performance in combat. Boyd's work called for a small, lightweight aircraft that could maneuver with the minimum possible energy loss and which also incorporated an increased [[thrust-to-weight ratio]].<ref name="Hillaker-Boyd">{{cite web |last1=Hillaker |first1=Harry |url=https://www.codeonemagazine.com/f16_article.html?item_id=156 |title=John Boyd, USAF Retired, Father of the F-16. |access-date=7 June 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601193605/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/1997/articles/jul_97/july2a_97.html |archive-date=1 June 2009 |publisher=Code One: An Airpower Projection Magazine |date=April 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hehs |first1=Eric |title=F-16 Designer Harry Hillaker |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/article.html?item_id=37 |website=www.codeonemagazine.com |publisher=Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company |access-date=25 April 2023 |language=en-us |date=15 April 1991}}</ref> In the late 1960s, Boyd gathered a group of like-minded innovators who became known as the [[Fighter Mafia]], and in 1969, they secured [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] funding for General Dynamics and Northrop to study design concepts based on the theory.{{sfn|Richardson|1990|pp=7–8}}{{sfn|Coram|2002|pp=245–246}} Air Force F-X proponents were opposed to the concept because they perceived it as a threat to the [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle|F-15]] program, but the USAF's leadership understood that its budget would not allow it to purchase enough F-15 aircraft to satisfy all of its missions.<ref name="bjorkman 2014">{{cite web |last1=Bjorkman |first1=Eileen |title=The Outrageous Adolescence of the F-16 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/outrageous-adolescence-f-16-180949491/ |date=March 2014 |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |work=Air & Space Magazine}}</ref> The Advanced Day Fighter concept, renamed ''F-XX'', gained civilian political support under the reform-minded Deputy Secretary of Defense [[David Packard]], who favored the idea of competitive [[prototype|prototyping]]. As a result, in May 1971, the Air Force Prototype Study Group was established, with Boyd a key member, and two of its six proposals would be funded, one being the [[Lightweight Fighter program|Lightweight Fighter]] (LWF). The [[request for proposal]]s issued on 6 January 1972 called for a {{convert|20000|lb|kg|sigfig =2|adj =mid}} class air-to-air day fighter with a good turn rate, acceleration, and range, and optimized for combat at speeds of {{nowrap|Mach 0.6–1.6}} and altitudes of {{convert|30000|–|40000|ft|sigfig=2}}. This was the region where USAF studies predicted most future air combat would occur. The anticipated average flyaway cost of a production version was {{nowrap|$3 million}}. This production plan was hypothetical as the USAF had no firm plans to procure the winner.{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Richardson|1990|pp=7–9}} ====Selection of finalists and flyoff==== [[File:YF-16 and YF-17 in flight.jpg|thumb|A right-side view of a YF-16 (foreground) and a [[Northrop YF-17]], each armed with AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles|alt=Two jet aircraft flying together over mountain range and cloud]] Five companies responded, and in 1972, the Air Staff selected General Dynamics' Model 401 and Northrop's P-600 for the follow-on prototype development and testing phase. GD and Northrop were awarded contracts worth {{nowrap|$37.9 million}} and {{nowrap|$39.8 million}} to produce the YF-16 and [[Northrop YF-17|YF-17]], respectively, with the first flights of both prototypes planned for early 1974. To overcome resistance in the Air Force hierarchy, the [[Fighter Mafia]] and other LWF proponents{{which|date=December 2021}} successfully advocated the idea of complementary fighters in a high-cost/low-cost force mix.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://warontherocks.com/2017/01/re-thinking-the-high-low-mix-part-i-origins-story/ |title=Re-Thinking the High-Low Mix, Part I: Origins Story |date=25 January 2017}}</ref> The "high/low mix" would allow the USAF to be able to afford sufficient fighters for its overall fighter force structure requirements. The mix gained broad acceptance by the time of the prototypes' flyoff, defining the relationship between the LWF and the F-15.{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=10–11}}{{sfn|Richardson|1990|pp=8–9}} The YF-16 was developed by a team of General Dynamics engineers led by [[Robert H. Widmer]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Douglas |first1=Martin |title=Robert H. Widmer, Designer of Military Aircraft, Dies at 95. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/03/business/03widmer.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228092722/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/03/business/03widmer.html?_r=1&ref=deathsobituaries |archive-date=28 December 2016 |date=2 July 2011}}</ref> The first YF-16 was rolled out on 13 December 1973. Its 90-minute [[maiden flight]] was made at the Air Force Flight Test Center at [[Edwards AFB]], California, on 2 February 1974. Its actual first flight occurred accidentally during a high-speed taxi test on 20 January 1974. While gathering speed, a roll-control oscillation caused a fin of the port-side wingtip-mounted missile and then the starboard [[stabilator]] to scrape the ground, and the aircraft then began to veer off the runway. The test pilot, [[Phil Oestricher]], decided to lift off to avoid a potential crash, safely landing six minutes later. The slight damage was quickly repaired and the official first flight occurred on time.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a30645599/f-16-first-flight/ |last=Mizokami |first=Kyle |title=That Time When the F-16 Accidentally Had Its First Flight |date=23 January 2020 |magazine=[[Popular Mechanics]] |access-date=31 July 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210803011108/https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a30645599/f-16-first-flight/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The YF-16's first supersonic flight was accomplished on 5 February 1974, and the second YF-16 prototype first flew on 9 May 1974. This was followed by the first flights of Northrop's YF-17 prototypes on 9 June and 21 August 1974, respectively. During the flyoff, the YF-16s completed 330 [[sorties]] for a total of 417 flight hours;{{sfn|Richardson|1990|pp=12–13}} the YF-17s flew 288 sorties, covering 345 hours.{{sfn|Jenkins|2000|p=14}} ===Air Combat Fighter competition=== Increased interest turned the LWF into a serious acquisition program. [[NATO]] allies Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Norway were seeking to replace their [[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter|F-104G Starfighter]] [[fighter-bomber]]s.<ref>Osborne, Phil, Executive Producer. "F-16 Fighting Falcon" (video #9-315842-037444). ''Magna Pacific'', 2009. Quote: At 17:29, "Another development, which both manufacturers were aware of, was the aging F-104 Starfighters, which equip several European NATO air forces, would soon need to be replaced."</ref> In early 1974, they reached an agreement with the U.S. that if the USAF ordered the LWF winner, they would consider ordering it as well. The USAF also needed to replace its [[Republic F-105 Thunderchief|F-105 Thunderchief]] and [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II|F-4 Phantom II]] fighter-bombers. The U.S. Congress sought greater commonality in fighter procurements by the Air Force and Navy, and in August 1974 redirected Navy funds to a new Navy Air Combat Fighter program that would be a naval fighter-bomber variant of the LWF. The four NATO allies had formed the Multinational Fighter Program Group (MFPG) and pressed for a U.S. decision by December 1974; thus, the USAF accelerated testing.{{sfn|Jenkins|2000|pp=14–15, 19–20}}<ref name=Richardson_p14/><ref name=Peacock_p12-3/> [[File:YF-16 VASC.JPG|thumb|YF-16 on display at the [[Virginia Air and Space Center]]]] To reflect this serious intent to procure a new fighter-bomber, the LWF program was rolled into a new Air Combat Fighter (ACF) competition in an announcement by [[United States Secretary of Defense|U.S. Secretary of Defense]] [[James R. Schlesinger]] in April 1974. The ACF would not be a pure fighter, but [[Multirole combat aircraft|multirole]], and Schlesinger made it clear that any ACF order would be in addition to the F-15, which extinguished opposition to the LWF.<ref name=Richardson_p14>Richardson 1990, p. 14.</ref><ref name=Peacock_p12-3>Peacock 1997, pp. 12–13.</ref><ref name="f-16.net">{{cite web |title=YF-16 The Birth of a Fighter|url=http://www.f-16.net/f-16_versions_article25.html|website=f-16.net|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709010820/http://www.f-16.net/f-16_versions_article25.html|archive-date=9 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ACF also raised the stakes for GD and Northrop because it brought in competitors intent on securing what was touted at the time as "the arms deal of the century".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dörfer |first1=Ingemar |title=Arms Deal: The Selling of the F-16 |date=June 1983 |publisher=Praeger |access-date=23 April 2011 |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/37508/andrew-j-pierre/arms-deal-the-selling-of-the-f-16 |isbn=9780030623691}}</ref> These were [[Dassault Aviation|Dassault-Breguet's]] proposed [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M-53]], the Anglo-French [[SEPECAT Jaguar]], and the proposed [[Saab 37 Viggen|Saab 37E "Eurofighter"]]. Northrop offered the P-530 Cobra, which was similar to the YF-17. The Jaguar and Cobra were dropped by the MFPG early on, leaving two European and two U.S. candidates. On 11 September 1974, the U.S. Air Force confirmed plans to order the winning ACF design to equip five tactical fighter wings. Though computer modeling predicted a close contest, the YF-16 proved significantly quicker going from one maneuver to the next and was the unanimous choice of those pilots that flew both aircraft.{{sfn|Coram|2002|p=305}} On 13 January 1975, [[Secretary of the Air Force]] [[John L. McLucas]] announced the YF-16 as the winner of the ACF competition.{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=13–16}} The chief reasons given by the secretary were the YF-16's lower operating costs, greater range, and maneuver performance that was "significantly better" than that of the YF-17, especially at supersonic speeds. Another advantage of the YF-16 – unlike the YF-17 – was its use of the [[Pratt & Whitney F100]] turbofan engine, the same [[aircraft engine|powerplant]] used by the F-15; such commonality would lower the cost of engines for both programs.{{sfn|Richardson|1990|p=13}} Secretary McLucas announced that the USAF planned to order at least 650, possibly up to 1,400 production F-16s. In the Navy Air Combat Fighter competition, on 2 May 1975, the Navy selected the YF-17 over the YF-16 (in the form of the [[Vought Model 1600]] proposal) as the basis for what would become the [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet]].{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=14, 17–19, 33–34}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Donald |first1=David |title=Warplanes of the Fleet |location=[[London]] |publisher=AIRtime |date=2005 |isbn=9781880588819 |chapter=Boeing F/A-18 Hornet}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:F-16C Fighting Falcon.JPEG|thumb|left|upright|An F-16C of the [[Colorado Air National Guard]] with [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] missiles, an [[Air Combat Maneuvering Instrumentation]] pod, and a centerline fuel tank ({{convert|300|USgal|L|abbr=on|disp=or}} capacity)|alt=Upright aerial photo of gray jet aircraft flying above clouds]] The U.S. Air Force initially ordered 15 full-scale development (FSD) aircraft (11 single-seat and four two-seat models) for its flight test program which was reduced to eight (six F-16A single-seaters and two F-16B two-seaters).<ref name=Darling_p17>{{harvnb|Darling|2003|p=17}}</ref> The YF-16 design was altered for the production F-16. The fuselage was lengthened by {{convert|10.6|in|m|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}, a larger nose radome was fitted for the [[AN/APG-66]] radar, wing area was increased from {{convert|280|to|300|sqft|m2|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}, the tailfin height was decreased, the ventral fins were enlarged, two more stores stations were added, and a single door replaced the original nosewheel double doors. The F-16's weight was increased by 25% over the YF-16 by these modifications.{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=31–32}}{{sfn|Spick|2000|p=196}} The FSD F-16s were manufactured by General Dynamics in [[Fort Worth, Texas]], at [[United States Air Force Plant 4]] in late 1975; the first F-16A rolled out on 20 October 1976 and first flew on 8 December. The initial two-seat model achieved its first flight on 8 August 1977. The initial production-standard F-16A flew for the first time on 7 August 1978 and its delivery was accepted by the USAF on 6 January 1979. The aircraft entered USAF operational service with the [[34th Tactical Fighter Squadron]], [[388th Tactical Fighter Wing]], at [[Hill AFB]] in Utah, on 1 October 1980.{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=17–19, 33–34}} The F-16 was given its name of "Fighting Falcon" on 21 July 1980. Its pilots and crews often use the name "Viper" instead, because of a perceived resemblance to a [[Viperidae|viper]] snake as well as to the fictional Colonial Viper [[Starfighter (science fiction)|starfighter]] from the television program ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which aired at the time the F-16 entered service.<ref name="EyeoftheViper xxii">{{harvnb|Aleshire|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7c1kYLn6-O0C&pg=PR22 xxii]}}</ref>{{sfn|Peacock|1997|p=100}} On 7 June 1975, the four European partners, now known as the [[List of F-16 Fighting Falcon operators#Original NATO partners|European Participation Group]], signed up for 348 aircraft at the [[Paris Air Show]]. This was split among the European Participation Air Forces (EPAF) as 116 for Belgium, 58 for Denmark, 102 for the Netherlands, and 72 for Norway. Two European production lines, one in the Netherlands at [[Fokker]]'s Schiphol-Oost facility and the other at [[Société Anonyme Belge de Constructions Aéronautiques|SABCA's]] [[Brussels South Charleroi Airport|Gosselies]] plant in Belgium, would produce 184 and 164 units respectively. Norway's [[Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace|Kongsberg Vaapenfabrikk]] and Denmark's [[Terma A/S]] also manufactured parts and subassemblies for EPAF aircraft. European co-production was officially launched on 1 July 1977 at the Fokker factory. Beginning in November 1977, Fokker-produced components were sent to Fort Worth for fuselage assembly, then shipped back to Europe for final assembly of EPAF aircraft at the Belgian plant on 15 February 1978; deliveries to the [[Belgian Air Force]] began in January 1979. The first [[Royal Netherlands Air Force]] aircraft was delivered in June 1979. In 1980, the first aircraft were delivered to the [[Royal Norwegian Air Force]] by Fokker and to the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] by SABCA.{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=14–16, 21}}{{sfn|Richardson|1990|pp=13–15}} During the late 1980s and 1990s, [[Turkish Aerospace Industries]] (TAI) produced 232 [[Block Number (aircraft)|Block]] 30/40/50 F-16s on a production line in Ankara [[Licensed production|under license]] for the [[Turkish Air Force]]. TAI also produced 46 Block 40s for Egypt in the mid-1990s and 30 Block 50s from 2010 onwards. [[Korean Aerospace Industries]] opened a production line for the KF-16 program, producing 140 Block 52s from the mid-1990s to mid-2000s (decade). If India had selected the F-16IN for its [[Indian MRCA Competition|Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft]] procurement, a sixth F-16 production line would have been built in India.<ref name="JAWA">{{cite book |editor-last1=Jackson |editor-first1=Paul |editor-last2=Munson |editor-first2=Kenneth |editor-last3=Peacock |editor-first3=Lindsay |title=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]] |chapter=Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon |url= |date=1 January 2008 |publisher=Jane's |isbn=9780710628374}}</ref> In May 2013, Lockheed Martin stated there were currently enough orders to keep producing the F-16 until 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fuquay |first1=Jim |title=Iraq to buy 18 more Lockheed F-16 fighters |url=http://www.star-telegram.com/2013/05/01/4818637/iraq-to-buy-18-more-lockheed-f.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213001614/http://www.star-telegram.com/2013/05/01/4818637/iraq-to-buy-18-more-lockheed-f.html |archive-date=13 December 2013 |date=1 May 2013 |publisher=[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]]}}</ref> ===Improvements and upgrades=== One change made during production was augmented pitch control to avoid [[deep stall]] conditions at high angles of attack. The stall issue had been raised during development but had originally been discounted. Model tests of the YF-16 conducted by the [[Langley Research Center]] revealed a potential problem, but no other laboratory was able to duplicate it. YF-16 flight tests were not sufficient to expose the issue; later flight testing on the FSD aircraft demonstrated a real concern. In response, the area of each horizontal stabilizer was increased by 25% on the Block 15 aircraft in 1981 and later retrofitted to earlier aircraft. In addition, a manual override switch to disable the horizontal stabilizer flight limiter was prominently placed on the control console, allowing the pilot to regain control of the horizontal stabilizers (which the flight limiters otherwise lock in place) and recover. Besides reducing the risk of deep stalls, the larger horizontal tail also improved stability and permitted faster takeoff rotation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chambers |first1=Joseph R. |title=Partners in Freedom: Contributions of the Langley Research Center to U.S. Military Aircraft of the 1990s |chapter=Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon: Curing Deep Stall |location=Washington, DC |date=1 October 2000 |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20000115606 |id=20000115606 |access-date=22 June 2008}}</ref><ref name="Darling_p56">{{harvnb|Darling|2003|p=56}}</ref> In the 1980s, the Multinational Staged Improvement Program (MSIP) was conducted to evolve the F-16's capabilities, mitigate risks during technology development, and ensure the aircraft's worth. The program upgraded the F-16 in three stages. The MSIP process permitted the quick introduction of new capabilities, at lower costs and with reduced risks compared to traditional independent upgrade programs.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Camm |first1=Frank |title=The F-16 Multinational Staged Improvement Program: A Case Study of Risk Assessment and Risk Management |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA281706 |id=ADA281706 |date=1993 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] |access-date=2 June 2008}}</ref> In 2012, the USAF had allocated $2.8&nbsp;billion (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=2800000000|start_year=2012}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) to upgrade 350 F-16s while waiting for the [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]] to enter service.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wolf |first1=Jim |title=U.S. plans $2.8 billion upgrade of F-16 fighter |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-exclusive-usa-fighters-lockheedmartin-idUSTRE81200H20120203 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002034719/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/03/us-exclusive-usa-fighters-lockheedmartin-idUSTRE81200H20120203 |archive-date=2 October 2015 |publisher=Reuters |date=2 February 2012}}</ref> One key upgrade has been an auto-GCAS ([[Airborne collision avoidance system|ground collision avoidance system]]) to reduce instances of [[controlled flight into terrain]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/savings-in-aircraft-losses-swing-the-argument-in-favour-of-auto-gcas-390499/ |title=Savings in aircraft losses swing the argument in favour of auto-GCAS |website=FlightGlobal |date=13 September 2013 |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917113257/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/savings-in-aircraft-losses-swing-the-argument-in-favour-of-auto-gcas-390499/ |archive-date=17 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Onboard power and cooling capacities limit the scope of upgrades, which often involve the addition of more power-hungry avionics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dod-clears-aesa-export-policy-as-f-16-sales-await-322016/ |title=DoD clears AESA export policy as F-16 sales await |publisher=Reed Business Information Limited |date=4 February 2009 |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324015154/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dod-clears-aesa-export-policy-as-f-16-sales-await-322016/ |archive-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lockheed won many contracts to upgrade foreign operators' F-16s. BAE Systems also offers various F-16 upgrades, receiving orders from South Korea, Oman, Turkey, and the US Air National Guard;<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/AW_08_06_2012_p38-482308.xml |title=BAE Wins Korean F-16 Upgrade Contract.|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203093654/http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=%2Farticle-xml%2FAW_08_06_2012_p38-482308.xml|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.baesystems.com/article/BAES_156496/continuing-to-provide-critical-f-16-support-equipment-to-oman?_afrLoop=451838504148000&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=wstagqwl5_1 |title=Continuing to Provide Critical F-16 Support Equipment to Oman. |access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013204748/http://www.baesystems.com/article/BAES_156496/continuing-to-provide-critical-f-16-support-equipment-to-oman?_afrLoop=451838504148000&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=wstagqwl5_1|archive-date=13 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2013/08/12/bae-systems-growing-steadily-in-defense-services-by-beating-incumbents |title=BAE Systems Growing Steadily in Defense Services By Beating Incumbents.|date=12 August 2013 |work=Forbes |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022035924/http://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2013/08/12/bae-systems-growing-steadily-in-defense-services-by-beating-incumbents/ |archive-date=22 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> BAE lost the South Korean contract because of a price breach in November 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/south-korea-kills-bae-systems-f-16-upgrade-programme-405695/ |title=South Korea kills BAE Systems F-16 upgrade programme |last1=Waldron |first1=Greg |date=6 November 2014 |work=[[FlightGlobal]] |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106134751/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/south-korea-kills-bae-systems-f-16-upgrade-programme-405695/ |archive-date=6 November 2014 |url-status=live |ref=CITEREFWaldron2014b}}</ref> In 2012, the USAF assigned the total upgrade contract to Lockheed Martin.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumdar |first1=Dave |title=US Air Force changes acquisitions strategy for F-16 radar modernization |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/us-air-force-changes-acquisitions-strategy-for-f-16-radar-modernization/107410.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015042333/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-air-force-changes-acquisitions-strategy-for-f-16-radar-modernization-377627/ |archive-date=15 October 2012 |date=12 October 2012 |work=[[FlightGlobal]]}}</ref> Upgrades include Raytheon's Center Display Unit, which replaces several analog flight instruments with a single digital display.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://defense-update.com/20130314_new-mega-display-cleared-for-f-16s-primary-flight-reference.html |title=New Mega Display Cleared for F-16s' Primary Flight Reference|website=defense-update.com|date=14 March 2013|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819141422/http://defense-update.com/20130314_new-mega-display-cleared-for-f-16s-primary-flight-reference.html|archive-date=19 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, [[budget sequestration in 2013|sequestration budget cuts]] cast doubt on the USAF's ability to complete the Combat Avionics Programmed Extension Suite (CAPES), a part of secondary programs such as Taiwan's F-16 upgrade.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130919/DEFREG02/309190013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130920190805/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130919/DEFREG02/309190013 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2013 |title=US Budget Woes Could Affect Taiwan F-16 Upgrades |last1=Minnick |first1=Wendell |date=19 September 2013 |website=defensenews.com |publisher=Gannett Government Media Corporation |access-date=19 September 2013}}</ref> [[Air Combat Command]]'s General [[Gilmary M. Hostage III|Mike Hostage]] stated that if he only had money for a service life extension program (SLEP) or CAPES, he would fund SLEP to keep the aircraft flying.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140202/DEFREG02/302020016/Unfunded-F-16-Upgrades-Put-Jet-s-Combat-Value-Doubt |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140202193215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140202/DEFREG02/302020016/Unfunded-F-16-Upgrades-Put-Jet-s-Combat-Value-Doubt |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2014 |title=Unfunded F-16 Upgrades Put Jet's Combat Value in Doubt |last1=Minnick |first1=Wendell |last2=Mehta |first2=Aaron |date=2 February 2014 |work= Defense News |publisher=Gannett Government Media |access-date=2 February 2014 |ref=CITEREFMinnickMehta2014a}}</ref> Lockheed Martin responded to talk of CAPES cancellation with a fixed-price upgrade package for foreign users.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-lockheed-offers-fixed-price-f-16-upgrade-395824/ |title=SINGAPORE: Lockheed offers fixed-price F-16 upgrade |last1=Waldron |first1=Greg |date=11 February 2014 |work=FlightGlobal |access-date=11 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222045021/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-lockheed-offers-fixed-price-f-16-upgrade-395824/ |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=live |ref=CITEREFWaldron2014a}}</ref> CAPES was not included in the Pentagon's 2015 budget request.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140308/DEFREG03/303080020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140308222159/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140308/DEFREG03/303080020 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 March 2014 |title=Taiwan Faces Tough Choices After US Cancels F-16 Upgrade |last1=Minnick |first1=Wendell |last2=Mehta |first2=Aaron |date=8 March 2014 |website=defensenews.com |publisher=Gannett Government Media |access-date=8 March 2014 |ref=CITEREFMinnickMehta2014b}}</ref> The USAF said that the upgrade package will still be offered to Taiwan's [[Republic of China Air Force]], and Lockheed said that some common elements with the F-35 will keep the radar's unit costs down.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140319/DEFREG/303190036/USAF-Taiwan-Will-Still-Receive-F-16-Radar-Upgrades |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140320213454/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140319/DEFREG/303190036/USAF-Taiwan-Will-Still-Receive-F-16-Radar-Upgrades |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 March 2014 |title=USAF: Taiwan Will Still Receive F-16 Radar Upgrades |last1=MEHTA |first1=AARON |date=19 March 2014 |website=defensenews.com |publisher=Gannett Government Media |access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref> In 2014, the USAF issued a RFI to SLEP 300 F-16 C/Ds.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-air-force-moves-ahead-with-f-16-service-life-extension-404528/ |title=US Air Force moves ahead with F-16 service life extension |last1=Parsons |first1=Dan |date=9 October 2014 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=9 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011122955/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-air-force-moves-ahead-with-f-16-service-life-extension-404528/ |archive-date=11 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Production relocation=== To make more room for assembly of its newer [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35 Lightning II]] fighter aircraft, Lockheed Martin moved the F-16 production from Fort Worth, Texas to its plant in [[Greenville, South Carolina]].<ref name="Def1_F-16_line_to_SC">{{cite news |last1=Weisgerber |first1=Marcus |title=Lockheed to Move F-16 Production to South Carolina |url= https://www.defenseone.com/business/2017/03/lockheed-move-f-16-production-line-south-carolina/136365/ |access-date= 28 June 2018 |work= Defense One |date= 22 March 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170322111521/https://www.defenseone.com/business/2017/03/lockheed-move-f-16-production-line-south-carolina/136365/ |archive-date= 22 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lockheed delivered the last F-16 from Fort Worth to the [[Iraqi Air Force]] on 14 November 2017, ending 40 years of F-16 production there. The company started serial production of the [[Lockheed Martin F-16V Viper]] in 2019, though engineering and modernization work will remain in Fort Worth.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Baker |first1=Max |title= How the F-16 fighter jet put Fort Worth on the aerospace map |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/news/business/aviation/article186288298.html |access-date=28 June 2018 |work=[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]] |date=24 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629022341/https://www.star-telegram.com/news/business/aviation/article186288298.html |archive-date= 29 June 2018 |url-status=live |ref=CITEREFBaker2017b}}</ref> A gap in orders made it possible to stop production during the move; after completing orders for the last Iraqi purchase,<ref name="Star Telegram F-16 to SC Announced">{{cite news |last1= Baker |first1= Max |title= Lockheed Martin to shift F-16 production line to South Carolina |url= https://www.star-telegram.com/news/business/article140090128.html |access-date= 28 June 2018 |work= [[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]] |date= 22 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180629050031/https://www.star-telegram.com/news/business/article140090128.html |archive-date= 29 June 2018 |url-status=live |ref=CITEREFBaker2017a}}</ref> the company was negotiating an F-16 sale to [[Bahrain]] that would be produced in Greenville. This contract was signed in June 2018,<ref name="bahrain" /> and the first planes rolled off the Greenville line in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aviationweek.com/shownews/paris-air-show/lockheed-martin-rolls-out-second-f-16-bahrain |title=Lockheed Martin Rolls Out Second F-16 for Bahrain |last=Everstine |first=Brian |date=2023-06-21 |publisher=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]] |access-date=2023-06-28}}</ref> ==Design== ===Overview=== {{multiple image |align = right |direction = vertical |total_width = 220 |image1 = F16cannon.JPG |width1 = 1600 |height1 = 1200 |alt1 = |caption1 = Early |image2 = F16cannon-late.jpg |width2 = 628 |height2 = 468 |alt2 = |caption2 = Late |footer = Comparison between F-16's inset cannon; early aircraft had four leading vents, a grille, and four trailing vents, while later aircraft had only two trailing vents }} The F-16 is a single-engine, highly maneuverable, supersonic, multirole tactical fighter aircraft. It is much smaller and lighter than its predecessors but uses advanced [[aerodynamics]] and avionics, including the first use of a [[relaxed stability|relaxed static stability]]/[[Aircraft flight control system#Fly-by-wire control systems|fly-by-wire]] (RSS/FBW) flight control system, to achieve enhanced maneuver performance. Highly agile, the F-16 was the first fighter aircraft purpose-built to pull 9-''g'' maneuvers and can reach a maximum speed of over [[Mach number|Mach]] 2. Innovations include a frameless [[bubble canopy]] for better visibility, a side-mounted control stick, and a reclined seat to reduce [[g-force]] effects on the pilot. It is armed with an internal 20&nbsp;mm M61 Vulcan [[Cannon#Autocannon|cannon]] in the left wing root and has multiple locations for mounting various missiles, bombs and pods. It has a thrust-to-weight ratio greater than one, providing power to climb and vertical acceleration.<ref name=AF_fact_sh>{{cite web |url=https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104505/f-16-fighting-falcon/ |title=F-16 Fact Sheet |work=Air Force |publisher=U.S. Air Force |date=23 September 2015 |access-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129162437/http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/224/Article/104505/f-16-fighting-falcon.aspx |archive-date=29 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The F-16 was designed to be relatively inexpensive to build and simpler to maintain than earlier-generation fighters. The airframe is built with about 80% aviation-grade [[aluminum alloy]]s, 8% steel, 3% composites, and 1.5% [[titanium]]. The leading-edge flaps, stabilators, and ventral fins make use of bonded aluminum [[honeycomb structure]]s and [[Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer|graphite epoxy]] [[lamination]] [[Skin (aeronautics)|coatings]]. The number of lubrication points, fuel line connections, and [[line-replaceable unit|replaceable modules]] is significantly less than in preceding fighters; 80% of the access panels can be accessed without stands.<ref name="JAWA"/> The air intake was placed so it was rearward of the nose but forward enough to minimize air flow losses and reduce [[aerodynamic drag]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hillaker |first1=Harry |title=Technology and the F-16 Fighting Falcon Jet Fighter |date=1 March 2004 |url=https://www.nae.edu/Publications/TheBridge/Archives/V34-1CentennialofAviation/TechnologyandtheF-16FightingFalconJetFighter.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528045925/http://www.nae.edu/Publications/TheBridge/Archives/V34-1CentennialofAviation/TechnologyandtheF-16FightingFalconJetFighter.aspx |archive-date=28 May 2010 |website=nae.edu |publisher=[[National Academy of Engineering]] |access-date=25 October 2009}}</ref> Although the LWF program called for a structural life of 4,000 flight hours, capable of achieving {{nowrap|7.33-''g''}} with 80% internal fuel; GD's engineers decided to design the F-16's airframe life for 8,000 hours and for {{nowrap|9-''g''}} maneuvers on full internal fuel. This proved advantageous when the aircraft's mission changed from solely air-to-air combat to multirole operations. Changes in operational use and additional systems have increased weight, necessitating multiple structural strengthening programs.<ref name="Richardson 1990, p. 10">{{harvnb|Richardson|1990|p=10}}</ref> ===General configuration=== [[File:F-16 CJ Fighting Falcon.jpg|thumb|left|F-16CJ of the [[20th Fighter Wing]] from [[Shaw AFB]], [[South Carolina]], armed with a mix of [[air-to-air missile]]s, [[anti-radiation missile]]s, external fuel tanks and support equipment|alt=Jet heavily armed with weapons under wings taking off.]] The F-16 has a cropped-[[delta wing]] incorporating [[blended wing body|wing-fuselage blending]] and forebody [[vortex]]-control [[Strake (aviation)|strakes]]; a fixed-geometry, underslung air intake (with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plate]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=I.H. |last2=Ng |first2=E.Y.K. |last3=Wong|first3=K. |title=Flight Maneuverability Characteristics of the F-16 CFD and Correlation with its Intake Total Pressure Recovery and Distortion |journal=Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics |date=19 November 2014 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=223–234 |doi=10.1080/19942060.2011.11015366 |s2cid=124964283| issn = 1994-2060}}</ref>) to the single turbofan jet engine; a conventional tri-plane [[empennage]] arrangement with all-moving horizontal "stabilator" tailplanes; a pair of ventral fins beneath the fuselage aft of the wing's trailing edge; and a tricycle [[landing gear]] configuration with the aft-retracting, steerable nose gear deploying a short distance behind the inlet lip. The fixed-geometry pitot-type intake is lighter and simpler than variable-geometry designs, at the expense of pressure recovery performance at higher Mach numbers; the designers considered this a worthwhile tradeoff for an aircraft maneuvering primarily at subsonic and transonic speeds.<ref name="aero_integration">{{cite book |first1=Jeffrey W. |last1=Hamstra |first2=Brent N. |last2=McCallum |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470686652.eae490 |title=Tactical Aircraft Aerodynamic Integration |doi=10.1002/9780470686652.eae490 |isbn=9780470754405 |date=15 September 2010 |access-date=19 October 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019070031/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470686652.eae490 |url-status=live}}</ref> There is a boom-style [[aerial refueling]] receptacle located behind the single-piece "bubble" canopy of the cockpit. Split-flap [[Air brake (aircraft)|speedbrakes]] are located at the aft end of the wing-body fairing, and a [[tailhook]] is mounted underneath the fuselage. A fairing beneath the rudder often houses [[Electronic countermeasure|ECM equipment]] or a [[drag chute]]. Later F-16 models feature a long dorsal fairing along the fuselage's "spine", housing additional equipment or fuel.<ref name="JAWA"/>{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=99–102}} Aerodynamic studies in the 1960s demonstrated that the "[[vortex lift]]" phenomenon could be harnessed by highly [[swept wing]] configurations to reach higher [[angle of attack|angles of attack]], using [[leading edge]] vortex flow off a slender lifting surface. As the F-16 was being optimized for high combat agility, GD's designers chose a slender cropped-delta wing with a leading-edge sweep of 40° and a straight trailing edge. To improve maneuverability, a [[Camber (aerodynamics)|variable-camber]] wing with a NACA 64A-204 [[airfoil]] was selected; the camber is adjusted by leading-edge and trailing edge [[flaperon]]s linked to a digital [[flight control system]] regulating the [[flight envelope]].<ref name="JAWA"/><ref name="Richardson 1990, p. 10"/> The F-16 has a moderate wing loading, reduced by fuselage lift.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Dryden |first1=Joe Bill |title=F-16 Aerodynamics |date=April 1986 |access-date=7 August 2011 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/1986/articles/apr_86/f16_aero/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828124207/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/1986/articles/apr_86/f16_aero/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2008 |publisher=Code One Magazine |website=www.codeonemagazine.com |ref=CITEREFDryden1986a}}</ref> The vortex lift effect is increased by leading-edge extensions, known as strakes. Strakes act as additional short-span, triangular wings running from the [[wing root]] (the junction with the fuselage) to a point further forward on the fuselage. Blended into the fuselage and along the wing root, the strake generates a high-speed vortex that remains attached to the top of the wing as the angle of attack increases, generating additional lift and allowing greater angles of attack without stalling. Strakes allow a smaller, lower-[[Aspect ratio (wing)|aspect-ratio]] wing, which increases roll rates and [[directional stability]] while decreasing weight. Deeper wing roots also increase structural strength and internal fuel volume.<ref name="Richardson 1990, p. 10"/>{{sfn|Droste|Walker|1980|pp=3–8}} ===Armament=== [[File:F16A FAP linksup KC-10.jpg|left|thumb|A [[Portuguese Air Force]] F-16A outfitted with AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles, AN/ALQ-131 ECM pod, and external fuel tanks|alt=Aircraft carrying missiles on tips of wings during flight over ocean. Under each wing is a cylindrical external fuel tank with pointed nose]] Early F-16s could be armed with up to six [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] heat-seeking short-range [[air-to-air missile]]s (AAM) by employing rail launchers on each wingtip, as well as radar-guided [[AIM-7 Sparrow]] medium-range AAMs in a weapons mix.<ref name="Spick226232">Spick 2000, pp. 226–228, 232.</ref> More recent versions support the [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]], and US aircraft often mount that missile on their wingtips to reduce [[wing flutter]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rogoway |first=Tyler |title=The Definitive Answer on Why F-16s Carry AIM-120 AMRAAMs on Their Wingtip Rails |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/40382/the-definitive-answer-on-why-f-16s-carry-aim-120-amraams-on-their-wingtip-rails |website=The War Zone |date=6 May 2021 |publisher=The Drive |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510142356/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/40382/the-definitive-answer-on-why-f-16s-carry-aim-120-amraams-on-their-wingtip-rails |url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft can carry various other AAMs, a wide variety of air-to-ground missiles, rockets or bombs; [[electronic countermeasure]]s (ECM), navigation, [[Targeting pod|targeting]] or [[Gun pod|weapons pod]]s; and fuel tanks on 9 [[hardpoint]]s – six under the wings, two on wingtips, and one under the fuselage. Two other locations under the fuselage are available for sensor or radar pods.<ref name="Spick226232"/> The F-16 carries a [[20 mm caliber|{{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}}]] [[M61 Vulcan|M61A1 Vulcan cannon]], which is mounted inside the fuselage to the left of the cockpit.<ref name="Spick226232"/> ===Relaxed stability and fly-by-wire=== [[File:F16 SCANG InFlight.jpg|thumb|F-16C of the [[South Carolina Air National Guard]] in-flight over North Carolina equipped with air-to-air missiles, bomb rack, targeting pods, and electronic countermeasures pods]] The F-16 is the first production fighter aircraft intentionally designed to be slightly aerodynamically unstable, also known as relaxed static stability (RSS), to both reduce drag and improve maneuverability.<ref name=Frawley_Military>{{harvnb|Frawley|2002|p=114}}</ref> Most aircraft are designed to have positive static stability, which induces the aircraft to return to straight and level flight [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] if the pilot releases the controls. This reduces maneuverability as the inherent stability has to be overcome and increases a form of drag known as [[trim drag]]. Aircraft with ''relaxed'' stability are designed to be able to augment their stability characteristics while maneuvering to increase lift and reduce drag, thus greatly increasing their maneuverability. At {{nowrap|Mach 1}}, the F-16 gains positive stability because of aerodynamic changes.{{sfn|Hoh|Mitchell|1983|pp=11ff}}{{sfn|Aronstein|Piccirillo|1996|p=21}}{{sfn|Droste|Walker|1980|pp=8–13}} To counter the tendency to depart from controlled flight and avoid the need for constant trim inputs by the pilot, the F-16 has a quadruplex (four-channel) [[fly-by-wire]] (FBW) [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]] (FLCS). The flight control computer (FLCC) accepts pilot input from the stick and rudder controls and manipulates the control surfaces in such a way as to produce the desired result without inducing control loss. The FLCC conducts thousands of measurements per second on the aircraft's flight attitude to automatically counter deviations from the pilot-set flight path. The FLCC further incorporates limiters governing movement in the [[aircraft flight dynamics|three main axes]] based on attitude, airspeed, and angle of attack (AOA)/''g''; these prevent control surfaces from inducing instability such as [[slip (aerodynamic)|slips]] or [[skid (aerodynamic)|skids]], or a high AOA inducing a stall. The limiters also prevent maneuvers that would exert more than a {{nowrap|9-''g''}} load.{{sfn|Hoh|Mitchell|1983|p=5}}{{sfn|Droste|Walker|1980|loc=4: Unique Flight Control System Functional Features}} Flight testing revealed that "assaulting" multiple limiters at high AOA and low speed can result in an AOA far exceeding the 25° limit, colloquially referred to as "departing"; this causes a deep stall; a near-freefall at 50° to 60° AOA, either upright or inverted. While at a very high AOA, the aircraft's attitude is stable but control surfaces are ineffective. The pitch limiter locks the stabilators at an extreme pitch-up or pitch-down attempting to [[Departure resistance|recover]]. This can be overridden so the pilot can "rock" the nose via pitch control to recover.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dryden |first1=Joe Bill |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/1986/articles/july_86/deep_stalls/index.html |title=Recovering From Deep Stalls And Departures. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627050146/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/1986/articles/july_86/deep_stalls/index.html |archive-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=Code One Magazine |date=July 1986 |access-date=17 April 2010 |ref=CITEREFDryden1986b}}</ref> Unlike the YF-17, which had [[Aircraft flight control system#Hydro-mechanical|hydromechanical]] controls serving as a backup to the FBW, General Dynamics took the innovative step of eliminating mechanical linkages from the control stick and rudder pedals to the [[flight control surface]]s.{{sfn|Droste|Walker|1980|pp=14–19}} The F-16 is entirely reliant on its electrical systems to relay flight commands, instead of traditional mechanically linked controls, leading to the early moniker of "the electric jet" and aphorisms among pilots such as "You don't fly an F-16; it flies you."<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Greenwood |first1=Cynthia |title=Air Force Looks at the Benefits of Using CPCs on F-16 Black Boxes |date=Spring 2007 |magazine=CorrDefense |access-date=16 June 2008 |url=http://www.corrdefense.org/CorrDefense%20Magazine/Spring%202007/feature.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011192605/http://www.corrdefense.org/CorrDefense%20Magazine/Spring%202007/feature.htm |archive-date=11 October 2008}}</ref> The quadruplex design permits "[[Fault tolerance|graceful degradation]]" in flight control response in that the loss of one channel renders the FLCS a "triplex" system.{{sfn|Richardson|1990|p=12}}{{sfn|Droste|Walker|1980|pp=53–62}} The FLCC began as an analog system on the A/B variants but has been supplanted by a digital computer system beginning with the F-16C/D Block 40.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nielson |first1=Mats |title=Total Immersion Fuel Tank Airborne Cable Assemblies: Glenair's Manufacturing Model and Qualification Process |date=2007 |publisher=Glenair |url=http://www.glenair.com/html/tiftac.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502214022/http://www.glenair.com/html/tiftac.htm |archive-date=2 May 2007 |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Day |first1=Dwayne A. |title=Computers in Aviation |date=2003 |url=https://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Evolution_of_Technology/Computers/Tech37.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607155928/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Evolution_of_Technology/Computers/Tech37.htm |archive-date=7 June 2007 |publisher=US [[Centennial of Flight Commission]] |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref> The F-16's controls suffered from a sensitivity to static electricity or [[electrostatic discharge]] (ESD) and [[lightning]].{{sfn|Droste|Walker|1980|loc=3.4: Lightning Protection}} Up to 70–80% of the C/D models' electronics were vulnerable to ESD.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Thompson |first1= William H. |title=Electrical Overstress-Electrostatic Discharge Symposium Proceedings, 1984: EOS-6 |chapter=F-16 Study |page=23 |publisher=EOS/ESD Association, Inc. |access-date=14 November 2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tq4CTp-PbYcC&pg=PA23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313163300/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tq4CTp-PbYcC&pg=PA23 |archive-date=13 March 2023}}</ref> ===Cockpit and ergonomics=== [[File:A U.S. Air Force Airman from the 169th Fighter Wing conducts post flight tasks in an F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft during a phase II operational readiness evaluation at McEntire Joint National Guard Base, S.C. 080412-F-WT236-013.jpg|thumb|Bubble canopy, allowing all-round visibility]] A key feature of the F-16's cockpit is the exceptional field of view. The single-piece, [[Bird strike|bird-proof]] [[polycarbonate]] bubble canopy provides 360° all-round visibility, with a 40° look-down angle over the side of the aircraft, and 15° down over the nose (compared to the common 12–13° of preceding aircraft); the pilot's seat is elevated for this purpose. Additionally, the F-16's canopy omits the forward bow frame found on many fighters, which is an obstruction to a pilot's forward vision.<ref name="JAWA"/>{{sfn|Peacock|1997|p=99}} The F-16's [[Ejection seat#Egress systems|ACES II]] [[Zero-zero ejection seat|zero/zero ejection seat]] is reclined at an unusual tilt-back angle of 30°; most fighters have a tilted seat at 13–15°. The tilted seat can accommodate taller pilots and increases {{nowrap|''g''-force}} tolerance; however, it has been associated with reports of neck aches, possibly caused by incorrect headrest usage.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Albano |first1=J. J. |last2=Stanford |first2=J. B. |title=Prevention of minor neck injuries in F-16 pilots |journal=[[Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine]] |date=December 1998 |issue=69 |volume=12 |pages=1193–1199 |pmid=9856546}}</ref> Subsequent U.S. fighters have adopted more modest tilt-back angles of 20°.<ref name="JAWA"/>{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=99–100}} Because of the seat angle and the canopy's thickness, the ejection seat lacks canopy-breakers for emergency egress; instead the entire canopy is jettisoned prior to the seat's rocket firing.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sherman |first1=Robert |title=F-16 Fighting Falcon |date=30 May 2008 |access-date=23 March 2011 |url=https://fas.org/programs/ssp/man/uswpns/air/fighter/f16.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234034/http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/man/uswpns/air/fighter/f16.html |archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> [[File:F16 Cockpit, Asian Aerospace 2006.JPG|thumb|left|F-16 ground trainer cockpit (F-16 Mid-Life Update (MLU))|alt=Cramped cockpit of jet trainer, showing dials and instruments]] The pilot flies primarily by means of an armrest-mounted [[side-stick]] controller (instead of a traditional [[centre stick|center-mounted stick]]) and an engine throttle; conventional rudder pedals are also employed. To enhance the pilot's degree of control of the aircraft during {{nowrap|high-''g''}} combat maneuvers, various switches and function controls were moved to centralized [[HOTAS|hands on throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls upon both the controllers and the throttle. Hand pressure on the side-stick controller is transmitted by electrical signals via the FBW system to adjust various flight control surfaces to maneuver the F-16. Originally, the side-stick controller was non-moving, but this proved uncomfortable and difficult for pilots to adjust to, sometimes resulting in a tendency to "over-rotate" during takeoffs, so the control stick was given a small amount of "play". Since the introduction of the F-16, HOTAS controls have become a standard feature on modern fighters.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} [[File:170614-F-RH756-282 (34929964880) crop.jpg|thumb|upright|F-16 pilot with [[Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System]] and cockpit [[head-up display]]]] The F-16 has a [[head-up display]] (HUD), which projects visual flight and combat information in front of the pilot without obstructing the view; being able to keep their head "out of the cockpit" improves the pilot's [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite report |last1=Task |first1=H.L. |title=Optical Effects of F-16 Canopy-HUD (Head Up Display) Integration |date=December 1983 |id=ADP003222 |publisher=Air Force Aerospace Medical Research Lab |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADP003222}}</ref> Further flight and systems information are displayed on [[multi-function display]]s (MFD). The left-hand MFD is the [[primary flight display]] (PFD), typically showing radar and moving maps; the right-hand MFD is the system display (SD), presenting information about the engine, landing gear, slat and flap settings, and fuel and weapons status. Initially, the F-16A/B had monochrome [[cathode-ray tube]] (CRT) displays; replaced by color [[liquid-crystal display]]s on the Block 50/52.<ref name="JAWA"/>{{sfn|Spick|2000|p=222}} The Mid-Life Update (MLU) introduced compatibility with [[night vision device|night-vision goggles]] (NVG). The [[Boeing]] [[Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System]] (JHMCS) is available from Block 40 onwards for targeting based on where the pilot's head faces, unrestricted by the HUD, using high-[[gun harmonisation|off-boresight]] missiles like the [[AIM-9X]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Boeing Integrated Defense Systems |title=Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System (JHMCS) |access-date=25 October 2009 |url=http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/military/jhmcs/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611011835/http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/military/jhmcs/index.html |archive-date=11 June 2012 |publisher=[[Boeing]]}}</ref> The newer [[Helmet-mounted display#Helmet Mounted Integrated Targeting (HMIT)/Scorpion|Scorpion Helmet Mounted Display]] is also available and would later replace the JHMCS in U.S. service.<ref>{{cite web |last=Waldron |first=Greg |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/thales-to-provide-new-helmet-display-for-usaf-f-16s/162564.article |title=Thales to provide new helmet display for USAF F-16s |work=Flight Global |date=10 April 2025}}</ref> In November 2024 it was announced that the US Air Force had awarded a $9 million contract to Danish defense company Terma A/S, to supply its [[3-D audio]] system for the aircraft, with a program of upgrades over the following two years. The system will provide high-fidelity digital audio by spatially separating radio signals, aligning audio with threat directions, and integrating [[active noise reduction]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://interestingengineering.com/military/f16-gets-3d-audio-system |title=US Air Force F-16 jets to get 3D audio system for faster, clearer pilot alerts |website=Interesting Engineering |last=Kajal |first=Kapil |date=6 November 2024 |access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref> ===Fire-control radar=== The F-16A/B was originally equipped with the [[Westinghouse Electronic Systems|Westinghouse]] AN/APG-66 [[fire-control radar]]. Its slotted [[planar array]] antenna was designed to be compact to fit into the F-16's relatively small nose. In uplook mode, the APG-66 uses a low [[pulse-repetition frequency]] (PRF) for medium- and high-altitude target detection in a low-[[Clutter (radar)|clutter]] environment, and in [[look-down/shoot-down]] employs a medium PRF for heavy clutter environments. It has four operating frequencies within the X band, and provides four air-to-air and seven air-to-ground operating modes for combat, even at night or in bad weather. The Block 15's APG-66(V)2 model added more powerful [[signal processing]], higher output power, improved reliability, and increased range in cluttered or [[Radar jamming and deception|jamming]] environments. The Mid-Life Update (MLU) program introduced a new model, APG-66(V)2A, which features higher speed and more memory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avitop.com/interact/radar.htm |title=The AN/APG-66 Radar.|first=John|last= Raahauge|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130014311/http://www.avitop.com/interact/radar.htm |archive-date=30 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:F-16 Cockpit part.JPG|thumb|AN/APG-68, as fitted to the nose]] The [[AN/APG-68]], an evolution of the APG-66, was introduced with the F-16C/D Block 25. The APG-68 has greater range and resolution, as well as 25 operating modes, including ground-mapping, Doppler beam-sharpening, ground [[moving target indication]], sea target, and [[track while scan]] (TWS) for up to 10 targets. The Block 40/42's APG-68(V)1 model added full compatibility with Lockheed Martin [[LANTIRN|Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infrared for Night]] (LANTIRN) pods, and a high-PRF pulse-Doppler track mode to provide Interrupted Continuous Wave guidance for [[semi-active radar homing]] (SARH) missiles like the AIM-7 Sparrow. Block 50/52 F-16s initially used the more reliable APG-68(V)5 which has a programmable signal processor employing [[VHSIC|Very High Speed Integrated Circuit]] (VHSIC) technology. The Advanced Block 50/52 (or 50+/52+) is equipped with the APG-68(V)9 radar, with a 30% greater air-to-air detection range and a [[synthetic aperture radar]] (SAR) mode for high-resolution mapping and target detection-recognition. In August 2004, Northrop Grumman was contracted to upgrade the APG-68 radars of Block 40/42/50/52 aircraft to the (V)10 standard, providing all-weather autonomous detection and targeting for [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS)-aided precision weapons, SAR mapping, and [[terrain-following radar]] (TF) modes, as well as interleaving of all modes.<ref name="JAWA"/> The F-16E/F is outfitted with Northrop Grumman's [[AN/APG-80]] [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) radar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kopp |first1=Carlo |title=Active Electronically Steered Arrays: A Maturing Technology |date=June 2002 |issue=June |publisher=[[Air Power Australia]] |journal=[[Australian Aviation]] |volume=2002 |access-date=21 June 2008 |url=http://www.ausairpower.net/aesa-intro.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619091200/http://www.ausairpower.net/aesa-intro.html |archive-date=19 June 2008}}</ref> Northrop Grumman developed the latest AESA radar upgrade for the F-16 (selected for USAF and Taiwan's Republic of China Air Force F-16 upgrades), named the [[AN/APG-83]] Scalable Agile Beam Radar (SABR).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.asdnews.com/news-51168/NGC_s_SABR_to_Help_Extend_Viability_of_USAF_F-16s_Beyond_2025.htm |title=NGC's SABR to Help Extend Viability of USAF F-16s Beyond 2025 |work=ASDNews.com |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205223148/http://www.asdnews.com/news-51168/NGC_s_SABR_to_Help_Extend_Viability_of_USAF_F-16s_Beyond_2025.htm |archive-date=5 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.northropgrumman.com/air/sabr-scalable-agile-beam-radar-apg-83-aesa-for-the-f-16-and-legacy-aircraft/ |title=SABR (Scalable Agile Beam Radar) APG-83 AESA for the F-16 and Legacy Aircraft |work=Northrop Grumman |access-date=28 April 2020 |archive-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405093039/https://www.northropgrumman.com/air/sabr-scalable-agile-beam-radar-apg-83-aesa-for-the-f-16-and-legacy-aircraft/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2007, Raytheon announced that it was developing a Next Generation Radar (RANGR) based on its earlier [[AN/APG-79]] AESA radar as a competitor to Northrop Grumman's AN/APG-68 and AN/APG-80 for the F-16.<ref name="JAWA"/> On 28 February 2020, Northrop Grumman received an order from USAF to extend the service lives of their F-16s to at least 2048 with AN/APG-83 as part of the service-life extension program (SLEP).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Donald |first1=David |title=U.S. Air Force Orders AESA Radar for F-16s |date=3 March 2020 |work=AINOnline |access-date=29 April 2020 |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2020-03-03/us-air-force-orders-aesa-radar-f-16s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731032843/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2020-03-03/us-air-force-orders-aesa-radar-f-16s |archive-date=31 July 2020}}</ref> ===Propulsion=== [[File:Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-220 turbofan engine.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Afterburner – concentric ring structure inside the exhaust]] The initial powerplant selected for the single-engined F-16 was the Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-200 [[Turbofan#Afterburning turbofan|afterburning turbofan]], a modified version of the F-15's F100-PW-100, rated at {{cvt|23830|lbf|kN}} thrust. During testing, the engine was found to be prone to compressor stalls and "rollbacks", wherein the engine's thrust would spontaneously reduce to idle. Until resolved, the Air Force ordered F-16s to be operated within "[[dead-stick landing]]" distance of its bases.<ref name="bjorkman 2014" /> It was the standard F-16 engine through the Block 25, except for the newly built Block 15s with the Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU). The OCU introduced the {{cvt|23770|lbf|kN}} F100-PW-220, later installed on Block 32 and 42 aircraft: the main advance being a Digital Electronic Engine Control (DEEC) unit, which improved reliability and reduced [[Stall (engine)|stall]] occurrence. Beginning production in 1988, the "-220" also supplanted the F-15's "-100", for commonality. Many of the "-220" engines on Block 25 and later aircraft were upgraded from 1997 onwards to the "-220E" standard, which enhanced reliability and maintainability; unscheduled engine removals were reduced by 35%.<ref name="Peacock 1997, pp. 102–103">{{harvnb|Peacock|1997|pp=102–103}}</ref> [[File:F-16 Exhaust.JPG|thumb|Adjustable exhaust nozzle in contracted position]] The F100-PW-220/220E was the result of the USAF's Alternate Fighter Engine (AFE) program (colloquially known as "the Great Engine War"), which also saw the entry of General Electric as an F-16 engine provider. Its [[General Electric F110|F110-GE-100]] turbofan was limited by the original inlet to a thrust of {{cvt|25735|lbf|kN}}, the Modular Common Inlet Duct allowed the F110 to achieve its maximum thrust of {{cvt|28984|lbf|kN}}. (To distinguish between aircraft equipped with these two engines and inlets, from the Block 30 series on, blocks ending in "0" (e.g., Block 30) are powered by GE, and blocks ending in "2" (e.g., Block 32) are fitted with Pratt & Whitney engines.)<ref name="Peacock 1997, pp. 102–103"/><ref>{{cite report |last1=Camm |first1=Frank |last2=Glennan, Jr. |first2=Thomas K. |title=The Development of the F100-PW-220 and F110-GE-100 Engines |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] |date=1993 |access-date=21 June 2008 |id=N-3618-AF |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/notes/2007/N3618.pdf |url-status=live |type=pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605070804/http://www.rand.org/pubs/notes/2007/N3618.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2007}}</ref> The Increased Performance Engine (IPE) program led to the {{cvt|29588|lbf|kN}} F110-GE-129 on the Block 50 and {{cvt|29160|lbf|kN}} F100-PW-229 on the Block 52. F-16s began flying with these IPE engines in the early 1990s. Altogether, of the 1,446 F-16C/Ds ordered by the USAF, 556 were fitted with F100-series engines and 890 with F110s.<ref name="JAWA"/> The United Arab Emirates' Block 60 is powered by the General Electric F110-GE-132 turbofan with a maximum thrust of {{cvt|32500|lbf|kN}}, the highest thrust engine developed for the F-16.<ref name="Peacock 1997, p. 103">{{harvnb|Peacock|1997|p=103}}</ref> {{clear left}} ==Operational history== {{main|General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operational history}} ===United States=== [[File:F-16 takeoff in Germany.jpg|thumb|A U.S. Air Force F-16 from the [[480th Fighter Squadron]] takes off from [[Spangdahlem Air Base]] in support of [[Operation Odyssey Dawn]]]] The F-16 is used by the active duty USAF, [[Air Force Reserve]], and [[Air National Guard]] units, the USAF aerial demonstration team, the [[U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds]], and as an adversary-aggressor aircraft by the [[United States Navy]] at the [[Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |date=2021-05-28 |title=Navy Details Its Plans To Add Ex-Air Force F-16s To Its Fleet |url=https://www.twz.com/40846/navy-details-its-plans-to-add-ex-air-force-f-16s-to-its-fleet |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref> Although initially designed to be a highly maneuverable fighter for air combat, the F-16 would primarily be flown by squadrons focused on ground attack that previously flew aircraft such as the F-105 Thunderchief or A-7 Corsair II.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.419fw.afrc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1779148/in-history-wing-looks-back-on-f-105-f-16-legacy/ |title=In History: Wing looks back on F-105, F-16 legacy |date=7 March 2019 |work=419th Fighter Wing |publisher=U.S. Air Force}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dvidshub.net/image/8613210/day-coang-history-7-replaced-f-16 |title=This day in COANG history: A-7 replaced by F-16 |work=Colorado Air National Guard |publisher=Defense Visual Information Distribution Service |date=23 August 2015}}</ref> The U.S. Air Force, including the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard, flew the F-16 in combat during [[Operation Desert Storm]] in 1991 and in the Balkans during the [[Yugoslav Wars]] later in the 1990s. During the [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]], on 2 May 1999 an F-16 piloted by [[David L. Goldfein]], later [[Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force]], was shot down over western [[Serbia]] by the [[250th Air Defence Missile Brigade]]. F-16s also patrolled the no-fly zones in Iraq during [[Operation Northern Watch]] and [[Operation Southern Watch]] and served during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]] and the [[Iraq War|War in Iraq]] from 2001 and 2003 respectively. In 2011, Air Force F-16s took part in the [[2011 military intervention in Libya|intervention in Libya]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/20/libya-live-blog-allied-airstrikes-continue-against-gadhafi-forces/?hpt=T1/ |title=Libya live blog: Coalition confirms strike on Gadhafi compound|publisher=CNN|date=20 March 2011|access-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419112901/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/20/libya-live-blog-allied-airstrikes-continue-against-gadhafi-forces/?hpt=T1%2F|archive-date=19 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 11 September 2001, two unarmed F-16s were launched in an attempt to ram and down [[United Airlines Flight 93]] before it reached [[Washington D.C.]] during the [[September 11 attacks|11 September 2001 terrorist attacks]], but Flight 93 was prematurely brought down by the hijackers after passengers attacked the cockpit, so the F-16s were retasked to patrol the local airspace and later escorted [[Air Force One]] back to Washington.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/heather-penney-the-911-fighter-pilot-says-celebrating-normalcy-is-a-way-to-honor-heroes/2013/09/13/a97a4bc8-1c8f-11e3-8685-5021e0c41964_story.html |title=Heather Penney, the 9/11 fighter pilot, says celebrating normalcy is a way to honor heroes|last=Penney|first=Heather|author-link=Heather Penney|date=13 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200911154300/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/heather-penney-the-911-fighter-pilot-says-celebrating-normalcy-is-a-way-to-honor-heroes/2013/09/13/a97a4bc8-1c8f-11e3-8685-5021e0c41964_story.html|archive-date=11 September 2020|url-status=live|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name=WashingtonPost>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Steve|title=F-16 pilot was ready to give her life on Sept. 11|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/f-16-pilot-was-ready-to-give-her-life-on-sept-11/2015/09/06/7c8cddbc-d8ce-11e0-9dca-a4d231dfde50_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=8 September 2011|access-date=25 June 2021|archive-date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912191720/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/f-16-pilot-was-ready-to-give-her-life-on-sept-11/2015/09/06/7c8cddbc-d8ce-11e0-9dca-a4d231dfde50_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{importance inline|date=May 2021}} The F-16 had been scheduled to remain in service with the U.S. Air Force until 2025.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Tirpak|first1=John A.|title=Making the Best of the Fighter Force|date=March 2007|magazine=[[Air Force Magazine]]|publisher=[[Air Force Association]]|page=44|url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/app/uploads/2007/03/0307_March2007.pdf#page=46|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916044238/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2007/March%202007/0307force.pdf|archive-date=16 September 2025|volume=90|issue=3|access-date=20 May 2007}}</ref> Its replacement is planned to be the F-35A variant of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, which is expected to gradually begin replacing several multirole aircraft among the program's member nations. However, owing to delays in the F-35 program, all USAF F-16s will receive service life extension upgrades.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforcetimes.com/article/20130416/NEWS/304160020/AF-seeks-F-16-fleet-upgrade-requests-19-more-F-35As |title=AF seeks F-16 fleet upgrade, requests 19 more F-35As.|work=Air Force Times|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> In 2022, it was announced the USAF would continue to operate the F-16 for another two decades.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tirpak|first=John A.|url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/f-16s-to-serve-nearly-two-more-decades-replacement-choice-still-6-8-years-away/|title=F-16s to Serve Nearly Two More Decades, Replacement Choice Still 6–8 Years Away|website=[[Air & Space Forces Magazine]] (Daily Report)|date=4 April 2022|access-date=5 April 2022|archive-date=29 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829140233/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/f-16s-to-serve-nearly-two-more-decades-replacement-choice-still-6-8-years-away/|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Israel=== [[File:F-16-Netz-107-fighter-and-killmarks-01.jpg|thumb|[[Israeli Air Force]] [[IAF F-16 Netz 107|F-16A Netz 107]] with 6.5 kill marks of other aircraft, a record for an F-16, as well as one kill mark of an [[Operation Opera|Iraqi nuclear reactor]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Etzion |first1=Udi |title=Record-breaking F-16 Falcon to be retired from IDF service |date=11 February 2015 |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4625569,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213133717/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4625569,00.html |archive-date=13 February 2015}}</ref>]] The F-16's first air-to-air combat success was achieved by the [[Israeli Air Force]] (IAF) over the [[Bekaa Valley]] on 28 April 1981, against a Syrian [[Mil Mi-8|Mi-8]] helicopter, which was downed with cannon fire.<ref name="ACIG F-16">{{cite web |last1=Iskra |first1=Alex |title=GD/L-M F-16A/B Netz in Israeli Service |date=26 September 2003 |publisher=Air Combat Information Group (ACIG) |url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_276.shtml |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510123618/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_276.shtml |archive-date=10 May 2012 |access-date=16 May 2008}}</ref> On 7 June 1981, eight Israeli F-16s, escorted by six F-15s, executed [[Operation Opera]], their first employment in a significant air-to-ground operation. This raid severely damaged [[Osirak]], an Iraqi [[nuclear reactor]] under construction near [[Baghdad]], to prevent the regime of [[Saddam Hussein]] from using the reactor for the creation of [[nuclear weapon]]s.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Rebecca |first1=Grant |title=Osirak and Beyond |date=August 2002 |access-date=8 December 2011 |magazine=[[Air Force Magazine]] |publisher=[[Air & Space Forces Association]] |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2002/August%202002/0802osirik.pdf |url-status=live |type=pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426115420/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2002/August%202002/0802osirik.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2023}}</ref> The following year, during the [[1982 Lebanon War]] Israeli F-16s engaged Syrian aircraft in one of the largest air battles involving jet aircraft, which began on 9 June and continued for two more days. Israeli Air Force F-16s were credited with 44 air-to-air kills during the conflict.<ref name="ACIG F-16" /><ref>{{cite report |last1=Schow, Jr. |first1=Kenneth C. |title=Falcons Against the Jihad: Israeli Airpower and Coercive Diplomacy in Southern Lebanon. |date=November 1995 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA301572 |id=ADA301572 |publisher=[[Air University Press]] |access-date=16 May 2008}}</ref> In January 2000, Israel completed a purchase of 102 new F-16I aircraft in a deal totaling {{nowrap|$4.5 billion}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article7.html |title=F-16 Air Forces – Israel |work=F-16.net |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902045655/http://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article7.html |archive-date=2 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> F-16s were also used in their ground-attack role for strikes against targets in Lebanon. IAF F-16s participated in the [[2006 Lebanon War]] and the [[Gaza War (2008–09)|2008–09 Gaza War]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Colvin |first1=Marie |last2=Allen-Mills |first2=Tony |title=Israeli jets kill 'at least 225' in strikes on Gaza |date=28 December 2008 |work=The Sunday Times |publisher=[[The Times]] |access-date=25 October 2009 |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/israeli-jets-kill-at-least-225-in-strikes-on-gaza-7vxt2pmrb39 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429082825/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article5404501.ece |archive-date=29 April 2011}}</ref> During and after the 2006 Lebanon war, IAF F-16s shot down [[Iran]]ian-made [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]]s launched by [[Hezbollah]], using [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems|Rafael]] [[Python 5]] air-to-air missiles.<ref name= "f-16.net2">{{cite web|url=http://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/airframe-profile/2482/ |title=Airframe Details for F-16 #87-1672|work=F-16.net|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902003936/http://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/airframe-profile/2482|archive-date=2 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IAF shoots down hostile drone from Lebanon off Haifa|url=https://www.jpost.com/Defense/IAF-shoots-down-drone-which-flew-south-from-Lebanon-311098|newspaper=The [[Jerusalem Post]]|date=25 April 2013|access-date=23 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928193723/http://www.jpost.com/Defense/IAF-shoots-down-drone-which-flew-south-from-Lebanon-311098|archive-date=28 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Video-Articles/Video/IAF-shoots-down-UAV-in-northern-Negev |title=IAF shoots down UAV in northern Negev |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=6 October 2012 |access-date=9 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827084555/http://www.jpost.com/Video-Articles/Video/IAF-shoots-down-UAV-in-northern-Negev |archive-date=27 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 February 2018, an Israeli Air Force F-16I [[February 2018 Israel–Syria incident|was shot down]] in northern Israel when it was hit by a relatively old model [[S-200 (missile)|S-200]] (NATO name SA-5 Gammon) surface-to-air missile of the Syrian Air Defense Force.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5131594,00.html |title=Investigation finds pilots of downed F-16 failed to defend themselves |date=25 February 2018 |newspaper=Ynetnews |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311082643/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5131594,00.html |archive-date=11 March 2018 |url-status=live|last1=Zitun |first1=Yoav}}</ref> The pilot and navigator ejected safely in Israeli territory. The F-16I was part of a bombing mission against Syrian and Iranian targets around Damascus after an Iranian drone entered Israeli airspace and was shot down.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/02/10/middleeast/israel-military-jet-crash/index.html |title=Israeli F-16 jet crashes after Syrian fire |first1=Andrew | last1=Carey | first2=Laura | last2=Smith-Spark | first3=Nicole | last3=Chavez |publisher=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210071644/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/02/10/middleeast/israel-military-jet-crash/index.html |archive-date=10 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An Israel Air Force investigation determined on 27 February 2018 that the loss was due to pilot error since the IAF determined the air crew did not adequately defend themselves.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/israel-air-force-investigation-into-f-16-crash-blames-pilot-error-1.5848386 |title=Israel Air Force Investigation into F-16 Crash Blames Pilot Error |newspaper=Haaretz |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227161755/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/israel-air-force-investigation-into-f-16-crash-blames-pilot-error-1.5848386 |archive-date=27 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the aftermath of the [[October 7 attacks]], F-16Is have played a major role in Israel's [[Operation Swords of Iron]], executing numerous airstrikes against [[Hamas]] targets in Gaza. The IAF has also employed F-16s in operations against [[Hezbollah]] in Lebanon and in strikes on Iranian-linked assets in Syria and [[Iraq]], demonstrating the aircraft's versatility and reach.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Urso |first=Stefano |date=2023-10-12 |title=Configuration And Payload Of The Aircraft Employed By Israel In The Fight Against Hamas |url=https://theaviationist.com/2023/10/12/iaf-aircraft-war-with-hamas/?utm_ |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> On 16 July 2024, the last single-seat F-16C Barak-1 ('Lightning' in Hebrew) were retired; the IAF continue to use the F-16D Brakeet and F-16I Sufa two-seat variants.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 July 2024 |title=Israel retires Barak 1-variant F-16s |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/israel-retires-barak-1-variant-f-16s |accessdate=5 October 2024 |website=janes.com}}</ref> In October 2024, during [[October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran|Operation Days of Repentance]] F-16Is took part in significant operations against Iranian military infrastructure as the Israeli forces launched coordinated strikes on Iranian air defense systems and missile production facilities, aiming to degrade Iran's military capabilities and deter further aggression.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-29 |title=Israel attacks Iranian missile production, air-defence sites |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/weapons/israel-attacks-iranian-missile-production-air-defence-sites |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=Default |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel's "Days of Repentance" Operation Strikes Iran – NIAC |url=https://niacouncil.org/israels-days-of-response-operation-strikes-iran/ |access-date=2025-05-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Israeli F-16s have been instrumental in operations against [[Houthis|Houthi]] targets in Yemen, taking advantage of the F-16's extended operational range and strategic reach, flying a distance of approximately 1,700 kilometers (about 1,056 miles).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Altman |first=Howard |date=2024-07-20 |title=Israel Fighter Jets Carry Out Long-Range Retaliation Strike On Houthi Oil Depot In Yemen (Updated) |url=https://www.twz.com/news-features/israel-fighter-jets-carry-out-long-range-retaliation-strike-on-houthi-oil-depot-in-yemen |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref> Notably, on 26 December 2024, as part of [[Operation Tselilei HaKerem|Operation Tzelilei HaKerem]], the IAF conducted airstrikes targeting [[Sanaa International Airport|Sana'a International Airport]] and other strategic locations, responding to Houthi missile and drone attacks on Israeli territory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=Israel launches airstrikes on Yemen a day after Houthi rebels strike Israeli airport |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-airstrikes-houthi-rebels-airport-ea0ea0ca695a3a07c71c18bedc987c3e |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> On 28 February 2026, Israeli F-16s participated in [[2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran|Operation Roaring Lion]] ({{langx|he|מטס בראשית}}), a large-scale joint US-Israeli military operation against Iran. Approximately 200 Israeli Air Force jets, including F-16s, simultaneously struck around 500 targets across at least 14 Iranian cities, including [[Tehran]], [[Isfahan]], [[Qom]], [[Karaj]], and [[Kermanshah]]. Targets included Iranian air defence systems, ballistic missile launchers, command-and-control facilities, and military airfields. The Israeli military described it as a "much more wide-ranging campaign" than the previous US-Israeli strikes on Iran during the [[Twelve-Day War]] of June 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=What is happening in Iran? What we know about US-Israel attack and Tehran response |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo |work=BBC News |date=28 February 2026 |access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A visual guide to US-Israeli strikes on Iran – and Tehran's response |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/feb/28/us-israel-strikes-iran-tehran-response-visual-guide |work=The Guardian |date=28 February 2026 |access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref> In March 2026 during the Iran war the IRGC claims that it has shot down an Israeli F-16<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israeli F-16 shot down by Iran's modern air defense systems, claims IRGC |url=https://www.india.com/news/world/israeli-f-16-shot-down-by-irans-modern-air-defense-systems-claims-irgc-us-military-aircraft-mq-9-reaper-f-15-kc-135-stratotanker-f-35-lebanon-usa-8351502/ |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> however the IDF denies any damage to any of their aircraft.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-21 |title=Israeli F-16 hit? IRGC claims jet struck over central Iran; IDF says aircraft not damaged |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/israeli-f-16-hit-irgc-claims-jet-struck-over-central-iran-idf-says-aircraft-not-damaged/articleshow/129720773.cms |access-date=2026-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ===Pakistan=== [[File:84606 General Dynamics F-16BM 11(MR) 39W Pakistan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52233200683).jpg|thumb|left|The PAF F-16BM (S. No. 84-606)]] During the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) F-16As shot down between 20 and 30 Soviet and Afghan [[warplanes]]; the political situation however resulted in PAF officially recognizing only 9 kills which were made inside Pakistani airspace.<ref>{{cite journal|quote=due to political reasons, the kills made inside Afghan airspace by the PAF (estimated to be between 20 and 30, were never officially recognized or disclosed. To date, PAF officially recognized only the eight kills made inside Pakistani airspace and one forced manoeuvre kill.|website=Defence Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030422020522/http://defencejournal.com/2003/mar/airman.htm|url=http://defencejournal.com/2003/mar/airman.htm|archive-date=22 April 2003|title=An Airman Remembered|author=Rai Muhammad Saleh Azam|access-date=10 November 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> From May 1986 to January 1989, PAF F-16s from the [[Tail Choppers]] and [[No. 9 Squadron PAF|Griffin]] squadrons using mostly AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles, shot down four [[Afghan Air Force|Afghan]] [[Sukhoi Su-17|Su-22s]], two [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23|MiG-23s]], one [[Sukhoi Su-25|Su-25]], and one [[Antonov An-26|An-26]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pafwallpapers.com/kill_illustrations.htm |title= PAF F-16 air kills illustrations |publisher= PAFwallpapers.com |access-date= 5 July 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120115121441/http://www.pafwallpapers.com/kill_illustrations.htm |archive-date= 15 January 2012 |url-status= dead}}</ref> Most of these kills were by missiles, but at least one, a Su-22, was destroyed by cannon fire. One F-16 was lost in these battles. The downed F-16 was likely [[friendly fire|hit accidentally]] by the other F-16.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article14.html |title= F-16 Air Forces – Pakistan |publisher= F-16.net |access-date= 8 September 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110529022627/http://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article14.html |archive-date= 29 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Pakistan Air Force has used its F-16s in various foreign and internal military exercises, such as the "Indus Vipers" exercise in 2008 conducted jointly with Turkey.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bokhari |first1=Farhan |title=Pakistan and Turkey organise air force exercises |date=17 April 2008 |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |publisher=[[IHS Markit|IHS Inc.]] |url=https://janes.ihs.com/CustomPages/Janes/DisplayPage.aspx?DocType=News&ItemId=+++1176797&Pubabbrev=JDW}}</ref>{{failed verification |date=April 2023 |reason=Access to this article may no longer be possible; see [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293458559_Pakistan_and_Turkey_organise_air_force_exercises link]}} Between May 2009 and {{As of|2011|11|alt=November 2011}}, the PAF F-16 fleet flew more than 5,500 sorties{{Update inline|date=May 2019|reason=7.5-year-old count needs updating}} in support of the [[Pakistan Army]]'s [[War in North-West Pakistan|operations]] against the Taliban insurgency in the [[FATA]] region of [[North-West Pakistan]]. More than 80% of the dropped munitions were [[laser-guided bomb]]s.<ref name="NY Times, Pakistan injects precision">Schmitt, Eric. [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/30/world/asia/30pstan.html?_r=1 "Pakistan Injects Precision Into Air War on Taliban."] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119014733/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/30/world/asia/30pstan.html|date=19 January 2017}} ''[[The New York Times]]'', 29 July 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2009.</ref><ref name="TPK-20111114">{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291762/paf-conducted-5500-bombing-runs-in-fata-since-2008/ |title=PAF conducted 5,500 bombing runs in Fata since 2008 |author=PPI |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |language=en |date=14 November 2011 |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128202816/http://tribune.com.pk/story/291762/paf-conducted-5500-bombing-runs-in-fata-since-2008/ |archive-date=28 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 February 2019, following [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|six Pakistan Air Force airstrikes in Jammu and Kashmir, India]], Pakistani officials said that two of its fighter jets shot down one [[MiG-21]] and one [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]] belonging to the Indian Air Force.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofislamabad.com/17-Apr-2019/in-a-first-paf-chief-reveals-shooting-down-of-iaf-russian-made-su-30-mki-inside-details-of-indian-combat-helicopter-downing|title=In a first, PAF Chief reveals shooting down of IAF Russian made Su 30 MKI, inside details of Indian Combat Helicopter downing|date=17 April 2019|work=Times of Islamabad|access-date=27 October 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101021905/https://timesofislamabad.com/17-Apr-2019/in-a-first-paf-chief-reveals-shooting-down-of-iaf-russian-made-su-30-mki-inside-details-of-indian-combat-helicopter-downing|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/pakistan-shoots-indian-fighter-jets-military-190227055937142.html |title=Pakistan shoots down two Indian fighter jets: Military |date=27 February 2019 |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228124544/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/pakistan-shoots-indian-fighter-jets-military-190227055937142.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pakistan-says-it-downed-two-iaf-jets-identifies-pilots-behind-act/story-KekUb5nSBzJHksW5GpWiuI.html |title=Pakistan says it downed two IAF jets, identifies pilots behind act |date=6 March 2019 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103111401/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pakistan-says-it-downed-two-iaf-jets-identifies-pilots-behind-act/story-KekUb5nSBzJHksW5GpWiuI.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/27/india/india-pakistan-strikes-escalation-intl/index.html |title=Pakistan says it shot down two Indian jets as Kashmir border crisis deepens |author1=Helen Regan |author2=Nikhil Kumar |author3=Adeel Raja |author4=Swati Gupta |publisher=CNN |date=27 February 2019 |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227081256/https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/27/india/india-pakistan-strikes-escalation-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Indian officials only confirmed the loss of one MiG-21 but denied losing any Su-30MKI in the clash and claimed the Pakistani claims as dubious.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2019 |title=On Air Force Day, India flies the Sukhoi-30MKI that Pak claimed to have shot down |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/air-force-day-india-flies-sukhoi-30mki-pak-claimed-have-shot-down-110169 |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929143143/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/air-force-day-india-flies-sukhoi-30mki-pak-claimed-have-shot-down-110169 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2019 |title=Sukhoi Fighter Jet 'Shot Down' by Pakistan Makes Appearance at Indian Air Force Day Flypast |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sukhoi-fighter-jet-shot-down-by-pakistan-makes-appearance-at-indian-air-force-day-flypast-2337989.html |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313163302/https://www.news18.com/news/india/sukhoi-fighter-jet-shot-down-by-pakistan-makes-appearance-at-indian-air-force-day-flypast-2337989.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally Indian officials also claimed to have shot down one F-16 belonging to the Pakistan Air Force.<ref name="iex">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-pakistan-tension-amraam-missile-debris-f16-jet-5605806/|title=India's Exhibit A: Debris of AMRAAM missile that nails Pakistan's F-16 denial|date=1 March 2019|access-date=25 June 2020|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625074908/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-pakistan-tension-amraam-missile-debris-f16-jet-5605806/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="japantimes">{{cite web |date=9 April 2019 |title=Radar images prove Pakistan F-16 shot down, says Indian Air Force |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/04/09/asia-pacific/radar-images-prove-pakistan-f-16-shot-says-indian-air-force/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410132333/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/04/09/asia-pacific/radar-images-prove-pakistan-f-16-shot-says-indian-air-force/#.XK3ucGjP3IU |archive-date=10 April 2019 |work=The Japan Times}}</ref> This was denied by the Pakistani side,<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Marlow |first1=Iain |title=India Never Shot Down Pakistani F-16, New Report Says |url=https://time.com/5564980/india-never-shot-pakistani-plane-kashmir/ |magazine=Time |access-date=6 June 2020 |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405172535/http://time.com/5564980/india-never-shot-pakistani-plane-kashmir/ |url-status=live}}</ref> considered dubious by neutral sources,<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAF Did Not Shoot Down Pak F-16 in Balakot Aftermath, Says US Scholar Christine Fair |url=https://thewire.in/security/christine-fair-iaf-balakot-pakistan-f16 |access-date=30 January 2023 |website=The Wire |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109175530/https://thewire.in/security/christine-fair-iaf-balakot-pakistan-f16 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2019 |title=No proof India shot down Pakistan F-16 |url=https://asiatimes.com/2019/03/no-proof-india-shot-down-pakistan-f-16/ |access-date=30 January 2023 |website=Asia Times |language=en-US |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219105218/https://asiatimes.com/2019/03/no-proof-india-shot-down-pakistan-f-16/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and later backed by a report by ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' magazine, reporting that the US had completed a physical count of Pakistan's F-16s and found none missing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/04/did-india-shoot-down-a-pakistani-jet-u-s-count-says-no/|title=Did India Shoot Down a Pakistani Jet? U.S. Count Says No.|last=Seligman|first=Lara|website=Foreign Policy|date=4 April 2019 |language=en|access-date=5 April 2019|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123193754/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/04/did-india-shoot-down-a-pakistani-jet-u-s-count-says-no/|url-status=live}}</ref> A report by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' noted that [[the Pentagon]] and [[United States Department of State|State Department]] refused public comment on the matter but did not deny the earlier report.<ref name=wapo>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/17/did-india-shoot-down-pakistani-f-back-february-this-just-became-big-deal/ |title=Analysis &#124; Did India shoot down a Pakistani F-16 in February? This just became a big deal. |first1=Sameer |last1=Lalwani |first2=Emily |last2=Tallo |newspaper=The Washington Post |quote=Indian media reported that a U.S. Defense Department spokesman said he was unaware of any investigation. The Pentagon, like the State Department, has yet to issue a public statement on the F-16 count, but there have been no counter-leaks contradicting the Foreign Policy report. |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130122209/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/17/did-india-shoot-down-pakistani-f-back-february-this-just-became-big-deal/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2025, [[Indian Air Force]] Chief of the Air Staff [[Amar Preet Singh]] claimed that five "high tech fighters" between F-16 and JF-17 class were downed by Indian air defense systems.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Philip |first1=Snehesh Alex |title=IAF chief says around 13 Pakistani jets destroyed in Op Sindoor—4-5 F-16s on ground, S-400 downed 6 more |url=https://theprint.in/defence/iaf-chief-says-around-13-pakistani-jets-destroyed-in-op-sindoor-4-5-f-16s-on-ground-s-400-downed-6-more/2756690/ |agency=ThePrint |publisher=ThePrint |date=3 October 2025}}</ref> Though refraining to provide the evidences, he also reiterated his claim of August 2025 that 4-5 F-16s in the hangars at [[PAF Base Shahbaz]] were hit in Indian strikes during the [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]]. However, the U.S. defense officials had earlier refuted the Indian claims by having told the [[Reuters]] that they were not aware of any F-16 being hit inside Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=India shot down six Pakistani military aircraft in May, air force chief says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/india-shot-down-six-pakistani-military-aircraft-may-air-force-chief-says-2025-08-09/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Five Pakistani fighter jets, one aircraft taken down during Operation Sindoor: IAF Chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/air-chief-marshal-ap-singh-on-operation-sindoor-at-16th-air-chief-marshal-lm-katre-memorial-lecture-in-bengaluru/article69912822.ece |access-date=10 August 2025 |agency=The Hindu}}</ref> Following the [[2026 Iran war ceasefire]] in April 2026, Indian media sources reported that the [[Pakistan Air Force]] had mobilised its [[CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder|JF-17]] and F-16 fighters, as well as [[Ilyushin Il-78|IL-78]] tankers and [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130]] cargo planes. The fighters are expected to fly an escort mission for the Iranian representatives and the PAF set up a protective shield over Iran and the [[Persian Gulf]] for the Iranian delegation to travel to [[Islamabad]] for further negotiations with the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=News Desk |first=India Today |date=2026-04-10 |title=Why Pakistan scrambled fighter jets to Middle East ahead of US-Iran talks |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pakistan-paf-fighter-jets-air-defence-us-iran-peace-talks-islamabad-2894187-2026-04-10 |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-10 |title=Why Pakistan launched ‘air armada’ to the middle east ahead of US-Iran ceasefire talks |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/world-news/why-pakistannbsplaunched-air-armada-to-the-middle-east-ahead-of-us-iran-ceasefire-talksnbsp/4202822/ |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-10 |title=US-Iran peace talks: How Pakistan came to host the talks |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3dl0g4rgn5o |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> five PAF F-16s also escorted the US [[Vice President of the United States|Vice president]] [[JD Vance|JD Vance's]] [[Boeing C-32|C-32]] to [[PAF Base Nur Khan|Nur Khan base]] in Islamabad for negotiations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Chandrajit |date=11 April 2026 |title=Pak F-16s Escort JD Vance's Aircraft As He Arrives In Islamabad For Iran Talks |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/us-iran-talks-live-news-pakistan-f-16s-escort-jd-vances-aircraft-as-he-arrives-in-islamabad-for-iran-talks-11342470/amp/1 |url-status=live |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=NDTV}}</ref> ===Turkey=== [[File:F16 - RIAT 2014 (34306872320).jpg|thumb|F-16 SoloTürk aerial aerobatic aircraft]] The Turkish Air Force acquired its first F-16s in 1987. F-16s were later produced in Turkey under four phases of ''Peace Onyx'' programs. In 2015, they were upgraded to Block 50/52+ with [[Constantly computed impact point|CCIP]] by Turkish Aerospace Industries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article21.html|title=F-16 Air Forces – Turkey|website=f-16.net|access-date=19 May 2021|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412212033/https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article21.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Turkish F-16s are being fitted with indigenous AESA radars and EW suite called SPEWS-II.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/defense/2019/02/07/turkeys-f-16-jets-equipped-with-new-domestic-electronic-warfare-systems|title=Turkey's F-16 jets equipped with new domestic electronic warfare systems|date=7 February 2019|website=Daily Sabah|access-date=21 December 2020|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305123508/https://www.dailysabah.com/defense/2019/02/07/turkeys-f-16-jets-equipped-with-new-domestic-electronic-warfare-systems|url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 June 1992, a Greek Mirage F1 crashed during a [[dogfight]] with a Turkish F-16.<ref>{{YouTube|gyqq7lMyTnI|HUD footage}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wp.scn.ru/en/ww3/f/58/23/0 |title=While engaged by two THK F-16Cs, Sialmas entered a break that was too much for the F.1CG at low level: the aircraft entered a spin and crashed into the sea, killing the pilot.|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102015020/http://wp.scn.ru/en/ww3/f/58/23/0|archive-date=2 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ACIG 2004" /> On 8 February 1995, a Turkish F-16 crashed into the Aegean Sea after being intercepted by Greek Mirage F1 fighters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/f16-crash-heightens-tension-in-aegean-1572157.html |title=F-16 crash heightens tension in Aegean|work=The Independent|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312013710/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/f16-crash-heightens-tension-in-aegean-1572157.html|archive-date=12 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|knT8NA9Ggko|Greek TV: A pilot of Hellenic Air Force explain how the Turkish F-16 crashed over Aegean Sea}}</ref> Turkish F-16s have participated in [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]] and [[Kosovo]] since 1993 in support of [[United Nations]] resolutions.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Turkish Air Force]] |title=Our History |website=hkvv.tsk.tr |access-date=3 February 2012 |url=http://www.hvkk.tsk.tr/EN/IcerikDetay.aspx?ID=131 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111013955/http://www.hvkk.tsk.tr/EN/IcerikDetay.aspx?ID=131 |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref> On 8 October 1996, seven months after the escalation a Greek [[Mirage 2000]] reportedly fired an [[R.550 Magic|R.550 Magic II]] missile and shot down a Turkish F-16D over the Aegean Sea.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4362620.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104212512/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4362620.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2012 |title=Turkish F-16 jet crashes after Greek interception |work= Chicago Sun-Times |date= 9 October 1996 |access-date= 8 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f-16.net/f-16-news-article619.html |title=Deadly 1996 Aegean clash is confirmed|work=f-16.net|access-date=21 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127015725/http://www.f-16.net/f-16-news-article619.html|archive-date=27 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The Turkish pilot died, while the co-pilot ejected and was rescued by Greek forces.<ref name="ACIG 2004">{{cite web|url=http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=47&Itemid=47 |title=Greek & Turkish Air-to-Air Victories|author=Sander Peeters|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084111/http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=47&Itemid=47|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|2-aAb97Re9Y|Turkish Pilot at 0:46}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f-16.net/f-16_fighting_falcon_airframe-3371.html |title=F-16 Aircraft Database: F-16 Airframe Details for 91-0023|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506084845/http://www.f-16.net/f-16_fighting_falcon_airframe-3371.html|archive-date=6 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2012, after the [[Turkish-Syrian relations#Friction due to Syrian civil war|downing of an RF-4E]] on the Syrian coast, Turkish Defence Minister [[İsmet Yılmaz]] confirmed that the Turkish F-16D was shot down by a Greek Mirage 2000 with an R.550 Magic II in 1996 near [[Chios]] island.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cenciotti |first1=David |title=30 years later, Ankara admits Turkish Air Force jet was shot down by Iraq |date=6 September 2012 |publisher=The Aviationist |url=http://theaviationist.com/2012/09/06/tuaf-incidents/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130040159/http://theaviationist.com/2012/09/06/tuaf-incidents/ |archive-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> Greece denies that the F-16 was shot down.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/208753/article/ekathimerini/news/court-rejects-turkish-request-for-trial-of-greek-pilot-who-allegedly-shot-down-f-16-jet |title=Court rejects Turkish request for trial of Greek pilot who allegedly shot down F-16 jet |date=24 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224211622/http://www.ekathimerini.com/208753/article/ekathimerini/news/court-rejects-turkish-request-for-trial-of-greek-pilot-who-allegedly-shot-down-f-16-jet |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=24 February 2017}}</ref> Both Mirage 2000 pilots reported that the F-16 caught fire and they saw one [[parachute]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newsbomb.gr/ellada/ethnika/story/697371/katarripsi-toyrkikoy-f-16-ti-dilose-o-ellinas-pilotos |title=Κατάρριψη τουρκικού F-16 – Τι δήλωσε ο Έλληνας πιλότος &#124; Newsbomb |date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114060239/https://www.newsbomb.gr/ellada/ethnika/story/697371/katarripsi-toyrkikoy-f-16-ti-dilose-o-ellinas-pilotos |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/208734/article/ekathimerini/news/turkish-court-wants-trial-of-greek-pilot-for-allegedly-shooting-down-fighter-jet |title=Turkish court wants trial of Greek pilot for allegedly shooting down fighter jet |website=Ekathimerini.com |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224211622/http://www.ekathimerini.com/208753/article/ekathimerini/news/court-rejects-turkish-request-for-trial-of-greek-pilot-who-allegedly-shot-down-f-16-jet |url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 May 2006, two Greek F-16s intercepted a Turkish RF-4 reconnaissance aircraft and two F-16 escorts off the coast of the Greek island of [[Karpathos]], within the Athens [[Flight information region|FIR]]. A mock dogfight ensued between the two sides, resulting in a midair collision<ref>{{YouTube|YkIXc8-GPNU|Turkish F-16 pilots attitude-2:22}}</ref> between a Turkish F-16 and a Greek F-16. The Turkish pilot ejected safely, but the Greek pilot died owing to damage caused by the collision.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vasington.be.mfa.gov.tr/ShowAnnouncement.aspx?ID=115955 |title=It will be recalled that on 23 May 2006, a Greek F-16 aircraft crashed into a Turkish F-16 |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322030232/http://vasington.be.mfa.gov.tr/ShowAnnouncement.aspx?ID=115955 |archive-date=22 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.f-16.net/news_article1809.html |title=Greek F-16 and Turkish F-16 collide – 1 pilot OK |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115085633/http://www.f-16.net/news_article1809.html |archive-date=15 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Turkey used its F-16s extensively in its [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)|conflict with Kurdish insurgents]] in southeastern parts of Turkey and Iraq. Turkey launched its first cross-border raid on 16 December 2007, a prelude to the [[2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq]], involving 50 fighters before [[Operation Sun]]. This was the first time Turkey had mounted a night-bombing operation on a massive scale, and also the largest operation conducted by the Turkish Air Force.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gürgen |first1=Murat |title=Uçaklar nasıl vurdu? |date=17 December 2007 |work=[[Vatan (2002 newspaper)|Vatan]] |access-date=3 February 2012 |language=tr |url=https://www.gazetevatan.com/gundem/ucaklar-nasil-vurdu-152129 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520150423/http://haber.gazetevatan.com/Ucaklar_nasil_vurdu_152129_1/152129/1/Haber |archive-date=20 May 2013}}</ref> During the [[Syrian Civil War]], Turkish F-16s were tasked with airspace protection on the Syrian border. After the [[June 2012 interception of Turkish aircraft|RF-4 downing in June 2012]] Turkey changed its rules of engagement against Syrian aircraft, resulting in scrambles and downings of Syrian combat aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f-16.net/f-16-news-article4842.html |title=Turkish F-16 jets scramble to intercept 2 Syrian Su-24s|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505153249/http://www.f-16.net/f-16-news-article4842.html|archive-date=5 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 16 September 2013, a Turkish Air Force F-16 shot down a [[Syrian Arab Air Force]] [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopter near the Turkish border.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/17/world/europe/turkey-syria.html|work=The New York Times |first1=Kareem |last1=Fahim |first2=Sebnem |last2=Arsu |title=Turkey Says It Shot Down Syrian Military Helicopter Flying in Its Airspace |date=16 September 2013 |access-date=9 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803131453/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/17/world/europe/turkey-syria.html?_r=0 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 March 2014, a Turkish Air Force F-16 shot down a Syrian Arab Air Force MiG-23 when it allegedly entered Turkish air space during a ground attack mission against [[Al Qaeda]]-linked insurgents.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syrian-rebels-and-army-clash-over-coastal-town/2014/03/26/1c134e8c-b4cf-11e3-bab2-b9602293021d_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329065339/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syrian-rebels-and-army-clash-over-coastal-town/2014/03/26/1c134e8c-b4cf-11e3-bab2-b9602293021d_story.html |archive-date= 29 March 2014 |title= Al Qaeda-Linked Islamists Capture Christian Town |publisher=CBN |access-date=26 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 16 May 2015, two Turkish Air Force F-16s shot down a Syrian [[Ghods Mohajer|Mohajer 4]] UAV firing two [[AIM-9]] missiles after it trespassed into Turkish airspace for 5 minutes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/turkey-shot-syrian-helicopter-31092616 |title=Turkey Says It Shot Down Syrian Helicopter |work=ABC News |agency=Associated Press |last1=Butler |first1=Desmond |date=16 May 2015 |access-date=16 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518100733/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/turkey-shot-syrian-helicopter-31092616 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/f-16-larin-vurdugu-iha-suriye-gundem-2060652/ |title=F-16'ların vurduğu İHA, İran yapımı 'Muhacir'|date=18 May 2015|work=MİLLİYET HABER – TÜRKİYE'NİN HABER SİTESİ|access-date=28 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013709/http://www.milliyet.com.tr/f-16-larin-vurdugu-iha-suriye-gundem-2060652/|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> A Turkish Air Force F-16 [[2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown|shot down a Russian Air Force Sukhoi Su-24]] on the Turkey-Syria border on 24 November 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin calls plane's downing by Turkey 'stab in the back'|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/24/middleeast/warplane-crashes-near-syria-turkey-border/index.html|access-date=24 November 2015|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=24 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124084424/http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/24/middleeast/warplane-crashes-near-syria-turkey-border/index.html|archive-date=24 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 March 2020, two Syrian Sukhoi Su-24s were shot down by Turkish Air Force F-16s using air-to-air missiles over Syria's [[Idlib Governorate]].<ref>{{cite web |title=بعد إسقاطها لمروحيتين الشهر الفائت.. القوات التركية تسقط طائرتين حربيتين تابعة للنظام السوري في أجواء محافظة إدلب |url=http://www.syriahr.com/?p=366361 |website=SOHR |date=March 2020 |access-date=1 March 2020 |archive-date=20 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420195817/http://www.syriahr.com/?p=366361 |url-status=live}}</ref> All four pilots safely ejected.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cp24.com/world/two-syrian-jets-shot-down-near-turkish-border-pilots-survive-1.4833828|title=Two Syrian jets shot down near Turkish border, pilots survive|work=CP24 Toronto News|date=1 March 2020|access-date=19 May 2021|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124154541/https://www.cp24.com/world/two-syrian-jets-shot-down-near-turkish-border-pilots-survive-1.4833828|url-status=live}}</ref> On 3 March 2020, a Syrian Arab Army Air Force [[Aero L-39 Albatros|L-39]] combat trainer was shot down by a Turkish F-16 over Syria's Idlib province.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/joint-turkish-russian-patrols-to-begin-on-march-15-latest-updates-34168|title=Joint Turkish-Russian patrols to begin on March 15 – latest updates|date=7 March 2020|access-date=15 February 2021|archive-date=29 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029122955/https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/joint-turkish-russian-patrols-to-begin-on-march-15-latest-updates-34168|url-status=live}}</ref> The pilot died.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/wires/20200303-syrian-pilot-killed-turkey-downs-warplane-monitor|title=Syrian pilot killed as Turkey downs warplane: monitor|date=3 March 2020|publisher=Radio France Internationale|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913201320/https://www.rfi.fr/en/wires/20200303-syrian-pilot-killed-turkey-downs-warplane-monitor|url-status=live}}</ref> As a part of Turkish F-16 modernization program new air-to-air missiles are being developed and tested for the aircraft. [[GÖKTUĞ]] program led by [[Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey|TUBITAK SAGE]] has presented two types of air-to-air missiles named as Bozdogan ([[Merlin (bird)|Merlin]]) and Gokdogan ([[Peregrine falcon|Peregrine]]). While Bozdogan has been categorized as a Within Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile (WVRAAM), Gokdogan is a Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile ([[Beyond-visual-range missile|BVRAAM]]). On 14 April 2021, first live test exercise of Bozdogan have successfully completed and the first batch of missiles are expected to be delivered throughout the same year to the Turkish Air Force.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 April 2021|title=Turkey's air-to-air missile Bozdoğan successfully hits target|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/defense/turkeys-air-to-air-missile-bozdogan-successfully-hits-target|access-date=14 April 2021|website=Daily Sabah|language=en-US|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414083244/https://www.dailysabah.com/business/defense/turkeys-air-to-air-missile-bozdogan-successfully-hits-target|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Turkey becomes 1 of few countries with air-to-air missile|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/science-technology/turkey-becomes-1-of-few-countries-with-air-to-air-missile/2208467|access-date=14 April 2021|website=aa.com.tr|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414085258/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/science-technology/turkey-becomes-1-of-few-countries-with-air-to-air-missile/2208467|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Egypt=== [[File:An F-16 of the Egyptian Air Force fly in support of exercise Agile Phoenix.jpg|thumb|An F-16C of the Egyptian Air Force in 2022]] On 16 February 2015, Egyptian F-16s [[February 2015 Egyptian airstrikes in Libya|struck weapons caches and training camps]] of the [[Islamic State]] (ISIS) in Libya in retaliation for the murder of 21 Egyptian [[Copts|Coptic Christian]] construction workers by masked militants affiliated with ISIS. The airstrikes killed 64 ISIS fighters, including three leaders in [[Derna, Libya|Derna]] and [[Sirte]] on the coast.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/16/egypt-air-strikes-target-isis-weapons-stockpiles-libya |title=Egyptian air strikes in Libya kill dozens of Isis militants |first=Chris|last=Stephen |newspaper=The Guardian |date=17 February 2015 |access-date=17 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202000126/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/16/egypt-air-strikes-target-isis-weapons-stockpiles-libya |archive-date=2 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Europe=== {{see also||General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operators}} F-16s contribute to the NATO [[Dual Capable Aircraft]] program for delivery of US nuclear weapons stored in Europe. F-16 wings for this mission are operated by the [[Belgian Air Component]] at [[Kleine Brogel Air Base|Kleine Brogel]], the [[Royal Netherlands Air and Space Force]] at [[Volkel Air Base|Volkel]], by the USAF at [[Aviano Air Base|Aviano]] in Italy, as well as potentially the [[Turkish Air Force]] at [[Incirlik Air Base|Incirlik]] in an emergency scenario.<ref name="s446">{{cite journal |last1=Kristensen |first1=Hans M. |last2=Korda |first2=Matt |last3=Johns |first3=Eliana |last4=Knight |first4=Mackenzie |date=2025-01-02 |title=United States nuclear weapons, 2025 |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=53–79 |bibcode=2025BuAtS..81a..53K |doi=10.1080/00963402.2024.2441624 |issn=0096-3402 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="o622">{{cite journal |last1=Kristensen |first1=Hans M. |last2=Korda |first2=Matt |last3=Johns |first3=Eliana |last4=Knight |first4=Mackenzie |date=2023-11-02 |title=Nuclear weapons sharing, 2023 |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=79 |issue=6 |pages=393–406 |bibcode=2023BuAtS..79f.393K |doi=10.1080/00963402.2023.2266944 |issn=0096-3402 |doi-access=free}}</ref> F-16s deployed in Europe have had a nuclear mission since 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2011/March%202011/0311victor.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406012309/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2011/March%202011/0311victor.pdf |archive-date=2023-04-06 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=www.airandspaceforces.com}}</ref> They are intended to be replaced in this capacity by the [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II]].<ref name="s446" /><ref name="o622" /> [[File:RDAF General Dynamics F-16AM Fighting Falcon E-006 Royal International Air Tattoo 2025 02.jpg|thumb|F-16AM in the type's last year of service for the Royal Danish Air Force in 2025.]] The Royal Netherlands Air Force, Belgian Air Component, Royal Danish Air Force and Royal Norwegian Air Force all fly the F-16.{{sfn|Senior|2002|p=92}} All F-16s in most European air forces are equipped with [[drag chutes]] specifically to allow them to operate from automobile highways.<ref name="kp1">{{cite news |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/analysis/31630 |title=Analysis: French Expert's Claims Ukraine's F-16s and Pilots Won't be 'Up to the Job' Disproved |date=25 April 2024}}</ref> A Yugoslavian [[MiG-29]] was shot down by a Dutch F-16AM during the [[Kosovo War]] in 1999.<ref name=Spick_241>{{harvnb|Spick|2000|p=241}}</ref> Belgian and Danish F-16s also participated in joint operations over Kosovo during the war.<ref name=Spick_241/> Dutch, Belgian, Danish, and Norwegian F-16s were deployed during the 2011 intervention in Libya and in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Belgian Armed Forces]] |title=Composante Air de la Défense |access-date=19 February 2014 |url=https://www.mil.be/fr/a-propos-de-la-defense/composante-air/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218185301/http://www.mil.be/fr/composante-air |archive-date=18 February 2014}}</ref> In Libya, Norwegian F-16s dropped almost 550 bombs and flew 596 missions,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defencetalk.com/norway-withdraws-fighter-jets-from-libya-mission-military-36090/ |title=Norway withdraws fighter jets from Libya mission: military|work=defencetalk.com|access-date=2 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325045733/https://www.defencetalk.com/norway-withdraws-fighter-jets-from-libya-mission-military-36090/|archive-date=25 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> some 17% of the total strike missions<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/RUSIInterimLibyaReport.pdf|title=Accidental Heroes : Britain, France and the Libya Operation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010145939/https://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/RUSIInterimLibyaReport.pdf|access-date=8 November 2021|archive-date=10 October 2014}}</ref> including the bombing of [[Muammar Gaddafi]]'s headquarters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theforeigner.no/pages/news/norway-involved-in-gaddafi-bombing/ |title=Norway involved in Gaddafi bombing |author=Ramona Tancau |work=theforeigner.no |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007055625/http://theforeigner.no/pages/news/norway-involved-in-gaddafi-bombing/ |archive-date=7 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In late March 2018, Croatia announced its intention to purchase 12 used Israeli F-16C/D "Barak"/"Brakeet" jets, pending U.S. approval.<ref name=croa1>{{cite web|url=https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/27028-government-adopts-final-decision-to-buy-israeli-f-16-jets |title=Government Adopts Final Decision to Buy Israeli F-16 Jets|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404200830/https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/27028-government-adopts-final-decision-to-buy-israeli-f-16-jets|archive-date=4 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Acquiring these F-16s would allow Croatia to retire its aging MiG-21s.<ref name=aatr1>{{cite web |url=http://aa.com.tr/en/europe/croatia-agrees-to-buy-israeli-f-16s-for-500-million/1043736 |title=Croatia agrees to buy Israeli F-16s for $500&nbsp;million |date=26 January 2018 |publisher=Anadolu Agency |access-date=28 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201151030/http://aa.com.tr/en/europe/croatia-agrees-to-buy-israeli-f-16s-for-500-million/1043736 |archive-date=1 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2019, the deal was canceled because U.S. would only allow the resale if Israel stripped the planes of all the modernized electronics, while Croatia insisted on the original deal with all the upgrades installed.<ref>{{Cite web |location=Zagreb |agency=HINA |date=2019-01-10 |title=Israel-Croatia F-16 deal officially pronounced dead |url=https://n1info.hr/english/news/a361583-israel-croatia-f-16-deal-officially-pronounced-dead/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=N1 |language=hr}}</ref> At the end of November 2021, Croatia signed with France instead, for 12 [[Dassault Rafale|Rafales]].<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Hina |date=2021-11-25 |title=Croatia signs €999 purchase deal to buy 12 Rafale fighter jets from France |url=https://n1info.hr/english/news/croatia-signs-e999-purchase-deal-to-buy-12-rafale-fighter-jets-from-france/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=N1 |language=hr}}</ref> ===Ukraine=== [[File:F-16 UAF (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ukrainian Air Force F-16s]] In May 2023, an international coalition consisting of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium and Denmark announced their intention to train [[Ukrainian Air Force]] pilots on the F-16 ahead of possible future deliveries to increase the Ukrainian Air Force capabilities in the current [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russo-Ukrainian War]]. The U.S. confirmed that it would approve the re-export from these countries to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65649471 |title=Ukraine war: US to support providing F-16 fighter jets to Ukraine |work=BBC News |date=19 May 2023 |access-date=19 May 2023}}</ref> Denmark has agreed to help train Ukrainians on their usage of the fighter. Denmark's acting Defence Minister [[Troels Lund Poulsen]] said that Denmark "will now be able to move forward for a collective contribution to train Ukrainian pilots to fly F-16s".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/20/zelenskky-hails-bidens-decision-on-f-16-jet-training-for-ukraine |title=Zelenskky hails Biden's decision on F-16 jet training for Ukraine |publisher=Aljazeera |date=20 May 2023}}</ref> On 6 July 2023, Romania announced that it will host the future training center after the meeting of the [[Supreme Council of National Defence (Romania)|Supreme Council of National Defense]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defenseromania.ro/romania-devine-oficial-centru-regional-de-f-16-pilotii-romani-ucraineni-si-aliati-vor-fi-pregatiti-aici_623459.html |title=România devine oficial centru regional de F-16. Piloții români, ucraineni și aliați vor fi pregătiți aici |language=ro |work=DefenseRomania |date=6 July 2023}}</ref> During the [[2023 Vilnius summit]], [[F-16 training coalition|a coalition]] was formed consisting of Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Canada, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/07/11/7410869/ |title=Group of 11 countries forms coalition for training Ukrainian pilots on F-16 fighters |work=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |date=11 July 2023}}</ref> A number of Ukrainian pilots began training in Denmark and the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eight-ukrainian-pilots-begin-f-16-training-denmark-2023-08-22/ |title=Eight Ukrainian pilots begin F-16 training in Denmark |author=Johannes Birkebaek |work=[[Reuters]] |date=22 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/25/politics/ukrainian-pilots-begin-f-16-training-in-us/index.html |title=Ukrainian pilots begin F-16 training in US |first=Oren |last=Liebermann |work=[[CNN]] |date=25 October 2023}}</ref> The [[European F-16 Training Center]], organized by Romania, the Netherlands, and Lockheed Martin through several subcontractors, officially opened on 13 November 2023. It is located at the [[Romanian Air Force]]'s [[RoAF 86th Air Base|86th Air Base]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/romania-debuts-f-16-center-hosts-ukrainian-pilots-for-joint-exercises/ |title=Romania Debuts F-16 Center, Hosts Ukrainian Pilots for Joint Exercises |website=mil.in.ua |date=14 November 2023}}</ref> and Ukrainian pilots began training there in September 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2024/09/12/ukrainian-f-16-training-underway-in-romania/|title=Ukrainian F-16 training underway in Romania|author=Olena Mukhina|website=euromaidanpress.com|date=12 September 2024}}</ref> On 17 August 2023, the U.S. approved the transfer of F-16s from the Netherlands and Denmark to Ukraine after the Ukrainian pilots have completed their training.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-approves-sending-f-16s-ukraine-denmark-netherlands-2023-08-17/ |title=US approves sending F-16s to Ukraine from Denmark and Netherlands |author=Steve Holland |author2=Idrees Ali |date=2023-08-17 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=2023-08-18}}</ref> The Netherlands and Denmark have announced that together they will donate up to 61 [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16 Mid-Life Update|F-16AM/BM Block 15 MLU]] fighters to Ukraine once pilot training has been completed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine conflict – Analysis: Dutch and Danish F-16 options for Ukraine |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/ukraine-conflict-analysis-dutch-and-danish-f-16-options-for-ukraine |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Janes.com |date=26 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sabbagh2023Guardian">{{cite web |last1=Sabbagh |first1=Dan |author-link1=Dan Sabbagh |date=20 August 2023 |title=Netherlands and Denmark to donate up to 61 F-16 fighter jets to Ukraine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/20/netherlands-to-donate-up-to-42-f-16-fighter-jets-to-ukraine |website=[[The Guardian]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821000549/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/20/netherlands-to-donate-up-to-42-f-16-fighter-jets-to-ukraine |archive-date=21 August 2023}}</ref> On 13 May 2024, Danish Prime Minister [[Mette Frederiksen]] said that "F-16 from Denmark will be in the air over Ukraine within months." Denmark is sending 19 F-16s in total.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=F-16 fighters from Denmark will be in Ukraine within month - Danish PM|url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/f-16-fighters-from-denmark-will-be-in-ukraine-1715625056.html |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=RBC-Ukraine}}</ref> By the end of July 2024, the first F-16s were delivered to Ukraine.<ref name=Bloomberg>{{cite news|url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-31/ukraine-gets-first-delivery-of-f-16-fighter-jets-after-long-wait|title= Ukraine Receives First F-16 Fighter Jets After Long Wait|work=Bloomberg|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref> On 4 August 2024, President Zelensky announced to the public that the F-16 was now in operational service with Ukraine. Zelensky stated at an opening ceremony that: "F-16s are in Ukraine. We did it. I am proud of our guys who are mastering these jets and have already started using them for our country,".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cole |first=Deborah |date=2024-08-04 |title=Ukrainian pilots have started flying F-16s, says Zelenskiy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/04/ukrainian-pilots-have-started-flying-f-16s-says-zelenskiy |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> On [[26 August 2024 Russian strikes on Ukraine|26 August 2024]], F-16s were reportedly used to intercept Russian cruise missiles for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Axe |first1=David |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2024/08/27/ukraines-f-16s-have-scored-their-first-aerial-kills/|title=Forbes: Ukraine's F-16s Have Scored Their First Aerial Kills|website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Also on 26 August, a Ukrainian F-16 crashed and the pilot, [[Oleksii Mes]], was killed while intercepting Russian aerial targets during the cruise missile strikes. The cause is under investigation.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tarasova-Markina |first1=Daria |last2=Kottasová |first2=Ivana |date=2024-08-29 |title=Exclusive: Top Ukrainian pilot killed when US-made F-16 fighter jet crashed |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/08/29/europe/ukraine-f16-crashes-intl/index.html |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> <!-- On 20 August 2023, [[Denmark]] and the [[Netherlands]] announced the joint transfer of up to 61 F-16s to the [[Ukrainian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Denmark joins Netherlands in offering F-16 jets to Ukraine as Zelenskyy visits |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/article/denmark-joins-netherlands-in-offering-f-16-jets-to-ukraine-as-zelenskyy-visits/ |website=CTV News |date=20 August 2023 |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820221204/https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/denmark-joins-netherlands-in-offering-f-16-jets-to-ukraine-as-zelenskyy-visits-1.6526668}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Netherlands and Denmark to donate up to 61 F-16 fighter jets to Ukraine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/20/netherlands-to-donate-up-to-42-f-16-fighter-jets-to-ukraine |website=The Guardian |date=20 August 2023 |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820223416/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/20/netherlands-to-donate-up-to-42-f-16-fighter-jets-to-ukraine |last1=Sabbagh |first1=Dan}}</ref> Four days later, Norway announced the donation of 5–10 aircraft, depending on how many can be made operational.<ref name=NRK2023-08-24 /> In January 2024, the Netherlands announced the transfer of another 6 F-16s, bringing the total which will be donated by the country to 24.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defensie.nl/actueel/nieuws/2024/02/05/nederland-haalt-f-16s-uit-de-verkoop |title=Nederland haalt F-16's uit de verkoop |trans-title=Netherlands pulls F-16s from sale |language=Dutch |date=5 February 2024 |access-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205135314/https://www.defensie.nl/actueel/nieuws/2024/02/05/nederland-haalt-f-16s-uit-de-verkoop |archive-date=5 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2024, Belgium pledged 30 F-16 aircraft, bringing the total number of F-16s pledged to Ukraine by its allies to 85.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2024/05/28/the-ukrainian-air-force-wanted-four-squadrons-of-f-16s-its-finally-getting-them/?sh=690fb9e57a36 |title=The Ukrainian Air Force Wanted Four Squadrons Of F-16s. It's Finally Getting Them. |website=[[Forbes]] |date=28 May 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref> The first F-16s were delivered by the end of July 2024.<ref name=Bloomberg>{{cite news|url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-31/ukraine-gets-first-delivery-of-f-16-fighter-jets-after-long-wait|title= Ukraine Receives First F-16 Fighter Jets After Long Wait|work=Bloomberg|access-date=July 31, 2024}}</ref> Text moved from Operators section. This should be added and/or combined with other text in this subsection. --> On 13 December 2024, the Ukrainian Air Force stated that an F-16 shot down six Russian cruise missiles. Two were downed with "medium-range missiles", another two with "short-range missiles", and two were claimed to be downed by 20&nbsp;mm cannon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-13 |title= In historic record, Ukrainian F-16 pilot downs 6 cruise missiles in single mission, Air Force claims |url= https://kyivindependent.com/ukrainian-f-16-pilot-downs-6-cruise-missiles/ |work=The Kyiv Independent |author= Martin Fornusek |language=en}}</ref> On 12 April 2025, a Ukrainian Air Force F-16AM Block 20 was shot down in Sumy oblast, most likely by the S-400 missile system.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=Accident General Dynamics F-16AM Block 20 Fighting Falcon , Saturday 12 April 2025 |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/497457 |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=asn.flightsafety.org}}</ref> The crew of the S-400 system received a reward of 15 million roubles from a Russian private oil extraction company.<ref name=":2" /> As of October 2025, 4 F-16 fighters were lost by Ukrainian Air Force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attack On Europe: Documenting Ukrainian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-ukrainian.html |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=Oryx}}</ref> ==== Combat losses ==== Ukraine has confirmed the loss of four F-16 fighters and three pilots as of June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Ivana Kottasová |author2=Kostya Gak |author3=Helen Regan |author4=Billy Stockwell|date=2025-06-29 |title=Ukraine loses an F-16 pilot and his jet while fighting one of Russia's biggest ever aerial attacks |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/06/29/europe/ukraine-f-16-pilot-killed-russia |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> The first crash occurred on 26 August 2024. An F-16 of the Ukrainian Air Force crashed in an undisclosed location in Ukraine during a Russian missile and drone attack. The pilot of the aircraft, [[Oleksii Mes]], died in the crash.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 August 2024 |title=Ukraine F-16 crashes, pilot dies repelling Russian strike |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukrainian-f-16-jet-destroyed-crash-monday-wsj-reports-2024-08-29/ |work=Reuters}}</ref> On 30 August 2024, the [[Commander of the Air Force (Ukraine)|Commander of the Ukrainian Air Force]], [[Mykola Oleshchuk]], was dismissed by President Zelenskyy and replaced by Lieutenant General [[Anatolii Kryvonozhko]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Zelensky sacks Ukraine air force commander Mykola Oleshchuk |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1m0jvd4m3zo |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=BBC|date=31 August 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> which was partially attributed to "indications" that the F-16 that crashed on 26 August was shot down in "a friendly fire incident". Ukrainian parliamentarian [[Maryana Bezuhla]] and Oleshchuk had previously argued over the cause of the F-16 loss.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Zelensky Dismisses the Head of the Air Force Days After F-16 Crash |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/30/world/europe/ukraine-f16-crash.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |author= Matthew Mpoke Bigg |author2= Eric Schmitt |website=New York Times|date= 30 August 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Ukrainian president Zelenskyy fires air force commander after fatal F-16 crash |url= https://www.npr.org/2024/08/31/g-s1-20449/ukraine-president-zelenskyy-fires-air-force-commander-f16-crash |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=NPR |date= 31 August 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> The second crash occurred on 12 April 2025. Ukraine stated that pilot Pavlo Ivanov was killed in action flying an F-16.<ref name=nw-20250412>{{cite news |url=https://www.newsweek.com/russia-ukraine-f-16-pilot-killed-2058982 |title=Ukrainian F-16 Fighter Pilot Killed in Action |last=Cole |first=Brendan |newspaper=Newsweek |date=12 April 2025 |access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref><ref name=ki-20250412>{{cite news |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukrainian-f-16-pilot-pavlo-ivanov-killed-during-combat-mission/ |title=Ukrainian F-16 pilot Pavlo Ivanov killed during combat mission |last=Bandouil |first=Sonya |website=The Kyiv Independent |date=12 April 2025 |access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref> BBC Ukraine reported that [[Russian Armed Forces]] fired three missiles at the F-16, which was probably flying over the [[Sumy region]], either from an [[S-400 missile system|S-400 ground-to-air system]] or [[R-37 (missile)|R-37]] air-to-air missiles.<ref name=bbc-20250412>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/articles/cly189xz210o |title=Україна заявила про загибель пілота F-16. За даними ВВС, його літак збила ракета РФ |trans-title=Ukraine says F-16 pilot killed. According to BBC, his plane was shot down by Russian missile |work=BBC Україна |date=12 April 2025 |access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref> The third crash occurred on 16 May 2025. The Ukrainian Air Force Command stated that a third F-16 was lost due to an unspecified onboard emergency while carrying out a mission to repel a Russian aerial attack.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-16 |title=Ukrainian Air Force reports loss of contact with F-16 jet, pilot ejects |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3993539-ukrainian-air-force-reports-loss-of-contact-with-f16-jet-pilot-ejects.html |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=www.ukrinform.net |language=en}}</ref> The pilot was stated to have steered the aircraft from populated areas before ejecting and was rescued in a stable condition.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 May 2024 |title=Ukraine Loses F-16 in Combat, Pilot Safe After Downing 3 Russian Air Threats |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/52751 |work=Kyiv Post}}</ref> The fourth crash occurred on 29 June 2025. A Ukrainian F-16 was lost and the pilot killed while repelling a Russian missile and drone attack, the third F-16 Ukraine has lost in such a way. The pilot, Lieutenant Colonel [[Maksym Ustymenko]], "used all of his onboard weapons and shot down seven air targets". The seventh damaged his fighter and forced him to fly away from a residential area before crashing.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Ukraine pilot killed, F-16 fighter jet lost, Ukrainian military says |url= https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-pilot-killed-f-16-fighter-jet-lost-ukrainian-military-says-2025-06-29/| author= Pavel Polityuk |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Reuters|date= 29 June 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Ukrainian F-16 pilot Maksym Ustymenko killed while repelling Russian attack |url= https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/ukrainian-f-16-pilot-maksym-ustymenko-killed-1751178073.html |author= OLEKSANDRA BASHCHENKO |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=RBC News Ukraine|language=en}}</ref> === Venezuela === The [[Venezuela Air Force]] was the first Latin American operator of the F-16 and have used them on combat missions.{{sfn|Senior|2002|p=92}} Venezuela was granted permission to acquire 24 F-16s in the early 1980s, ordering 24 A/B models built to the Block 15 standard though they had originally sought 72. The purchase was rationalized to the American Government as a defense against Communism, specifically [[Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force|Cuban]] [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23|MiG-23s]] and [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21s]] and were used to equip Escuadrón 161 “Caribes” and Escuadrón 162 “Gavilanes” of Grupo Aéreo de Caza No.16 “Dragones”.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=95&Itemid=47 |title=Venezuelan Coup Attempt, 1992 |publisher=ACIG.info |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |last2=Sosa |first2=Juan |date=26 August 2007 |access-date=13 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200843/http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=95&Itemid=47 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> During the [[November 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt]], two F-16A belonging to the government loyalist managed to shoot down two [[OV-10 Bronco]] and an [[Embraer EMB 312 Tucano|AT-27 Tucano]] flown by the rebels and establishing aerial superiority for the government forces.<ref name=":3" /> Two armed F-16s of the Venezuelan Air Force flew over the U.S. Navy destroyer [[USS Jason Dunham|USS ''Jason Dunham'']] while in international waters, in what the [[U.S. Department of Defense]] described as a "show of force" and "highly provocative move". The action happened amidst tension between the U.S. and Venezuela due to ongoing [[2025 United States military campaign against cartels|U.S. military campaign]] against certain Latin American drug cartels.<ref>{{cite web |first1=James |last1=LaPorta |first2=Charlie |last2=D'Agata |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/venezuela-fighter-jets-navy-ship-trump-maduro/ |title=Venezuelan fighter jets flew over U.S. Navy ship in "show of force" |website=CBS News |date=4 September 2025 |access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Phil |last1=Stewart |first2=Kanishka |last2=Singh |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/venezuelan-military-aircraft-fly-near-us-warship-provocative-move-pentagon-says-2025-09-05/ |title=Venezuelan military aircraft fly near US warship in 'provocative move', Pentagon says |website=Reuters |date=5 September 2025 |access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref> ===Others=== [[File:Iraqi Air Force F-16 Fighting Falcon flies over an undisclosed location July 18 2019.jpg|thumb|right|[[Iraqi Air Force]] F-16C]] Two F-16B of the [[Indonesian Air Force]] intercepted and engaged several US Navy F/A-18 Hornets over the [[Java Sea]] in the [[2003 Bawean incident]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Indonesian, U.S. Jets Face Off Near Java |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jul-05-fg-indo5-story.html |work=[[The Los Angeles Times]] |date=5 July 2003 |access-date=31 December 2024}}</ref> The [[Royal Moroccan Air Force]] and the [[Royal Bahraini Air Force]] each lost a single F-16C, both shot down by [[Houthi]] anti-aircraft fire during the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]], respectively on 11 May 2015 and on 30 December 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://warisboring.com/the-houthis-do-it-yourself-air-defenses-3/ |title=The Houthis' Do-It-Yourself Air Defenses |date=23 January 2018 |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085719/https://warisboring.com/the-houthis-do-it-yourself-air-defenses-3/ |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 October 2023, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Regional Security Mira Resnick confirmed to [[Jorge Argüello]], [[Argentina|Argentinean]] ambassador to the US, that the State Department has approved the transfer of 38 F-16s from [[Denmark]].<ref>{{cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=US State Department clears transfer of 38 F-16 fighters from Denmark to Argentina |url=https://airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2023-news-aviation-aerospace/october/9293-us-state-department-clears-the-transfer-of-38-f-16-viper-fighter-jets-from-denmark-to-argentina.html |website=airrecognition.com |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013093058/https://airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2023-news-aviation-aerospace/october/9293-us-state-department-clears-the-transfer-of-38-f-16-viper-fighter-jets-from-denmark-to-argentina.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 16 April 2024, it was announced by defense minister [[Luis Petri]] that the country went through with the purchase of 24+1 Danish F-16s, that are to be brought up to date before they are sent to Argentina.<ref name="Mainardi">{{Cite web |last=Mainardi |first=Patricia Fernández |date=2024-10-16 |title=F-16 Fighting Falcon: ¿cuándo arribarán a Argentina los 24 aviones comprados a Dinamarca? |url=https://defonline.com.ar/defensa/f-16-fighting-falcon-cuando-arribaran-a-argentina-los-24-aviones-comprados-a-dinamarca/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=DefOnline |language=es-AR |ref=CITEREFMainardi2024a}}</ref> The 25th plane, an F-16B MLU Block 10, meant for mechanics training, came disassembled in an Argentinian [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130]] in late December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mainardi |first=Patricia Fernández |date=2024-12-21 |title=El primer F-16 ya está en Argentina: cuántos llegarán en 2025 y el balance de Petri sobre su primer año de gestión |url=https://www.infobae.com/def/2024/12/21/el-primer-f-16-ya-esta-en-argentina-cuantos-llegaran-en-2025-y-el-balance-de-petri-sobre-su-primer-ano-de-gestion/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=infobae |language=es-AR |ref=CITEREFMainardi2024b}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina chooses US-built F-16 fighters over Chinese JF-17s |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2024/01/29/argentina-chooses-us-built-f-16-fighters-over-chinese-jf-17s |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> The first aircraft, a F-16B, was unveiled in [[Buenos Aires]] on 24 February 2025.<ref name="ArgDeliv">{{cite web |title=Argentine Air Force unveils first F-16 Fighting Falcon |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/industry/argentine-air-force-unveils-first-f-16-fighting-falcon |website=Jane's |access-date=29 April 2025 |date=28 February 2025}}</ref> F-16s of the [[Royal Thai Air Force]] were used to strike several Cambodian military targets during the [[2025 Cambodia–Thailand conflict]] in July<ref>{{cite news |first1=Panarat |last1=Thepgumpanat |first2=Chantha |last2=Lach |first3=Panu |last3=Wongcha-um |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/thai-fighter-jet-bombs-cambodian-targets-border-battle-escalates-2025-07-24/ |title=Thai fighter jet bombs Cambodian targets as border battle escalates |work=[[Reuters]] |date=25 July 2025 |access-date=27 July 2025 |language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationthailand.com/news/asean/40053114 |title=Thailand's F-16s and Gripens jointly bomb Cambodian indirect fire positions to defend two strategic areas |website=NationThailand.com |date=26 July 2025 |access-date=27 July 2025 |language=EN}}</ref> and December 2025.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Thomas |last1=Newdick |url=https://www.twz.com/news-features/thai-f-16s-bomb-targets-along-disputed-cambodian-border |title=Thai F-16s Bomb Targets Along Disputed Cambodian Border |work=TWZ.com |date=8 December 2025 |access-date=12 December 2025 |language=EN}}</ref> ===Civilian operators=== ====Top Aces==== In January 2021, Canadian defence contractor [[Top Aces]] announced that they had taken delivery of the first civilian owned F-16s to their US HQ in Mesa, Arizona.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Aces Brings 1st Israeli F-16s Back to the US |date=19 February 2021 |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/top-aces-brings-1st-israeli-f-16s-back-to-the-us/}}</ref> In an approval process that had taken years, they had purchased a batch of 29 F-16A/B ''Netz'' from the Israeli Air Force, including several that had taken part in Operation Opera. A year later, the first of these aircraft had finished the extensive AAMS mission system upgrades including AESA radar, HMCS, ECM, and Tactical Datalink. In late 2022 they began regular operations flying as contracted aggressors for USAF F-22 and F-35 squadrons in Luke AFB and Eglin AFB, as well as supporting exercises in other USAF and USMC bases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/top-aces-private-f-16-fleet-wins-usaf-contract-for-adversary-air/150198.article|title=Top Aces' private F-16 fleet wins USAF contract for adversary air|website=Flight Global}}</ref> ==Variants== {{main|General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants}} [[File:ROCAF F-16B 6826 Taxiing at Hualien Air Force Base 20170923b.jpg|thumb|A Republic of China Air Force F-16B landing at [[Hualien Air Force Base]]]] [[File:Take-off F-16B Venezuela (11037665315).jpg|thumb|[[Venezuelan Air Force]] F-16B]] [[File:F-35 Divertless Supersonic Inlet F-16.jpg|thumb|Testing of the F-35 [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] on an F-16 testbed. The original intake with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plate]] is shown in the top image.]] F-16 models are denoted by increasing block numbers to denote upgrades. The blocks cover both single- and two-seat versions. A variety of software, hardware, systems, weapons compatibility, and structural enhancements have been instituted over the years to gradually upgrade production models and [[retrofit]] delivered aircraft.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} While many F-16s were produced according to these block designs, there have been many other variants with [[F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#Major modification variants|significant changes]], usually because of [[F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#Major upgrade programs|modification programs]]. Other changes have resulted in role-specialization, such as the [[F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#Special mission variants|close air support and reconnaissance variants]]. Several models were also developed to [[F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#Technology demonstrators, and test variants|test new technology]]. The F-16 design also inspired the design of other aircraft, which are considered [[F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#Derivative fighters|derivatives]]. Older F-16s are being converted into [[F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#QF-16|QF-16 drone targets]].<ref name="QF-16">{{cite web |publisher=Boeing |title=Boeing Receives 1st F-16 for Conversion into QF-16 Aerial Drone |date=27 May 2010 |url=https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2010-05-27-Boeing-Receives-1st-F-16-for-Conversion-into-QF-16-Aerial-Drone |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601034224/http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1229 |archive-date=1 June 2010}}</ref> ; {{visible anchor|F-16A/B}}: The F-16A (single seat) and F-16B (two seat) were initial production variants. These variants include the Block 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 versions. Block 15 was the first major change to the F-16 with larger horizontal stabilizers. It is the most numerous of all F-16 variants with 983 produced. Around 300 earlier USAF F-16A and B aircraft were upgraded to the Block 15 [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16 Mid-Life Update|Mid-Life Update]] (MLU) standard, getting analogous capability to F-16C/D Block 50/52 aircraft.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hehs |first=Eric |date=2014-02-19 |title=History Of The F-16 Fighting Falcon |url=https://www.codeonemagazine.com/article.html?item_id=23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402092757/https://www.codeonemagazine.com/article.html?item_id=23 |archive-date=2023-04-02 |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=Code One Magazine}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |date=12 October 2023 |title=Ukraine conflict: Belgium joins Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands in promising F-16s to Kyiv |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/ukraine-conflict-belgium-joins-denmark-norway-the-netherlands-in-promising-f-16s-to-kyiv |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref> From 1987 a total of 214 Block 15 aircraft were upgraded to OCU (Operational Capability Upgrade) standard, with engines, structural and electronic improvements, and from 1988 all Block 15 were directly built to OCU specifications. Between 1989 and 1992 a total of 271 Block 15OCU airframes (246 F-16A and 25 F-16B) were converted at the Ogden Air Logistic Center to the ADF (Air Defense Fighter) variant, with improved IFF system, radio and radar, the ability to carry advanced Beyond Visual Range missiles and the addition of a side-mounted 150,000 candlepower spotlight for visual night identification of intruders. Originally intended for Cold-War air defense of the continental U.S. airspace, with the fall of the Berlin Wall the ADF lost a clear mission, and most were mothballed starting from 1994. Some mothballed ADFs were later exported to Jordan (12 -A and 4 -B models) and Thailand (15 -A and 1 -B), while 30 -A and 4 -B models were leased to Italy from 2003 to 2012<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.f-16.net/f-16_versions_article14.html|title=F-16 ADF - Air Defense Fighter - F-16.net|website=www.f-16.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fanpage.it/attualita/addio-agli-f-16-restituiti-agli-usa-dopo-9-anni-di-leasing/ |title=Addio agli F-16, restituiti agli USA dopo 9 anni di leasing (VIDEO) |work=Fanpage |date=23 May 2012}}</ref> [[File:190320-F-BU402-0064.jpg|thumb|An F-16D assigned to the 416th Flight Test Squadron, 412th Test Wing, Air Force Test Center, flies over the Mojave Desert near Edwards AFB, California]] ; {{visible anchor|F-16C/D}}: [[File:F-16C Block 50M de la Fuerza aerea de Chile.jpg|thumb|F-16C Block 50M of the [[Chilean Air Force]]]]The F-16C (single seat) and F-16D (two seat) variants entered production in 1984. The first C/D version was the Block 25 with improved cockpit avionics and radar which added all-weather capability with [[Beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] (BVR) AIM-7 and AIM-120 air-air missiles. Block 30/32, 40/42, and 50/52 were later C/D versions.<ref name=Darling_p58-62>{{harvnb|Darling|2003|pp=58–62}}</ref> The F-16C/D had a unit cost of US$18.8&nbsp;million (1998).<ref name=AF_fact_sh/> [[Operating cost|Operational cost]] per flight hour has been estimated at $7,000<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saurabh |first1=Joshi |title=Gripen operational cost lowest of all western fighters: Jane's |date=4 July 2012 |publisher=Stratpost |access-date=4 July 2012 |url=https://stratpost.com/gripen-operational-cost-lowest-of-all-western-fighters-janes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216090306/http://www.stratpost.com/gripen-operational-cost-lowest-of-all-western-fighters-janes |archive-date=16 February 2014}}</ref> to $22,470<ref>{{cite report |id=DD-A&T(Q&A)823–198 |date=31 December 2011 |last1=Venlet |first1=David |title=F-35 Selected Acquisition Report (SAR) |page=84 |publisher=Defense Acquisition Management Information Retrieval |access-date=27 August 2012 |url=https://www.acqnotes.com/Attachments/F-35%20Selected%20Acquisition%20Report%20Dec%2011.pdf |url-status=live |type=pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513233905/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/dae/articles/communiques/F-35Dec11FinalSAR-3-29-2012.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012}}</ref> or $24,000, depending on the calculation method.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Trimble |first1=Steven |title=EXCLUSIVE: US Air Force combat fleet's true operational costs revealed |date=26 August 2011 |publisher=[[Flight International]] |access-date=27 August 2012 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/the-dewline/2011/08/exclusive-us-air-force-combat.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129021417/http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/the-dewline/2011/08/exclusive-us-air-force-combat.html |archive-date=29 January 2012 |ref=CITEREFTrimble2011b}}</ref>{{Unreliable source? |date=April 2023 |reason=Blog source no longer available.}} [[File:F-16e block60.jpg|thumb|[[United Arab Emirates Air Force]] F-16E Block 60 with the IFTS pod, CFTs, and various external armament taking off]] ; {{visible anchor|F-16E/F}}: The F-16E (single seat) and F-16F (two seat) are newer F-16 Block 60 variants based on the F-16C/D Block 50/52. The [[United Arab Emirates]] invested heavily in their development. They feature improved [[AN/APG-80]] [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) radar, [[infrared search and track]] (IRST), avionics, [[conformal fuel tank]]s (CFTs), and the more powerful [[General Electric F110]]-GE-132 engine.<ref name=Darling_p62-3>{{harvnb|Darling|2003|pp=62–63}}</ref><ref name=fg1>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/11/11/219363/dubai-2007-uae-shows-off-its-most-advanced-falcons.html |title=Dubai 2007: UAE shows off its most advanced Falcons |publisher=Reed Business Information Limited |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402230254/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/11/11/219363/dubai-2007-uae-shows-off-its-most-advanced-falcons.html |archive-date=2 April 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="def">{{cite web|url=https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/the-uaes-f-16-block-60-desert-falcon-fleet-04538/ |title=Top Falcons: The UAE's F-16 Block 60/61 Fighters|work=Defense Industry Daily|date=19 July 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826043827/https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/the-uaes-f-16-block-60-desert-falcon-fleet-04538/|archive-date=26 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|The [[F-16XL]] was originally referred to as "F-16E", with "F-16F" reserved for a variant, however this was dropped after the decision was made to procure the [[F-15E Strike Eagle]] instead.<ref>{{harvnb|Darling|2003|p=63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Piccirillo |first1=Albert C. |title=Elegance in Flight: A Comprehensive History of the F-16XL Experimental Prototype and its Role in NASA Flight Research |date=2014 |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-62683-022-6 |page=143}}</ref>|group=N}} ; {{visible anchor|F-16IN}}: For the [[Indian MRCA competition]] for the [[Indian Air Force]], Lockheed Martin offered the ''F-16IN Super Viper''.<ref>Pandey, Vinay. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/F-16-maker-Lockheed-mounts-an-India-campaign/articleshow/2706209.cms "F-16 maker Lockheed mounts an India campaign."] ''[[Times of India]]'', 17 January 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2011.</ref> The F-16IN is based on the F-16E/F Block 60 and features conformal fuel tanks; AN/APG-80 AESA radar, General Electric F110-GE-132A engine with [[FADEC]] controls; electronic warfare suite and [[Infra-red search and track|infrared search and track (IRST)]] unit; updated glass cockpit; and a helmet-mounted cueing system.<ref name="F-16IN page">{{cite web |url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f16/ |title=F-16IN page |access-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221041043/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f16/ |archive-date=21 February 2009 |publisher=[[Lockheed Martin]]}}</ref> As of 2011, the F-16IN is no longer in the competition.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Trimble |first1=Stephen |title=Tellis: US fighters lost MMRCA contract due to technical faults |date=3 June 2011 |publisher=[[Flight International]] |access-date=9 September 2011 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/06/03/357566/tellis-us-fighters-lost-mmrca-contract-due-to-technical.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903164144/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/06/03/357566/tellis-us-fighters-lost-mmrca-contract-due-to-technical.html |archive-date=3 September 2011 |ref=CITEREFTrimble2011a}}</ref>{{Unreliable source? |date=April 2023 |reason=Blog source no longer available}} In 2016, Lockheed Martin offered the new F-16 Block 70/72 version to India under the [[Make in India]] program.<ref name="block70/72">{{cite news |title=In exclusive deal, India to get 'most advanced' F-16 fighter jets by 2019–20|url=http://m.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/in-exclusive-deal-india-to-get-most-advanced-f16-fighter-jets-by-201920/article8835851.ece|access-date=11 July 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lockheedmartin.com/us/who-we-are/global/india.html |title=F-16 Block 70 Under Make in India|website=lockheedmartin.com|access-date=6 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814172356/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/who-we-are/global/india.html|archive-date=14 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, the Indian government offered to purchase 200 (potentially up to 300) fighters in a deal worth $13–15bn.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/govt-offers-to-buy-200-foreign-fighter-jets-if-they-are-made-in-india/articleshow/55130201.cms |title=Govt offers to buy 200 foreign fighter jets if they are Made in India |access-date=21 June 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609023740/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/govt-offers-to-buy-200-foreign-fighter-jets-if-they-are-made-in-india/articleshow/55130201.cms |archive-date=9 June 2017}}</ref> As of 2017, Lockheed Martin has agreed to manufacture F-16 Block 70 fighters in India with the Indian defense firm Tata Advanced Systems Limited. The new production line could be used to build F-16s for India and for exports.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/us-agrees-to-build-f-16-fighter-jets-in-india/ |title=Lockheed Martin Agrees to Build F-16 Fighter Jets in India|first=Franz-Stefan |last=Gady |date=20 June 2017 |access-date=21 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620172516/https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/us-agrees-to-build-f-16-fighter-jets-in-india/|archive-date=20 June 2017|url-status=live|website=The Diplomat |ref=CITEREFGady2017b}}</ref> ; {{visible anchor|F-16IQ}}: In September 2010, the [[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]] informed the [[United States Congress]] of a possible Foreign Military Sale of 18 F-16IQ aircraft along with the associated equipment and services to the newly reformed [[Iraqi Air Force]]. The total value of sale was estimated at {{US$|4.2 billion}}.<ref>{{cite press release |last1=Taylor |first1=Charles |last2=Ebner |first2=Paul |title=IRAQ – F-16 AIRCRAFT |date=15 September 2010 |publisher=[[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]] |id=10-23 |access-date=4 February 2011 |url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/iraq-f-16-aircraft-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928173307/http://www.dsca.osd.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2010/iraq_10-23.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2010}}</ref> The Iraqi Air Force purchased those 18 jets in the second half of 2011, then later exercised an option to purchase 18 more for a total of 36 F-16IQs.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Tyler |last=Rogoway |date=2014-05-07 |title=Iraq's F-16s Have A Cool Paint Job But Antiquated Weapons |url=https://jalopnik.com/iraqs-f-16s-have-a-cool-paint-job-but-antiquated-weapon-1573085398 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Jalopnik |language=en}}</ref> {{as of|2021}}, the Iraqi had lost two in accidents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |date=2021-01-07 |title=The Iraqi Air Force's F-16 Fleet Is On The Brink Of Collapse Despite Showy Flybys |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/38594/the-iraqi-air-forces-f-16-fleet-is-on-the-brink-of-collapse-despite-showy-flybys |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=The War Zone |language=en}}</ref> By 2023, the US government reported that these jets were Iraq's most capable airborne platforms with a 66 percent mission-capable rate. Their maintenance was being supported by private contractors. At the same time, Iraq's Russian-made systems were suffering from sanctions imposed in the wake of [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |date=2023-05-03 |title=Iraq's F-16 Fleet Surges In Importance Thanks In Part To War In Ukraine |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/iraqs-f-16-fleet-surges-in-importance-thanks-in-part-to-war-in-ukraine |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=The War Zone |language=en}}</ref> ; {{visible anchor|F-16N}}: The F-16N was an adversary aircraft operated by the [[United States Navy]]. It is based on the standard F-16C/D Block 30, is powered by the General Electric F110-GE-100 engine, and is capable of [[supercruise]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What it Was Like Flying and Fighting the F-16N Viper, Topgun's Legendary Hotrod|date=9 May 2016 |url=http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/3383/what-it-was-like-flying-and-fighting-the-f-16n-viper-topguns-legendary-hotrod|access-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218145615/http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/3383/what-it-was-like-flying-and-fighting-the-f-16n-viper-topguns-legendary-hotrod|archive-date=18 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The F-16N has a strengthened wing and is capable of carrying an Air Combat Maneuvering Instrumentation (ACMI) pod on the starboard wingtip. Although the single-seat F-16Ns and twin-seat (T)F-16Ns are based on the early-production small-inlet Block 30 F-16C/D airframe, they retain the APG-66 radar of the F-16A/B. In addition, the aircraft's {{nowrap|20 mm}} cannon has been removed, as has the airborne self-protection jammer (ASPJ), and they carry no missiles. Their EW fit consists of an ALR-69 radar warning receiver (RWR) and an ALE-40 chaff/flare dispenser. The F-16Ns and (T)F-16Ns have the standard Air Force tailhook and undercarriage and are not aircraft carrier–capable. Production totaled 26 airframes, of which 22 are single-seat F-16Ns and 4 are twin-seat TF-16Ns. The initial batch of aircraft was in service between 1988 and 1998. At that time, hairline cracks were discovered in several bulkheads, and the Navy did not have the resources to replace them, so the aircraft were eventually retired, with one aircraft sent to the collection of the [[National Naval Aviation Museum]] at [[NAS Pensacola]], Florida, and the remainder placed in storage at [[Davis-Monthan AFB]]. These aircraft were later replaced by embargoed ex-Pakistani F-16s in 2003. The original inventory of F-16Ns was previously operated by adversary squadrons at [[NAS Oceana]], Virginia; [[NAS Key West]], Florida; and the former [[NAS Miramar]], California. The current F-16A/B aircraft are operated by the [[Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center]] at [[NAS Fallon]], Nevada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f-16.net/f-16_versions_article22.html |title=F-16 Versions – (T)F-16N|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017232819/http://www.f-16.net/f-16_versions_article22.html|archive-date=17 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnic.navy.mil/Regions/cnrsw/installations/nas_fallon/about/nsawc/ |title=Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center|access-date=13 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923222307/http://www.cnic.navy.mil/regions/cnrsw/installations/nas_fallon/about/nsawc.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=1100&tid=1150&ct=1 |title=The US Navy – Fact File: F-16A/B Fighting Falcon Fighter|author=Petty, Dan |access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814052614/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=1100&tid=1150&ct=1|archive-date=14 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ; {{visible anchor|[[Lockheed Martin F-16V Viper]]}}: At the 2012 Singapore Air Show, Lockheed Martin unveiled plans for the new F-16V variant with the V suffix for its Viper nickname. It features an [[AN/APG-83]] [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) radar, a new mission computer and electronic warfare suite, an automated ground collision avoidance system, and various cockpit improvements; this package is an option on current production F-16s and can be retrofitted to most in service F-16s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-lockheed-martin-announces-f-16v-development-368323/ |title=Singapore: Lockheed Martin announces F-16V development. |publisher=Reed Business Information Limited|access-date=13 September 2014|date=15 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822145007/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-lockheed-martin-announces-f-16v-development-368323/|archive-date=22 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense-news/2015/10/21/lockheeds-new-f-16v-flies-advanced-aesa-radar/74319238/ |title=Lockheed's New F-16V Flies With Advanced AESA Radar |last1=Seligman |first1=Lara |date= 21 October 2015 |website= Defense News |access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> First flight took place 21 October 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2015-10-23/first-f-16v-developed-taiwan-requirement-takes-flight |title=First F-16V Developed for Taiwan Requirement Takes Flight|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108233505/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2015-10-23/first-f-16v-developed-taiwan-requirement-takes-flight|archive-date=8 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Taiwanese media reported that Taiwan and the U.S. both initially invested in the development of the F-16V.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Salmonsen |first1=Renée |title=Taiwan earns money off Korean fighter jet purchase |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3369953 |work=Taiwan News |date=23 February 2018 |access-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607200632/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3369953 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Upgrades to Taiwan's F-16 fleet began in January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/taiwan-begins-upgrade-of-144-f-16-fighter-jets/ |title=Taiwan Begins Upgrade of 144 F-16 Fighter Jets|first=Franz-Stefan |last=Gady |date=24 January 2017 |work=The Diplomat|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109181043/https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/taiwan-begins-upgrade-of-144-f-16-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2018|url-status=live |ref=CITEREFGady2017a}}</ref> The first country to confirm the purchase of 16 new F-16 Block 70/72 was Bahrain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/bahrain-order-keeps-f-16-production-ticking-over-449705/ |title=Bahrain order keeps F-16 production ticking over|date=25 June 2018|access-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720002739/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/bahrain-order-keeps-f-16-production-ticking-over-449705/|archive-date=20 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2018/06/25/lockheed-lands-first-customer-for-its-new-f-16.html?ana=yahoo&yptr=yahoo |title=Lockheed lands first customer for its new F-16 fighter jet |website=The Business Journals |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308095555/https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2018/06/25/lockheed-lands-first-customer-for-its-new-f-16.html?ana=yahoo&yptr=yahoo |archive-date=8 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Greece]] announced the upgrade of 84 F-16C/D Block 52+ and Block 52+ Advanced (Block 52M) to the latest V (Block 70/72) variant in October 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/government-greece-upgrade-f-16-aircraft-f-16-block-v-configuration/ |title=Government of Greece – Upgrade of F-16 Aircraft to F-16 Block V Configuration |publisher=Defence Security Cooperation Agency |language=en-US |access-date=23 December 2021 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223084934/https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/government-greece-upgrade-f-16-aircraft-f-16-block-v-configuration |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/f-16/f-16-greece.html |title=F-16V for the Hellenic Air Force |website=Lockheed Martin |date=2 March 2018 |language=en-US |access-date=23 December 2021 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223084925/https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/f-16/f-16-greece.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Slovakia announced on 11 July 2018 that it intends to purchase 14 F-16 Block 70/72 aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/slovakia-to-purchase-14-lockheed-martin-f-16vs-450130/ |title=Slovakia to purchase 14 Lockheed Martin F-16s |date=12 July 2018 |first=Reim |last=Garrett |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713205639/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/slovakia-to-purchase-14-lockheed-martin-f-16vs-450130/ |archive-date=13 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2018/11/18/with-f-16-buy-slovakia-cutting-off-russian-hardware/ |title=With F-16 buy, Slovakia 'cutting off' Russian hardware |last=Gould |first=Joe |date=18 November 2018 |website=Defense News |language=en-US |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181120160527/https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2018/11/18/with-f-16-buy-slovakia-cutting-off-russian-hardware/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Lockheed Martin has redesignated the F-16V Block 70 as the "F-21" in its offering for India's fighter requirement.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aero-india-f16v-rechristened-f-21-for-new-delhi-455954/ |title = AERO INDIA: F16V rechristened 'F-21' for New Delhi fighter deal|date = 20 February 2019|access-date = 23 February 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224144/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aero-india-f16v-rechristened-f-21-for-new-delhi-455954/|archive-date = 21 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Taiwan's [[Republic of China Air Force]] announced on 19 March 2019 that it formally requested the purchase of an additional 66 F-16V fighters.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/pressured-by-china-s-military-updates-taiwan-asks-us-for-more-weapons/4842487.html |title=Pressured by China's Military Updates, Taiwan Asks US for More Weapons |date=22 March 2019 |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407235541/https://www.voanews.com/a/pressured-by-china-s-military-updates-taiwan-asks-us-for-more-weapons/4842487.html |archive-date=7 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Donald Trump|Trump]] administration approved the sale on 20 August 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/16/world/asia/taiwan-f16.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/16/world/asia/taiwan-f16.html |archive-date=2 January 2022 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=Trump Administration Approves F-16 Fighter Jet Sales to Taiwan|last=Wong|first=Edward |date=16 August 2019 |work=The New York Times|access-date=19 August 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/taipei-economic-and-cultural-representative-office-united-states-tecro-f-16cd-block |title=Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States (TECRO) – F-16C/D Block 70 Aircraft and Related Equipment and Support |website=dsca.mil |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826201111/https://dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/taipei-economic-and-cultural-representative-office-united-states-tecro-f-16cd-block |url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 August 2020, Lockheed Martin was awarded a [[United States dollar|US$]]62&nbsp;billion contract by the US DoD<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2313931// |title=Contracts For Aug. 14, 2020 AIR FORCE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815133519/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2313931/ |archive-date=15 August 2020 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref> that includes 66 new F-16s at US$8&nbsp;billion (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=8000000000|start_year=2020}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) for Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web|title=66 new fighter jets to arrive in Taiwan by 2026|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3815244|website=[[Taiwan News]]|date=12 November 2019|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919125520/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3815244|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:QF-16.JPG|thumb|USAF QF-16A, on its first unmanned test flight, over the Gulf of Mexico]] ; {{visible anchor|QF-16}}: In September 2013, [[Boeing]] and the U.S. Air Force tested an unmanned F-16, with two US Air Force pilots controlling the airplane from the ground as it flew from [[Tyndall Air Force Base|Tyndall AFB]] over the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.3news.co.nz/Forget-drones---F-16-makes-unmanned-flight/tabid/412/articleID/314739/Default.aspx |title= Forget drones – F-16 makes unmanned flight|publisher= 3 news|access-date= 13 September 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131104021338/http://www.3news.co.nz/Forget-drones---F-16-makes-unmanned-flight/tabid/412/articleID/314739/Default.aspx|archive-date= 4 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/467196/first-unmanned-qf-16-flight-takes-place/ |title= First unmanned QF-16 flight takes place |date= 24 September 2013 |publisher= AF |access-date= 13 September 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140915031154/http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/467196/first-unmanned-qf-16-flight-takes-place.aspx |archive-date= 15 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/defense/support/qf-16/index.page |title=Boeing|access-date=21 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101012154/http://www.boeing.com/defense/support/qf-16/index.page|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Related developments=== ;[[Vought Model 1600]]: Proposed naval variant ;[[General Dynamics F-16XL]]: 1980s technology demonstrator ;[[General Dynamics NF-16D VISTA]]: 1990s experimental fighter ;[[Mitsubishi F-2]]: 1990s Japanese multirole fighter based on the F-16 {{clear}} ==Operators== [[File:F-16 Operators 2025-12-8.svg|alt=World map showing F-16 operators. Current operators are the US, Venezuela, Chile, Portugal, Morocco, The Netherlands, Belgium, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Greece, Turkey, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Bahrain, the UAE, Oman, Pakistan, Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea, Taiwan and Argentina. Former operators are Norway and Italy. Future operators are Slovakia, and Bulgaria.|thumb|Operators: {{legend|#0B60D4|Current}} {{legend|#DC0023|Former}} {{legend|#333333|Future}}]] [[File:F-16C block 52+ fighter jet, Hellenic Air Force (November 2010).jpg|thumb|F-16C Block 52 of the [[Hellenic Air Force]] with conformal fuel tanks and Advanced [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] (AIFF)]] {{main|General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operators}} As of 2024, there were 2,145 F-16s in active service around the world.<ref name="Lock Ready">{{cite web |url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/news/press-releases/2010/july/LockheedMartinF-16ReadyFo.html |title=Lockheed Martin F-16 Is Ready for the Future As The World's Most Advanced 4th Generation Fighter |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815135515/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/news/press-releases/2010/july/LockheedMartinF-16ReadyFo.html |archive-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Morales |first=Jowi |date=2024-06-29 |title=How Many Fighter Jets Does Ukraine Have: What Kind Are They? |url=https://www.slashgear.com/1608075/how-many-fighter-jets-ukraine-what-kind/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=SlashGear |language=en-US}}</ref> {{colbegin|colwidth=20em}} *{{ARG}} *{{BHR}} - [[Royal Bahraini Air Force]] operates 16 single-seat F-16C Block 40s and 4 dual-seat F-16D Block 40s.<ref name="Bahrain’s first F-16C/D Block 70s delivery">{{cite web |last=Cenciotti |first=David |url=https://www.key.aero/article/bahrains-first-f-16cd-block-70s-delivery |title=Bahrain's first F-16C/D Block 70s delivery |website=Key.Aero |publisher=Key Publishing |date=2023-03-13 |access-date=2026-02-25}}</ref> *{{BEL}} *{{CHI}} <!-- *{{CRO}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Croatia to Buy F-16 Jets from Israel in a $500M Deal |url=http://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/33654 |website=israeldefense.co.il |publisher=IsraelDefense |access-date=3 August 2018 |language=en |date=29 March 2018}}</ref> --> *{{EGY}} *{{GRE}} *{{IDN}} *{{IRQ}} *{{ISR}} *{{JOR}} - [[Royal Jordanian Air Force]] operates 44 F-16AM Block 20 MLU and 15-18 F-16BM Block 20 MLU. *{{OMA}} *{{PAK}} *{{POR}} *{{ROM}} *{{SGP}} *{{SVK}}<!-- On 12 December 2018, the contract to acquire 14 F-16 Block 70/72s was officially signed by Slovakian Minister of Defense Peter Gajdos. Deliveries are scheduled to start in 2022. --><ref>{{cite web |title=Slovakia's Government approves purchase of US F-16 fighter jets |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/slovakias-purchase-f-16-fighter-jets/ |website=Air Force Technology |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214181616/https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/slovakias-purchase-f-16-fighter-jets/ |archive-date=14 December 2018 |date=14 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Slovakia inks deal to buy 14 F-16s from US Lockheed Martin |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/slovakia-inks-deal-to-buy-14-f-16s-from-us-lockheed-martin/2018/12/12/bbf396d6-fe13-11e8-a17e-162b712e8fc2_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212174718/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/slovakia-inks-deal-to-buy-14-f-16s-from-us-lockheed-martin/2018/12/12/bbf396d6-fe13-11e8-a17e-162b712e8fc2_story.html |archive-date=12 December 2018 |location=Bratislava, Slovakia |date=12 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{KOR}} *{{THA}} *{{TUR}} *{{UKR}} *{{UAE}} *{{USA}} *{{VEN}} {{Colend}}<!-- Further details covered in [[F-16 Fighting Falcon operators]]. --> ===Former operators=== *{{DEN}} – [[Royal Danish Air Force]] sold 24 F-16s to [[Argentine Air Force]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McNeil |first=Harry |date=2024-03-27 |title=Denmark strikes deal to offload 24 F-16 fighter jets to Argentina |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/denmark-strikes-deal-to-offload-24-f-16-fighter-jets-to-argentina/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Airforce Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> 19 F-16s donated to [[Ukrainian Air Force]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/denmark-f-16-ukraine-fleet-decommissioned-1892643|title=NATO Ally Confirms F-16 to Ukraine as 'Entire Fleet' Decommissioned|work=[[Newsweek]]|first=Daniel|last=Orton|date=22 April 2024|access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> *{{ITA}} – [[Italian Air Force]] used up to 30 F-16As and 4 F-16Bs of the Block 15 ADF variant, leased from the [[United States Air Force]], from 2003 to 2012.<ref>Shamim, Asif. [http://www.f-16.net/news_article4581.html "Italian F-16 'Peace Caesar' program comes to an end."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603043901/http://www.f-16.net/news_article4581.html |date=3 June 2012}} F-16.net, 24 May 2012.</ref> *{{MOR}} - The [[Royal Moroccan Air Force]] is converting its 23 F-16C/D Block 52+ to F-16Vs.<ref name="Morocco modernizes military with next-gen F-16 fighters in major U.S. deal">{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Morocco modernizes military with next-gen F-16 fighters in major U.S. deal |url=https://en.7news.ma/morocco-modernizes-military-with-next-gen-f-16-fighters-in-major-u-s-deal/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260113103148/https://en.7news.ma/morocco-modernizes-military-with-next-gen-f-16-fighters-in-major-u-s-deal/ |url-status=live |website=7news Morocco |date=2025-04-05 |archive-date=2026-01-13 |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="Rare insight into Moroccan F-16C/D Block 52+ jets operations">{{cite web |last=Cenciotti |first=David |url=https://theaviationist.com/2014/05/08/rmaf-f-16-video/ |title=Rare insight into Moroccan F-16C/D Block 52+ jets operations |website=The Aviationist |date=May 8, 2014 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250915070431/https://theaviationist.com/2014/05/08/rmaf-f-16-video/ |archive-date=September 15, 2025 |url-status=live |access-date=March 5, 2026}}</ref><ref name="Raytheon receives $200 million order for Moroccan F-16 engines">{{cite web|title=Raytheon receives $200 million order for Moroccan F-16 engines |url=https://defenceweb.co.za/aerospace/aerospace-aerospace/raytheon-receives-200-million-order-for-moroccan-f-16-engines/ |website=defenceWeb |date=2025-02-06 |access-date=2025-02-26 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250206141633/https://defenceweb.co.za/aerospace/aerospace-aerospace/raytheon-receives-200-million-order-for-moroccan-f-16-engines/ |archive-date=2025-02-06 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Washington Selects Morocco in $304 Million F-16 Radar Support Contract">{{cite web |last=Assahifa Staff |first= |date=February 13, 2024 |title=Washington Selects Morocco in $304 Million F-16 Radar Support Contract |url=https://www.assahifa.com/english/morocco/washington-selects-morocco-in-304-million-f-16-radar-support-contract/ |website=Assahifa English |access-date=26 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> *{{NLD}} – [[Royal Netherlands Air and Space Force]] originally bought 213 aircraft. Later sold six F-16s to [[Royal Jordanian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruitenberg |first=Rudy |date=2024-02-05 |title=Netherlands halts F-16 sale to US firm, will send to Ukraine instead |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2024/02/05/netherlands-halts-f-16-sale-to-us-firm-will-send-to-ukraine-instead/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref> and 36 F-16s to [[Chilean Air Force]] in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=F-16.net - The ultimate F-16, F-35 and F-22 reference |url=https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article8.html#:~:text=Introduction,them%20upgraded%20to%20MLU%20standard. |access-date=2024-06-07 |website= f-16.net}}</ref> Donating the rest of the fleet of 42 aircraft to Ukraine in 2024.<ref name="Sabbagh2023Guardian" />{{Update inline|date=May 2025}} *{{NOR}} – [[Royal Norwegian Air Force]] (RNoAF) on 6 January 2022, Norway announced that all F-16s had been retired and replaced with the [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/norway-retires-f-16-as-f-35-takes-on-national-air-defence#:~:text=Norway%20has%20retired%20the%20Lockheed,from%20the%20beginning%20of%202022.&text=Although%20the%20F%2D16%20performed,will%20do%20so%20from%20Evenes.|title=Norway retires F-16 as F-35 takes on national air defence |date=7 January 2022 |access-date=5 February 2022|archive-date=23 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423025630/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/norway-retires-f-16-as-f-35-takes-on-national-air-defence#:~:text=Norway%20has%20retired%20the%20Lockheed,from%20the%20beginning%20of%202022.&text=Although%20the%20F%2D16%20performed,will%20do%20so%20from%20Evenes.|url-status=live}}</ref> The RNoAF sold 32 of their F-16s to [[Romanian Air Force]], with the remaining operational aircraft being donated to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Norway signs F-16-contract with Romania |date=4 November 2022 |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/norge-har-inngatt-kontrakt-om-salg-av-f-16-jagerfly-til-romania/id2945901/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Norway signs €388m deal with Romania to sell 32 F-16 fighter jets |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/norway-deal-romania-32-f16/ |website=Airforce-technology|date=7 November 2022}}</ref><ref name=NRK2023-08-24 >{{cite news |last1=Ulvin |first1=Philippe Bédos |last2=Sandven |first2=Synne Malen |last3=Kruse |first3=Jan Espen |last4=Uleberg |first4=Ingrid |date=2023-08-24 |title=Zelenskyj vil ha fredssamtaler i Norge |trans-title=Zelenskyj wants peace talks in Norway |url=https://www.nrk.no/urix/norge-gir-f-16-jagerfly_-_-en-historisk-avgjorelse-1.16527948 |language=NO |work=[[NRK]] |location=[[Kyiv]]/[[Oslo]] |access-date=2023-08-24}}</ref> *{{POL}} - The [[Polish Air Force]] is converting its 48 Block 52+ to F-16Vs.<ref name="Poland Finalizes Agreement to Modernize F-16 Fleet">{{cite web |last=Lockheed Martin |title=Poland Finalizes Agreement to Modernize F-16 Fleet |url=https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2025-08-14 |date=August 14, 2025 |website=Lockheed Martin Newsroom |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251204172611/https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2025-08-14 |archive-date=December 4, 2025 |access-date=March 5, 2026}}</ref> *{{ROC}}: The [[Republic of China Air Force]] has successfully completed the conversion of its existing 139 F-16s into the improved F-16V (Viper) version.<ref name="Taiwan’s Final Upgraded F-16V Completes Test Flights">{{cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |url=https://www.twz.com/taiwans-final-upgraded-f-16v-completes-test-flights |title=Taiwan's Final Upgraded F-16V Completes Test Flights |website=The War Zone |date=December 6, 2023 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260204003223/https://www.twz.com/taiwans-final-upgraded-f-16v-completes-test-flights |archive-date=February 4, 2026 |access-date=5 March 2026|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lockheed Martin Unveils Taiwan’s First Newly Built F-16 Block 70">{{cite web |last=D'Urso |first=Stefano |title=Lockheed Martin Unveils Taiwan's First Newly Built F-16 Block 70 |url=https://theaviationist.com/2025/04/01/taiwans-first-newly-built-f-16-block-70/ |website=The Aviationist |date=April 1, 2025 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260225172015/https://theaviationist.com/2025/04/01/taiwans-first-newly-built-f-16-block-70/ |archive-date=February 25, 2026 |url-status=live |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="Republic of China / Taiwan - Chung-kuo Kung Chun - Republic of China Air Force - RoCAF">{{cite web |title=Republic of China / Taiwan - Chung-kuo Kung Chun - Republic of China Air Force - RoCAF |url=https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article19.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260225120504/https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article19.html |archive-date=February 25, 2026 |url-status=live |website=F-16.net |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref> ==Notable accidents and incidents== {{see also|United States Air Force Thunderbirds#Accidents}} [[File:2003 Thunderbirds Mountain Home airshow crash ejection.jpg|thumb|thumbtime=2|A [[U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds]] pilot ejects from the F-16 just before impact at an air show in September 2003 at [[Mountain Home Air Force Base]]]] <!-- This section is only for notable aviation incidents and accidents. --> The F-16 has been involved in over 670 hull-loss accidents as of January 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/dblist.php?AcType=F16 |title=Aviation Safety Network > ASN Aviation Safety WikiBase > ASN Aviation Safety Database results |first=Harro |last=Ranter |work=aviation-safety.net |access-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809185648/https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/dblist.php?AcType=f16 |archive-date=9 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/mishaps-and-accidents/ |title=F-16 Mishaps & Accident Reports |work=f-16.net |access-date=28 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618103758/http://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/mishaps-and-accidents |archive-date=18 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> *On 8 May 1975, while practicing a 9-''g'' aerial display maneuver with the second YF-16 (tail number ''72-1568'') at [[Fort Worth, Texas]], prior to being sent to the [[Paris Air Show]], one of the main landing gears jammed. The test pilot, Neil Anderson, had to perform an emergency gear-up landing and chose to do so in the grass, hoping to minimize damage and avoid injuring any observers. The aircraft was only slightly damaged, but because of the mishap, the first prototype was sent to the Paris Air Show in its place.<ref>{{YouTube|9Djjmw6l3-4|"YF16 in Belly landing"}}. Retrieved 24 March 2011.</ref> *On 15 November 1982, while on a training flight outside [[Kunsan Air Base]] in South Korea, USAF Captain Ted Harduvel died when he crashed inverted into a mountain ridge. In 1985, Harduvel's widow filed a lawsuit against General Dynamics claiming an electrical malfunction, not pilot error, as the cause; a jury awarded the plaintiff {{nowrap|$3.4 million}} in damages. However, in 1989, the U.S. Court of Appeals ruled the contractor had immunity to lawsuits, overturning the previous judgment. The court remanded the case to the trial court "for entry of judgment in favor of General Dynamics".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/878/1311/166713/ |title=United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit. – 878 F.2d 1311. |work=Justia Law |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202133227/http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/878/1311/166713/ |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The accident and subsequent trial was the subject of the 1992 film ''[[Afterburn (1992 film)|Afterburn]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Schindehette |first1=Susan |editor-last1=Sider |editor-first1=Don |title=Pilot Error? An Angry Widow Rejects That Judgment |date=1 June 1992 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |publisher=[[Time Inc.]] |volume=37 |number=21 |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20112810,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508190016/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20112810,00.html |archive-date=8 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tucker |first1=Ken |title=Afterburn Review |date=29 May 1992 |publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,310657,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808042905/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,310657,00.html |archive-date=8 August 2011}}</ref> *On 23 March 1994, during a joint Army-Air Force exercise at [[Pope AFB]], North Carolina, F-16D (AF Serial No. 88-0171) of the [[23d Wing|23d Fighter Wing]] / [[74th Fighter Squadron]] was simulating an engine-out approach when it collided with a USAF C-130E. Both F-16 crew members ejected, but their aircraft, on full afterburner, continued on an arc towards Green Ramp and struck a USAF [[C-141]] that was being boarded by US Army paratroopers. This accident resulted in 24 fatalities and at least 100 others injured.<ref name="Fay Observer">{{cite web |last1=Brooks |first1=Drew |title=Fort Bragg Report: Green Ramp Disaster anniversary was March 23 |url=http://www.fayobserver.com/blogs/news/fort_bragg_report/fort-bragg-report-green-ramp-disaster-anniversary-was-march/article_535c6a22-cf68-11e4-a8be-d7909da5a604.html |website=Fay Observer |access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref> It has since been known as the "[[Green Ramp disaster]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19940323-2 |title=23 March 1994 crash |author=Harro Ranter |date=23 March 1994 |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103172548/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19940323-2 |archive-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> *On 15 September 2003, a [[United States Air Force Thunderbirds]] F-16C crashed during an air show at [[Mountain Home AFB]], Idaho. Captain Christopher Stricklin attempted a "[[split S]]" maneuver based on an incorrect mean-sea-level altitude of the airfield. Climbing to only {{convert|1670|ft|m|abbr=on}} above ground level instead of {{convert|2500|ft|m|abbr=on}}, Stricklin had insufficient altitude to complete the maneuver, but was able to guide the aircraft away from spectators and ejected less than one second before impact. Stricklin survived with only minor injuries; the aircraft was destroyed. USAF procedure for demonstration "Split-S" maneuvers was changed, requiring both pilots and controllers to use above-ground-level (AGL) altitudes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gladman |first1=Paul |title=Thunderbirds Lockheed Martin F-16 Ejection |date=3 October 2008 |publisher=FlightGlobal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/aircraft-pictures/2008/10/thunderbirds-lockheed-martin-f.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413061837/http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/aircraft-pictures/2008/10/thunderbirds-lockheed-martin-f.html |archive-date=13 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/138537/thunderbird-crashes-at-air-show/ |title=Thunderbird crashes at air show |publisher=[[US Air Force]] |date=15 September 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214024752/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123006413 |archive-date= 14 February 2006|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Entry covers the accident and is long enough as is. --> *On 26 January 2015, a Greek F-16D [[2015 Los Llanos Air Base crash|crashed]] while performing a NATO training exercise in [[Albacete]], Spain. Both crew members and nine French soldiers on the ground died when it crashed in the flight line, destroying or damaging two Italian [[AMX International AMX|AMX]]s, two French [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha jets]], and one French [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]].<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Greek fighter-jet crash in Spain leaves at least 10 dead |date=26 January 2015 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/26/spain-f16-fighter-jet-crash-albacete |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118045430/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/26/spain-f16-fighter-jet-crash-albacete |archive-date=18 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[Le Monde]] |title=Onze morts dont neuf Français lors du crash d'un avion de chasse en Espagne |date=28 January 2015 |language=fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2015/01/26/dix-morts-dans-le-crash-d-un-avion-de-chasse-grec-en-espagne_4563876_3214.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128025205/http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2015/01/26/dix-morts-dans-le-crash-d-un-avion-de-chasse-grec-en-espagne_4563876_3214.html |archive-date=28 January 2015 |via=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]}}</ref> Investigations suggested that the accident was due to an erroneous rudder setting that was caused by loose papers in the cockpit.<ref>{{cite news |last1=González |first1=Miguel |title=Loose papers in cockpit likely cause of F-16 crash at NATO base in Albacete |date=29 July 2015 |publisher=[[El País]] |url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2015/07/29/inenglish/1438167032_202612.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407145423/https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2015/07/29/inenglish/1438167032_202612.html |archive-date=7 April 2023}}</ref> *On 7 July 2015, an F-16CJ [[2015 Moncks Corner mid-air collision|collided]] with a [[Cessna 150M]] over Moncks Corner, South Carolina, U.S. The pilot of the F-16 ejected safely, but both people in the Cessna were killed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pager |first1=Tyler |title=2 killed when F-16, Cessna collide in midair over S.C. |date=8 July 2015 |publisher=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/07/07/f16-crash-south-carolina/29815069/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410203040/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/07/07/f16-crash-south-carolina/29815069/ |archive-date=10 April 2019}}</ref> * On 11 October 2018, an F-16 MLU from the [[2nd Tactical Wing]] of the [[Belgian Air Component]], on the apron at [[Florennes Air Base|Florennes Air Station]], was hit by a gun burst from a nearby F-16, whose cannon was fired inadvertently during maintenance. The aircraft caught fire and was burned to the ground, while two other F-16s were damaged and two maintenance personnel were treated for aural trauma.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Florennes, un F-16 a bien été détruit par un tir accidentel: "L'explosion a été provoquée par un tir de canon" |publisher=RTL Info |via=[[Belga (news agency)|Belga]] |date=7 November 2018 |url=https://www.rtl.be/actu/florennes-un-f-16-bien-ete-detruit-par-un-tir-accidentel-lexplosion-ete/2018-11-07/article/161584 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424053336/https://www.rtl.be/info/belgique/faits-divers/a-florennes-un-f-16-a-bien-ete-detruit-par-un-tir-accidentel-l-explosion-a-ete-provoquee-par-un-tir-de-canon--1075310.aspx |archive-date=24 April 2021}}</ref> * On 11 March 2020, a Pakistani F-16AM (Serial No. 92730) of the [[No. 9 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)]] crashed in the [[Shakarparian]] area of [[Islamabad]] during rehearsals for the [[Pakistan Day Parade]]. The plane crashed when the F-16 was executing an aerobatic loop. As a result, the pilot of the F-16, [[Wing Commander]] [[Noman Akram]], who was also the Commanding Officer of the No. 9 Squadron "Griffins", lost his life. A board of inquiry ordered by the [[Pakistan Air Force]] later revealed that the pilot had every chance to eject but opted not to and tried his best to save the aircraft and avoid civilian casualties on the ground. Videos taken by locals on the ground show his F-16AM crashing into some woods. He was hailed a hero by Pakistanis while also gaining some attention internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-pays-tribute-to-wing-commander-noman-akram-on-his-first-martyrdom-anniversary/ |title=Pakistan pays tribute to Wing Commander Noman Akram on his first martyrdom anniversary |date=11 March 2021 |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417034152/https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-pays-tribute-to-wing-commander-noman-akram-on-his-first-martyrdom-anniversary/ |url-status=live}}</ref> * On 6 May 2023, a U.S. Air Force F-16C of the [[8th Fighter Wing]] crashed in a field near Osan Air Base in South Korea during a daytime training sortie. The pilot safely ejected from the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2023/05/08/air-force-pilot-ejects-f-16-crashes-south-korea.html |title=Air Force Pilot Ejects as F-16 Crashes in South Korea |date=8 May 2023}}</ref>{{importance inline|date=October 2023}} *On 20 March 2024, an F-16 operated by the Hellenic Air Force crashed into the sea, close to the island of Psathoura in the northern Aegean Sea. The pilot ejected from the aircraft and was later rescued.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/1234446/greek-fighter-jet-crashes-into-sea-pilot-believed-to-have-survived/ |title=Greek fighter jet crahsed into sea|date=20 March 2024}}</ref> *On 30 April 2024, an Air Force General Dynamics F-16 crashed outside Holloman Air Force Base, located near Alamogordo in New Mexico. The pilot ejected safely before impact.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.twz.com/news-features/f-16-crashes-near-holloman-air-force-base-in-new-mexico/ |title=F-16 Crashes Near Holloman Air Force Base In New Mexico |date=30 April 2024}}</ref> *On 8 May 2024, an F-16C of the [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] crashed during takeoff within [[Tengah Air Base]]. The pilot successfully ejected from the aircraft without major injuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/rsaf-f16-crash-tengah-airbase-singapore-air-force-4320751|title=RSAF F-16 jet crashes at Tengah Air Base; pilot hospitalised with no major injuries|website=CNA}}</ref> The cause was later identified to be from the malfunction of two of the three primary pitch rate gyroscopes on the aircraft. This was noted to be a "rare occurrence" by [[Lockheed Martin]] due to the concurrent failure of the two independent pitch rate gyroscopes giving similar inputs which caused the digital flight control computer to reject inputs from the correctly functioning pitch rate gyroscope and the backup pitch rate gyroscope when it was activated by the rejection of a primary pitch rate gyroscope.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 Jun 2023 |title=Final Update on the RSAF's F-16 Crash at Tengah Air Base |url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/rsaf/news-and-publications/news/final-update-on-the-rsaf's-f-16-crash-at-tengah-air-base}}</ref> *On 28 August 2025, a [[Polish Air Force]] F-16C Block 52+, from the Tiger Demo Team, crashed in Poland, while practicing for the Radom Airshow. The pilot did not survive the accident and the airshow was cancelled.<ref>https://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/jagerfly-styrtet-under-flyshow-i-polen/s/5-95-2590673. Nettavisen.no. Retrieved 2025-08-28</ref><ref>https://www.vg.no/video/340326/her-styrter-jagerflyet VG.no. Retrieved 2025-08-28</ref> <!-- Section is only for [[aviation accidents and incidents]]. Entries need to be notable per [[WP:WikiProject Aircraft/page content#Accidents and incidents]] and [[WP:AIRCRASH]]. --> ==Aircraft on display== {{main|List of displayed General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcons}} As newer variants have entered service, many examples of older F-16 models have been preserved for display worldwide, particularly in Europe and the United States. ==Specifications (F-16C Block 50 and 52)== [[File:GENERAL DYNAMICS F-16 FIGHTING FALCON.svg|thumb|3-view drawing of an F-16]] [[File:F16 vertical climb.png|thumb|The underside of an F-16 during a vertical climb]] [[File:Lockheed F-16C USAF 92-3894 PACAF F-16 Demo Team RJNK.jpg|thumb|F-16 in afterburner]] [[File:B61 in Weapons Storage and Security System.jpg|thumb|[[Weapons Storage and Security System]] vault in raised position holding a [[B61 nuclear bomb]], adjacent to an F-16. The vault is within a [[Protective Aircraft Shelter]].]] [[File:Israeli F-16s at Red Flag.jpg|thumb|An Israeli F-16I Block 52 with conformal fuel tanks (CFTs), [[electronic countermeasure]]s, and other external stores during a [[Red Flag (United States Air Force)|Red Flag]] exercise at [[Nellis AFB]], Nevada]] [[File:01.06 總統春節勗勉「空軍第四聯隊」暨與重要幹部及官兵代表會餐 (52609493192).jpg|thumb|A view of an AGM-84 Harpoon air-to-surface anti-ship missile fixed under the wing of an F-16 of the [[Republic of China Air Force]]]] [[File:U.S. Air Force F-16 Operation Epic Fury.jpg|thumb|F-16 armed with [[AGM-88]] HARMs, [[AIM-9X]] Sidewinders, and [[AIM-120]] AMRAAMs during [[Operation Epic Fury]]]] {{Aircraft specs |ref=USAF sheet,<ref name=AF_fact_sh/> International Directory of Military Aircraft,<ref name=Frawley_Military/> [[Aircraft flight manual|Flight Manual]] for F-16C/D Block 50/52+<ref name=HAF>{{cite web |title=Hellenic Air Force F-16C/D Flight Manuals |entry= |date=15 June 2003 |id=GR1F-16CJ-1 |url=https://publicintelligence.net/hellenic-air-force-f-16cd-flight-manuals/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023073953/https://publicintelligence.net/hellenic-air-force-f-16cd-flight-manuals/ |archive-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> |prime units?=kts <!-- General characteristics --> |genhide= |crew= 1 |length ft=49 |length in=5 |length note= |span ft=32 |span in=8 |span note= |height ft=16 |height in= |height note= |wing area sqft=300 |wing area note= |aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes --> |airfoil=[[NACA airfoil|NACA 64A204]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326174850/https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |archive-date=26 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> |empty weight lb=18900 |empty weight note= |gross weight lb=26500 |gross weight note= |max takeoff weight lb=42300 |max takeoff weight note= |fuel capacity={{convert|7000|lb|kg}} internal |more general= <!-- Powerplant --> |eng1 number=1 |eng1 name=[[General Electric F110#F110-GE-129|General Electric F110-GE-129]] for Block 50 aircraft |eng1 type= |eng1 kw=<!-- prop engines --> |eng1 hp=<!-- prop engines --> |eng1 shp=<!-- prop engines --> |eng1 kn=<!-- jet/rocket engines --> |eng1 lbf=17155 |eng1 kn-ab=<!-- afterburners --> |eng1 lbf-ab=29500 |eng1 note= |power original= |thrust original= |more power=<br/>(1 × [[Pratt & Whitney F100#F100-PW-229|Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-229]] for Block 52 aircraft, {{cvt|17800|lbf|kN}} thrust dry and {{cvt|29160|lbf|kN}} with afterburner.) <!-- Performance --> |perfhide= |max speed kts= |max speed note= |max speed mach=2.05, {{cvt|1176|kn|mph km/h|0}} at 40,000 feet, clean<ref name=Frawley_Military/> **Mach 1.2, {{cvt|800|kn|mph km/h|0}} at sea level<ref name=Frawley_Military/> |cruise speed kts=504 |cruise speed note= |stall speed kts= |stall speed note= |never exceed speed kts= |never exceed speed note= |minimum control speed kts= |minimum control speed note= |range nmi= |range note= |combat range nmi=295 |combat range note=on a hi-lo-hi mission with 4 × {{cvt|1000|lb|0}} bombs |ferry range nmi=2277 |ferry range note= with three [[drop tank]]s |endurance=<!-- if range unknown --> |ceiling ft=50000 |ceiling note= |g limits=+9 |roll rate=324°/s<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.codeonemagazine.com/f16_article.html?item_id=174 |title=SEMPER VIPER! |publisher=Lockheed Martin |access-date=1 August 2015 |archive-date=3 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403001245/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/f16_article.html?item_id=174 |url-status=live}}</ref> |wing loading lb/sqft=88.3 |wing loading note= |fuel consumption lb/mi= |power/mass= |thrust/weight=1.095 (1.24 with loaded weight & 50% internal fuel){{#tag:ref|Thrust (28,600 lb) / Loaded weight with 50% internal fuel (23,000 lb)|group=N}} |more performance= <!-- Armament --> |guns=1 × [[20 mm caliber|20 mm (0.787 in)]] [[M61 Vulcan|M61A1 Vulcan]] [[Rotary cannon#M61 Vulcan and other designs|6-barrel rotary cannon]], 500 rounds |hardpoints= 2 × wing-tip air-to-air missile launch rails, 6 × under-wing, and 3 × under-fuselage pylon (2 of 3 for sensors) stations |hardpoint capacity=up to {{convert|17000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of stores |rockets=<nowiki /> **4 × LAU-61/LAU-68 rocket pods (each with 19/7 × [[Hydra 70]] mm/[[APKWS]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.baesystems.com/en-us/article/us-air-force-deploys-apkws-laser-guided-rockets-on-f-16s |title=U.S. Air Force Deploys APKWS Laser-Guided Rockets on F-16s |date=8 June 2016 |website=baesystems.com |publisher=BAE |access-date=8 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611120557/http://www.baesystems.com/en-us/article/us-air-force-deploys-apkws-laser-guided-rockets-on-f-16s |archive-date=11 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> rockets, respectively) **4 × LAU-5003 rocket pods (each with 19 × [[CRV7]] 70 mm rockets) **4 × LAU-10 rocket pods (each with 4 × [[Zuni (rocket)|Zuni]] 127 mm rockets) |missiles=<nowiki /> ** [[Air-to-air missile]]s: ***6 × [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] ***6 × [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] ***6 × [[IRIS-T]] ***6 × [[Python (missile)|Python-4]] ***6 × [[Python (missile)|Python-5]] ***2 × [[AIM-7 Sparrow]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marvineng.com/product/aim-7-sparrow-pylon/|title=AIM-7 Sparrow Pylon – Marvin Engineering Co}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Iddon |first1=Paul |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2023/08/08/provision-of-aim-120-missiles-would-greatly-enhance-iraqs-f-16s/?sh=7e39770e40c2 |title=Provision of AIM-120 Missiles Would Greatly Enhance Iraq's F-16s |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> and 4 × [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] ** [[Air-to-surface missile]]s: ***6 × [[AGM-65 Maverick]] ***2 × [[AGM-88 HARM]] *** [[AGM-158 JASSM]] (JASSM) ** [[Anti-ship missile]]s: ***2 × [[Harpoon (missile)|AGM-84 Harpoon]] ***4 × [[Penguin missile|AGM-119 Penguin]] *** [[Joint Strike Missile]] (to be integrated) |bombs=<nowiki /> **8 × [[CBU-87 Combined Effects Munition]] **8 × [[GATOR mine system|CBU-89 Gator mine]] **8 × [[CBU-97 Sensor Fuzed Weapon]] **4 × [[Mark 84 bomb|Mark 84]] general-purpose bombs **8 × [[Mark 83 bomb|Mark 83]] GP bombs **12 × [[Mark 82 bomb|Mark 82]] GP bombs **8 × [[GBU-39 SDB|GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb]] (SDB) **4 × [[GBU-10 Paveway II]] **6 × [[GBU-12 Paveway II]] **4 × [[GBU-24 Paveway III]] **4 × [[GBU-27 Paveway III]] **4 × [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]] (JDAM) series **4 × [[AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon]] (JSOW) ** [[Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser]] (WCMD) ** [[B61 nuclear bomb]] ** [[B83 nuclear bomb]] *'''Others:''' **[[ADM-160 MALD]]<ref>{{cite web |title=ADM-160 MALD |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/weapons-platforms/adm-160-mald/ |website=airandspaceforces.com |access-date=6 October 2023}}</ref> **SUU-42A/A [[Flare (countermeasure)|flares/infrared decoys]] dispenser pod and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] pod ''or'' **AN/ALQ-131 & AN/ALQ-184 [[electronic countermeasures|ECM]] pods on centerline ''or'' ** [[LANTIRN]], [[Lockheed Martin Sniper XR]] & [[Litening]] targeting pods ''or'' ** [[AN/ASQ-213 HARM targeting system]] (HTS) Pod (typically configured on station 5L with Sniper XR pod on station 5R) ''or'' **Up to 3 × 300/330/370/600 US [[gallon]] (1,135, 1,250, 1,400, 2,270 L) ''[[Sargent Fletcher]]'' [[drop tank]]s for ferry flight/extended range/loitering time ''or'' **UTC Aerospace DB-110 long range EO/IR sensor pod on centerline <!-- Avionics --> |avionics= * [[AN/APG-68]] radar * AN/ALR-56M radar warning receiver, being replaced on US Air Force F-16C/D Block 40/42 and 50/52 by AN/ALR-69A(V) * AN/ALQ-213 electronic warfare suite, being replaced on US Air Force F-16C/D Block 40/42 and 50/52 by AN/ALQ-257 * [[MIL-STD-1553]] bus<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interfacebus.com/Design_Connector_1553.html |title=MIL-STD-1553 Avionics Bus Description. Military Standard |publisher=Interfacebus.com |access-date=24 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019111637/http://www.interfacebus.com/Design_Connector_1553.html |archive-date=19 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> }} <!--==Notable appearances in media== --> <!-- ===============({{NoMoreCruft}})=============== --> <!-- Please READ [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history#Popular culture]] before adding any "Popular culture" items. Please do not add the many minor appearances of the aircraft. This section is only for major cultural appearances where the aircraft plays a MAJOR part in the story line, or has an "especially notable" role in what is listed. A verifiable source proving the appearance's notability may be required. Random cruft, including ALL Ace Combat, Battlefield, and Metal Gear Solid appearances, and ALL anime/fiction lookalike speculation, WILL BE removed. If your item has been removed, please discuss it on the talk page FIRST. A verifiable source proving the appearance's notability may be required. If a consensus is reached to include your item, a regular editor of this page will add it back. Thank you for your cooperation. --> <!-- ===============({{NoMoreCruft}})=============== --> ==See also== {{Portal|Aviation}} {{aircontent |see also=<!-- other related articles that have not already linked: --> * {{section link|Aircraft in fiction#F-16 Fighting Falcon}} * [[Fourth-generation fighter]] * [[Green Ramp disaster]] * [[David S. Lewis]] (General Dynamics' CEO during formative period for F-16) * [[RSAF Black Knights]] – F-16 Aerobatic Team |related=<!-- designs which were developed into or from this aircraft: --> * [[Vought Model 1600]] * [[General Dynamics F-16XL]] * [[General Dynamics X-62 VISTA]] * [[AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-kuo]] * [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle]] * [[Mitsubishi F-2]] |similar aircraft=<!-- aircraft that are of similar Role, Era, and Capability this design --> * [[Chengdu J-10]] * [[Dassault Mirage 2000]] * [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet]] * [[Mikoyan MiG-29]] *[[HAL Tejas]] * [[PAC/CAC JF-17 Thunder]] * [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen]] |lists=<!-- relevant lists that this aircraft appears in: --> * [[List of active United States military aircraft]] * [[List of fighter aircraft]] * [[List of military electronics of the United States]] }} ==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist|group=N}} ===Citations=== {{Reflist}} ===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=Aleshire |first1=Peter |date=2004 |title=The Eye of the Viper: The Making of an F-16 Pilot |edition=Illustrated |publisher=[[The Lyons Press]] |location=[[Guilford, Connecticut|Guilford, CT]] |isbn=9781599217222}} * {{cite book |last1=Aronstein |first1=David C. |last2=Piccirillo |first2=Albert C. |date=1996 |title=The Lightweight Fighter Program: A Successful Approach to Fighter Technology Transition |publisher=[[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]] |location=[[Reston, Virginia|Reston, VA]] |doi=10.2514/4.868047 |isbn=9781563471933}} * {{cite book |last1=Coram |first1=Robert |date=2002 |title=Boyd: The Fighter Pilot Who Changed the Art of War |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |isbn=9780759527775}} * {{cite book |last1=Darling |first1=Kev |date=2003 |title=F-16 Fighting Falcon |publisher=Airlife |location=[[Shrewsbury|Shrewsbury, England]] |isbn=9781840373998 |ol=8915445M}} * {{cite book |last1=Droste |first1=Carl S. |last2=Walker |first2=James E. |date=1980 |title=The General Dynamics Case Study on the F-16 Fly-by-Wire Flight Control System |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |isbn=9781563473074 |doi=10.2514/4.867873}} * {{cite book |editor-last1=Eden |editor-first1=Paul |date=2004 |title=The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft |location=[[London]] |publisher=Amber Books |isbn=9781904687085 |ol=8772911M |ref={{harvid|Eden et al|2004}}}} * {{cite book |last1=Frawley |first1=Gerard |date=2002 |title=The International Directory of Military Aircraft 2002/03 |edition=Rev. 4th |publisher=Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd |location=[[Fyshwick, Australian Capital Territory|Fyshwick, ACT]] |isbn=9781875671557 |ol=8656312M}} * {{cite book |last1=Hampton |first1=Dan |date=2012 |title=Viper Pilot: A Memoir of Air Combat |publisher=[[William Morrow and Company|William Morrow]] |isbn=9780062130358}} * {{cite book |last1=Hoh |first1=Roger H. |last2=Mitchell |first2=David G. |date=September 1983 |title=Flying Qualities of Relaxed Static Stability Aircraft – Volume I: Flying Qualities Airworthiness Assessment and Flight Testing of Augmented Aircraft. |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA128758 |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration |id=ADA128758 |access-date=16 June 2008}} * {{cite book |last1=Jenkins |first1=Dennis R. |date=2000 |title=F/A-18 Hornet: A Navy Success Story |edition=1st |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=[[New York City|New York]] |isbn=9780071346962}} * {{cite book |last1=Peacock |first1=Lindsay |date=1997 |title=On Falcon Wings: The F-16 Story |publisher=[[RAF Benevolent Fund|Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund Enterprises]] |location=[[RAF Fairford]] |isbn=9781899808014}} * {{cite book |last1=Richardson |first1=Doug |date=1990 |title=General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon |location=London |publisher=Salamander Books |isbn=9780861015344}} * {{cite book |last1=Senior |first1=Tim |date=2002 |title=The AirForces Monthly Book of the F-16 Fighting Falcon |location=[[Stamford, Lincolnshire|Stamford, England]] |publisher=Key Books Ltd |isbn=9780946219605}} * {{cite book |editor-last1=Spick |editor-first1=Mike |date=2000 |title=The Great Book of Modern Warplanes |location=[[Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul, MN]] |publisher=[[MBI Publishing Company]] |isbn=9780760308936}} * {{cite report |title=Standard Aircraft Characteristics, General Dynamics F-16A Block 15, A.F. Serial No. 80-0541 thru 80-1117, March 1984 |date=March 1984 |url=https://www.alternatewars.com/SAC/F-16A_Block_15_Falcon_SAC_-_March_1984.pdf |publisher=Office of the Secretary of the Air Force |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231190554/https://www.alternatewars.com/SAC/F-16A_Block_15_Falcon_SAC_-_March_1984.pdf |archive-date=31 December 2021}} {{Refend}} ==Further reading== *Drendel, Lou. ''F-16 Fighting Falcon – Walk Around No. 1.'' [[Carrollton, Texas]]: Squadron/[[Signal Books]], 1993. {{ISBN|0-89747-307-8}}. * [[Bill Gunston|Gunston, Bill]]. ''United States Military Aircraft of the 20th century'' London: [[Salamander Books]] Ltd, 1984. {{ISBN|0-86101-163-5}}. *Jenkins, Dennis R. ''McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, Supreme Heavy-Weight Fighter''. [[Arlington, Texas]]: Aerofax, 1998. {{ISBN|1-85780-081-8}}. * [[Bill Sweetman|Sweetman, Bill]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyKWYFKWP74C ''Supersonic Fighters: The F-16 Fighting Falcons''.] [[Mankato, Minnesota]]: [[Capstone Publishers|Capstone Press]], 2008. {{ISBN|1-4296-1315-7}}. *Williams, Anthony G. and Emmanuel Gustin. ''Flying Guns: The Modern Era''. Ramsbury, UK: The [[Crowood Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|1-86126-655-3}}. ==External links== {{Commons}} * [https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104505/f-16-fighting-falcon/ F-16 USAF fact sheet] * [https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/f-16.html F-16 page on LockheedMartin.com] and [http://www.codeonemagazine.com/f16-highlights.html F-16 articles on Code One magazine site] * [https://www.f-16.net/ F-16.net Fighting Falcon resource] {{Lockheed Martin aircraft}} {{Convair/GD aircraft}} {{F-16 Fighting Falcon variants}} {{Lockheed Martin|state=collapsed}} {{US fighters}} {{USAF system codes}} {{Thai fighter designations}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1970s United States fighter aircraft]] [[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1974]] [[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]] [[Category:Fourth-generation jet fighters]] [[Category:General Dynamics aircraft|F-016]] [[Category:General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon| ]] [[Category:Lockheed Martin aircraft|F-016]] [[Category:Mid-wing aircraft]] [[Category:Relaxed-stability aircraft]] [[Category:Single-engined jet aircraft]] [[زمرو:ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن]] [[زمرو:لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن]] [[زمرو:جنرل ڊائنامڪس]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] mojhr3pn21xrossbz4omibptiqpbt4f 371097 371095 2026-04-12T11:22:59Z Memon2025 21315 371097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|American multi-role fighter aircraft}} {{Infobox settlement |name = F-16 Fighting Falcon |image = F-16 June 2008.jpg |caption = A USAF F-16C over the desert in [[Iraq]], 2008 |alt = Aerial view of jet aircraft, carrying cylindrical fuel tanks and ordnance, overflying desert |type = [[Multirole combat aircraft|Multirole fighter]],<br>[[air superiority fighter]] |national_origin = |manufacturer = Introduction: {{Start date and age|1978|08|17|df=yes|br=y}} |builder = |first_flight = |introduction = First flight:{{ubl|{{Start date and age|1974|01|20|df=yes|br=y}} (unplanned);|{{Start date and age|1974|02|02|df=yes|br=y}} (official)}} |retired =Status: In service Variants: [[General Dynamics X-62 VISTA]] Produced: 1973–2017 Primary User: [[United States Air Force]], Pakistan More Users: 25 other [[#Operators|users]]<br>(see ''[[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operators|operators page]]'') |status = |number_built = Country of Origin: United States |primary_user = Number Built: 4,604<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.star-telegram.com/news/business/aviation/article186288298.html |title= How the F-16 fighter jet put Fort Worth on the aerospace map |work= Fort Worth Star-Telegram |access-date= 24 November 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171124152750/http://www.star-telegram.com/news/business/aviation/article186288298.html |archive-date= 24 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bahrain">{{Cite press release |url=https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2018-06-25-Lockheed-Martin-Awarded-Contract-to-Build-F-16-Block-70-Aircraft-for-Bahrain |title=Lockheed Martin Awarded Contract to Build F-16 Block 70 Aircraft for Bahrain |publisher=[[Lockheed Martin]] |date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629022206/https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2018-06-25-Lockheed-Martin-Awarded-Contract-to-Build-F-16-Block-70-Aircraft-for-Bahrain |archive-date=29 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> |more_users = Manufacturers:{{ubl|[[General Dynamics]]<br>(1974–1993)|[[Lockheed Corporation]]<br>(1993–1995)|[[Lockheed Martin]]<br>(1995–2017)}} |produced = |variants = |developed_into = |image_skyline=F-16 June 2008.jpg|image_size=250px|established_title6=Developed into|established_date6={{ubl|[[Vought Model 1600]]|[[General Dynamics F-16XL]]|[[Mitsubishi F-2]]|[[Lockheed Martin F-16V Viper]]}}|established_title7=Builder|established_date7={{ubl|[[SABCA]] (1979–1985)|[[Fokker]] (1979–1982)|[[Korea Aerospace Industries|KAI]] (1994–2004)|[[Turkish Aerospace Industries|TUSAŞ]] (1987–2011)}}}} '''ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن''' (F-16 Fighting Falcon) جيٽ هڪ آمريڪي سنگل انجن سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر جهاز آهي جيڪو جنرل ڊائنامڪس (هاڻي لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن) پاران تيار ڪيو ويو آهي ۽ ڪيترن ئي ڪمپنين پاران تيار ڪيو ويو آهي، جن ۾ 1993 تائين جنرل ڊائنامڪس ۽ 2017 تائين لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن شامل آهن. هڪ ايئر سپريويرٽي ڊي فائٽر جي طور تي ڊزائين ڪيو ويو، اهو هڪ ڪامياب آل-ويدر ملٽي رول جهاز ۾ تبديل ٿيو جنهن ۾ <small>1976</small> کان وٺي <small>4,600</small> کان وڌيڪ تعمير ڪيا ويا آهن. جيتوڻيڪ اصل نسخا هاڻي پيداوار ۾ نه آهن، لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن <small>'''ايف-16'''</small> وي وائپر خاندان جا بهتر نسخا لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن جي هڪ نئين پيداوار جي سهولت ۾ برآمد لاءِ ٺاهيا ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪيا پيا وڃن. 2026 تائين، اهو فوجي سروس ۾ دنيا جو سڀ کان عام فڪسڊ ونگ جهاز آهي، جنهن ۾ ايف-16 خاندان مان 2,102 آپريشنل آهن، جيڪي سڀني فعال جنگي جهازن جو %15 آهن. The '''General Dynamics''' (now '''Lockheed Martin''') '''F-16 Fighting Falcon''' is an American single-engine [[supersonic]] [[Multirole combat aircraft|multirole]] [[fourth-generation fighter|fourth-generation]] [[fighter aircraft]] developed by [[General Dynamics]] and produced by multiple companies, including General Dynamics until 1993 and [[Lockheed Martin]] until 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/f-16.html |title=F-16 Fighting Falcon |publisher=[[Lockheed Martin]]}}</ref> Designed as an [[air superiority]] [[day fighter]], it evolved into a successful [[night fighter|all-weather]] multirole aircraft with over 4,600 built since 1976.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 April 2012 |title=Lockheed Martin to deliver 4,500th F-16 fighter |url=https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/national/article24727069.html |work=McClatchy DC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731002852/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/04/02/143842/lockheed-martin-to-deliver-4500th.html |archive-date=31 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Although the original versions are no longer in production, improved versions of the [[Lockheed Martin F-16V Viper]] family are being built and upgraded for export in a new production facility of Lockheed Martin.<ref name="Last F-16 leaves Texas nest">{{cite web |last=Gunner |first=Jerry |title=Last F-16 leaves Texas nest |url=https://www.key.aero/article/last-f-16-leaves-texas-nest |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260224034100/https://www.key.aero/article/last-f-16-leaves-texas-nest |url-status=live |date=2017-12-28 |archive-date=2026-02-24 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Key.Aero}}</ref><ref name="Inside The Lockheed Martin Plant That’s Spearheading Resurgent F-16 Sales">{{cite web |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |title=Inside The Lockheed Martin Plant That's Spearheading Resurgent F-16 Sales |url=https://www.twz.com/sponsored-content/inside-the-lockheed-martin-plant-thats-spearheading-resurgent-f-16-sales |website=The War Zone |date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=February 24, 2026 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251209170830/https://www.twz.com/sponsored-content/inside-the-lockheed-martin-plant-thats-spearheading-resurgent-f-16-sales |archive-date=December 9, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2026}}, it is the world's most common [[fixed-wing aircraft]] in military service, with 2,102 from the F-16 family operational, comprising 15% of all active combat aircraft.<ref name="i536">{{cite web |last=Honeywell |first=Exclusive partner |date=2025-11-13 |title=2026 World Air Forces directory |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/2026-world-air-forces-directory/165267.article |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=Flight Global}}</ref> The aircraft was first developed by [[General Dynamics]] in 1974. In 1993, General Dynamics sold its aircraft manufacturing business to [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/16/AR2007121601522.html |last=Rosenwald |first=Michael S. |title=Downside of Dominance? Popularity of Lockheed Martin's F-16 Makes Its F-35 Stealth Jet a Tough Sell. |date=17 December 2007 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014055458/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/16/AR2007121601522.html |archive-date=14 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> which became part of [[Lockheed Martin]] after a 1995 merger with [[Martin Marietta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Lockheed-Martin-Corporation-Company-History.html |title=Company Histories – Lockheed Martin Corporation|work=Funding universe|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417221322/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Lockheed-Martin-Corporation-Company-History.html|archive-date=17 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The F-16's key features include a frameless [[bubble canopy]] for enhanced cockpit visibility, a [[side-stick]] to ease control while maneuvering, an [[ejection seat]] reclined 30 degrees from vertical to reduce the effect of [[g-force]]s on the pilot, and the first use of a [[relaxed stability|relaxed static stability]]/[[fly-by-wire]] flight control system that helps to make it an agile aircraft. The fighter has a single turbofan engine, an internal [[M61 Vulcan]] cannon and 11 [[hardpoint]]s. Although officially named "Fighting Falcon", the aircraft is commonly known by the nickname '''"Viper"''' among its crews and pilots.{{sfn|Peacock|1997|p=100}} Since its introduction in 1978, the F-16 became a mainstay of the U.S. Air Force's tactical airpower, where it mainly replaced the [[Republic F-105 Thunderchief|F-105 Thunderchief]], [[LTV A-7 Corsair II|A-7 Corsair II]], and [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II|F-4 Phantom II]]. The F-16 primarily performed strike and [[Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses|suppression of enemy air defenses]] (SEAD) missions, and in the latter role, it replaced the [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II#Variants|F-4G]] [[Wild Weasel]] by 1996. In addition to active duty in the U.S. Air Force, [[Air Force Reserve Command]], and [[Air National Guard]] units, the aircraft is also used by the [[U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds]] aerial demonstration team, the US Air Combat Command F-16 Viper Demonstration Team,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.acc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3328261/meet-the-2023-air-combat-command-demonstration-team-pilots/ |title=Meet the 2023 Air Combat Command Demonstration Team Pilots |publisher=[[Air Combat Command]] |date=14 March 2023}}</ref> and as an adversary/aggressor aircraft by the [[United States Navy]]. The F-16 has also been procured by the air forces of 25 other nations. F-16s from various US-led coalitions [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operational history|flew combat missions]] in the [[Gulf War]], [[NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Afghanistan]], [[2011 military intervention in Libya|Libya]], and [[Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve|Iraq and Syria]]. F-16s have also seen extensive combat use by [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operational history#Israel|Israel]], [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operational history#Pakistan|Pakistan]], and [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operational history#Ukraine|Ukraine]]. Since 1982, it has been a [[Dual Capable Aircraft]] platform for US nuclear weapons in Europe. Numerous countries have begun replacing the aircraft with the [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II]] and [[Lockheed Martin F-16V Viper]], although the original versions of F-16 also remains in service with many operators.<ref>{{cite press release |last1=Stout |first1=Joe |last2=Quincy |first2=Laurie |title=United States Government Awards Lockheed Martin Contract to Begin Production of Advanced F-16 Aircraft for Morocco |url=https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2008-06-06-United-States-Government-Awards-Lockheed-Martin-Contract-to-Begin-Production-of-Advanced-F-16-Aircraft-for-Morocco |work=[[Lockheed Martin]] |date=8 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104091800/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/news/press_releases/2008/060608ae_f16morocco.html |archive-date=4 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Development== ===Lightweight Fighter program=== {{main|Lightweight Fighter program}} US [[Vietnam War]] experience showed the need for [[Air supremacy|air superiority]] fighters and better air-to-air training for fighter pilots.{{sfn|Spick|2000|p=190}} Based on his experience in the [[Korean War]] and as a fighter tactics instructor in the early 1960s, Colonel [[John Boyd (military strategist)|John Boyd]] with mathematician [[Thomas P. Christie|Thomas Christie]] developed the [[energy–maneuverability theory]] to model a fighter aircraft's performance in combat. Boyd's work called for a small, lightweight aircraft that could maneuver with the minimum possible energy loss and which also incorporated an increased [[thrust-to-weight ratio]].<ref name="Hillaker-Boyd">{{cite web |last1=Hillaker |first1=Harry |url=https://www.codeonemagazine.com/f16_article.html?item_id=156 |title=John Boyd, USAF Retired, Father of the F-16. |access-date=7 June 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601193605/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/1997/articles/jul_97/july2a_97.html |archive-date=1 June 2009 |publisher=Code One: An Airpower Projection Magazine |date=April 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hehs |first1=Eric |title=F-16 Designer Harry Hillaker |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/article.html?item_id=37 |website=www.codeonemagazine.com |publisher=Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company |access-date=25 April 2023 |language=en-us |date=15 April 1991}}</ref> In the late 1960s, Boyd gathered a group of like-minded innovators who became known as the [[Fighter Mafia]], and in 1969, they secured [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] funding for General Dynamics and Northrop to study design concepts based on the theory.{{sfn|Richardson|1990|pp=7–8}}{{sfn|Coram|2002|pp=245–246}} Air Force F-X proponents were opposed to the concept because they perceived it as a threat to the [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle|F-15]] program, but the USAF's leadership understood that its budget would not allow it to purchase enough F-15 aircraft to satisfy all of its missions.<ref name="bjorkman 2014">{{cite web |last1=Bjorkman |first1=Eileen |title=The Outrageous Adolescence of the F-16 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/outrageous-adolescence-f-16-180949491/ |date=March 2014 |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |work=Air & Space Magazine}}</ref> The Advanced Day Fighter concept, renamed ''F-XX'', gained civilian political support under the reform-minded Deputy Secretary of Defense [[David Packard]], who favored the idea of competitive [[prototype|prototyping]]. As a result, in May 1971, the Air Force Prototype Study Group was established, with Boyd a key member, and two of its six proposals would be funded, one being the [[Lightweight Fighter program|Lightweight Fighter]] (LWF). The [[request for proposal]]s issued on 6 January 1972 called for a {{convert|20000|lb|kg|sigfig =2|adj =mid}} class air-to-air day fighter with a good turn rate, acceleration, and range, and optimized for combat at speeds of {{nowrap|Mach 0.6–1.6}} and altitudes of {{convert|30000|–|40000|ft|sigfig=2}}. This was the region where USAF studies predicted most future air combat would occur. The anticipated average flyaway cost of a production version was {{nowrap|$3 million}}. This production plan was hypothetical as the USAF had no firm plans to procure the winner.{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Richardson|1990|pp=7–9}} ====Selection of finalists and flyoff==== [[File:YF-16 and YF-17 in flight.jpg|thumb|A right-side view of a YF-16 (foreground) and a [[Northrop YF-17]], each armed with AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles|alt=Two jet aircraft flying together over mountain range and cloud]] Five companies responded, and in 1972, the Air Staff selected General Dynamics' Model 401 and Northrop's P-600 for the follow-on prototype development and testing phase. GD and Northrop were awarded contracts worth {{nowrap|$37.9 million}} and {{nowrap|$39.8 million}} to produce the YF-16 and [[Northrop YF-17|YF-17]], respectively, with the first flights of both prototypes planned for early 1974. To overcome resistance in the Air Force hierarchy, the [[Fighter Mafia]] and other LWF proponents{{which|date=December 2021}} successfully advocated the idea of complementary fighters in a high-cost/low-cost force mix.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://warontherocks.com/2017/01/re-thinking-the-high-low-mix-part-i-origins-story/ |title=Re-Thinking the High-Low Mix, Part I: Origins Story |date=25 January 2017}}</ref> The "high/low mix" would allow the USAF to be able to afford sufficient fighters for its overall fighter force structure requirements. The mix gained broad acceptance by the time of the prototypes' flyoff, defining the relationship between the LWF and the F-15.{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=10–11}}{{sfn|Richardson|1990|pp=8–9}} The YF-16 was developed by a team of General Dynamics engineers led by [[Robert H. Widmer]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Douglas |first1=Martin |title=Robert H. Widmer, Designer of Military Aircraft, Dies at 95. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/03/business/03widmer.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228092722/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/03/business/03widmer.html?_r=1&ref=deathsobituaries |archive-date=28 December 2016 |date=2 July 2011}}</ref> The first YF-16 was rolled out on 13 December 1973. Its 90-minute [[maiden flight]] was made at the Air Force Flight Test Center at [[Edwards AFB]], California, on 2 February 1974. Its actual first flight occurred accidentally during a high-speed taxi test on 20 January 1974. While gathering speed, a roll-control oscillation caused a fin of the port-side wingtip-mounted missile and then the starboard [[stabilator]] to scrape the ground, and the aircraft then began to veer off the runway. The test pilot, [[Phil Oestricher]], decided to lift off to avoid a potential crash, safely landing six minutes later. The slight damage was quickly repaired and the official first flight occurred on time.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a30645599/f-16-first-flight/ |last=Mizokami |first=Kyle |title=That Time When the F-16 Accidentally Had Its First Flight |date=23 January 2020 |magazine=[[Popular Mechanics]] |access-date=31 July 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210803011108/https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a30645599/f-16-first-flight/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The YF-16's first supersonic flight was accomplished on 5 February 1974, and the second YF-16 prototype first flew on 9 May 1974. This was followed by the first flights of Northrop's YF-17 prototypes on 9 June and 21 August 1974, respectively. During the flyoff, the YF-16s completed 330 [[sorties]] for a total of 417 flight hours;{{sfn|Richardson|1990|pp=12–13}} the YF-17s flew 288 sorties, covering 345 hours.{{sfn|Jenkins|2000|p=14}} ===Air Combat Fighter competition=== Increased interest turned the LWF into a serious acquisition program. [[NATO]] allies Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Norway were seeking to replace their [[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter|F-104G Starfighter]] [[fighter-bomber]]s.<ref>Osborne, Phil, Executive Producer. "F-16 Fighting Falcon" (video #9-315842-037444). ''Magna Pacific'', 2009. Quote: At 17:29, "Another development, which both manufacturers were aware of, was the aging F-104 Starfighters, which equip several European NATO air forces, would soon need to be replaced."</ref> In early 1974, they reached an agreement with the U.S. that if the USAF ordered the LWF winner, they would consider ordering it as well. The USAF also needed to replace its [[Republic F-105 Thunderchief|F-105 Thunderchief]] and [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II|F-4 Phantom II]] fighter-bombers. The U.S. Congress sought greater commonality in fighter procurements by the Air Force and Navy, and in August 1974 redirected Navy funds to a new Navy Air Combat Fighter program that would be a naval fighter-bomber variant of the LWF. The four NATO allies had formed the Multinational Fighter Program Group (MFPG) and pressed for a U.S. decision by December 1974; thus, the USAF accelerated testing.{{sfn|Jenkins|2000|pp=14–15, 19–20}}<ref name=Richardson_p14/><ref name=Peacock_p12-3/> [[File:YF-16 VASC.JPG|thumb|YF-16 on display at the [[Virginia Air and Space Center]]]] To reflect this serious intent to procure a new fighter-bomber, the LWF program was rolled into a new Air Combat Fighter (ACF) competition in an announcement by [[United States Secretary of Defense|U.S. Secretary of Defense]] [[James R. Schlesinger]] in April 1974. The ACF would not be a pure fighter, but [[Multirole combat aircraft|multirole]], and Schlesinger made it clear that any ACF order would be in addition to the F-15, which extinguished opposition to the LWF.<ref name=Richardson_p14>Richardson 1990, p. 14.</ref><ref name=Peacock_p12-3>Peacock 1997, pp. 12–13.</ref><ref name="f-16.net">{{cite web |title=YF-16 The Birth of a Fighter|url=http://www.f-16.net/f-16_versions_article25.html|website=f-16.net|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709010820/http://www.f-16.net/f-16_versions_article25.html|archive-date=9 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ACF also raised the stakes for GD and Northrop because it brought in competitors intent on securing what was touted at the time as "the arms deal of the century".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dörfer |first1=Ingemar |title=Arms Deal: The Selling of the F-16 |date=June 1983 |publisher=Praeger |access-date=23 April 2011 |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/37508/andrew-j-pierre/arms-deal-the-selling-of-the-f-16 |isbn=9780030623691}}</ref> These were [[Dassault Aviation|Dassault-Breguet's]] proposed [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M-53]], the Anglo-French [[SEPECAT Jaguar]], and the proposed [[Saab 37 Viggen|Saab 37E "Eurofighter"]]. Northrop offered the P-530 Cobra, which was similar to the YF-17. The Jaguar and Cobra were dropped by the MFPG early on, leaving two European and two U.S. candidates. On 11 September 1974, the U.S. Air Force confirmed plans to order the winning ACF design to equip five tactical fighter wings. Though computer modeling predicted a close contest, the YF-16 proved significantly quicker going from one maneuver to the next and was the unanimous choice of those pilots that flew both aircraft.{{sfn|Coram|2002|p=305}} On 13 January 1975, [[Secretary of the Air Force]] [[John L. McLucas]] announced the YF-16 as the winner of the ACF competition.{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=13–16}} The chief reasons given by the secretary were the YF-16's lower operating costs, greater range, and maneuver performance that was "significantly better" than that of the YF-17, especially at supersonic speeds. Another advantage of the YF-16 – unlike the YF-17 – was its use of the [[Pratt & Whitney F100]] turbofan engine, the same [[aircraft engine|powerplant]] used by the F-15; such commonality would lower the cost of engines for both programs.{{sfn|Richardson|1990|p=13}} Secretary McLucas announced that the USAF planned to order at least 650, possibly up to 1,400 production F-16s. In the Navy Air Combat Fighter competition, on 2 May 1975, the Navy selected the YF-17 over the YF-16 (in the form of the [[Vought Model 1600]] proposal) as the basis for what would become the [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet]].{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=14, 17–19, 33–34}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Donald |first1=David |title=Warplanes of the Fleet |location=[[London]] |publisher=AIRtime |date=2005 |isbn=9781880588819 |chapter=Boeing F/A-18 Hornet}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:F-16C Fighting Falcon.JPEG|thumb|left|upright|An F-16C of the [[Colorado Air National Guard]] with [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] missiles, an [[Air Combat Maneuvering Instrumentation]] pod, and a centerline fuel tank ({{convert|300|USgal|L|abbr=on|disp=or}} capacity)|alt=Upright aerial photo of gray jet aircraft flying above clouds]] The U.S. Air Force initially ordered 15 full-scale development (FSD) aircraft (11 single-seat and four two-seat models) for its flight test program which was reduced to eight (six F-16A single-seaters and two F-16B two-seaters).<ref name=Darling_p17>{{harvnb|Darling|2003|p=17}}</ref> The YF-16 design was altered for the production F-16. The fuselage was lengthened by {{convert|10.6|in|m|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}, a larger nose radome was fitted for the [[AN/APG-66]] radar, wing area was increased from {{convert|280|to|300|sqft|m2|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}, the tailfin height was decreased, the ventral fins were enlarged, two more stores stations were added, and a single door replaced the original nosewheel double doors. The F-16's weight was increased by 25% over the YF-16 by these modifications.{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=31–32}}{{sfn|Spick|2000|p=196}} The FSD F-16s were manufactured by General Dynamics in [[Fort Worth, Texas]], at [[United States Air Force Plant 4]] in late 1975; the first F-16A rolled out on 20 October 1976 and first flew on 8 December. The initial two-seat model achieved its first flight on 8 August 1977. The initial production-standard F-16A flew for the first time on 7 August 1978 and its delivery was accepted by the USAF on 6 January 1979. The aircraft entered USAF operational service with the [[34th Tactical Fighter Squadron]], [[388th Tactical Fighter Wing]], at [[Hill AFB]] in Utah, on 1 October 1980.{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=17–19, 33–34}} The F-16 was given its name of "Fighting Falcon" on 21 July 1980. Its pilots and crews often use the name "Viper" instead, because of a perceived resemblance to a [[Viperidae|viper]] snake as well as to the fictional Colonial Viper [[Starfighter (science fiction)|starfighter]] from the television program ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', which aired at the time the F-16 entered service.<ref name="EyeoftheViper xxii">{{harvnb|Aleshire|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7c1kYLn6-O0C&pg=PR22 xxii]}}</ref>{{sfn|Peacock|1997|p=100}} On 7 June 1975, the four European partners, now known as the [[List of F-16 Fighting Falcon operators#Original NATO partners|European Participation Group]], signed up for 348 aircraft at the [[Paris Air Show]]. This was split among the European Participation Air Forces (EPAF) as 116 for Belgium, 58 for Denmark, 102 for the Netherlands, and 72 for Norway. Two European production lines, one in the Netherlands at [[Fokker]]'s Schiphol-Oost facility and the other at [[Société Anonyme Belge de Constructions Aéronautiques|SABCA's]] [[Brussels South Charleroi Airport|Gosselies]] plant in Belgium, would produce 184 and 164 units respectively. Norway's [[Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace|Kongsberg Vaapenfabrikk]] and Denmark's [[Terma A/S]] also manufactured parts and subassemblies for EPAF aircraft. European co-production was officially launched on 1 July 1977 at the Fokker factory. Beginning in November 1977, Fokker-produced components were sent to Fort Worth for fuselage assembly, then shipped back to Europe for final assembly of EPAF aircraft at the Belgian plant on 15 February 1978; deliveries to the [[Belgian Air Force]] began in January 1979. The first [[Royal Netherlands Air Force]] aircraft was delivered in June 1979. In 1980, the first aircraft were delivered to the [[Royal Norwegian Air Force]] by Fokker and to the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] by SABCA.{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=14–16, 21}}{{sfn|Richardson|1990|pp=13–15}} During the late 1980s and 1990s, [[Turkish Aerospace Industries]] (TAI) produced 232 [[Block Number (aircraft)|Block]] 30/40/50 F-16s on a production line in Ankara [[Licensed production|under license]] for the [[Turkish Air Force]]. TAI also produced 46 Block 40s for Egypt in the mid-1990s and 30 Block 50s from 2010 onwards. [[Korean Aerospace Industries]] opened a production line for the KF-16 program, producing 140 Block 52s from the mid-1990s to mid-2000s (decade). If India had selected the F-16IN for its [[Indian MRCA Competition|Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft]] procurement, a sixth F-16 production line would have been built in India.<ref name="JAWA">{{cite book |editor-last1=Jackson |editor-first1=Paul |editor-last2=Munson |editor-first2=Kenneth |editor-last3=Peacock |editor-first3=Lindsay |title=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]] |chapter=Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon |url= |date=1 January 2008 |publisher=Jane's |isbn=9780710628374}}</ref> In May 2013, Lockheed Martin stated there were currently enough orders to keep producing the F-16 until 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fuquay |first1=Jim |title=Iraq to buy 18 more Lockheed F-16 fighters |url=http://www.star-telegram.com/2013/05/01/4818637/iraq-to-buy-18-more-lockheed-f.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213001614/http://www.star-telegram.com/2013/05/01/4818637/iraq-to-buy-18-more-lockheed-f.html |archive-date=13 December 2013 |date=1 May 2013 |publisher=[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]]}}</ref> ===Improvements and upgrades=== One change made during production was augmented pitch control to avoid [[deep stall]] conditions at high angles of attack. The stall issue had been raised during development but had originally been discounted. Model tests of the YF-16 conducted by the [[Langley Research Center]] revealed a potential problem, but no other laboratory was able to duplicate it. YF-16 flight tests were not sufficient to expose the issue; later flight testing on the FSD aircraft demonstrated a real concern. In response, the area of each horizontal stabilizer was increased by 25% on the Block 15 aircraft in 1981 and later retrofitted to earlier aircraft. In addition, a manual override switch to disable the horizontal stabilizer flight limiter was prominently placed on the control console, allowing the pilot to regain control of the horizontal stabilizers (which the flight limiters otherwise lock in place) and recover. Besides reducing the risk of deep stalls, the larger horizontal tail also improved stability and permitted faster takeoff rotation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chambers |first1=Joseph R. |title=Partners in Freedom: Contributions of the Langley Research Center to U.S. Military Aircraft of the 1990s |chapter=Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon: Curing Deep Stall |location=Washington, DC |date=1 October 2000 |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20000115606 |id=20000115606 |access-date=22 June 2008}}</ref><ref name="Darling_p56">{{harvnb|Darling|2003|p=56}}</ref> In the 1980s, the Multinational Staged Improvement Program (MSIP) was conducted to evolve the F-16's capabilities, mitigate risks during technology development, and ensure the aircraft's worth. The program upgraded the F-16 in three stages. The MSIP process permitted the quick introduction of new capabilities, at lower costs and with reduced risks compared to traditional independent upgrade programs.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Camm |first1=Frank |title=The F-16 Multinational Staged Improvement Program: A Case Study of Risk Assessment and Risk Management |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA281706 |id=ADA281706 |date=1993 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] |access-date=2 June 2008}}</ref> In 2012, the USAF had allocated $2.8&nbsp;billion (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=2800000000|start_year=2012}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) to upgrade 350 F-16s while waiting for the [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]] to enter service.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wolf |first1=Jim |title=U.S. plans $2.8 billion upgrade of F-16 fighter |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-exclusive-usa-fighters-lockheedmartin-idUSTRE81200H20120203 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002034719/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/03/us-exclusive-usa-fighters-lockheedmartin-idUSTRE81200H20120203 |archive-date=2 October 2015 |publisher=Reuters |date=2 February 2012}}</ref> One key upgrade has been an auto-GCAS ([[Airborne collision avoidance system|ground collision avoidance system]]) to reduce instances of [[controlled flight into terrain]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/savings-in-aircraft-losses-swing-the-argument-in-favour-of-auto-gcas-390499/ |title=Savings in aircraft losses swing the argument in favour of auto-GCAS |website=FlightGlobal |date=13 September 2013 |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917113257/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/savings-in-aircraft-losses-swing-the-argument-in-favour-of-auto-gcas-390499/ |archive-date=17 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Onboard power and cooling capacities limit the scope of upgrades, which often involve the addition of more power-hungry avionics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dod-clears-aesa-export-policy-as-f-16-sales-await-322016/ |title=DoD clears AESA export policy as F-16 sales await |publisher=Reed Business Information Limited |date=4 February 2009 |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324015154/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dod-clears-aesa-export-policy-as-f-16-sales-await-322016/ |archive-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lockheed won many contracts to upgrade foreign operators' F-16s. BAE Systems also offers various F-16 upgrades, receiving orders from South Korea, Oman, Turkey, and the US Air National Guard;<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/AW_08_06_2012_p38-482308.xml |title=BAE Wins Korean F-16 Upgrade Contract.|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203093654/http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=%2Farticle-xml%2FAW_08_06_2012_p38-482308.xml|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.baesystems.com/article/BAES_156496/continuing-to-provide-critical-f-16-support-equipment-to-oman?_afrLoop=451838504148000&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=wstagqwl5_1 |title=Continuing to Provide Critical F-16 Support Equipment to Oman. |access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013204748/http://www.baesystems.com/article/BAES_156496/continuing-to-provide-critical-f-16-support-equipment-to-oman?_afrLoop=451838504148000&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=wstagqwl5_1|archive-date=13 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2013/08/12/bae-systems-growing-steadily-in-defense-services-by-beating-incumbents |title=BAE Systems Growing Steadily in Defense Services By Beating Incumbents.|date=12 August 2013 |work=Forbes |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022035924/http://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2013/08/12/bae-systems-growing-steadily-in-defense-services-by-beating-incumbents/ |archive-date=22 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> BAE lost the South Korean contract because of a price breach in November 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/south-korea-kills-bae-systems-f-16-upgrade-programme-405695/ |title=South Korea kills BAE Systems F-16 upgrade programme |last1=Waldron |first1=Greg |date=6 November 2014 |work=[[FlightGlobal]] |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106134751/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/south-korea-kills-bae-systems-f-16-upgrade-programme-405695/ |archive-date=6 November 2014 |url-status=live |ref=CITEREFWaldron2014b}}</ref> In 2012, the USAF assigned the total upgrade contract to Lockheed Martin.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumdar |first1=Dave |title=US Air Force changes acquisitions strategy for F-16 radar modernization |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/us-air-force-changes-acquisitions-strategy-for-f-16-radar-modernization/107410.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015042333/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-air-force-changes-acquisitions-strategy-for-f-16-radar-modernization-377627/ |archive-date=15 October 2012 |date=12 October 2012 |work=[[FlightGlobal]]}}</ref> Upgrades include Raytheon's Center Display Unit, which replaces several analog flight instruments with a single digital display.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://defense-update.com/20130314_new-mega-display-cleared-for-f-16s-primary-flight-reference.html |title=New Mega Display Cleared for F-16s' Primary Flight Reference|website=defense-update.com|date=14 March 2013|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819141422/http://defense-update.com/20130314_new-mega-display-cleared-for-f-16s-primary-flight-reference.html|archive-date=19 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, [[budget sequestration in 2013|sequestration budget cuts]] cast doubt on the USAF's ability to complete the Combat Avionics Programmed Extension Suite (CAPES), a part of secondary programs such as Taiwan's F-16 upgrade.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130919/DEFREG02/309190013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130920190805/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130919/DEFREG02/309190013 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2013 |title=US Budget Woes Could Affect Taiwan F-16 Upgrades |last1=Minnick |first1=Wendell |date=19 September 2013 |website=defensenews.com |publisher=Gannett Government Media Corporation |access-date=19 September 2013}}</ref> [[Air Combat Command]]'s General [[Gilmary M. Hostage III|Mike Hostage]] stated that if he only had money for a service life extension program (SLEP) or CAPES, he would fund SLEP to keep the aircraft flying.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140202/DEFREG02/302020016/Unfunded-F-16-Upgrades-Put-Jet-s-Combat-Value-Doubt |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140202193215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140202/DEFREG02/302020016/Unfunded-F-16-Upgrades-Put-Jet-s-Combat-Value-Doubt |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2014 |title=Unfunded F-16 Upgrades Put Jet's Combat Value in Doubt |last1=Minnick |first1=Wendell |last2=Mehta |first2=Aaron |date=2 February 2014 |work= Defense News |publisher=Gannett Government Media |access-date=2 February 2014 |ref=CITEREFMinnickMehta2014a}}</ref> Lockheed Martin responded to talk of CAPES cancellation with a fixed-price upgrade package for foreign users.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-lockheed-offers-fixed-price-f-16-upgrade-395824/ |title=SINGAPORE: Lockheed offers fixed-price F-16 upgrade |last1=Waldron |first1=Greg |date=11 February 2014 |work=FlightGlobal |access-date=11 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222045021/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-lockheed-offers-fixed-price-f-16-upgrade-395824/ |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=live |ref=CITEREFWaldron2014a}}</ref> CAPES was not included in the Pentagon's 2015 budget request.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140308/DEFREG03/303080020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140308222159/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140308/DEFREG03/303080020 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 March 2014 |title=Taiwan Faces Tough Choices After US Cancels F-16 Upgrade |last1=Minnick |first1=Wendell |last2=Mehta |first2=Aaron |date=8 March 2014 |website=defensenews.com |publisher=Gannett Government Media |access-date=8 March 2014 |ref=CITEREFMinnickMehta2014b}}</ref> The USAF said that the upgrade package will still be offered to Taiwan's [[Republic of China Air Force]], and Lockheed said that some common elements with the F-35 will keep the radar's unit costs down.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140319/DEFREG/303190036/USAF-Taiwan-Will-Still-Receive-F-16-Radar-Upgrades |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140320213454/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140319/DEFREG/303190036/USAF-Taiwan-Will-Still-Receive-F-16-Radar-Upgrades |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 March 2014 |title=USAF: Taiwan Will Still Receive F-16 Radar Upgrades |last1=MEHTA |first1=AARON |date=19 March 2014 |website=defensenews.com |publisher=Gannett Government Media |access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref> In 2014, the USAF issued a RFI to SLEP 300 F-16 C/Ds.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-air-force-moves-ahead-with-f-16-service-life-extension-404528/ |title=US Air Force moves ahead with F-16 service life extension |last1=Parsons |first1=Dan |date=9 October 2014 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=9 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011122955/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-air-force-moves-ahead-with-f-16-service-life-extension-404528/ |archive-date=11 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Production relocation=== To make more room for assembly of its newer [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35 Lightning II]] fighter aircraft, Lockheed Martin moved the F-16 production from Fort Worth, Texas to its plant in [[Greenville, South Carolina]].<ref name="Def1_F-16_line_to_SC">{{cite news |last1=Weisgerber |first1=Marcus |title=Lockheed to Move F-16 Production to South Carolina |url= https://www.defenseone.com/business/2017/03/lockheed-move-f-16-production-line-south-carolina/136365/ |access-date= 28 June 2018 |work= Defense One |date= 22 March 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170322111521/https://www.defenseone.com/business/2017/03/lockheed-move-f-16-production-line-south-carolina/136365/ |archive-date= 22 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lockheed delivered the last F-16 from Fort Worth to the [[Iraqi Air Force]] on 14 November 2017, ending 40 years of F-16 production there. The company started serial production of the [[Lockheed Martin F-16V Viper]] in 2019, though engineering and modernization work will remain in Fort Worth.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Baker |first1=Max |title= How the F-16 fighter jet put Fort Worth on the aerospace map |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/news/business/aviation/article186288298.html |access-date=28 June 2018 |work=[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]] |date=24 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629022341/https://www.star-telegram.com/news/business/aviation/article186288298.html |archive-date= 29 June 2018 |url-status=live |ref=CITEREFBaker2017b}}</ref> A gap in orders made it possible to stop production during the move; after completing orders for the last Iraqi purchase,<ref name="Star Telegram F-16 to SC Announced">{{cite news |last1= Baker |first1= Max |title= Lockheed Martin to shift F-16 production line to South Carolina |url= https://www.star-telegram.com/news/business/article140090128.html |access-date= 28 June 2018 |work= [[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]] |date= 22 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180629050031/https://www.star-telegram.com/news/business/article140090128.html |archive-date= 29 June 2018 |url-status=live |ref=CITEREFBaker2017a}}</ref> the company was negotiating an F-16 sale to [[Bahrain]] that would be produced in Greenville. This contract was signed in June 2018,<ref name="bahrain" /> and the first planes rolled off the Greenville line in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aviationweek.com/shownews/paris-air-show/lockheed-martin-rolls-out-second-f-16-bahrain |title=Lockheed Martin Rolls Out Second F-16 for Bahrain |last=Everstine |first=Brian |date=2023-06-21 |publisher=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]] |access-date=2023-06-28}}</ref> ==Design== ===Overview=== {{multiple image |align = right |direction = vertical |total_width = 220 |image1 = F16cannon.JPG |width1 = 1600 |height1 = 1200 |alt1 = |caption1 = Early |image2 = F16cannon-late.jpg |width2 = 628 |height2 = 468 |alt2 = |caption2 = Late |footer = Comparison between F-16's inset cannon; early aircraft had four leading vents, a grille, and four trailing vents, while later aircraft had only two trailing vents }} The F-16 is a single-engine, highly maneuverable, supersonic, multirole tactical fighter aircraft. It is much smaller and lighter than its predecessors but uses advanced [[aerodynamics]] and avionics, including the first use of a [[relaxed stability|relaxed static stability]]/[[Aircraft flight control system#Fly-by-wire control systems|fly-by-wire]] (RSS/FBW) flight control system, to achieve enhanced maneuver performance. Highly agile, the F-16 was the first fighter aircraft purpose-built to pull 9-''g'' maneuvers and can reach a maximum speed of over [[Mach number|Mach]] 2. Innovations include a frameless [[bubble canopy]] for better visibility, a side-mounted control stick, and a reclined seat to reduce [[g-force]] effects on the pilot. It is armed with an internal 20&nbsp;mm M61 Vulcan [[Cannon#Autocannon|cannon]] in the left wing root and has multiple locations for mounting various missiles, bombs and pods. It has a thrust-to-weight ratio greater than one, providing power to climb and vertical acceleration.<ref name=AF_fact_sh>{{cite web |url=https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104505/f-16-fighting-falcon/ |title=F-16 Fact Sheet |work=Air Force |publisher=U.S. Air Force |date=23 September 2015 |access-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129162437/http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/224/Article/104505/f-16-fighting-falcon.aspx |archive-date=29 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The F-16 was designed to be relatively inexpensive to build and simpler to maintain than earlier-generation fighters. The airframe is built with about 80% aviation-grade [[aluminum alloy]]s, 8% steel, 3% composites, and 1.5% [[titanium]]. The leading-edge flaps, stabilators, and ventral fins make use of bonded aluminum [[honeycomb structure]]s and [[Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer|graphite epoxy]] [[lamination]] [[Skin (aeronautics)|coatings]]. The number of lubrication points, fuel line connections, and [[line-replaceable unit|replaceable modules]] is significantly less than in preceding fighters; 80% of the access panels can be accessed without stands.<ref name="JAWA"/> The air intake was placed so it was rearward of the nose but forward enough to minimize air flow losses and reduce [[aerodynamic drag]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hillaker |first1=Harry |title=Technology and the F-16 Fighting Falcon Jet Fighter |date=1 March 2004 |url=https://www.nae.edu/Publications/TheBridge/Archives/V34-1CentennialofAviation/TechnologyandtheF-16FightingFalconJetFighter.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528045925/http://www.nae.edu/Publications/TheBridge/Archives/V34-1CentennialofAviation/TechnologyandtheF-16FightingFalconJetFighter.aspx |archive-date=28 May 2010 |website=nae.edu |publisher=[[National Academy of Engineering]] |access-date=25 October 2009}}</ref> Although the LWF program called for a structural life of 4,000 flight hours, capable of achieving {{nowrap|7.33-''g''}} with 80% internal fuel; GD's engineers decided to design the F-16's airframe life for 8,000 hours and for {{nowrap|9-''g''}} maneuvers on full internal fuel. This proved advantageous when the aircraft's mission changed from solely air-to-air combat to multirole operations. Changes in operational use and additional systems have increased weight, necessitating multiple structural strengthening programs.<ref name="Richardson 1990, p. 10">{{harvnb|Richardson|1990|p=10}}</ref> ===General configuration=== [[File:F-16 CJ Fighting Falcon.jpg|thumb|left|F-16CJ of the [[20th Fighter Wing]] from [[Shaw AFB]], [[South Carolina]], armed with a mix of [[air-to-air missile]]s, [[anti-radiation missile]]s, external fuel tanks and support equipment|alt=Jet heavily armed with weapons under wings taking off.]] The F-16 has a cropped-[[delta wing]] incorporating [[blended wing body|wing-fuselage blending]] and forebody [[vortex]]-control [[Strake (aviation)|strakes]]; a fixed-geometry, underslung air intake (with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plate]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=I.H. |last2=Ng |first2=E.Y.K. |last3=Wong|first3=K. |title=Flight Maneuverability Characteristics of the F-16 CFD and Correlation with its Intake Total Pressure Recovery and Distortion |journal=Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics |date=19 November 2014 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=223–234 |doi=10.1080/19942060.2011.11015366 |s2cid=124964283| issn = 1994-2060}}</ref>) to the single turbofan jet engine; a conventional tri-plane [[empennage]] arrangement with all-moving horizontal "stabilator" tailplanes; a pair of ventral fins beneath the fuselage aft of the wing's trailing edge; and a tricycle [[landing gear]] configuration with the aft-retracting, steerable nose gear deploying a short distance behind the inlet lip. The fixed-geometry pitot-type intake is lighter and simpler than variable-geometry designs, at the expense of pressure recovery performance at higher Mach numbers; the designers considered this a worthwhile tradeoff for an aircraft maneuvering primarily at subsonic and transonic speeds.<ref name="aero_integration">{{cite book |first1=Jeffrey W. |last1=Hamstra |first2=Brent N. |last2=McCallum |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470686652.eae490 |title=Tactical Aircraft Aerodynamic Integration |doi=10.1002/9780470686652.eae490 |isbn=9780470754405 |date=15 September 2010 |access-date=19 October 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019070031/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470686652.eae490 |url-status=live}}</ref> There is a boom-style [[aerial refueling]] receptacle located behind the single-piece "bubble" canopy of the cockpit. Split-flap [[Air brake (aircraft)|speedbrakes]] are located at the aft end of the wing-body fairing, and a [[tailhook]] is mounted underneath the fuselage. A fairing beneath the rudder often houses [[Electronic countermeasure|ECM equipment]] or a [[drag chute]]. Later F-16 models feature a long dorsal fairing along the fuselage's "spine", housing additional equipment or fuel.<ref name="JAWA"/>{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=99–102}} Aerodynamic studies in the 1960s demonstrated that the "[[vortex lift]]" phenomenon could be harnessed by highly [[swept wing]] configurations to reach higher [[angle of attack|angles of attack]], using [[leading edge]] vortex flow off a slender lifting surface. As the F-16 was being optimized for high combat agility, GD's designers chose a slender cropped-delta wing with a leading-edge sweep of 40° and a straight trailing edge. To improve maneuverability, a [[Camber (aerodynamics)|variable-camber]] wing with a NACA 64A-204 [[airfoil]] was selected; the camber is adjusted by leading-edge and trailing edge [[flaperon]]s linked to a digital [[flight control system]] regulating the [[flight envelope]].<ref name="JAWA"/><ref name="Richardson 1990, p. 10"/> The F-16 has a moderate wing loading, reduced by fuselage lift.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Dryden |first1=Joe Bill |title=F-16 Aerodynamics |date=April 1986 |access-date=7 August 2011 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/1986/articles/apr_86/f16_aero/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828124207/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/1986/articles/apr_86/f16_aero/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2008 |publisher=Code One Magazine |website=www.codeonemagazine.com |ref=CITEREFDryden1986a}}</ref> The vortex lift effect is increased by leading-edge extensions, known as strakes. Strakes act as additional short-span, triangular wings running from the [[wing root]] (the junction with the fuselage) to a point further forward on the fuselage. Blended into the fuselage and along the wing root, the strake generates a high-speed vortex that remains attached to the top of the wing as the angle of attack increases, generating additional lift and allowing greater angles of attack without stalling. Strakes allow a smaller, lower-[[Aspect ratio (wing)|aspect-ratio]] wing, which increases roll rates and [[directional stability]] while decreasing weight. Deeper wing roots also increase structural strength and internal fuel volume.<ref name="Richardson 1990, p. 10"/>{{sfn|Droste|Walker|1980|pp=3–8}} ===Armament=== [[File:F16A FAP linksup KC-10.jpg|left|thumb|A [[Portuguese Air Force]] F-16A outfitted with AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles, AN/ALQ-131 ECM pod, and external fuel tanks|alt=Aircraft carrying missiles on tips of wings during flight over ocean. Under each wing is a cylindrical external fuel tank with pointed nose]] Early F-16s could be armed with up to six [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] heat-seeking short-range [[air-to-air missile]]s (AAM) by employing rail launchers on each wingtip, as well as radar-guided [[AIM-7 Sparrow]] medium-range AAMs in a weapons mix.<ref name="Spick226232">Spick 2000, pp. 226–228, 232.</ref> More recent versions support the [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]], and US aircraft often mount that missile on their wingtips to reduce [[wing flutter]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rogoway |first=Tyler |title=The Definitive Answer on Why F-16s Carry AIM-120 AMRAAMs on Their Wingtip Rails |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/40382/the-definitive-answer-on-why-f-16s-carry-aim-120-amraams-on-their-wingtip-rails |website=The War Zone |date=6 May 2021 |publisher=The Drive |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510142356/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/40382/the-definitive-answer-on-why-f-16s-carry-aim-120-amraams-on-their-wingtip-rails |url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft can carry various other AAMs, a wide variety of air-to-ground missiles, rockets or bombs; [[electronic countermeasure]]s (ECM), navigation, [[Targeting pod|targeting]] or [[Gun pod|weapons pod]]s; and fuel tanks on 9 [[hardpoint]]s – six under the wings, two on wingtips, and one under the fuselage. Two other locations under the fuselage are available for sensor or radar pods.<ref name="Spick226232"/> The F-16 carries a [[20 mm caliber|{{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}}]] [[M61 Vulcan|M61A1 Vulcan cannon]], which is mounted inside the fuselage to the left of the cockpit.<ref name="Spick226232"/> ===Relaxed stability and fly-by-wire=== [[File:F16 SCANG InFlight.jpg|thumb|F-16C of the [[South Carolina Air National Guard]] in-flight over North Carolina equipped with air-to-air missiles, bomb rack, targeting pods, and electronic countermeasures pods]] The F-16 is the first production fighter aircraft intentionally designed to be slightly aerodynamically unstable, also known as relaxed static stability (RSS), to both reduce drag and improve maneuverability.<ref name=Frawley_Military>{{harvnb|Frawley|2002|p=114}}</ref> Most aircraft are designed to have positive static stability, which induces the aircraft to return to straight and level flight [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] if the pilot releases the controls. This reduces maneuverability as the inherent stability has to be overcome and increases a form of drag known as [[trim drag]]. Aircraft with ''relaxed'' stability are designed to be able to augment their stability characteristics while maneuvering to increase lift and reduce drag, thus greatly increasing their maneuverability. At {{nowrap|Mach 1}}, the F-16 gains positive stability because of aerodynamic changes.{{sfn|Hoh|Mitchell|1983|pp=11ff}}{{sfn|Aronstein|Piccirillo|1996|p=21}}{{sfn|Droste|Walker|1980|pp=8–13}} To counter the tendency to depart from controlled flight and avoid the need for constant trim inputs by the pilot, the F-16 has a quadruplex (four-channel) [[fly-by-wire]] (FBW) [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]] (FLCS). The flight control computer (FLCC) accepts pilot input from the stick and rudder controls and manipulates the control surfaces in such a way as to produce the desired result without inducing control loss. The FLCC conducts thousands of measurements per second on the aircraft's flight attitude to automatically counter deviations from the pilot-set flight path. The FLCC further incorporates limiters governing movement in the [[aircraft flight dynamics|three main axes]] based on attitude, airspeed, and angle of attack (AOA)/''g''; these prevent control surfaces from inducing instability such as [[slip (aerodynamic)|slips]] or [[skid (aerodynamic)|skids]], or a high AOA inducing a stall. The limiters also prevent maneuvers that would exert more than a {{nowrap|9-''g''}} load.{{sfn|Hoh|Mitchell|1983|p=5}}{{sfn|Droste|Walker|1980|loc=4: Unique Flight Control System Functional Features}} Flight testing revealed that "assaulting" multiple limiters at high AOA and low speed can result in an AOA far exceeding the 25° limit, colloquially referred to as "departing"; this causes a deep stall; a near-freefall at 50° to 60° AOA, either upright or inverted. While at a very high AOA, the aircraft's attitude is stable but control surfaces are ineffective. The pitch limiter locks the stabilators at an extreme pitch-up or pitch-down attempting to [[Departure resistance|recover]]. This can be overridden so the pilot can "rock" the nose via pitch control to recover.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dryden |first1=Joe Bill |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/1986/articles/july_86/deep_stalls/index.html |title=Recovering From Deep Stalls And Departures. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627050146/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/1986/articles/july_86/deep_stalls/index.html |archive-date=27 June 2009 |publisher=Code One Magazine |date=July 1986 |access-date=17 April 2010 |ref=CITEREFDryden1986b}}</ref> Unlike the YF-17, which had [[Aircraft flight control system#Hydro-mechanical|hydromechanical]] controls serving as a backup to the FBW, General Dynamics took the innovative step of eliminating mechanical linkages from the control stick and rudder pedals to the [[flight control surface]]s.{{sfn|Droste|Walker|1980|pp=14–19}} The F-16 is entirely reliant on its electrical systems to relay flight commands, instead of traditional mechanically linked controls, leading to the early moniker of "the electric jet" and aphorisms among pilots such as "You don't fly an F-16; it flies you."<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Greenwood |first1=Cynthia |title=Air Force Looks at the Benefits of Using CPCs on F-16 Black Boxes |date=Spring 2007 |magazine=CorrDefense |access-date=16 June 2008 |url=http://www.corrdefense.org/CorrDefense%20Magazine/Spring%202007/feature.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011192605/http://www.corrdefense.org/CorrDefense%20Magazine/Spring%202007/feature.htm |archive-date=11 October 2008}}</ref> The quadruplex design permits "[[Fault tolerance|graceful degradation]]" in flight control response in that the loss of one channel renders the FLCS a "triplex" system.{{sfn|Richardson|1990|p=12}}{{sfn|Droste|Walker|1980|pp=53–62}} The FLCC began as an analog system on the A/B variants but has been supplanted by a digital computer system beginning with the F-16C/D Block 40.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nielson |first1=Mats |title=Total Immersion Fuel Tank Airborne Cable Assemblies: Glenair's Manufacturing Model and Qualification Process |date=2007 |publisher=Glenair |url=http://www.glenair.com/html/tiftac.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502214022/http://www.glenair.com/html/tiftac.htm |archive-date=2 May 2007 |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Day |first1=Dwayne A. |title=Computers in Aviation |date=2003 |url=https://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Evolution_of_Technology/Computers/Tech37.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607155928/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Evolution_of_Technology/Computers/Tech37.htm |archive-date=7 June 2007 |publisher=US [[Centennial of Flight Commission]] |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref> The F-16's controls suffered from a sensitivity to static electricity or [[electrostatic discharge]] (ESD) and [[lightning]].{{sfn|Droste|Walker|1980|loc=3.4: Lightning Protection}} Up to 70–80% of the C/D models' electronics were vulnerable to ESD.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Thompson |first1= William H. |title=Electrical Overstress-Electrostatic Discharge Symposium Proceedings, 1984: EOS-6 |chapter=F-16 Study |page=23 |publisher=EOS/ESD Association, Inc. |access-date=14 November 2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tq4CTp-PbYcC&pg=PA23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313163300/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tq4CTp-PbYcC&pg=PA23 |archive-date=13 March 2023}}</ref> ===Cockpit and ergonomics=== [[File:A U.S. Air Force Airman from the 169th Fighter Wing conducts post flight tasks in an F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft during a phase II operational readiness evaluation at McEntire Joint National Guard Base, S.C. 080412-F-WT236-013.jpg|thumb|Bubble canopy, allowing all-round visibility]] A key feature of the F-16's cockpit is the exceptional field of view. The single-piece, [[Bird strike|bird-proof]] [[polycarbonate]] bubble canopy provides 360° all-round visibility, with a 40° look-down angle over the side of the aircraft, and 15° down over the nose (compared to the common 12–13° of preceding aircraft); the pilot's seat is elevated for this purpose. Additionally, the F-16's canopy omits the forward bow frame found on many fighters, which is an obstruction to a pilot's forward vision.<ref name="JAWA"/>{{sfn|Peacock|1997|p=99}} The F-16's [[Ejection seat#Egress systems|ACES II]] [[Zero-zero ejection seat|zero/zero ejection seat]] is reclined at an unusual tilt-back angle of 30°; most fighters have a tilted seat at 13–15°. The tilted seat can accommodate taller pilots and increases {{nowrap|''g''-force}} tolerance; however, it has been associated with reports of neck aches, possibly caused by incorrect headrest usage.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Albano |first1=J. J. |last2=Stanford |first2=J. B. |title=Prevention of minor neck injuries in F-16 pilots |journal=[[Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine]] |date=December 1998 |issue=69 |volume=12 |pages=1193–1199 |pmid=9856546}}</ref> Subsequent U.S. fighters have adopted more modest tilt-back angles of 20°.<ref name="JAWA"/>{{sfn|Peacock|1997|pp=99–100}} Because of the seat angle and the canopy's thickness, the ejection seat lacks canopy-breakers for emergency egress; instead the entire canopy is jettisoned prior to the seat's rocket firing.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sherman |first1=Robert |title=F-16 Fighting Falcon |date=30 May 2008 |access-date=23 March 2011 |url=https://fas.org/programs/ssp/man/uswpns/air/fighter/f16.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234034/http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/man/uswpns/air/fighter/f16.html |archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> [[File:F16 Cockpit, Asian Aerospace 2006.JPG|thumb|left|F-16 ground trainer cockpit (F-16 Mid-Life Update (MLU))|alt=Cramped cockpit of jet trainer, showing dials and instruments]] The pilot flies primarily by means of an armrest-mounted [[side-stick]] controller (instead of a traditional [[centre stick|center-mounted stick]]) and an engine throttle; conventional rudder pedals are also employed. To enhance the pilot's degree of control of the aircraft during {{nowrap|high-''g''}} combat maneuvers, various switches and function controls were moved to centralized [[HOTAS|hands on throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls upon both the controllers and the throttle. Hand pressure on the side-stick controller is transmitted by electrical signals via the FBW system to adjust various flight control surfaces to maneuver the F-16. Originally, the side-stick controller was non-moving, but this proved uncomfortable and difficult for pilots to adjust to, sometimes resulting in a tendency to "over-rotate" during takeoffs, so the control stick was given a small amount of "play". Since the introduction of the F-16, HOTAS controls have become a standard feature on modern fighters.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} [[File:170614-F-RH756-282 (34929964880) crop.jpg|thumb|upright|F-16 pilot with [[Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System]] and cockpit [[head-up display]]]] The F-16 has a [[head-up display]] (HUD), which projects visual flight and combat information in front of the pilot without obstructing the view; being able to keep their head "out of the cockpit" improves the pilot's [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite report |last1=Task |first1=H.L. |title=Optical Effects of F-16 Canopy-HUD (Head Up Display) Integration |date=December 1983 |id=ADP003222 |publisher=Air Force Aerospace Medical Research Lab |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADP003222}}</ref> Further flight and systems information are displayed on [[multi-function display]]s (MFD). The left-hand MFD is the [[primary flight display]] (PFD), typically showing radar and moving maps; the right-hand MFD is the system display (SD), presenting information about the engine, landing gear, slat and flap settings, and fuel and weapons status. Initially, the F-16A/B had monochrome [[cathode-ray tube]] (CRT) displays; replaced by color [[liquid-crystal display]]s on the Block 50/52.<ref name="JAWA"/>{{sfn|Spick|2000|p=222}} The Mid-Life Update (MLU) introduced compatibility with [[night vision device|night-vision goggles]] (NVG). The [[Boeing]] [[Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System]] (JHMCS) is available from Block 40 onwards for targeting based on where the pilot's head faces, unrestricted by the HUD, using high-[[gun harmonisation|off-boresight]] missiles like the [[AIM-9X]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Boeing Integrated Defense Systems |title=Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System (JHMCS) |access-date=25 October 2009 |url=http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/military/jhmcs/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611011835/http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/military/jhmcs/index.html |archive-date=11 June 2012 |publisher=[[Boeing]]}}</ref> The newer [[Helmet-mounted display#Helmet Mounted Integrated Targeting (HMIT)/Scorpion|Scorpion Helmet Mounted Display]] is also available and would later replace the JHMCS in U.S. service.<ref>{{cite web |last=Waldron |first=Greg |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/thales-to-provide-new-helmet-display-for-usaf-f-16s/162564.article |title=Thales to provide new helmet display for USAF F-16s |work=Flight Global |date=10 April 2025}}</ref> In November 2024 it was announced that the US Air Force had awarded a $9 million contract to Danish defense company Terma A/S, to supply its [[3-D audio]] system for the aircraft, with a program of upgrades over the following two years. The system will provide high-fidelity digital audio by spatially separating radio signals, aligning audio with threat directions, and integrating [[active noise reduction]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://interestingengineering.com/military/f16-gets-3d-audio-system |title=US Air Force F-16 jets to get 3D audio system for faster, clearer pilot alerts |website=Interesting Engineering |last=Kajal |first=Kapil |date=6 November 2024 |access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref> ===Fire-control radar=== The F-16A/B was originally equipped with the [[Westinghouse Electronic Systems|Westinghouse]] AN/APG-66 [[fire-control radar]]. Its slotted [[planar array]] antenna was designed to be compact to fit into the F-16's relatively small nose. In uplook mode, the APG-66 uses a low [[pulse-repetition frequency]] (PRF) for medium- and high-altitude target detection in a low-[[Clutter (radar)|clutter]] environment, and in [[look-down/shoot-down]] employs a medium PRF for heavy clutter environments. It has four operating frequencies within the X band, and provides four air-to-air and seven air-to-ground operating modes for combat, even at night or in bad weather. The Block 15's APG-66(V)2 model added more powerful [[signal processing]], higher output power, improved reliability, and increased range in cluttered or [[Radar jamming and deception|jamming]] environments. The Mid-Life Update (MLU) program introduced a new model, APG-66(V)2A, which features higher speed and more memory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avitop.com/interact/radar.htm |title=The AN/APG-66 Radar.|first=John|last= Raahauge|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130014311/http://www.avitop.com/interact/radar.htm |archive-date=30 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:F-16 Cockpit part.JPG|thumb|AN/APG-68, as fitted to the nose]] The [[AN/APG-68]], an evolution of the APG-66, was introduced with the F-16C/D Block 25. The APG-68 has greater range and resolution, as well as 25 operating modes, including ground-mapping, Doppler beam-sharpening, ground [[moving target indication]], sea target, and [[track while scan]] (TWS) for up to 10 targets. The Block 40/42's APG-68(V)1 model added full compatibility with Lockheed Martin [[LANTIRN|Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infrared for Night]] (LANTIRN) pods, and a high-PRF pulse-Doppler track mode to provide Interrupted Continuous Wave guidance for [[semi-active radar homing]] (SARH) missiles like the AIM-7 Sparrow. Block 50/52 F-16s initially used the more reliable APG-68(V)5 which has a programmable signal processor employing [[VHSIC|Very High Speed Integrated Circuit]] (VHSIC) technology. The Advanced Block 50/52 (or 50+/52+) is equipped with the APG-68(V)9 radar, with a 30% greater air-to-air detection range and a [[synthetic aperture radar]] (SAR) mode for high-resolution mapping and target detection-recognition. In August 2004, Northrop Grumman was contracted to upgrade the APG-68 radars of Block 40/42/50/52 aircraft to the (V)10 standard, providing all-weather autonomous detection and targeting for [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS)-aided precision weapons, SAR mapping, and [[terrain-following radar]] (TF) modes, as well as interleaving of all modes.<ref name="JAWA"/> The F-16E/F is outfitted with Northrop Grumman's [[AN/APG-80]] [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) radar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kopp |first1=Carlo |title=Active Electronically Steered Arrays: A Maturing Technology |date=June 2002 |issue=June |publisher=[[Air Power Australia]] |journal=[[Australian Aviation]] |volume=2002 |access-date=21 June 2008 |url=http://www.ausairpower.net/aesa-intro.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619091200/http://www.ausairpower.net/aesa-intro.html |archive-date=19 June 2008}}</ref> Northrop Grumman developed the latest AESA radar upgrade for the F-16 (selected for USAF and Taiwan's Republic of China Air Force F-16 upgrades), named the [[AN/APG-83]] Scalable Agile Beam Radar (SABR).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.asdnews.com/news-51168/NGC_s_SABR_to_Help_Extend_Viability_of_USAF_F-16s_Beyond_2025.htm |title=NGC's SABR to Help Extend Viability of USAF F-16s Beyond 2025 |work=ASDNews.com |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205223148/http://www.asdnews.com/news-51168/NGC_s_SABR_to_Help_Extend_Viability_of_USAF_F-16s_Beyond_2025.htm |archive-date=5 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.northropgrumman.com/air/sabr-scalable-agile-beam-radar-apg-83-aesa-for-the-f-16-and-legacy-aircraft/ |title=SABR (Scalable Agile Beam Radar) APG-83 AESA for the F-16 and Legacy Aircraft |work=Northrop Grumman |access-date=28 April 2020 |archive-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405093039/https://www.northropgrumman.com/air/sabr-scalable-agile-beam-radar-apg-83-aesa-for-the-f-16-and-legacy-aircraft/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2007, Raytheon announced that it was developing a Next Generation Radar (RANGR) based on its earlier [[AN/APG-79]] AESA radar as a competitor to Northrop Grumman's AN/APG-68 and AN/APG-80 for the F-16.<ref name="JAWA"/> On 28 February 2020, Northrop Grumman received an order from USAF to extend the service lives of their F-16s to at least 2048 with AN/APG-83 as part of the service-life extension program (SLEP).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Donald |first1=David |title=U.S. Air Force Orders AESA Radar for F-16s |date=3 March 2020 |work=AINOnline |access-date=29 April 2020 |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2020-03-03/us-air-force-orders-aesa-radar-f-16s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731032843/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2020-03-03/us-air-force-orders-aesa-radar-f-16s |archive-date=31 July 2020}}</ref> ===Propulsion=== [[File:Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-220 turbofan engine.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Afterburner – concentric ring structure inside the exhaust]] The initial powerplant selected for the single-engined F-16 was the Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-200 [[Turbofan#Afterburning turbofan|afterburning turbofan]], a modified version of the F-15's F100-PW-100, rated at {{cvt|23830|lbf|kN}} thrust. During testing, the engine was found to be prone to compressor stalls and "rollbacks", wherein the engine's thrust would spontaneously reduce to idle. Until resolved, the Air Force ordered F-16s to be operated within "[[dead-stick landing]]" distance of its bases.<ref name="bjorkman 2014" /> It was the standard F-16 engine through the Block 25, except for the newly built Block 15s with the Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU). The OCU introduced the {{cvt|23770|lbf|kN}} F100-PW-220, later installed on Block 32 and 42 aircraft: the main advance being a Digital Electronic Engine Control (DEEC) unit, which improved reliability and reduced [[Stall (engine)|stall]] occurrence. Beginning production in 1988, the "-220" also supplanted the F-15's "-100", for commonality. Many of the "-220" engines on Block 25 and later aircraft were upgraded from 1997 onwards to the "-220E" standard, which enhanced reliability and maintainability; unscheduled engine removals were reduced by 35%.<ref name="Peacock 1997, pp. 102–103">{{harvnb|Peacock|1997|pp=102–103}}</ref> [[File:F-16 Exhaust.JPG|thumb|Adjustable exhaust nozzle in contracted position]] The F100-PW-220/220E was the result of the USAF's Alternate Fighter Engine (AFE) program (colloquially known as "the Great Engine War"), which also saw the entry of General Electric as an F-16 engine provider. Its [[General Electric F110|F110-GE-100]] turbofan was limited by the original inlet to a thrust of {{cvt|25735|lbf|kN}}, the Modular Common Inlet Duct allowed the F110 to achieve its maximum thrust of {{cvt|28984|lbf|kN}}. (To distinguish between aircraft equipped with these two engines and inlets, from the Block 30 series on, blocks ending in "0" (e.g., Block 30) are powered by GE, and blocks ending in "2" (e.g., Block 32) are fitted with Pratt & Whitney engines.)<ref name="Peacock 1997, pp. 102–103"/><ref>{{cite report |last1=Camm |first1=Frank |last2=Glennan, Jr. |first2=Thomas K. |title=The Development of the F100-PW-220 and F110-GE-100 Engines |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] |date=1993 |access-date=21 June 2008 |id=N-3618-AF |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/notes/2007/N3618.pdf |url-status=live |type=pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605070804/http://www.rand.org/pubs/notes/2007/N3618.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2007}}</ref> The Increased Performance Engine (IPE) program led to the {{cvt|29588|lbf|kN}} F110-GE-129 on the Block 50 and {{cvt|29160|lbf|kN}} F100-PW-229 on the Block 52. F-16s began flying with these IPE engines in the early 1990s. Altogether, of the 1,446 F-16C/Ds ordered by the USAF, 556 were fitted with F100-series engines and 890 with F110s.<ref name="JAWA"/> The United Arab Emirates' Block 60 is powered by the General Electric F110-GE-132 turbofan with a maximum thrust of {{cvt|32500|lbf|kN}}, the highest thrust engine developed for the F-16.<ref name="Peacock 1997, p. 103">{{harvnb|Peacock|1997|p=103}}</ref> {{clear left}} ==Operational history== {{main|General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operational history}} ===United States=== [[File:F-16 takeoff in Germany.jpg|thumb|A U.S. Air Force F-16 from the [[480th Fighter Squadron]] takes off from [[Spangdahlem Air Base]] in support of [[Operation Odyssey Dawn]]]] The F-16 is used by the active duty USAF, [[Air Force Reserve]], and [[Air National Guard]] units, the USAF aerial demonstration team, the [[U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds]], and as an adversary-aggressor aircraft by the [[United States Navy]] at the [[Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |date=2021-05-28 |title=Navy Details Its Plans To Add Ex-Air Force F-16s To Its Fleet |url=https://www.twz.com/40846/navy-details-its-plans-to-add-ex-air-force-f-16s-to-its-fleet |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref> Although initially designed to be a highly maneuverable fighter for air combat, the F-16 would primarily be flown by squadrons focused on ground attack that previously flew aircraft such as the F-105 Thunderchief or A-7 Corsair II.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.419fw.afrc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1779148/in-history-wing-looks-back-on-f-105-f-16-legacy/ |title=In History: Wing looks back on F-105, F-16 legacy |date=7 March 2019 |work=419th Fighter Wing |publisher=U.S. Air Force}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dvidshub.net/image/8613210/day-coang-history-7-replaced-f-16 |title=This day in COANG history: A-7 replaced by F-16 |work=Colorado Air National Guard |publisher=Defense Visual Information Distribution Service |date=23 August 2015}}</ref> The U.S. Air Force, including the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard, flew the F-16 in combat during [[Operation Desert Storm]] in 1991 and in the Balkans during the [[Yugoslav Wars]] later in the 1990s. During the [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]], on 2 May 1999 an F-16 piloted by [[David L. Goldfein]], later [[Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force]], was shot down over western [[Serbia]] by the [[250th Air Defence Missile Brigade]]. F-16s also patrolled the no-fly zones in Iraq during [[Operation Northern Watch]] and [[Operation Southern Watch]] and served during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]] and the [[Iraq War|War in Iraq]] from 2001 and 2003 respectively. In 2011, Air Force F-16s took part in the [[2011 military intervention in Libya|intervention in Libya]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/20/libya-live-blog-allied-airstrikes-continue-against-gadhafi-forces/?hpt=T1/ |title=Libya live blog: Coalition confirms strike on Gadhafi compound|publisher=CNN|date=20 March 2011|access-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419112901/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/20/libya-live-blog-allied-airstrikes-continue-against-gadhafi-forces/?hpt=T1%2F|archive-date=19 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 11 September 2001, two unarmed F-16s were launched in an attempt to ram and down [[United Airlines Flight 93]] before it reached [[Washington D.C.]] during the [[September 11 attacks|11 September 2001 terrorist attacks]], but Flight 93 was prematurely brought down by the hijackers after passengers attacked the cockpit, so the F-16s were retasked to patrol the local airspace and later escorted [[Air Force One]] back to Washington.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/heather-penney-the-911-fighter-pilot-says-celebrating-normalcy-is-a-way-to-honor-heroes/2013/09/13/a97a4bc8-1c8f-11e3-8685-5021e0c41964_story.html |title=Heather Penney, the 9/11 fighter pilot, says celebrating normalcy is a way to honor heroes|last=Penney|first=Heather|author-link=Heather Penney|date=13 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200911154300/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/heather-penney-the-911-fighter-pilot-says-celebrating-normalcy-is-a-way-to-honor-heroes/2013/09/13/a97a4bc8-1c8f-11e3-8685-5021e0c41964_story.html|archive-date=11 September 2020|url-status=live|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name=WashingtonPost>{{cite news|last1=Hendrix|first1=Steve|title=F-16 pilot was ready to give her life on Sept. 11|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/f-16-pilot-was-ready-to-give-her-life-on-sept-11/2015/09/06/7c8cddbc-d8ce-11e0-9dca-a4d231dfde50_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=8 September 2011|access-date=25 June 2021|archive-date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912191720/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/f-16-pilot-was-ready-to-give-her-life-on-sept-11/2015/09/06/7c8cddbc-d8ce-11e0-9dca-a4d231dfde50_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{importance inline|date=May 2021}} The F-16 had been scheduled to remain in service with the U.S. Air Force until 2025.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Tirpak|first1=John A.|title=Making the Best of the Fighter Force|date=March 2007|magazine=[[Air Force Magazine]]|publisher=[[Air Force Association]]|page=44|url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/app/uploads/2007/03/0307_March2007.pdf#page=46|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916044238/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2007/March%202007/0307force.pdf|archive-date=16 September 2025|volume=90|issue=3|access-date=20 May 2007}}</ref> Its replacement is planned to be the F-35A variant of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, which is expected to gradually begin replacing several multirole aircraft among the program's member nations. However, owing to delays in the F-35 program, all USAF F-16s will receive service life extension upgrades.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforcetimes.com/article/20130416/NEWS/304160020/AF-seeks-F-16-fleet-upgrade-requests-19-more-F-35As |title=AF seeks F-16 fleet upgrade, requests 19 more F-35As.|work=Air Force Times|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> In 2022, it was announced the USAF would continue to operate the F-16 for another two decades.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tirpak|first=John A.|url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/f-16s-to-serve-nearly-two-more-decades-replacement-choice-still-6-8-years-away/|title=F-16s to Serve Nearly Two More Decades, Replacement Choice Still 6–8 Years Away|website=[[Air & Space Forces Magazine]] (Daily Report)|date=4 April 2022|access-date=5 April 2022|archive-date=29 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829140233/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/f-16s-to-serve-nearly-two-more-decades-replacement-choice-still-6-8-years-away/|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Israel=== [[File:F-16-Netz-107-fighter-and-killmarks-01.jpg|thumb|[[Israeli Air Force]] [[IAF F-16 Netz 107|F-16A Netz 107]] with 6.5 kill marks of other aircraft, a record for an F-16, as well as one kill mark of an [[Operation Opera|Iraqi nuclear reactor]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Etzion |first1=Udi |title=Record-breaking F-16 Falcon to be retired from IDF service |date=11 February 2015 |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4625569,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213133717/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4625569,00.html |archive-date=13 February 2015}}</ref>]] The F-16's first air-to-air combat success was achieved by the [[Israeli Air Force]] (IAF) over the [[Bekaa Valley]] on 28 April 1981, against a Syrian [[Mil Mi-8|Mi-8]] helicopter, which was downed with cannon fire.<ref name="ACIG F-16">{{cite web |last1=Iskra |first1=Alex |title=GD/L-M F-16A/B Netz in Israeli Service |date=26 September 2003 |publisher=Air Combat Information Group (ACIG) |url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_276.shtml |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510123618/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_276.shtml |archive-date=10 May 2012 |access-date=16 May 2008}}</ref> On 7 June 1981, eight Israeli F-16s, escorted by six F-15s, executed [[Operation Opera]], their first employment in a significant air-to-ground operation. This raid severely damaged [[Osirak]], an Iraqi [[nuclear reactor]] under construction near [[Baghdad]], to prevent the regime of [[Saddam Hussein]] from using the reactor for the creation of [[nuclear weapon]]s.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Rebecca |first1=Grant |title=Osirak and Beyond |date=August 2002 |access-date=8 December 2011 |magazine=[[Air Force Magazine]] |publisher=[[Air & Space Forces Association]] |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2002/August%202002/0802osirik.pdf |url-status=live |type=pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426115420/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2002/August%202002/0802osirik.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2023}}</ref> The following year, during the [[1982 Lebanon War]] Israeli F-16s engaged Syrian aircraft in one of the largest air battles involving jet aircraft, which began on 9 June and continued for two more days. Israeli Air Force F-16s were credited with 44 air-to-air kills during the conflict.<ref name="ACIG F-16" /><ref>{{cite report |last1=Schow, Jr. |first1=Kenneth C. |title=Falcons Against the Jihad: Israeli Airpower and Coercive Diplomacy in Southern Lebanon. |date=November 1995 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA301572 |id=ADA301572 |publisher=[[Air University Press]] |access-date=16 May 2008}}</ref> In January 2000, Israel completed a purchase of 102 new F-16I aircraft in a deal totaling {{nowrap|$4.5 billion}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article7.html |title=F-16 Air Forces – Israel |work=F-16.net |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902045655/http://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article7.html |archive-date=2 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> F-16s were also used in their ground-attack role for strikes against targets in Lebanon. IAF F-16s participated in the [[2006 Lebanon War]] and the [[Gaza War (2008–09)|2008–09 Gaza War]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Colvin |first1=Marie |last2=Allen-Mills |first2=Tony |title=Israeli jets kill 'at least 225' in strikes on Gaza |date=28 December 2008 |work=The Sunday Times |publisher=[[The Times]] |access-date=25 October 2009 |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/israeli-jets-kill-at-least-225-in-strikes-on-gaza-7vxt2pmrb39 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429082825/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article5404501.ece |archive-date=29 April 2011}}</ref> During and after the 2006 Lebanon war, IAF F-16s shot down [[Iran]]ian-made [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]]s launched by [[Hezbollah]], using [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems|Rafael]] [[Python 5]] air-to-air missiles.<ref name= "f-16.net2">{{cite web|url=http://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/airframe-profile/2482/ |title=Airframe Details for F-16 #87-1672|work=F-16.net|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902003936/http://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/airframe-profile/2482|archive-date=2 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IAF shoots down hostile drone from Lebanon off Haifa|url=https://www.jpost.com/Defense/IAF-shoots-down-drone-which-flew-south-from-Lebanon-311098|newspaper=The [[Jerusalem Post]]|date=25 April 2013|access-date=23 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928193723/http://www.jpost.com/Defense/IAF-shoots-down-drone-which-flew-south-from-Lebanon-311098|archive-date=28 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Video-Articles/Video/IAF-shoots-down-UAV-in-northern-Negev |title=IAF shoots down UAV in northern Negev |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=6 October 2012 |access-date=9 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827084555/http://www.jpost.com/Video-Articles/Video/IAF-shoots-down-UAV-in-northern-Negev |archive-date=27 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 February 2018, an Israeli Air Force F-16I [[February 2018 Israel–Syria incident|was shot down]] in northern Israel when it was hit by a relatively old model [[S-200 (missile)|S-200]] (NATO name SA-5 Gammon) surface-to-air missile of the Syrian Air Defense Force.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5131594,00.html |title=Investigation finds pilots of downed F-16 failed to defend themselves |date=25 February 2018 |newspaper=Ynetnews |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311082643/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5131594,00.html |archive-date=11 March 2018 |url-status=live|last1=Zitun |first1=Yoav}}</ref> The pilot and navigator ejected safely in Israeli territory. The F-16I was part of a bombing mission against Syrian and Iranian targets around Damascus after an Iranian drone entered Israeli airspace and was shot down.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/02/10/middleeast/israel-military-jet-crash/index.html |title=Israeli F-16 jet crashes after Syrian fire |first1=Andrew | last1=Carey | first2=Laura | last2=Smith-Spark | first3=Nicole | last3=Chavez |publisher=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210071644/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/02/10/middleeast/israel-military-jet-crash/index.html |archive-date=10 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An Israel Air Force investigation determined on 27 February 2018 that the loss was due to pilot error since the IAF determined the air crew did not adequately defend themselves.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/israel-air-force-investigation-into-f-16-crash-blames-pilot-error-1.5848386 |title=Israel Air Force Investigation into F-16 Crash Blames Pilot Error |newspaper=Haaretz |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227161755/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/israel-air-force-investigation-into-f-16-crash-blames-pilot-error-1.5848386 |archive-date=27 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the aftermath of the [[October 7 attacks]], F-16Is have played a major role in Israel's [[Operation Swords of Iron]], executing numerous airstrikes against [[Hamas]] targets in Gaza. The IAF has also employed F-16s in operations against [[Hezbollah]] in Lebanon and in strikes on Iranian-linked assets in Syria and [[Iraq]], demonstrating the aircraft's versatility and reach.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Urso |first=Stefano |date=2023-10-12 |title=Configuration And Payload Of The Aircraft Employed By Israel In The Fight Against Hamas |url=https://theaviationist.com/2023/10/12/iaf-aircraft-war-with-hamas/?utm_ |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> On 16 July 2024, the last single-seat F-16C Barak-1 ('Lightning' in Hebrew) were retired; the IAF continue to use the F-16D Brakeet and F-16I Sufa two-seat variants.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 July 2024 |title=Israel retires Barak 1-variant F-16s |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/israel-retires-barak-1-variant-f-16s |accessdate=5 October 2024 |website=janes.com}}</ref> In October 2024, during [[October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran|Operation Days of Repentance]] F-16Is took part in significant operations against Iranian military infrastructure as the Israeli forces launched coordinated strikes on Iranian air defense systems and missile production facilities, aiming to degrade Iran's military capabilities and deter further aggression.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-29 |title=Israel attacks Iranian missile production, air-defence sites |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/weapons/israel-attacks-iranian-missile-production-air-defence-sites |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=Default |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel's "Days of Repentance" Operation Strikes Iran – NIAC |url=https://niacouncil.org/israels-days-of-response-operation-strikes-iran/ |access-date=2025-05-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Israeli F-16s have been instrumental in operations against [[Houthis|Houthi]] targets in Yemen, taking advantage of the F-16's extended operational range and strategic reach, flying a distance of approximately 1,700 kilometers (about 1,056 miles).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Altman |first=Howard |date=2024-07-20 |title=Israel Fighter Jets Carry Out Long-Range Retaliation Strike On Houthi Oil Depot In Yemen (Updated) |url=https://www.twz.com/news-features/israel-fighter-jets-carry-out-long-range-retaliation-strike-on-houthi-oil-depot-in-yemen |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref> Notably, on 26 December 2024, as part of [[Operation Tselilei HaKerem|Operation Tzelilei HaKerem]], the IAF conducted airstrikes targeting [[Sanaa International Airport|Sana'a International Airport]] and other strategic locations, responding to Houthi missile and drone attacks on Israeli territory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=Israel launches airstrikes on Yemen a day after Houthi rebels strike Israeli airport |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-airstrikes-houthi-rebels-airport-ea0ea0ca695a3a07c71c18bedc987c3e |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> On 28 February 2026, Israeli F-16s participated in [[2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran|Operation Roaring Lion]] ({{langx|he|מטס בראשית}}), a large-scale joint US-Israeli military operation against Iran. Approximately 200 Israeli Air Force jets, including F-16s, simultaneously struck around 500 targets across at least 14 Iranian cities, including [[Tehran]], [[Isfahan]], [[Qom]], [[Karaj]], and [[Kermanshah]]. Targets included Iranian air defence systems, ballistic missile launchers, command-and-control facilities, and military airfields. The Israeli military described it as a "much more wide-ranging campaign" than the previous US-Israeli strikes on Iran during the [[Twelve-Day War]] of June 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=What is happening in Iran? What we know about US-Israel attack and Tehran response |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo |work=BBC News |date=28 February 2026 |access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A visual guide to US-Israeli strikes on Iran – and Tehran's response |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/feb/28/us-israel-strikes-iran-tehran-response-visual-guide |work=The Guardian |date=28 February 2026 |access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref> In March 2026 during the Iran war the IRGC claims that it has shot down an Israeli F-16<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israeli F-16 shot down by Iran's modern air defense systems, claims IRGC |url=https://www.india.com/news/world/israeli-f-16-shot-down-by-irans-modern-air-defense-systems-claims-irgc-us-military-aircraft-mq-9-reaper-f-15-kc-135-stratotanker-f-35-lebanon-usa-8351502/ |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> however the IDF denies any damage to any of their aircraft.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-21 |title=Israeli F-16 hit? IRGC claims jet struck over central Iran; IDF says aircraft not damaged |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/israeli-f-16-hit-irgc-claims-jet-struck-over-central-iran-idf-says-aircraft-not-damaged/articleshow/129720773.cms |access-date=2026-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ===Pakistan=== [[File:84606 General Dynamics F-16BM 11(MR) 39W Pakistan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52233200683).jpg|thumb|left|The PAF F-16BM (S. No. 84-606)]] During the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) F-16As shot down between 20 and 30 Soviet and Afghan [[warplanes]]; the political situation however resulted in PAF officially recognizing only 9 kills which were made inside Pakistani airspace.<ref>{{cite journal|quote=due to political reasons, the kills made inside Afghan airspace by the PAF (estimated to be between 20 and 30, were never officially recognized or disclosed. To date, PAF officially recognized only the eight kills made inside Pakistani airspace and one forced manoeuvre kill.|website=Defence Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030422020522/http://defencejournal.com/2003/mar/airman.htm|url=http://defencejournal.com/2003/mar/airman.htm|archive-date=22 April 2003|title=An Airman Remembered|author=Rai Muhammad Saleh Azam|access-date=10 November 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> From May 1986 to January 1989, PAF F-16s from the [[Tail Choppers]] and [[No. 9 Squadron PAF|Griffin]] squadrons using mostly AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles, shot down four [[Afghan Air Force|Afghan]] [[Sukhoi Su-17|Su-22s]], two [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23|MiG-23s]], one [[Sukhoi Su-25|Su-25]], and one [[Antonov An-26|An-26]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pafwallpapers.com/kill_illustrations.htm |title= PAF F-16 air kills illustrations |publisher= PAFwallpapers.com |access-date= 5 July 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120115121441/http://www.pafwallpapers.com/kill_illustrations.htm |archive-date= 15 January 2012 |url-status= dead}}</ref> Most of these kills were by missiles, but at least one, a Su-22, was destroyed by cannon fire. One F-16 was lost in these battles. The downed F-16 was likely [[friendly fire|hit accidentally]] by the other F-16.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article14.html |title= F-16 Air Forces – Pakistan |publisher= F-16.net |access-date= 8 September 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110529022627/http://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article14.html |archive-date= 29 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Pakistan Air Force has used its F-16s in various foreign and internal military exercises, such as the "Indus Vipers" exercise in 2008 conducted jointly with Turkey.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bokhari |first1=Farhan |title=Pakistan and Turkey organise air force exercises |date=17 April 2008 |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |publisher=[[IHS Markit|IHS Inc.]] |url=https://janes.ihs.com/CustomPages/Janes/DisplayPage.aspx?DocType=News&ItemId=+++1176797&Pubabbrev=JDW}}</ref>{{failed verification |date=April 2023 |reason=Access to this article may no longer be possible; see [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293458559_Pakistan_and_Turkey_organise_air_force_exercises link]}} Between May 2009 and {{As of|2011|11|alt=November 2011}}, the PAF F-16 fleet flew more than 5,500 sorties{{Update inline|date=May 2019|reason=7.5-year-old count needs updating}} in support of the [[Pakistan Army]]'s [[War in North-West Pakistan|operations]] against the Taliban insurgency in the [[FATA]] region of [[North-West Pakistan]]. More than 80% of the dropped munitions were [[laser-guided bomb]]s.<ref name="NY Times, Pakistan injects precision">Schmitt, Eric. [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/30/world/asia/30pstan.html?_r=1 "Pakistan Injects Precision Into Air War on Taliban."] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119014733/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/30/world/asia/30pstan.html|date=19 January 2017}} ''[[The New York Times]]'', 29 July 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2009.</ref><ref name="TPK-20111114">{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291762/paf-conducted-5500-bombing-runs-in-fata-since-2008/ |title=PAF conducted 5,500 bombing runs in Fata since 2008 |author=PPI |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |language=en |date=14 November 2011 |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128202816/http://tribune.com.pk/story/291762/paf-conducted-5500-bombing-runs-in-fata-since-2008/ |archive-date=28 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 February 2019, following [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|six Pakistan Air Force airstrikes in Jammu and Kashmir, India]], Pakistani officials said that two of its fighter jets shot down one [[MiG-21]] and one [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]] belonging to the Indian Air Force.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofislamabad.com/17-Apr-2019/in-a-first-paf-chief-reveals-shooting-down-of-iaf-russian-made-su-30-mki-inside-details-of-indian-combat-helicopter-downing|title=In a first, PAF Chief reveals shooting down of IAF Russian made Su 30 MKI, inside details of Indian Combat Helicopter downing|date=17 April 2019|work=Times of Islamabad|access-date=27 October 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101021905/https://timesofislamabad.com/17-Apr-2019/in-a-first-paf-chief-reveals-shooting-down-of-iaf-russian-made-su-30-mki-inside-details-of-indian-combat-helicopter-downing|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/pakistan-shoots-indian-fighter-jets-military-190227055937142.html |title=Pakistan shoots down two Indian fighter jets: Military |date=27 February 2019 |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228124544/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/pakistan-shoots-indian-fighter-jets-military-190227055937142.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pakistan-says-it-downed-two-iaf-jets-identifies-pilots-behind-act/story-KekUb5nSBzJHksW5GpWiuI.html |title=Pakistan says it downed two IAF jets, identifies pilots behind act |date=6 March 2019 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103111401/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pakistan-says-it-downed-two-iaf-jets-identifies-pilots-behind-act/story-KekUb5nSBzJHksW5GpWiuI.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/27/india/india-pakistan-strikes-escalation-intl/index.html |title=Pakistan says it shot down two Indian jets as Kashmir border crisis deepens |author1=Helen Regan |author2=Nikhil Kumar |author3=Adeel Raja |author4=Swati Gupta |publisher=CNN |date=27 February 2019 |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227081256/https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/27/india/india-pakistan-strikes-escalation-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Indian officials only confirmed the loss of one MiG-21 but denied losing any Su-30MKI in the clash and claimed the Pakistani claims as dubious.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2019 |title=On Air Force Day, India flies the Sukhoi-30MKI that Pak claimed to have shot down |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/air-force-day-india-flies-sukhoi-30mki-pak-claimed-have-shot-down-110169 |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929143143/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/air-force-day-india-flies-sukhoi-30mki-pak-claimed-have-shot-down-110169 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2019 |title=Sukhoi Fighter Jet 'Shot Down' by Pakistan Makes Appearance at Indian Air Force Day Flypast |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sukhoi-fighter-jet-shot-down-by-pakistan-makes-appearance-at-indian-air-force-day-flypast-2337989.html |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313163302/https://www.news18.com/news/india/sukhoi-fighter-jet-shot-down-by-pakistan-makes-appearance-at-indian-air-force-day-flypast-2337989.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally Indian officials also claimed to have shot down one F-16 belonging to the Pakistan Air Force.<ref name="iex">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-pakistan-tension-amraam-missile-debris-f16-jet-5605806/|title=India's Exhibit A: Debris of AMRAAM missile that nails Pakistan's F-16 denial|date=1 March 2019|access-date=25 June 2020|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625074908/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-pakistan-tension-amraam-missile-debris-f16-jet-5605806/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="japantimes">{{cite web |date=9 April 2019 |title=Radar images prove Pakistan F-16 shot down, says Indian Air Force |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/04/09/asia-pacific/radar-images-prove-pakistan-f-16-shot-says-indian-air-force/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410132333/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/04/09/asia-pacific/radar-images-prove-pakistan-f-16-shot-says-indian-air-force/#.XK3ucGjP3IU |archive-date=10 April 2019 |work=The Japan Times}}</ref> This was denied by the Pakistani side,<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Marlow |first1=Iain |title=India Never Shot Down Pakistani F-16, New Report Says |url=https://time.com/5564980/india-never-shot-pakistani-plane-kashmir/ |magazine=Time |access-date=6 June 2020 |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405172535/http://time.com/5564980/india-never-shot-pakistani-plane-kashmir/ |url-status=live}}</ref> considered dubious by neutral sources,<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAF Did Not Shoot Down Pak F-16 in Balakot Aftermath, Says US Scholar Christine Fair |url=https://thewire.in/security/christine-fair-iaf-balakot-pakistan-f16 |access-date=30 January 2023 |website=The Wire |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109175530/https://thewire.in/security/christine-fair-iaf-balakot-pakistan-f16 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2019 |title=No proof India shot down Pakistan F-16 |url=https://asiatimes.com/2019/03/no-proof-india-shot-down-pakistan-f-16/ |access-date=30 January 2023 |website=Asia Times |language=en-US |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219105218/https://asiatimes.com/2019/03/no-proof-india-shot-down-pakistan-f-16/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and later backed by a report by ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' magazine, reporting that the US had completed a physical count of Pakistan's F-16s and found none missing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/04/did-india-shoot-down-a-pakistani-jet-u-s-count-says-no/|title=Did India Shoot Down a Pakistani Jet? U.S. Count Says No.|last=Seligman|first=Lara|website=Foreign Policy|date=4 April 2019 |language=en|access-date=5 April 2019|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123193754/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/04/did-india-shoot-down-a-pakistani-jet-u-s-count-says-no/|url-status=live}}</ref> A report by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' noted that [[the Pentagon]] and [[United States Department of State|State Department]] refused public comment on the matter but did not deny the earlier report.<ref name=wapo>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/17/did-india-shoot-down-pakistani-f-back-february-this-just-became-big-deal/ |title=Analysis &#124; Did India shoot down a Pakistani F-16 in February? This just became a big deal. |first1=Sameer |last1=Lalwani |first2=Emily |last2=Tallo |newspaper=The Washington Post |quote=Indian media reported that a U.S. Defense Department spokesman said he was unaware of any investigation. The Pentagon, like the State Department, has yet to issue a public statement on the F-16 count, but there have been no counter-leaks contradicting the Foreign Policy report. |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130122209/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/17/did-india-shoot-down-pakistani-f-back-february-this-just-became-big-deal/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2025, [[Indian Air Force]] Chief of the Air Staff [[Amar Preet Singh]] claimed that five "high tech fighters" between F-16 and JF-17 class were downed by Indian air defense systems.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Philip |first1=Snehesh Alex |title=IAF chief says around 13 Pakistani jets destroyed in Op Sindoor—4-5 F-16s on ground, S-400 downed 6 more |url=https://theprint.in/defence/iaf-chief-says-around-13-pakistani-jets-destroyed-in-op-sindoor-4-5-f-16s-on-ground-s-400-downed-6-more/2756690/ |agency=ThePrint |publisher=ThePrint |date=3 October 2025}}</ref> Though refraining to provide the evidences, he also reiterated his claim of August 2025 that 4-5 F-16s in the hangars at [[PAF Base Shahbaz]] were hit in Indian strikes during the [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]]. However, the U.S. defense officials had earlier refuted the Indian claims by having told the [[Reuters]] that they were not aware of any F-16 being hit inside Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=India shot down six Pakistani military aircraft in May, air force chief says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/india-shot-down-six-pakistani-military-aircraft-may-air-force-chief-says-2025-08-09/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Five Pakistani fighter jets, one aircraft taken down during Operation Sindoor: IAF Chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/air-chief-marshal-ap-singh-on-operation-sindoor-at-16th-air-chief-marshal-lm-katre-memorial-lecture-in-bengaluru/article69912822.ece |access-date=10 August 2025 |agency=The Hindu}}</ref> Following the [[2026 Iran war ceasefire]] in April 2026, Indian media sources reported that the [[Pakistan Air Force]] had mobilised its [[CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder|JF-17]] and F-16 fighters, as well as [[Ilyushin Il-78|IL-78]] tankers and [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130]] cargo planes. The fighters are expected to fly an escort mission for the Iranian representatives and the PAF set up a protective shield over Iran and the [[Persian Gulf]] for the Iranian delegation to travel to [[Islamabad]] for further negotiations with the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=News Desk |first=India Today |date=2026-04-10 |title=Why Pakistan scrambled fighter jets to Middle East ahead of US-Iran talks |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pakistan-paf-fighter-jets-air-defence-us-iran-peace-talks-islamabad-2894187-2026-04-10 |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-10 |title=Why Pakistan launched ‘air armada’ to the middle east ahead of US-Iran ceasefire talks |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/world-news/why-pakistannbsplaunched-air-armada-to-the-middle-east-ahead-of-us-iran-ceasefire-talksnbsp/4202822/ |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-10 |title=US-Iran peace talks: How Pakistan came to host the talks |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3dl0g4rgn5o |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> five PAF F-16s also escorted the US [[Vice President of the United States|Vice president]] [[JD Vance|JD Vance's]] [[Boeing C-32|C-32]] to [[PAF Base Nur Khan|Nur Khan base]] in Islamabad for negotiations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Chandrajit |date=11 April 2026 |title=Pak F-16s Escort JD Vance's Aircraft As He Arrives In Islamabad For Iran Talks |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/us-iran-talks-live-news-pakistan-f-16s-escort-jd-vances-aircraft-as-he-arrives-in-islamabad-for-iran-talks-11342470/amp/1 |url-status=live |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=NDTV}}</ref> ===Turkey=== [[File:F16 - RIAT 2014 (34306872320).jpg|thumb|F-16 SoloTürk aerial aerobatic aircraft]] The Turkish Air Force acquired its first F-16s in 1987. F-16s were later produced in Turkey under four phases of ''Peace Onyx'' programs. In 2015, they were upgraded to Block 50/52+ with [[Constantly computed impact point|CCIP]] by Turkish Aerospace Industries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article21.html|title=F-16 Air Forces – Turkey|website=f-16.net|access-date=19 May 2021|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412212033/https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article21.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Turkish F-16s are being fitted with indigenous AESA radars and EW suite called SPEWS-II.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/defense/2019/02/07/turkeys-f-16-jets-equipped-with-new-domestic-electronic-warfare-systems|title=Turkey's F-16 jets equipped with new domestic electronic warfare systems|date=7 February 2019|website=Daily Sabah|access-date=21 December 2020|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305123508/https://www.dailysabah.com/defense/2019/02/07/turkeys-f-16-jets-equipped-with-new-domestic-electronic-warfare-systems|url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 June 1992, a Greek Mirage F1 crashed during a [[dogfight]] with a Turkish F-16.<ref>{{YouTube|gyqq7lMyTnI|HUD footage}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wp.scn.ru/en/ww3/f/58/23/0 |title=While engaged by two THK F-16Cs, Sialmas entered a break that was too much for the F.1CG at low level: the aircraft entered a spin and crashed into the sea, killing the pilot.|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102015020/http://wp.scn.ru/en/ww3/f/58/23/0|archive-date=2 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ACIG 2004" /> On 8 February 1995, a Turkish F-16 crashed into the Aegean Sea after being intercepted by Greek Mirage F1 fighters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/f16-crash-heightens-tension-in-aegean-1572157.html |title=F-16 crash heightens tension in Aegean|work=The Independent|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312013710/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/f16-crash-heightens-tension-in-aegean-1572157.html|archive-date=12 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|knT8NA9Ggko|Greek TV: A pilot of Hellenic Air Force explain how the Turkish F-16 crashed over Aegean Sea}}</ref> Turkish F-16s have participated in [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]] and [[Kosovo]] since 1993 in support of [[United Nations]] resolutions.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Turkish Air Force]] |title=Our History |website=hkvv.tsk.tr |access-date=3 February 2012 |url=http://www.hvkk.tsk.tr/EN/IcerikDetay.aspx?ID=131 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111013955/http://www.hvkk.tsk.tr/EN/IcerikDetay.aspx?ID=131 |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref> On 8 October 1996, seven months after the escalation a Greek [[Mirage 2000]] reportedly fired an [[R.550 Magic|R.550 Magic II]] missile and shot down a Turkish F-16D over the Aegean Sea.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4362620.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104212512/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4362620.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2012 |title=Turkish F-16 jet crashes after Greek interception |work= Chicago Sun-Times |date= 9 October 1996 |access-date= 8 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f-16.net/f-16-news-article619.html |title=Deadly 1996 Aegean clash is confirmed|work=f-16.net|access-date=21 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127015725/http://www.f-16.net/f-16-news-article619.html|archive-date=27 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The Turkish pilot died, while the co-pilot ejected and was rescued by Greek forces.<ref name="ACIG 2004">{{cite web|url=http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=47&Itemid=47 |title=Greek & Turkish Air-to-Air Victories|author=Sander Peeters|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084111/http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=47&Itemid=47|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|2-aAb97Re9Y|Turkish Pilot at 0:46}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f-16.net/f-16_fighting_falcon_airframe-3371.html |title=F-16 Aircraft Database: F-16 Airframe Details for 91-0023|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506084845/http://www.f-16.net/f-16_fighting_falcon_airframe-3371.html|archive-date=6 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2012, after the [[Turkish-Syrian relations#Friction due to Syrian civil war|downing of an RF-4E]] on the Syrian coast, Turkish Defence Minister [[İsmet Yılmaz]] confirmed that the Turkish F-16D was shot down by a Greek Mirage 2000 with an R.550 Magic II in 1996 near [[Chios]] island.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cenciotti |first1=David |title=30 years later, Ankara admits Turkish Air Force jet was shot down by Iraq |date=6 September 2012 |publisher=The Aviationist |url=http://theaviationist.com/2012/09/06/tuaf-incidents/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130040159/http://theaviationist.com/2012/09/06/tuaf-incidents/ |archive-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> Greece denies that the F-16 was shot down.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/208753/article/ekathimerini/news/court-rejects-turkish-request-for-trial-of-greek-pilot-who-allegedly-shot-down-f-16-jet |title=Court rejects Turkish request for trial of Greek pilot who allegedly shot down F-16 jet |date=24 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224211622/http://www.ekathimerini.com/208753/article/ekathimerini/news/court-rejects-turkish-request-for-trial-of-greek-pilot-who-allegedly-shot-down-f-16-jet |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=24 February 2017}}</ref> Both Mirage 2000 pilots reported that the F-16 caught fire and they saw one [[parachute]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newsbomb.gr/ellada/ethnika/story/697371/katarripsi-toyrkikoy-f-16-ti-dilose-o-ellinas-pilotos |title=Κατάρριψη τουρκικού F-16 – Τι δήλωσε ο Έλληνας πιλότος &#124; Newsbomb |date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114060239/https://www.newsbomb.gr/ellada/ethnika/story/697371/katarripsi-toyrkikoy-f-16-ti-dilose-o-ellinas-pilotos |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/208734/article/ekathimerini/news/turkish-court-wants-trial-of-greek-pilot-for-allegedly-shooting-down-fighter-jet |title=Turkish court wants trial of Greek pilot for allegedly shooting down fighter jet |website=Ekathimerini.com |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224211622/http://www.ekathimerini.com/208753/article/ekathimerini/news/court-rejects-turkish-request-for-trial-of-greek-pilot-who-allegedly-shot-down-f-16-jet |url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 May 2006, two Greek F-16s intercepted a Turkish RF-4 reconnaissance aircraft and two F-16 escorts off the coast of the Greek island of [[Karpathos]], within the Athens [[Flight information region|FIR]]. A mock dogfight ensued between the two sides, resulting in a midair collision<ref>{{YouTube|YkIXc8-GPNU|Turkish F-16 pilots attitude-2:22}}</ref> between a Turkish F-16 and a Greek F-16. The Turkish pilot ejected safely, but the Greek pilot died owing to damage caused by the collision.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vasington.be.mfa.gov.tr/ShowAnnouncement.aspx?ID=115955 |title=It will be recalled that on 23 May 2006, a Greek F-16 aircraft crashed into a Turkish F-16 |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322030232/http://vasington.be.mfa.gov.tr/ShowAnnouncement.aspx?ID=115955 |archive-date=22 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.f-16.net/news_article1809.html |title=Greek F-16 and Turkish F-16 collide – 1 pilot OK |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115085633/http://www.f-16.net/news_article1809.html |archive-date=15 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Turkey used its F-16s extensively in its [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)|conflict with Kurdish insurgents]] in southeastern parts of Turkey and Iraq. Turkey launched its first cross-border raid on 16 December 2007, a prelude to the [[2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq]], involving 50 fighters before [[Operation Sun]]. This was the first time Turkey had mounted a night-bombing operation on a massive scale, and also the largest operation conducted by the Turkish Air Force.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gürgen |first1=Murat |title=Uçaklar nasıl vurdu? |date=17 December 2007 |work=[[Vatan (2002 newspaper)|Vatan]] |access-date=3 February 2012 |language=tr |url=https://www.gazetevatan.com/gundem/ucaklar-nasil-vurdu-152129 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520150423/http://haber.gazetevatan.com/Ucaklar_nasil_vurdu_152129_1/152129/1/Haber |archive-date=20 May 2013}}</ref> During the [[Syrian Civil War]], Turkish F-16s were tasked with airspace protection on the Syrian border. After the [[June 2012 interception of Turkish aircraft|RF-4 downing in June 2012]] Turkey changed its rules of engagement against Syrian aircraft, resulting in scrambles and downings of Syrian combat aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f-16.net/f-16-news-article4842.html |title=Turkish F-16 jets scramble to intercept 2 Syrian Su-24s|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505153249/http://www.f-16.net/f-16-news-article4842.html|archive-date=5 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 16 September 2013, a Turkish Air Force F-16 shot down a [[Syrian Arab Air Force]] [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopter near the Turkish border.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/17/world/europe/turkey-syria.html|work=The New York Times |first1=Kareem |last1=Fahim |first2=Sebnem |last2=Arsu |title=Turkey Says It Shot Down Syrian Military Helicopter Flying in Its Airspace |date=16 September 2013 |access-date=9 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803131453/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/17/world/europe/turkey-syria.html?_r=0 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 March 2014, a Turkish Air Force F-16 shot down a Syrian Arab Air Force MiG-23 when it allegedly entered Turkish air space during a ground attack mission against [[Al Qaeda]]-linked insurgents.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syrian-rebels-and-army-clash-over-coastal-town/2014/03/26/1c134e8c-b4cf-11e3-bab2-b9602293021d_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329065339/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syrian-rebels-and-army-clash-over-coastal-town/2014/03/26/1c134e8c-b4cf-11e3-bab2-b9602293021d_story.html |archive-date= 29 March 2014 |title= Al Qaeda-Linked Islamists Capture Christian Town |publisher=CBN |access-date=26 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 16 May 2015, two Turkish Air Force F-16s shot down a Syrian [[Ghods Mohajer|Mohajer 4]] UAV firing two [[AIM-9]] missiles after it trespassed into Turkish airspace for 5 minutes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/turkey-shot-syrian-helicopter-31092616 |title=Turkey Says It Shot Down Syrian Helicopter |work=ABC News |agency=Associated Press |last1=Butler |first1=Desmond |date=16 May 2015 |access-date=16 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518100733/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/turkey-shot-syrian-helicopter-31092616 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/f-16-larin-vurdugu-iha-suriye-gundem-2060652/ |title=F-16'ların vurduğu İHA, İran yapımı 'Muhacir'|date=18 May 2015|work=MİLLİYET HABER – TÜRKİYE'NİN HABER SİTESİ|access-date=28 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013709/http://www.milliyet.com.tr/f-16-larin-vurdugu-iha-suriye-gundem-2060652/|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> A Turkish Air Force F-16 [[2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown|shot down a Russian Air Force Sukhoi Su-24]] on the Turkey-Syria border on 24 November 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin calls plane's downing by Turkey 'stab in the back'|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/24/middleeast/warplane-crashes-near-syria-turkey-border/index.html|access-date=24 November 2015|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=24 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124084424/http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/24/middleeast/warplane-crashes-near-syria-turkey-border/index.html|archive-date=24 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 March 2020, two Syrian Sukhoi Su-24s were shot down by Turkish Air Force F-16s using air-to-air missiles over Syria's [[Idlib Governorate]].<ref>{{cite web |title=بعد إسقاطها لمروحيتين الشهر الفائت.. القوات التركية تسقط طائرتين حربيتين تابعة للنظام السوري في أجواء محافظة إدلب |url=http://www.syriahr.com/?p=366361 |website=SOHR |date=March 2020 |access-date=1 March 2020 |archive-date=20 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420195817/http://www.syriahr.com/?p=366361 |url-status=live}}</ref> All four pilots safely ejected.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cp24.com/world/two-syrian-jets-shot-down-near-turkish-border-pilots-survive-1.4833828|title=Two Syrian jets shot down near Turkish border, pilots survive|work=CP24 Toronto News|date=1 March 2020|access-date=19 May 2021|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124154541/https://www.cp24.com/world/two-syrian-jets-shot-down-near-turkish-border-pilots-survive-1.4833828|url-status=live}}</ref> On 3 March 2020, a Syrian Arab Army Air Force [[Aero L-39 Albatros|L-39]] combat trainer was shot down by a Turkish F-16 over Syria's Idlib province.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/joint-turkish-russian-patrols-to-begin-on-march-15-latest-updates-34168|title=Joint Turkish-Russian patrols to begin on March 15 – latest updates|date=7 March 2020|access-date=15 February 2021|archive-date=29 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029122955/https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/joint-turkish-russian-patrols-to-begin-on-march-15-latest-updates-34168|url-status=live}}</ref> The pilot died.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/wires/20200303-syrian-pilot-killed-turkey-downs-warplane-monitor|title=Syrian pilot killed as Turkey downs warplane: monitor|date=3 March 2020|publisher=Radio France Internationale|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913201320/https://www.rfi.fr/en/wires/20200303-syrian-pilot-killed-turkey-downs-warplane-monitor|url-status=live}}</ref> As a part of Turkish F-16 modernization program new air-to-air missiles are being developed and tested for the aircraft. [[GÖKTUĞ]] program led by [[Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey|TUBITAK SAGE]] has presented two types of air-to-air missiles named as Bozdogan ([[Merlin (bird)|Merlin]]) and Gokdogan ([[Peregrine falcon|Peregrine]]). While Bozdogan has been categorized as a Within Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile (WVRAAM), Gokdogan is a Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile ([[Beyond-visual-range missile|BVRAAM]]). On 14 April 2021, first live test exercise of Bozdogan have successfully completed and the first batch of missiles are expected to be delivered throughout the same year to the Turkish Air Force.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 April 2021|title=Turkey's air-to-air missile Bozdoğan successfully hits target|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/defense/turkeys-air-to-air-missile-bozdogan-successfully-hits-target|access-date=14 April 2021|website=Daily Sabah|language=en-US|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414083244/https://www.dailysabah.com/business/defense/turkeys-air-to-air-missile-bozdogan-successfully-hits-target|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Turkey becomes 1 of few countries with air-to-air missile|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/science-technology/turkey-becomes-1-of-few-countries-with-air-to-air-missile/2208467|access-date=14 April 2021|website=aa.com.tr|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414085258/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/science-technology/turkey-becomes-1-of-few-countries-with-air-to-air-missile/2208467|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Egypt=== [[File:An F-16 of the Egyptian Air Force fly in support of exercise Agile Phoenix.jpg|thumb|An F-16C of the Egyptian Air Force in 2022]] On 16 February 2015, Egyptian F-16s [[February 2015 Egyptian airstrikes in Libya|struck weapons caches and training camps]] of the [[Islamic State]] (ISIS) in Libya in retaliation for the murder of 21 Egyptian [[Copts|Coptic Christian]] construction workers by masked militants affiliated with ISIS. The airstrikes killed 64 ISIS fighters, including three leaders in [[Derna, Libya|Derna]] and [[Sirte]] on the coast.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/16/egypt-air-strikes-target-isis-weapons-stockpiles-libya |title=Egyptian air strikes in Libya kill dozens of Isis militants |first=Chris|last=Stephen |newspaper=The Guardian |date=17 February 2015 |access-date=17 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202000126/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/16/egypt-air-strikes-target-isis-weapons-stockpiles-libya |archive-date=2 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Europe=== {{see also||General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operators}} F-16s contribute to the NATO [[Dual Capable Aircraft]] program for delivery of US nuclear weapons stored in Europe. F-16 wings for this mission are operated by the [[Belgian Air Component]] at [[Kleine Brogel Air Base|Kleine Brogel]], the [[Royal Netherlands Air and Space Force]] at [[Volkel Air Base|Volkel]], by the USAF at [[Aviano Air Base|Aviano]] in Italy, as well as potentially the [[Turkish Air Force]] at [[Incirlik Air Base|Incirlik]] in an emergency scenario.<ref name="s446">{{cite journal |last1=Kristensen |first1=Hans M. |last2=Korda |first2=Matt |last3=Johns |first3=Eliana |last4=Knight |first4=Mackenzie |date=2025-01-02 |title=United States nuclear weapons, 2025 |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=53–79 |bibcode=2025BuAtS..81a..53K |doi=10.1080/00963402.2024.2441624 |issn=0096-3402 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="o622">{{cite journal |last1=Kristensen |first1=Hans M. |last2=Korda |first2=Matt |last3=Johns |first3=Eliana |last4=Knight |first4=Mackenzie |date=2023-11-02 |title=Nuclear weapons sharing, 2023 |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=79 |issue=6 |pages=393–406 |bibcode=2023BuAtS..79f.393K |doi=10.1080/00963402.2023.2266944 |issn=0096-3402 |doi-access=free}}</ref> F-16s deployed in Europe have had a nuclear mission since 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2011/March%202011/0311victor.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406012309/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2011/March%202011/0311victor.pdf |archive-date=2023-04-06 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=www.airandspaceforces.com}}</ref> They are intended to be replaced in this capacity by the [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II]].<ref name="s446" /><ref name="o622" /> [[File:RDAF General Dynamics F-16AM Fighting Falcon E-006 Royal International Air Tattoo 2025 02.jpg|thumb|F-16AM in the type's last year of service for the Royal Danish Air Force in 2025.]] The Royal Netherlands Air Force, Belgian Air Component, Royal Danish Air Force and Royal Norwegian Air Force all fly the F-16.{{sfn|Senior|2002|p=92}} All F-16s in most European air forces are equipped with [[drag chutes]] specifically to allow them to operate from automobile highways.<ref name="kp1">{{cite news |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/analysis/31630 |title=Analysis: French Expert's Claims Ukraine's F-16s and Pilots Won't be 'Up to the Job' Disproved |date=25 April 2024}}</ref> A Yugoslavian [[MiG-29]] was shot down by a Dutch F-16AM during the [[Kosovo War]] in 1999.<ref name=Spick_241>{{harvnb|Spick|2000|p=241}}</ref> Belgian and Danish F-16s also participated in joint operations over Kosovo during the war.<ref name=Spick_241/> Dutch, Belgian, Danish, and Norwegian F-16s were deployed during the 2011 intervention in Libya and in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Belgian Armed Forces]] |title=Composante Air de la Défense |access-date=19 February 2014 |url=https://www.mil.be/fr/a-propos-de-la-defense/composante-air/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218185301/http://www.mil.be/fr/composante-air |archive-date=18 February 2014}}</ref> In Libya, Norwegian F-16s dropped almost 550 bombs and flew 596 missions,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defencetalk.com/norway-withdraws-fighter-jets-from-libya-mission-military-36090/ |title=Norway withdraws fighter jets from Libya mission: military|work=defencetalk.com|access-date=2 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325045733/https://www.defencetalk.com/norway-withdraws-fighter-jets-from-libya-mission-military-36090/|archive-date=25 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> some 17% of the total strike missions<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/RUSIInterimLibyaReport.pdf|title=Accidental Heroes : Britain, France and the Libya Operation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010145939/https://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/RUSIInterimLibyaReport.pdf|access-date=8 November 2021|archive-date=10 October 2014}}</ref> including the bombing of [[Muammar Gaddafi]]'s headquarters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theforeigner.no/pages/news/norway-involved-in-gaddafi-bombing/ |title=Norway involved in Gaddafi bombing |author=Ramona Tancau |work=theforeigner.no |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007055625/http://theforeigner.no/pages/news/norway-involved-in-gaddafi-bombing/ |archive-date=7 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In late March 2018, Croatia announced its intention to purchase 12 used Israeli F-16C/D "Barak"/"Brakeet" jets, pending U.S. approval.<ref name=croa1>{{cite web|url=https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/27028-government-adopts-final-decision-to-buy-israeli-f-16-jets |title=Government Adopts Final Decision to Buy Israeli F-16 Jets|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404200830/https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/27028-government-adopts-final-decision-to-buy-israeli-f-16-jets|archive-date=4 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Acquiring these F-16s would allow Croatia to retire its aging MiG-21s.<ref name=aatr1>{{cite web |url=http://aa.com.tr/en/europe/croatia-agrees-to-buy-israeli-f-16s-for-500-million/1043736 |title=Croatia agrees to buy Israeli F-16s for $500&nbsp;million |date=26 January 2018 |publisher=Anadolu Agency |access-date=28 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201151030/http://aa.com.tr/en/europe/croatia-agrees-to-buy-israeli-f-16s-for-500-million/1043736 |archive-date=1 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2019, the deal was canceled because U.S. would only allow the resale if Israel stripped the planes of all the modernized electronics, while Croatia insisted on the original deal with all the upgrades installed.<ref>{{Cite web |location=Zagreb |agency=HINA |date=2019-01-10 |title=Israel-Croatia F-16 deal officially pronounced dead |url=https://n1info.hr/english/news/a361583-israel-croatia-f-16-deal-officially-pronounced-dead/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=N1 |language=hr}}</ref> At the end of November 2021, Croatia signed with France instead, for 12 [[Dassault Rafale|Rafales]].<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Hina |date=2021-11-25 |title=Croatia signs €999 purchase deal to buy 12 Rafale fighter jets from France |url=https://n1info.hr/english/news/croatia-signs-e999-purchase-deal-to-buy-12-rafale-fighter-jets-from-france/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=N1 |language=hr}}</ref> ===Ukraine=== [[File:F-16 UAF (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ukrainian Air Force F-16s]] In May 2023, an international coalition consisting of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium and Denmark announced their intention to train [[Ukrainian Air Force]] pilots on the F-16 ahead of possible future deliveries to increase the Ukrainian Air Force capabilities in the current [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russo-Ukrainian War]]. The U.S. confirmed that it would approve the re-export from these countries to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65649471 |title=Ukraine war: US to support providing F-16 fighter jets to Ukraine |work=BBC News |date=19 May 2023 |access-date=19 May 2023}}</ref> Denmark has agreed to help train Ukrainians on their usage of the fighter. Denmark's acting Defence Minister [[Troels Lund Poulsen]] said that Denmark "will now be able to move forward for a collective contribution to train Ukrainian pilots to fly F-16s".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/20/zelenskky-hails-bidens-decision-on-f-16-jet-training-for-ukraine |title=Zelenskky hails Biden's decision on F-16 jet training for Ukraine |publisher=Aljazeera |date=20 May 2023}}</ref> On 6 July 2023, Romania announced that it will host the future training center after the meeting of the [[Supreme Council of National Defence (Romania)|Supreme Council of National Defense]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defenseromania.ro/romania-devine-oficial-centru-regional-de-f-16-pilotii-romani-ucraineni-si-aliati-vor-fi-pregatiti-aici_623459.html |title=România devine oficial centru regional de F-16. Piloții români, ucraineni și aliați vor fi pregătiți aici |language=ro |work=DefenseRomania |date=6 July 2023}}</ref> During the [[2023 Vilnius summit]], [[F-16 training coalition|a coalition]] was formed consisting of Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Canada, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/07/11/7410869/ |title=Group of 11 countries forms coalition for training Ukrainian pilots on F-16 fighters |work=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |date=11 July 2023}}</ref> A number of Ukrainian pilots began training in Denmark and the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eight-ukrainian-pilots-begin-f-16-training-denmark-2023-08-22/ |title=Eight Ukrainian pilots begin F-16 training in Denmark |author=Johannes Birkebaek |work=[[Reuters]] |date=22 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/25/politics/ukrainian-pilots-begin-f-16-training-in-us/index.html |title=Ukrainian pilots begin F-16 training in US |first=Oren |last=Liebermann |work=[[CNN]] |date=25 October 2023}}</ref> The [[European F-16 Training Center]], organized by Romania, the Netherlands, and Lockheed Martin through several subcontractors, officially opened on 13 November 2023. It is located at the [[Romanian Air Force]]'s [[RoAF 86th Air Base|86th Air Base]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/romania-debuts-f-16-center-hosts-ukrainian-pilots-for-joint-exercises/ |title=Romania Debuts F-16 Center, Hosts Ukrainian Pilots for Joint Exercises |website=mil.in.ua |date=14 November 2023}}</ref> and Ukrainian pilots began training there in September 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2024/09/12/ukrainian-f-16-training-underway-in-romania/|title=Ukrainian F-16 training underway in Romania|author=Olena Mukhina|website=euromaidanpress.com|date=12 September 2024}}</ref> On 17 August 2023, the U.S. approved the transfer of F-16s from the Netherlands and Denmark to Ukraine after the Ukrainian pilots have completed their training.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-approves-sending-f-16s-ukraine-denmark-netherlands-2023-08-17/ |title=US approves sending F-16s to Ukraine from Denmark and Netherlands |author=Steve Holland |author2=Idrees Ali |date=2023-08-17 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=2023-08-18}}</ref> The Netherlands and Denmark have announced that together they will donate up to 61 [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16 Mid-Life Update|F-16AM/BM Block 15 MLU]] fighters to Ukraine once pilot training has been completed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine conflict – Analysis: Dutch and Danish F-16 options for Ukraine |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/ukraine-conflict-analysis-dutch-and-danish-f-16-options-for-ukraine |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Janes.com |date=26 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sabbagh2023Guardian">{{cite web |last1=Sabbagh |first1=Dan |author-link1=Dan Sabbagh |date=20 August 2023 |title=Netherlands and Denmark to donate up to 61 F-16 fighter jets to Ukraine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/20/netherlands-to-donate-up-to-42-f-16-fighter-jets-to-ukraine |website=[[The Guardian]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821000549/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/20/netherlands-to-donate-up-to-42-f-16-fighter-jets-to-ukraine |archive-date=21 August 2023}}</ref> On 13 May 2024, Danish Prime Minister [[Mette Frederiksen]] said that "F-16 from Denmark will be in the air over Ukraine within months." Denmark is sending 19 F-16s in total.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=F-16 fighters from Denmark will be in Ukraine within month - Danish PM|url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/f-16-fighters-from-denmark-will-be-in-ukraine-1715625056.html |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=RBC-Ukraine}}</ref> By the end of July 2024, the first F-16s were delivered to Ukraine.<ref name=Bloomberg>{{cite news|url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-31/ukraine-gets-first-delivery-of-f-16-fighter-jets-after-long-wait|title= Ukraine Receives First F-16 Fighter Jets After Long Wait|work=Bloomberg|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref> On 4 August 2024, President Zelensky announced to the public that the F-16 was now in operational service with Ukraine. Zelensky stated at an opening ceremony that: "F-16s are in Ukraine. We did it. I am proud of our guys who are mastering these jets and have already started using them for our country,".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cole |first=Deborah |date=2024-08-04 |title=Ukrainian pilots have started flying F-16s, says Zelenskiy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/04/ukrainian-pilots-have-started-flying-f-16s-says-zelenskiy |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> On [[26 August 2024 Russian strikes on Ukraine|26 August 2024]], F-16s were reportedly used to intercept Russian cruise missiles for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Axe |first1=David |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2024/08/27/ukraines-f-16s-have-scored-their-first-aerial-kills/|title=Forbes: Ukraine's F-16s Have Scored Their First Aerial Kills|website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Also on 26 August, a Ukrainian F-16 crashed and the pilot, [[Oleksii Mes]], was killed while intercepting Russian aerial targets during the cruise missile strikes. The cause is under investigation.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tarasova-Markina |first1=Daria |last2=Kottasová |first2=Ivana |date=2024-08-29 |title=Exclusive: Top Ukrainian pilot killed when US-made F-16 fighter jet crashed |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/08/29/europe/ukraine-f16-crashes-intl/index.html |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> <!-- On 20 August 2023, [[Denmark]] and the [[Netherlands]] announced the joint transfer of up to 61 F-16s to the [[Ukrainian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Denmark joins Netherlands in offering F-16 jets to Ukraine as Zelenskyy visits |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/article/denmark-joins-netherlands-in-offering-f-16-jets-to-ukraine-as-zelenskyy-visits/ |website=CTV News |date=20 August 2023 |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820221204/https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/denmark-joins-netherlands-in-offering-f-16-jets-to-ukraine-as-zelenskyy-visits-1.6526668}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Netherlands and Denmark to donate up to 61 F-16 fighter jets to Ukraine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/20/netherlands-to-donate-up-to-42-f-16-fighter-jets-to-ukraine |website=The Guardian |date=20 August 2023 |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820223416/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/20/netherlands-to-donate-up-to-42-f-16-fighter-jets-to-ukraine |last1=Sabbagh |first1=Dan}}</ref> Four days later, Norway announced the donation of 5–10 aircraft, depending on how many can be made operational.<ref name=NRK2023-08-24 /> In January 2024, the Netherlands announced the transfer of another 6 F-16s, bringing the total which will be donated by the country to 24.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defensie.nl/actueel/nieuws/2024/02/05/nederland-haalt-f-16s-uit-de-verkoop |title=Nederland haalt F-16's uit de verkoop |trans-title=Netherlands pulls F-16s from sale |language=Dutch |date=5 February 2024 |access-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205135314/https://www.defensie.nl/actueel/nieuws/2024/02/05/nederland-haalt-f-16s-uit-de-verkoop |archive-date=5 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2024, Belgium pledged 30 F-16 aircraft, bringing the total number of F-16s pledged to Ukraine by its allies to 85.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2024/05/28/the-ukrainian-air-force-wanted-four-squadrons-of-f-16s-its-finally-getting-them/?sh=690fb9e57a36 |title=The Ukrainian Air Force Wanted Four Squadrons Of F-16s. It's Finally Getting Them. |website=[[Forbes]] |date=28 May 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref> The first F-16s were delivered by the end of July 2024.<ref name=Bloomberg>{{cite news|url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-31/ukraine-gets-first-delivery-of-f-16-fighter-jets-after-long-wait|title= Ukraine Receives First F-16 Fighter Jets After Long Wait|work=Bloomberg|access-date=July 31, 2024}}</ref> Text moved from Operators section. This should be added and/or combined with other text in this subsection. --> On 13 December 2024, the Ukrainian Air Force stated that an F-16 shot down six Russian cruise missiles. Two were downed with "medium-range missiles", another two with "short-range missiles", and two were claimed to be downed by 20&nbsp;mm cannon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-13 |title= In historic record, Ukrainian F-16 pilot downs 6 cruise missiles in single mission, Air Force claims |url= https://kyivindependent.com/ukrainian-f-16-pilot-downs-6-cruise-missiles/ |work=The Kyiv Independent |author= Martin Fornusek |language=en}}</ref> On 12 April 2025, a Ukrainian Air Force F-16AM Block 20 was shot down in Sumy oblast, most likely by the S-400 missile system.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=Accident General Dynamics F-16AM Block 20 Fighting Falcon , Saturday 12 April 2025 |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/497457 |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=asn.flightsafety.org}}</ref> The crew of the S-400 system received a reward of 15 million roubles from a Russian private oil extraction company.<ref name=":2" /> As of October 2025, 4 F-16 fighters were lost by Ukrainian Air Force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attack On Europe: Documenting Ukrainian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-ukrainian.html |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=Oryx}}</ref> ==== Combat losses ==== Ukraine has confirmed the loss of four F-16 fighters and three pilots as of June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Ivana Kottasová |author2=Kostya Gak |author3=Helen Regan |author4=Billy Stockwell|date=2025-06-29 |title=Ukraine loses an F-16 pilot and his jet while fighting one of Russia's biggest ever aerial attacks |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/06/29/europe/ukraine-f-16-pilot-killed-russia |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> The first crash occurred on 26 August 2024. An F-16 of the Ukrainian Air Force crashed in an undisclosed location in Ukraine during a Russian missile and drone attack. The pilot of the aircraft, [[Oleksii Mes]], died in the crash.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 August 2024 |title=Ukraine F-16 crashes, pilot dies repelling Russian strike |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukrainian-f-16-jet-destroyed-crash-monday-wsj-reports-2024-08-29/ |work=Reuters}}</ref> On 30 August 2024, the [[Commander of the Air Force (Ukraine)|Commander of the Ukrainian Air Force]], [[Mykola Oleshchuk]], was dismissed by President Zelenskyy and replaced by Lieutenant General [[Anatolii Kryvonozhko]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Zelensky sacks Ukraine air force commander Mykola Oleshchuk |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1m0jvd4m3zo |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=BBC|date=31 August 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> which was partially attributed to "indications" that the F-16 that crashed on 26 August was shot down in "a friendly fire incident". Ukrainian parliamentarian [[Maryana Bezuhla]] and Oleshchuk had previously argued over the cause of the F-16 loss.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Zelensky Dismisses the Head of the Air Force Days After F-16 Crash |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/30/world/europe/ukraine-f16-crash.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |author= Matthew Mpoke Bigg |author2= Eric Schmitt |website=New York Times|date= 30 August 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Ukrainian president Zelenskyy fires air force commander after fatal F-16 crash |url= https://www.npr.org/2024/08/31/g-s1-20449/ukraine-president-zelenskyy-fires-air-force-commander-f16-crash |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=NPR |date= 31 August 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> The second crash occurred on 12 April 2025. Ukraine stated that pilot Pavlo Ivanov was killed in action flying an F-16.<ref name=nw-20250412>{{cite news |url=https://www.newsweek.com/russia-ukraine-f-16-pilot-killed-2058982 |title=Ukrainian F-16 Fighter Pilot Killed in Action |last=Cole |first=Brendan |newspaper=Newsweek |date=12 April 2025 |access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref><ref name=ki-20250412>{{cite news |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukrainian-f-16-pilot-pavlo-ivanov-killed-during-combat-mission/ |title=Ukrainian F-16 pilot Pavlo Ivanov killed during combat mission |last=Bandouil |first=Sonya |website=The Kyiv Independent |date=12 April 2025 |access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref> BBC Ukraine reported that [[Russian Armed Forces]] fired three missiles at the F-16, which was probably flying over the [[Sumy region]], either from an [[S-400 missile system|S-400 ground-to-air system]] or [[R-37 (missile)|R-37]] air-to-air missiles.<ref name=bbc-20250412>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/articles/cly189xz210o |title=Україна заявила про загибель пілота F-16. За даними ВВС, його літак збила ракета РФ |trans-title=Ukraine says F-16 pilot killed. According to BBC, his plane was shot down by Russian missile |work=BBC Україна |date=12 April 2025 |access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref> The third crash occurred on 16 May 2025. The Ukrainian Air Force Command stated that a third F-16 was lost due to an unspecified onboard emergency while carrying out a mission to repel a Russian aerial attack.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-16 |title=Ukrainian Air Force reports loss of contact with F-16 jet, pilot ejects |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3993539-ukrainian-air-force-reports-loss-of-contact-with-f16-jet-pilot-ejects.html |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=www.ukrinform.net |language=en}}</ref> The pilot was stated to have steered the aircraft from populated areas before ejecting and was rescued in a stable condition.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 May 2024 |title=Ukraine Loses F-16 in Combat, Pilot Safe After Downing 3 Russian Air Threats |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/52751 |work=Kyiv Post}}</ref> The fourth crash occurred on 29 June 2025. A Ukrainian F-16 was lost and the pilot killed while repelling a Russian missile and drone attack, the third F-16 Ukraine has lost in such a way. The pilot, Lieutenant Colonel [[Maksym Ustymenko]], "used all of his onboard weapons and shot down seven air targets". The seventh damaged his fighter and forced him to fly away from a residential area before crashing.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Ukraine pilot killed, F-16 fighter jet lost, Ukrainian military says |url= https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-pilot-killed-f-16-fighter-jet-lost-ukrainian-military-says-2025-06-29/| author= Pavel Polityuk |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Reuters|date= 29 June 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Ukrainian F-16 pilot Maksym Ustymenko killed while repelling Russian attack |url= https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/ukrainian-f-16-pilot-maksym-ustymenko-killed-1751178073.html |author= OLEKSANDRA BASHCHENKO |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=RBC News Ukraine|language=en}}</ref> === Venezuela === The [[Venezuela Air Force]] was the first Latin American operator of the F-16 and have used them on combat missions.{{sfn|Senior|2002|p=92}} Venezuela was granted permission to acquire 24 F-16s in the early 1980s, ordering 24 A/B models built to the Block 15 standard though they had originally sought 72. The purchase was rationalized to the American Government as a defense against Communism, specifically [[Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force|Cuban]] [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23|MiG-23s]] and [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21s]] and were used to equip Escuadrón 161 “Caribes” and Escuadrón 162 “Gavilanes” of Grupo Aéreo de Caza No.16 “Dragones”.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=95&Itemid=47 |title=Venezuelan Coup Attempt, 1992 |publisher=ACIG.info |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |last2=Sosa |first2=Juan |date=26 August 2007 |access-date=13 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200843/http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=95&Itemid=47 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> During the [[November 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt]], two F-16A belonging to the government loyalist managed to shoot down two [[OV-10 Bronco]] and an [[Embraer EMB 312 Tucano|AT-27 Tucano]] flown by the rebels and establishing aerial superiority for the government forces.<ref name=":3" /> Two armed F-16s of the Venezuelan Air Force flew over the U.S. Navy destroyer [[USS Jason Dunham|USS ''Jason Dunham'']] while in international waters, in what the [[U.S. Department of Defense]] described as a "show of force" and "highly provocative move". The action happened amidst tension between the U.S. and Venezuela due to ongoing [[2025 United States military campaign against cartels|U.S. military campaign]] against certain Latin American drug cartels.<ref>{{cite web |first1=James |last1=LaPorta |first2=Charlie |last2=D'Agata |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/venezuela-fighter-jets-navy-ship-trump-maduro/ |title=Venezuelan fighter jets flew over U.S. Navy ship in "show of force" |website=CBS News |date=4 September 2025 |access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Phil |last1=Stewart |first2=Kanishka |last2=Singh |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/venezuelan-military-aircraft-fly-near-us-warship-provocative-move-pentagon-says-2025-09-05/ |title=Venezuelan military aircraft fly near US warship in 'provocative move', Pentagon says |website=Reuters |date=5 September 2025 |access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref> ===Others=== [[File:Iraqi Air Force F-16 Fighting Falcon flies over an undisclosed location July 18 2019.jpg|thumb|right|[[Iraqi Air Force]] F-16C]] Two F-16B of the [[Indonesian Air Force]] intercepted and engaged several US Navy F/A-18 Hornets over the [[Java Sea]] in the [[2003 Bawean incident]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Indonesian, U.S. Jets Face Off Near Java |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jul-05-fg-indo5-story.html |work=[[The Los Angeles Times]] |date=5 July 2003 |access-date=31 December 2024}}</ref> The [[Royal Moroccan Air Force]] and the [[Royal Bahraini Air Force]] each lost a single F-16C, both shot down by [[Houthi]] anti-aircraft fire during the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]], respectively on 11 May 2015 and on 30 December 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://warisboring.com/the-houthis-do-it-yourself-air-defenses-3/ |title=The Houthis' Do-It-Yourself Air Defenses |date=23 January 2018 |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085719/https://warisboring.com/the-houthis-do-it-yourself-air-defenses-3/ |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 October 2023, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Regional Security Mira Resnick confirmed to [[Jorge Argüello]], [[Argentina|Argentinean]] ambassador to the US, that the State Department has approved the transfer of 38 F-16s from [[Denmark]].<ref>{{cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=US State Department clears transfer of 38 F-16 fighters from Denmark to Argentina |url=https://airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2023-news-aviation-aerospace/october/9293-us-state-department-clears-the-transfer-of-38-f-16-viper-fighter-jets-from-denmark-to-argentina.html |website=airrecognition.com |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013093058/https://airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2023-news-aviation-aerospace/october/9293-us-state-department-clears-the-transfer-of-38-f-16-viper-fighter-jets-from-denmark-to-argentina.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 16 April 2024, it was announced by defense minister [[Luis Petri]] that the country went through with the purchase of 24+1 Danish F-16s, that are to be brought up to date before they are sent to Argentina.<ref name="Mainardi">{{Cite web |last=Mainardi |first=Patricia Fernández |date=2024-10-16 |title=F-16 Fighting Falcon: ¿cuándo arribarán a Argentina los 24 aviones comprados a Dinamarca? |url=https://defonline.com.ar/defensa/f-16-fighting-falcon-cuando-arribaran-a-argentina-los-24-aviones-comprados-a-dinamarca/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=DefOnline |language=es-AR |ref=CITEREFMainardi2024a}}</ref> The 25th plane, an F-16B MLU Block 10, meant for mechanics training, came disassembled in an Argentinian [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130]] in late December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mainardi |first=Patricia Fernández |date=2024-12-21 |title=El primer F-16 ya está en Argentina: cuántos llegarán en 2025 y el balance de Petri sobre su primer año de gestión |url=https://www.infobae.com/def/2024/12/21/el-primer-f-16-ya-esta-en-argentina-cuantos-llegaran-en-2025-y-el-balance-de-petri-sobre-su-primer-ano-de-gestion/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=infobae |language=es-AR |ref=CITEREFMainardi2024b}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina chooses US-built F-16 fighters over Chinese JF-17s |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2024/01/29/argentina-chooses-us-built-f-16-fighters-over-chinese-jf-17s |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> The first aircraft, a F-16B, was unveiled in [[Buenos Aires]] on 24 February 2025.<ref name="ArgDeliv">{{cite web |title=Argentine Air Force unveils first F-16 Fighting Falcon |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/industry/argentine-air-force-unveils-first-f-16-fighting-falcon |website=Jane's |access-date=29 April 2025 |date=28 February 2025}}</ref> F-16s of the [[Royal Thai Air Force]] were used to strike several Cambodian military targets during the [[2025 Cambodia–Thailand conflict]] in July<ref>{{cite news |first1=Panarat |last1=Thepgumpanat |first2=Chantha |last2=Lach |first3=Panu |last3=Wongcha-um |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/thai-fighter-jet-bombs-cambodian-targets-border-battle-escalates-2025-07-24/ |title=Thai fighter jet bombs Cambodian targets as border battle escalates |work=[[Reuters]] |date=25 July 2025 |access-date=27 July 2025 |language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationthailand.com/news/asean/40053114 |title=Thailand's F-16s and Gripens jointly bomb Cambodian indirect fire positions to defend two strategic areas |website=NationThailand.com |date=26 July 2025 |access-date=27 July 2025 |language=EN}}</ref> and December 2025.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Thomas |last1=Newdick |url=https://www.twz.com/news-features/thai-f-16s-bomb-targets-along-disputed-cambodian-border |title=Thai F-16s Bomb Targets Along Disputed Cambodian Border |work=TWZ.com |date=8 December 2025 |access-date=12 December 2025 |language=EN}}</ref> ===Civilian operators=== ====Top Aces==== In January 2021, Canadian defence contractor [[Top Aces]] announced that they had taken delivery of the first civilian owned F-16s to their US HQ in Mesa, Arizona.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Aces Brings 1st Israeli F-16s Back to the US |date=19 February 2021 |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/top-aces-brings-1st-israeli-f-16s-back-to-the-us/}}</ref> In an approval process that had taken years, they had purchased a batch of 29 F-16A/B ''Netz'' from the Israeli Air Force, including several that had taken part in Operation Opera. A year later, the first of these aircraft had finished the extensive AAMS mission system upgrades including AESA radar, HMCS, ECM, and Tactical Datalink. In late 2022 they began regular operations flying as contracted aggressors for USAF F-22 and F-35 squadrons in Luke AFB and Eglin AFB, as well as supporting exercises in other USAF and USMC bases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/top-aces-private-f-16-fleet-wins-usaf-contract-for-adversary-air/150198.article|title=Top Aces' private F-16 fleet wins USAF contract for adversary air|website=Flight Global}}</ref> ==Variants== {{main|General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants}} [[File:ROCAF F-16B 6826 Taxiing at Hualien Air Force Base 20170923b.jpg|thumb|A Republic of China Air Force F-16B landing at [[Hualien Air Force Base]]]] [[File:Take-off F-16B Venezuela (11037665315).jpg|thumb|[[Venezuelan Air Force]] F-16B]] [[File:F-35 Divertless Supersonic Inlet F-16.jpg|thumb|Testing of the F-35 [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] on an F-16 testbed. The original intake with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plate]] is shown in the top image.]] F-16 models are denoted by increasing block numbers to denote upgrades. The blocks cover both single- and two-seat versions. A variety of software, hardware, systems, weapons compatibility, and structural enhancements have been instituted over the years to gradually upgrade production models and [[retrofit]] delivered aircraft.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} While many F-16s were produced according to these block designs, there have been many other variants with [[F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#Major modification variants|significant changes]], usually because of [[F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#Major upgrade programs|modification programs]]. Other changes have resulted in role-specialization, such as the [[F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#Special mission variants|close air support and reconnaissance variants]]. Several models were also developed to [[F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#Technology demonstrators, and test variants|test new technology]]. The F-16 design also inspired the design of other aircraft, which are considered [[F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#Derivative fighters|derivatives]]. Older F-16s are being converted into [[F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#QF-16|QF-16 drone targets]].<ref name="QF-16">{{cite web |publisher=Boeing |title=Boeing Receives 1st F-16 for Conversion into QF-16 Aerial Drone |date=27 May 2010 |url=https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2010-05-27-Boeing-Receives-1st-F-16-for-Conversion-into-QF-16-Aerial-Drone |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601034224/http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1229 |archive-date=1 June 2010}}</ref> ; {{visible anchor|F-16A/B}}: The F-16A (single seat) and F-16B (two seat) were initial production variants. These variants include the Block 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 versions. Block 15 was the first major change to the F-16 with larger horizontal stabilizers. It is the most numerous of all F-16 variants with 983 produced. Around 300 earlier USAF F-16A and B aircraft were upgraded to the Block 15 [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16 Mid-Life Update|Mid-Life Update]] (MLU) standard, getting analogous capability to F-16C/D Block 50/52 aircraft.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hehs |first=Eric |date=2014-02-19 |title=History Of The F-16 Fighting Falcon |url=https://www.codeonemagazine.com/article.html?item_id=23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402092757/https://www.codeonemagazine.com/article.html?item_id=23 |archive-date=2023-04-02 |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=Code One Magazine}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |date=12 October 2023 |title=Ukraine conflict: Belgium joins Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands in promising F-16s to Kyiv |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/ukraine-conflict-belgium-joins-denmark-norway-the-netherlands-in-promising-f-16s-to-kyiv |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref> From 1987 a total of 214 Block 15 aircraft were upgraded to OCU (Operational Capability Upgrade) standard, with engines, structural and electronic improvements, and from 1988 all Block 15 were directly built to OCU specifications. Between 1989 and 1992 a total of 271 Block 15OCU airframes (246 F-16A and 25 F-16B) were converted at the Ogden Air Logistic Center to the ADF (Air Defense Fighter) variant, with improved IFF system, radio and radar, the ability to carry advanced Beyond Visual Range missiles and the addition of a side-mounted 150,000 candlepower spotlight for visual night identification of intruders. Originally intended for Cold-War air defense of the continental U.S. airspace, with the fall of the Berlin Wall the ADF lost a clear mission, and most were mothballed starting from 1994. Some mothballed ADFs were later exported to Jordan (12 -A and 4 -B models) and Thailand (15 -A and 1 -B), while 30 -A and 4 -B models were leased to Italy from 2003 to 2012<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.f-16.net/f-16_versions_article14.html|title=F-16 ADF - Air Defense Fighter - F-16.net|website=www.f-16.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fanpage.it/attualita/addio-agli-f-16-restituiti-agli-usa-dopo-9-anni-di-leasing/ |title=Addio agli F-16, restituiti agli USA dopo 9 anni di leasing (VIDEO) |work=Fanpage |date=23 May 2012}}</ref> [[File:190320-F-BU402-0064.jpg|thumb|An F-16D assigned to the 416th Flight Test Squadron, 412th Test Wing, Air Force Test Center, flies over the Mojave Desert near Edwards AFB, California]] ; {{visible anchor|F-16C/D}}: [[File:F-16C Block 50M de la Fuerza aerea de Chile.jpg|thumb|F-16C Block 50M of the [[Chilean Air Force]]]]The F-16C (single seat) and F-16D (two seat) variants entered production in 1984. The first C/D version was the Block 25 with improved cockpit avionics and radar which added all-weather capability with [[Beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] (BVR) AIM-7 and AIM-120 air-air missiles. Block 30/32, 40/42, and 50/52 were later C/D versions.<ref name=Darling_p58-62>{{harvnb|Darling|2003|pp=58–62}}</ref> The F-16C/D had a unit cost of US$18.8&nbsp;million (1998).<ref name=AF_fact_sh/> [[Operating cost|Operational cost]] per flight hour has been estimated at $7,000<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saurabh |first1=Joshi |title=Gripen operational cost lowest of all western fighters: Jane's |date=4 July 2012 |publisher=Stratpost |access-date=4 July 2012 |url=https://stratpost.com/gripen-operational-cost-lowest-of-all-western-fighters-janes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216090306/http://www.stratpost.com/gripen-operational-cost-lowest-of-all-western-fighters-janes |archive-date=16 February 2014}}</ref> to $22,470<ref>{{cite report |id=DD-A&T(Q&A)823–198 |date=31 December 2011 |last1=Venlet |first1=David |title=F-35 Selected Acquisition Report (SAR) |page=84 |publisher=Defense Acquisition Management Information Retrieval |access-date=27 August 2012 |url=https://www.acqnotes.com/Attachments/F-35%20Selected%20Acquisition%20Report%20Dec%2011.pdf |url-status=live |type=pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513233905/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/dae/articles/communiques/F-35Dec11FinalSAR-3-29-2012.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012}}</ref> or $24,000, depending on the calculation method.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Trimble |first1=Steven |title=EXCLUSIVE: US Air Force combat fleet's true operational costs revealed |date=26 August 2011 |publisher=[[Flight International]] |access-date=27 August 2012 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/the-dewline/2011/08/exclusive-us-air-force-combat.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129021417/http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/the-dewline/2011/08/exclusive-us-air-force-combat.html |archive-date=29 January 2012 |ref=CITEREFTrimble2011b}}</ref>{{Unreliable source? |date=April 2023 |reason=Blog source no longer available.}} [[File:F-16e block60.jpg|thumb|[[United Arab Emirates Air Force]] F-16E Block 60 with the IFTS pod, CFTs, and various external armament taking off]] ; {{visible anchor|F-16E/F}}: The F-16E (single seat) and F-16F (two seat) are newer F-16 Block 60 variants based on the F-16C/D Block 50/52. The [[United Arab Emirates]] invested heavily in their development. They feature improved [[AN/APG-80]] [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) radar, [[infrared search and track]] (IRST), avionics, [[conformal fuel tank]]s (CFTs), and the more powerful [[General Electric F110]]-GE-132 engine.<ref name=Darling_p62-3>{{harvnb|Darling|2003|pp=62–63}}</ref><ref name=fg1>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/11/11/219363/dubai-2007-uae-shows-off-its-most-advanced-falcons.html |title=Dubai 2007: UAE shows off its most advanced Falcons |publisher=Reed Business Information Limited |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402230254/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/11/11/219363/dubai-2007-uae-shows-off-its-most-advanced-falcons.html |archive-date=2 April 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="def">{{cite web|url=https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/the-uaes-f-16-block-60-desert-falcon-fleet-04538/ |title=Top Falcons: The UAE's F-16 Block 60/61 Fighters|work=Defense Industry Daily|date=19 July 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826043827/https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/the-uaes-f-16-block-60-desert-falcon-fleet-04538/|archive-date=26 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|The [[F-16XL]] was originally referred to as "F-16E", with "F-16F" reserved for a variant, however this was dropped after the decision was made to procure the [[F-15E Strike Eagle]] instead.<ref>{{harvnb|Darling|2003|p=63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Piccirillo |first1=Albert C. |title=Elegance in Flight: A Comprehensive History of the F-16XL Experimental Prototype and its Role in NASA Flight Research |date=2014 |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-62683-022-6 |page=143}}</ref>|group=N}} ; {{visible anchor|F-16IN}}: For the [[Indian MRCA competition]] for the [[Indian Air Force]], Lockheed Martin offered the ''F-16IN Super Viper''.<ref>Pandey, Vinay. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/F-16-maker-Lockheed-mounts-an-India-campaign/articleshow/2706209.cms "F-16 maker Lockheed mounts an India campaign."] ''[[Times of India]]'', 17 January 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2011.</ref> The F-16IN is based on the F-16E/F Block 60 and features conformal fuel tanks; AN/APG-80 AESA radar, General Electric F110-GE-132A engine with [[FADEC]] controls; electronic warfare suite and [[Infra-red search and track|infrared search and track (IRST)]] unit; updated glass cockpit; and a helmet-mounted cueing system.<ref name="F-16IN page">{{cite web |url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f16/ |title=F-16IN page |access-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221041043/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f16/ |archive-date=21 February 2009 |publisher=[[Lockheed Martin]]}}</ref> As of 2011, the F-16IN is no longer in the competition.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Trimble |first1=Stephen |title=Tellis: US fighters lost MMRCA contract due to technical faults |date=3 June 2011 |publisher=[[Flight International]] |access-date=9 September 2011 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/06/03/357566/tellis-us-fighters-lost-mmrca-contract-due-to-technical.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903164144/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/06/03/357566/tellis-us-fighters-lost-mmrca-contract-due-to-technical.html |archive-date=3 September 2011 |ref=CITEREFTrimble2011a}}</ref>{{Unreliable source? |date=April 2023 |reason=Blog source no longer available}} In 2016, Lockheed Martin offered the new F-16 Block 70/72 version to India under the [[Make in India]] program.<ref name="block70/72">{{cite news |title=In exclusive deal, India to get 'most advanced' F-16 fighter jets by 2019–20|url=http://m.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/in-exclusive-deal-india-to-get-most-advanced-f16-fighter-jets-by-201920/article8835851.ece|access-date=11 July 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lockheedmartin.com/us/who-we-are/global/india.html |title=F-16 Block 70 Under Make in India|website=lockheedmartin.com|access-date=6 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814172356/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/who-we-are/global/india.html|archive-date=14 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, the Indian government offered to purchase 200 (potentially up to 300) fighters in a deal worth $13–15bn.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/govt-offers-to-buy-200-foreign-fighter-jets-if-they-are-made-in-india/articleshow/55130201.cms |title=Govt offers to buy 200 foreign fighter jets if they are Made in India |access-date=21 June 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609023740/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/govt-offers-to-buy-200-foreign-fighter-jets-if-they-are-made-in-india/articleshow/55130201.cms |archive-date=9 June 2017}}</ref> As of 2017, Lockheed Martin has agreed to manufacture F-16 Block 70 fighters in India with the Indian defense firm Tata Advanced Systems Limited. The new production line could be used to build F-16s for India and for exports.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/us-agrees-to-build-f-16-fighter-jets-in-india/ |title=Lockheed Martin Agrees to Build F-16 Fighter Jets in India|first=Franz-Stefan |last=Gady |date=20 June 2017 |access-date=21 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620172516/https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/us-agrees-to-build-f-16-fighter-jets-in-india/|archive-date=20 June 2017|url-status=live|website=The Diplomat |ref=CITEREFGady2017b}}</ref> ; {{visible anchor|F-16IQ}}: In September 2010, the [[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]] informed the [[United States Congress]] of a possible Foreign Military Sale of 18 F-16IQ aircraft along with the associated equipment and services to the newly reformed [[Iraqi Air Force]]. The total value of sale was estimated at {{US$|4.2 billion}}.<ref>{{cite press release |last1=Taylor |first1=Charles |last2=Ebner |first2=Paul |title=IRAQ – F-16 AIRCRAFT |date=15 September 2010 |publisher=[[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]] |id=10-23 |access-date=4 February 2011 |url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/iraq-f-16-aircraft-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928173307/http://www.dsca.osd.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2010/iraq_10-23.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2010}}</ref> The Iraqi Air Force purchased those 18 jets in the second half of 2011, then later exercised an option to purchase 18 more for a total of 36 F-16IQs.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Tyler |last=Rogoway |date=2014-05-07 |title=Iraq's F-16s Have A Cool Paint Job But Antiquated Weapons |url=https://jalopnik.com/iraqs-f-16s-have-a-cool-paint-job-but-antiquated-weapon-1573085398 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Jalopnik |language=en}}</ref> {{as of|2021}}, the Iraqi had lost two in accidents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |date=2021-01-07 |title=The Iraqi Air Force's F-16 Fleet Is On The Brink Of Collapse Despite Showy Flybys |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/38594/the-iraqi-air-forces-f-16-fleet-is-on-the-brink-of-collapse-despite-showy-flybys |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=The War Zone |language=en}}</ref> By 2023, the US government reported that these jets were Iraq's most capable airborne platforms with a 66 percent mission-capable rate. Their maintenance was being supported by private contractors. At the same time, Iraq's Russian-made systems were suffering from sanctions imposed in the wake of [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |date=2023-05-03 |title=Iraq's F-16 Fleet Surges In Importance Thanks In Part To War In Ukraine |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/iraqs-f-16-fleet-surges-in-importance-thanks-in-part-to-war-in-ukraine |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=The War Zone |language=en}}</ref> ; {{visible anchor|F-16N}}: The F-16N was an adversary aircraft operated by the [[United States Navy]]. It is based on the standard F-16C/D Block 30, is powered by the General Electric F110-GE-100 engine, and is capable of [[supercruise]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What it Was Like Flying and Fighting the F-16N Viper, Topgun's Legendary Hotrod|date=9 May 2016 |url=http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/3383/what-it-was-like-flying-and-fighting-the-f-16n-viper-topguns-legendary-hotrod|access-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218145615/http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/3383/what-it-was-like-flying-and-fighting-the-f-16n-viper-topguns-legendary-hotrod|archive-date=18 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The F-16N has a strengthened wing and is capable of carrying an Air Combat Maneuvering Instrumentation (ACMI) pod on the starboard wingtip. Although the single-seat F-16Ns and twin-seat (T)F-16Ns are based on the early-production small-inlet Block 30 F-16C/D airframe, they retain the APG-66 radar of the F-16A/B. In addition, the aircraft's {{nowrap|20 mm}} cannon has been removed, as has the airborne self-protection jammer (ASPJ), and they carry no missiles. Their EW fit consists of an ALR-69 radar warning receiver (RWR) and an ALE-40 chaff/flare dispenser. The F-16Ns and (T)F-16Ns have the standard Air Force tailhook and undercarriage and are not aircraft carrier–capable. Production totaled 26 airframes, of which 22 are single-seat F-16Ns and 4 are twin-seat TF-16Ns. The initial batch of aircraft was in service between 1988 and 1998. At that time, hairline cracks were discovered in several bulkheads, and the Navy did not have the resources to replace them, so the aircraft were eventually retired, with one aircraft sent to the collection of the [[National Naval Aviation Museum]] at [[NAS Pensacola]], Florida, and the remainder placed in storage at [[Davis-Monthan AFB]]. These aircraft were later replaced by embargoed ex-Pakistani F-16s in 2003. The original inventory of F-16Ns was previously operated by adversary squadrons at [[NAS Oceana]], Virginia; [[NAS Key West]], Florida; and the former [[NAS Miramar]], California. The current F-16A/B aircraft are operated by the [[Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center]] at [[NAS Fallon]], Nevada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f-16.net/f-16_versions_article22.html |title=F-16 Versions – (T)F-16N|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017232819/http://www.f-16.net/f-16_versions_article22.html|archive-date=17 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnic.navy.mil/Regions/cnrsw/installations/nas_fallon/about/nsawc/ |title=Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center|access-date=13 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923222307/http://www.cnic.navy.mil/regions/cnrsw/installations/nas_fallon/about/nsawc.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=1100&tid=1150&ct=1 |title=The US Navy – Fact File: F-16A/B Fighting Falcon Fighter|author=Petty, Dan |access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814052614/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=1100&tid=1150&ct=1|archive-date=14 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ; {{visible anchor|[[Lockheed Martin F-16V Viper]]}}: At the 2012 Singapore Air Show, Lockheed Martin unveiled plans for the new F-16V variant with the V suffix for its Viper nickname. It features an [[AN/APG-83]] [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) radar, a new mission computer and electronic warfare suite, an automated ground collision avoidance system, and various cockpit improvements; this package is an option on current production F-16s and can be retrofitted to most in service F-16s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-lockheed-martin-announces-f-16v-development-368323/ |title=Singapore: Lockheed Martin announces F-16V development. |publisher=Reed Business Information Limited|access-date=13 September 2014|date=15 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822145007/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-lockheed-martin-announces-f-16v-development-368323/|archive-date=22 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense-news/2015/10/21/lockheeds-new-f-16v-flies-advanced-aesa-radar/74319238/ |title=Lockheed's New F-16V Flies With Advanced AESA Radar |last1=Seligman |first1=Lara |date= 21 October 2015 |website= Defense News |access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> First flight took place 21 October 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2015-10-23/first-f-16v-developed-taiwan-requirement-takes-flight |title=First F-16V Developed for Taiwan Requirement Takes Flight|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108233505/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2015-10-23/first-f-16v-developed-taiwan-requirement-takes-flight|archive-date=8 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Taiwanese media reported that Taiwan and the U.S. both initially invested in the development of the F-16V.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Salmonsen |first1=Renée |title=Taiwan earns money off Korean fighter jet purchase |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3369953 |work=Taiwan News |date=23 February 2018 |access-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607200632/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3369953 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Upgrades to Taiwan's F-16 fleet began in January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/taiwan-begins-upgrade-of-144-f-16-fighter-jets/ |title=Taiwan Begins Upgrade of 144 F-16 Fighter Jets|first=Franz-Stefan |last=Gady |date=24 January 2017 |work=The Diplomat|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109181043/https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/taiwan-begins-upgrade-of-144-f-16-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2018|url-status=live |ref=CITEREFGady2017a}}</ref> The first country to confirm the purchase of 16 new F-16 Block 70/72 was Bahrain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/bahrain-order-keeps-f-16-production-ticking-over-449705/ |title=Bahrain order keeps F-16 production ticking over|date=25 June 2018|access-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720002739/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/bahrain-order-keeps-f-16-production-ticking-over-449705/|archive-date=20 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2018/06/25/lockheed-lands-first-customer-for-its-new-f-16.html?ana=yahoo&yptr=yahoo |title=Lockheed lands first customer for its new F-16 fighter jet |website=The Business Journals |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308095555/https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2018/06/25/lockheed-lands-first-customer-for-its-new-f-16.html?ana=yahoo&yptr=yahoo |archive-date=8 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Greece]] announced the upgrade of 84 F-16C/D Block 52+ and Block 52+ Advanced (Block 52M) to the latest V (Block 70/72) variant in October 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/government-greece-upgrade-f-16-aircraft-f-16-block-v-configuration/ |title=Government of Greece – Upgrade of F-16 Aircraft to F-16 Block V Configuration |publisher=Defence Security Cooperation Agency |language=en-US |access-date=23 December 2021 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223084934/https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/government-greece-upgrade-f-16-aircraft-f-16-block-v-configuration |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/f-16/f-16-greece.html |title=F-16V for the Hellenic Air Force |website=Lockheed Martin |date=2 March 2018 |language=en-US |access-date=23 December 2021 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223084925/https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/f-16/f-16-greece.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Slovakia announced on 11 July 2018 that it intends to purchase 14 F-16 Block 70/72 aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/slovakia-to-purchase-14-lockheed-martin-f-16vs-450130/ |title=Slovakia to purchase 14 Lockheed Martin F-16s |date=12 July 2018 |first=Reim |last=Garrett |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713205639/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/slovakia-to-purchase-14-lockheed-martin-f-16vs-450130/ |archive-date=13 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2018/11/18/with-f-16-buy-slovakia-cutting-off-russian-hardware/ |title=With F-16 buy, Slovakia 'cutting off' Russian hardware |last=Gould |first=Joe |date=18 November 2018 |website=Defense News |language=en-US |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181120160527/https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2018/11/18/with-f-16-buy-slovakia-cutting-off-russian-hardware/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Lockheed Martin has redesignated the F-16V Block 70 as the "F-21" in its offering for India's fighter requirement.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aero-india-f16v-rechristened-f-21-for-new-delhi-455954/ |title = AERO INDIA: F16V rechristened 'F-21' for New Delhi fighter deal|date = 20 February 2019|access-date = 23 February 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224144/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aero-india-f16v-rechristened-f-21-for-new-delhi-455954/|archive-date = 21 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Taiwan's [[Republic of China Air Force]] announced on 19 March 2019 that it formally requested the purchase of an additional 66 F-16V fighters.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/pressured-by-china-s-military-updates-taiwan-asks-us-for-more-weapons/4842487.html |title=Pressured by China's Military Updates, Taiwan Asks US for More Weapons |date=22 March 2019 |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407235541/https://www.voanews.com/a/pressured-by-china-s-military-updates-taiwan-asks-us-for-more-weapons/4842487.html |archive-date=7 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Donald Trump|Trump]] administration approved the sale on 20 August 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/16/world/asia/taiwan-f16.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/16/world/asia/taiwan-f16.html |archive-date=2 January 2022 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=Trump Administration Approves F-16 Fighter Jet Sales to Taiwan|last=Wong|first=Edward |date=16 August 2019 |work=The New York Times|access-date=19 August 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/taipei-economic-and-cultural-representative-office-united-states-tecro-f-16cd-block |title=Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States (TECRO) – F-16C/D Block 70 Aircraft and Related Equipment and Support |website=dsca.mil |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826201111/https://dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/taipei-economic-and-cultural-representative-office-united-states-tecro-f-16cd-block |url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 August 2020, Lockheed Martin was awarded a [[United States dollar|US$]]62&nbsp;billion contract by the US DoD<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2313931// |title=Contracts For Aug. 14, 2020 AIR FORCE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815133519/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2313931/ |archive-date=15 August 2020 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref> that includes 66 new F-16s at US$8&nbsp;billion (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=8000000000|start_year=2020}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) for Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web|title=66 new fighter jets to arrive in Taiwan by 2026|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3815244|website=[[Taiwan News]]|date=12 November 2019|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919125520/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3815244|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:QF-16.JPG|thumb|USAF QF-16A, on its first unmanned test flight, over the Gulf of Mexico]] ; {{visible anchor|QF-16}}: In September 2013, [[Boeing]] and the U.S. Air Force tested an unmanned F-16, with two US Air Force pilots controlling the airplane from the ground as it flew from [[Tyndall Air Force Base|Tyndall AFB]] over the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.3news.co.nz/Forget-drones---F-16-makes-unmanned-flight/tabid/412/articleID/314739/Default.aspx |title= Forget drones – F-16 makes unmanned flight|publisher= 3 news|access-date= 13 September 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131104021338/http://www.3news.co.nz/Forget-drones---F-16-makes-unmanned-flight/tabid/412/articleID/314739/Default.aspx|archive-date= 4 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/467196/first-unmanned-qf-16-flight-takes-place/ |title= First unmanned QF-16 flight takes place |date= 24 September 2013 |publisher= AF |access-date= 13 September 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140915031154/http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/467196/first-unmanned-qf-16-flight-takes-place.aspx |archive-date= 15 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/defense/support/qf-16/index.page |title=Boeing|access-date=21 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101012154/http://www.boeing.com/defense/support/qf-16/index.page|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Related developments=== ;[[Vought Model 1600]]: Proposed naval variant ;[[General Dynamics F-16XL]]: 1980s technology demonstrator ;[[General Dynamics NF-16D VISTA]]: 1990s experimental fighter ;[[Mitsubishi F-2]]: 1990s Japanese multirole fighter based on the F-16 {{clear}} ==Operators== [[File:F-16 Operators 2025-12-8.svg|alt=World map showing F-16 operators. Current operators are the US, Venezuela, Chile, Portugal, Morocco, The Netherlands, Belgium, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Greece, Turkey, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Bahrain, the UAE, Oman, Pakistan, Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea, Taiwan and Argentina. Former operators are Norway and Italy. Future operators are Slovakia, and Bulgaria.|thumb|Operators: {{legend|#0B60D4|Current}} {{legend|#DC0023|Former}} {{legend|#333333|Future}}]] [[File:F-16C block 52+ fighter jet, Hellenic Air Force (November 2010).jpg|thumb|F-16C Block 52 of the [[Hellenic Air Force]] with conformal fuel tanks and Advanced [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] (AIFF)]] {{main|General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operators}} As of 2024, there were 2,145 F-16s in active service around the world.<ref name="Lock Ready">{{cite web |url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/news/press-releases/2010/july/LockheedMartinF-16ReadyFo.html |title=Lockheed Martin F-16 Is Ready for the Future As The World's Most Advanced 4th Generation Fighter |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815135515/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/news/press-releases/2010/july/LockheedMartinF-16ReadyFo.html |archive-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Morales |first=Jowi |date=2024-06-29 |title=How Many Fighter Jets Does Ukraine Have: What Kind Are They? |url=https://www.slashgear.com/1608075/how-many-fighter-jets-ukraine-what-kind/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=SlashGear |language=en-US}}</ref> {{colbegin|colwidth=20em}} *{{ARG}} *{{BHR}} - [[Royal Bahraini Air Force]] operates 16 single-seat F-16C Block 40s and 4 dual-seat F-16D Block 40s.<ref name="Bahrain’s first F-16C/D Block 70s delivery">{{cite web |last=Cenciotti |first=David |url=https://www.key.aero/article/bahrains-first-f-16cd-block-70s-delivery |title=Bahrain's first F-16C/D Block 70s delivery |website=Key.Aero |publisher=Key Publishing |date=2023-03-13 |access-date=2026-02-25}}</ref> *{{BEL}} *{{CHI}} <!-- *{{CRO}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Croatia to Buy F-16 Jets from Israel in a $500M Deal |url=http://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/33654 |website=israeldefense.co.il |publisher=IsraelDefense |access-date=3 August 2018 |language=en |date=29 March 2018}}</ref> --> *{{EGY}} *{{GRE}} *{{IDN}} *{{IRQ}} *{{ISR}} *{{JOR}} - [[Royal Jordanian Air Force]] operates 44 F-16AM Block 20 MLU and 15-18 F-16BM Block 20 MLU. *{{OMA}} *{{PAK}} *{{POR}} *{{ROM}} *{{SGP}} *{{SVK}}<!-- On 12 December 2018, the contract to acquire 14 F-16 Block 70/72s was officially signed by Slovakian Minister of Defense Peter Gajdos. Deliveries are scheduled to start in 2022. --><ref>{{cite web |title=Slovakia's Government approves purchase of US F-16 fighter jets |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/slovakias-purchase-f-16-fighter-jets/ |website=Air Force Technology |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214181616/https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/slovakias-purchase-f-16-fighter-jets/ |archive-date=14 December 2018 |date=14 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Slovakia inks deal to buy 14 F-16s from US Lockheed Martin |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/slovakia-inks-deal-to-buy-14-f-16s-from-us-lockheed-martin/2018/12/12/bbf396d6-fe13-11e8-a17e-162b712e8fc2_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212174718/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/slovakia-inks-deal-to-buy-14-f-16s-from-us-lockheed-martin/2018/12/12/bbf396d6-fe13-11e8-a17e-162b712e8fc2_story.html |archive-date=12 December 2018 |location=Bratislava, Slovakia |date=12 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{KOR}} *{{THA}} *{{TUR}} *{{UKR}} *{{UAE}} *{{USA}} *{{VEN}} {{Colend}}<!-- Further details covered in [[F-16 Fighting Falcon operators]]. --> ===Former operators=== *{{DEN}} – [[Royal Danish Air Force]] sold 24 F-16s to [[Argentine Air Force]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McNeil |first=Harry |date=2024-03-27 |title=Denmark strikes deal to offload 24 F-16 fighter jets to Argentina |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/denmark-strikes-deal-to-offload-24-f-16-fighter-jets-to-argentina/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Airforce Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> 19 F-16s donated to [[Ukrainian Air Force]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/denmark-f-16-ukraine-fleet-decommissioned-1892643|title=NATO Ally Confirms F-16 to Ukraine as 'Entire Fleet' Decommissioned|work=[[Newsweek]]|first=Daniel|last=Orton|date=22 April 2024|access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> *{{ITA}} – [[Italian Air Force]] used up to 30 F-16As and 4 F-16Bs of the Block 15 ADF variant, leased from the [[United States Air Force]], from 2003 to 2012.<ref>Shamim, Asif. [http://www.f-16.net/news_article4581.html "Italian F-16 'Peace Caesar' program comes to an end."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603043901/http://www.f-16.net/news_article4581.html |date=3 June 2012}} F-16.net, 24 May 2012.</ref> *{{MOR}} - The [[Royal Moroccan Air Force]] is converting its 23 F-16C/D Block 52+ to F-16Vs.<ref name="Morocco modernizes military with next-gen F-16 fighters in major U.S. deal">{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Morocco modernizes military with next-gen F-16 fighters in major U.S. deal |url=https://en.7news.ma/morocco-modernizes-military-with-next-gen-f-16-fighters-in-major-u-s-deal/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260113103148/https://en.7news.ma/morocco-modernizes-military-with-next-gen-f-16-fighters-in-major-u-s-deal/ |url-status=live |website=7news Morocco |date=2025-04-05 |archive-date=2026-01-13 |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="Rare insight into Moroccan F-16C/D Block 52+ jets operations">{{cite web |last=Cenciotti |first=David |url=https://theaviationist.com/2014/05/08/rmaf-f-16-video/ |title=Rare insight into Moroccan F-16C/D Block 52+ jets operations |website=The Aviationist |date=May 8, 2014 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250915070431/https://theaviationist.com/2014/05/08/rmaf-f-16-video/ |archive-date=September 15, 2025 |url-status=live |access-date=March 5, 2026}}</ref><ref name="Raytheon receives $200 million order for Moroccan F-16 engines">{{cite web|title=Raytheon receives $200 million order for Moroccan F-16 engines |url=https://defenceweb.co.za/aerospace/aerospace-aerospace/raytheon-receives-200-million-order-for-moroccan-f-16-engines/ |website=defenceWeb |date=2025-02-06 |access-date=2025-02-26 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250206141633/https://defenceweb.co.za/aerospace/aerospace-aerospace/raytheon-receives-200-million-order-for-moroccan-f-16-engines/ |archive-date=2025-02-06 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Washington Selects Morocco in $304 Million F-16 Radar Support Contract">{{cite web |last=Assahifa Staff |first= |date=February 13, 2024 |title=Washington Selects Morocco in $304 Million F-16 Radar Support Contract |url=https://www.assahifa.com/english/morocco/washington-selects-morocco-in-304-million-f-16-radar-support-contract/ |website=Assahifa English |access-date=26 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> *{{NLD}} – [[Royal Netherlands Air and Space Force]] originally bought 213 aircraft. Later sold six F-16s to [[Royal Jordanian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruitenberg |first=Rudy |date=2024-02-05 |title=Netherlands halts F-16 sale to US firm, will send to Ukraine instead |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2024/02/05/netherlands-halts-f-16-sale-to-us-firm-will-send-to-ukraine-instead/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref> and 36 F-16s to [[Chilean Air Force]] in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=F-16.net - The ultimate F-16, F-35 and F-22 reference |url=https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article8.html#:~:text=Introduction,them%20upgraded%20to%20MLU%20standard. |access-date=2024-06-07 |website= f-16.net}}</ref> Donating the rest of the fleet of 42 aircraft to Ukraine in 2024.<ref name="Sabbagh2023Guardian" />{{Update inline|date=May 2025}} *{{NOR}} – [[Royal Norwegian Air Force]] (RNoAF) on 6 January 2022, Norway announced that all F-16s had been retired and replaced with the [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/norway-retires-f-16-as-f-35-takes-on-national-air-defence#:~:text=Norway%20has%20retired%20the%20Lockheed,from%20the%20beginning%20of%202022.&text=Although%20the%20F%2D16%20performed,will%20do%20so%20from%20Evenes.|title=Norway retires F-16 as F-35 takes on national air defence |date=7 January 2022 |access-date=5 February 2022|archive-date=23 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423025630/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/norway-retires-f-16-as-f-35-takes-on-national-air-defence#:~:text=Norway%20has%20retired%20the%20Lockheed,from%20the%20beginning%20of%202022.&text=Although%20the%20F%2D16%20performed,will%20do%20so%20from%20Evenes.|url-status=live}}</ref> The RNoAF sold 32 of their F-16s to [[Romanian Air Force]], with the remaining operational aircraft being donated to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Norway signs F-16-contract with Romania |date=4 November 2022 |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/norge-har-inngatt-kontrakt-om-salg-av-f-16-jagerfly-til-romania/id2945901/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Norway signs €388m deal with Romania to sell 32 F-16 fighter jets |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/norway-deal-romania-32-f16/ |website=Airforce-technology|date=7 November 2022}}</ref><ref name=NRK2023-08-24 >{{cite news |last1=Ulvin |first1=Philippe Bédos |last2=Sandven |first2=Synne Malen |last3=Kruse |first3=Jan Espen |last4=Uleberg |first4=Ingrid |date=2023-08-24 |title=Zelenskyj vil ha fredssamtaler i Norge |trans-title=Zelenskyj wants peace talks in Norway |url=https://www.nrk.no/urix/norge-gir-f-16-jagerfly_-_-en-historisk-avgjorelse-1.16527948 |language=NO |work=[[NRK]] |location=[[Kyiv]]/[[Oslo]] |access-date=2023-08-24}}</ref> *{{POL}} - The [[Polish Air Force]] is converting its 48 Block 52+ to F-16Vs.<ref name="Poland Finalizes Agreement to Modernize F-16 Fleet">{{cite web |last=Lockheed Martin |title=Poland Finalizes Agreement to Modernize F-16 Fleet |url=https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2025-08-14 |date=August 14, 2025 |website=Lockheed Martin Newsroom |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251204172611/https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2025-08-14 |archive-date=December 4, 2025 |access-date=March 5, 2026}}</ref> *{{ROC}}: The [[Republic of China Air Force]] has successfully completed the conversion of its existing 139 F-16s into the improved F-16V (Viper) version.<ref name="Taiwan’s Final Upgraded F-16V Completes Test Flights">{{cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |url=https://www.twz.com/taiwans-final-upgraded-f-16v-completes-test-flights |title=Taiwan's Final Upgraded F-16V Completes Test Flights |website=The War Zone |date=December 6, 2023 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260204003223/https://www.twz.com/taiwans-final-upgraded-f-16v-completes-test-flights |archive-date=February 4, 2026 |access-date=5 March 2026|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lockheed Martin Unveils Taiwan’s First Newly Built F-16 Block 70">{{cite web |last=D'Urso |first=Stefano |title=Lockheed Martin Unveils Taiwan's First Newly Built F-16 Block 70 |url=https://theaviationist.com/2025/04/01/taiwans-first-newly-built-f-16-block-70/ |website=The Aviationist |date=April 1, 2025 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260225172015/https://theaviationist.com/2025/04/01/taiwans-first-newly-built-f-16-block-70/ |archive-date=February 25, 2026 |url-status=live |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="Republic of China / Taiwan - Chung-kuo Kung Chun - Republic of China Air Force - RoCAF">{{cite web |title=Republic of China / Taiwan - Chung-kuo Kung Chun - Republic of China Air Force - RoCAF |url=https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article19.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260225120504/https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article19.html |archive-date=February 25, 2026 |url-status=live |website=F-16.net |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref> ==Notable accidents and incidents== {{see also|United States Air Force Thunderbirds#Accidents}} [[File:2003 Thunderbirds Mountain Home airshow crash ejection.jpg|thumb|thumbtime=2|A [[U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds]] pilot ejects from the F-16 just before impact at an air show in September 2003 at [[Mountain Home Air Force Base]]]] <!-- This section is only for notable aviation incidents and accidents. --> The F-16 has been involved in over 670 hull-loss accidents as of January 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/dblist.php?AcType=F16 |title=Aviation Safety Network > ASN Aviation Safety WikiBase > ASN Aviation Safety Database results |first=Harro |last=Ranter |work=aviation-safety.net |access-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809185648/https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/dblist.php?AcType=f16 |archive-date=9 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/mishaps-and-accidents/ |title=F-16 Mishaps & Accident Reports |work=f-16.net |access-date=28 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618103758/http://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/mishaps-and-accidents |archive-date=18 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> *On 8 May 1975, while practicing a 9-''g'' aerial display maneuver with the second YF-16 (tail number ''72-1568'') at [[Fort Worth, Texas]], prior to being sent to the [[Paris Air Show]], one of the main landing gears jammed. The test pilot, Neil Anderson, had to perform an emergency gear-up landing and chose to do so in the grass, hoping to minimize damage and avoid injuring any observers. The aircraft was only slightly damaged, but because of the mishap, the first prototype was sent to the Paris Air Show in its place.<ref>{{YouTube|9Djjmw6l3-4|"YF16 in Belly landing"}}. Retrieved 24 March 2011.</ref> *On 15 November 1982, while on a training flight outside [[Kunsan Air Base]] in South Korea, USAF Captain Ted Harduvel died when he crashed inverted into a mountain ridge. In 1985, Harduvel's widow filed a lawsuit against General Dynamics claiming an electrical malfunction, not pilot error, as the cause; a jury awarded the plaintiff {{nowrap|$3.4 million}} in damages. However, in 1989, the U.S. Court of Appeals ruled the contractor had immunity to lawsuits, overturning the previous judgment. The court remanded the case to the trial court "for entry of judgment in favor of General Dynamics".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/878/1311/166713/ |title=United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit. – 878 F.2d 1311. |work=Justia Law |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202133227/http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/878/1311/166713/ |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The accident and subsequent trial was the subject of the 1992 film ''[[Afterburn (1992 film)|Afterburn]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Schindehette |first1=Susan |editor-last1=Sider |editor-first1=Don |title=Pilot Error? An Angry Widow Rejects That Judgment |date=1 June 1992 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |publisher=[[Time Inc.]] |volume=37 |number=21 |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20112810,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508190016/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20112810,00.html |archive-date=8 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tucker |first1=Ken |title=Afterburn Review |date=29 May 1992 |publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,310657,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808042905/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,310657,00.html |archive-date=8 August 2011}}</ref> *On 23 March 1994, during a joint Army-Air Force exercise at [[Pope AFB]], North Carolina, F-16D (AF Serial No. 88-0171) of the [[23d Wing|23d Fighter Wing]] / [[74th Fighter Squadron]] was simulating an engine-out approach when it collided with a USAF C-130E. Both F-16 crew members ejected, but their aircraft, on full afterburner, continued on an arc towards Green Ramp and struck a USAF [[C-141]] that was being boarded by US Army paratroopers. This accident resulted in 24 fatalities and at least 100 others injured.<ref name="Fay Observer">{{cite web |last1=Brooks |first1=Drew |title=Fort Bragg Report: Green Ramp Disaster anniversary was March 23 |url=http://www.fayobserver.com/blogs/news/fort_bragg_report/fort-bragg-report-green-ramp-disaster-anniversary-was-march/article_535c6a22-cf68-11e4-a8be-d7909da5a604.html |website=Fay Observer |access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref> It has since been known as the "[[Green Ramp disaster]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19940323-2 |title=23 March 1994 crash |author=Harro Ranter |date=23 March 1994 |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103172548/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19940323-2 |archive-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> *On 15 September 2003, a [[United States Air Force Thunderbirds]] F-16C crashed during an air show at [[Mountain Home AFB]], Idaho. Captain Christopher Stricklin attempted a "[[split S]]" maneuver based on an incorrect mean-sea-level altitude of the airfield. Climbing to only {{convert|1670|ft|m|abbr=on}} above ground level instead of {{convert|2500|ft|m|abbr=on}}, Stricklin had insufficient altitude to complete the maneuver, but was able to guide the aircraft away from spectators and ejected less than one second before impact. Stricklin survived with only minor injuries; the aircraft was destroyed. USAF procedure for demonstration "Split-S" maneuvers was changed, requiring both pilots and controllers to use above-ground-level (AGL) altitudes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gladman |first1=Paul |title=Thunderbirds Lockheed Martin F-16 Ejection |date=3 October 2008 |publisher=FlightGlobal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/aircraft-pictures/2008/10/thunderbirds-lockheed-martin-f.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413061837/http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/aircraft-pictures/2008/10/thunderbirds-lockheed-martin-f.html |archive-date=13 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/138537/thunderbird-crashes-at-air-show/ |title=Thunderbird crashes at air show |publisher=[[US Air Force]] |date=15 September 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214024752/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123006413 |archive-date= 14 February 2006|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Entry covers the accident and is long enough as is. --> *On 26 January 2015, a Greek F-16D [[2015 Los Llanos Air Base crash|crashed]] while performing a NATO training exercise in [[Albacete]], Spain. Both crew members and nine French soldiers on the ground died when it crashed in the flight line, destroying or damaging two Italian [[AMX International AMX|AMX]]s, two French [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha jets]], and one French [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]].<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Greek fighter-jet crash in Spain leaves at least 10 dead |date=26 January 2015 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/26/spain-f16-fighter-jet-crash-albacete |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118045430/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/26/spain-f16-fighter-jet-crash-albacete |archive-date=18 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[Le Monde]] |title=Onze morts dont neuf Français lors du crash d'un avion de chasse en Espagne |date=28 January 2015 |language=fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2015/01/26/dix-morts-dans-le-crash-d-un-avion-de-chasse-grec-en-espagne_4563876_3214.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128025205/http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2015/01/26/dix-morts-dans-le-crash-d-un-avion-de-chasse-grec-en-espagne_4563876_3214.html |archive-date=28 January 2015 |via=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]}}</ref> Investigations suggested that the accident was due to an erroneous rudder setting that was caused by loose papers in the cockpit.<ref>{{cite news |last1=González |first1=Miguel |title=Loose papers in cockpit likely cause of F-16 crash at NATO base in Albacete |date=29 July 2015 |publisher=[[El País]] |url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2015/07/29/inenglish/1438167032_202612.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407145423/https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2015/07/29/inenglish/1438167032_202612.html |archive-date=7 April 2023}}</ref> *On 7 July 2015, an F-16CJ [[2015 Moncks Corner mid-air collision|collided]] with a [[Cessna 150M]] over Moncks Corner, South Carolina, U.S. The pilot of the F-16 ejected safely, but both people in the Cessna were killed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pager |first1=Tyler |title=2 killed when F-16, Cessna collide in midair over S.C. |date=8 July 2015 |publisher=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/07/07/f16-crash-south-carolina/29815069/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410203040/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/07/07/f16-crash-south-carolina/29815069/ |archive-date=10 April 2019}}</ref> * On 11 October 2018, an F-16 MLU from the [[2nd Tactical Wing]] of the [[Belgian Air Component]], on the apron at [[Florennes Air Base|Florennes Air Station]], was hit by a gun burst from a nearby F-16, whose cannon was fired inadvertently during maintenance. The aircraft caught fire and was burned to the ground, while two other F-16s were damaged and two maintenance personnel were treated for aural trauma.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Florennes, un F-16 a bien été détruit par un tir accidentel: "L'explosion a été provoquée par un tir de canon" |publisher=RTL Info |via=[[Belga (news agency)|Belga]] |date=7 November 2018 |url=https://www.rtl.be/actu/florennes-un-f-16-bien-ete-detruit-par-un-tir-accidentel-lexplosion-ete/2018-11-07/article/161584 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424053336/https://www.rtl.be/info/belgique/faits-divers/a-florennes-un-f-16-a-bien-ete-detruit-par-un-tir-accidentel-l-explosion-a-ete-provoquee-par-un-tir-de-canon--1075310.aspx |archive-date=24 April 2021}}</ref> * On 11 March 2020, a Pakistani F-16AM (Serial No. 92730) of the [[No. 9 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)]] crashed in the [[Shakarparian]] area of [[Islamabad]] during rehearsals for the [[Pakistan Day Parade]]. The plane crashed when the F-16 was executing an aerobatic loop. As a result, the pilot of the F-16, [[Wing Commander]] [[Noman Akram]], who was also the Commanding Officer of the No. 9 Squadron "Griffins", lost his life. A board of inquiry ordered by the [[Pakistan Air Force]] later revealed that the pilot had every chance to eject but opted not to and tried his best to save the aircraft and avoid civilian casualties on the ground. Videos taken by locals on the ground show his F-16AM crashing into some woods. He was hailed a hero by Pakistanis while also gaining some attention internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-pays-tribute-to-wing-commander-noman-akram-on-his-first-martyrdom-anniversary/ |title=Pakistan pays tribute to Wing Commander Noman Akram on his first martyrdom anniversary |date=11 March 2021 |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417034152/https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-pays-tribute-to-wing-commander-noman-akram-on-his-first-martyrdom-anniversary/ |url-status=live}}</ref> * On 6 May 2023, a U.S. Air Force F-16C of the [[8th Fighter Wing]] crashed in a field near Osan Air Base in South Korea during a daytime training sortie. The pilot safely ejected from the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2023/05/08/air-force-pilot-ejects-f-16-crashes-south-korea.html |title=Air Force Pilot Ejects as F-16 Crashes in South Korea |date=8 May 2023}}</ref>{{importance inline|date=October 2023}} *On 20 March 2024, an F-16 operated by the Hellenic Air Force crashed into the sea, close to the island of Psathoura in the northern Aegean Sea. The pilot ejected from the aircraft and was later rescued.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/1234446/greek-fighter-jet-crashes-into-sea-pilot-believed-to-have-survived/ |title=Greek fighter jet crahsed into sea|date=20 March 2024}}</ref> *On 30 April 2024, an Air Force General Dynamics F-16 crashed outside Holloman Air Force Base, located near Alamogordo in New Mexico. The pilot ejected safely before impact.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.twz.com/news-features/f-16-crashes-near-holloman-air-force-base-in-new-mexico/ |title=F-16 Crashes Near Holloman Air Force Base In New Mexico |date=30 April 2024}}</ref> *On 8 May 2024, an F-16C of the [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] crashed during takeoff within [[Tengah Air Base]]. The pilot successfully ejected from the aircraft without major injuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/rsaf-f16-crash-tengah-airbase-singapore-air-force-4320751|title=RSAF F-16 jet crashes at Tengah Air Base; pilot hospitalised with no major injuries|website=CNA}}</ref> The cause was later identified to be from the malfunction of two of the three primary pitch rate gyroscopes on the aircraft. This was noted to be a "rare occurrence" by [[Lockheed Martin]] due to the concurrent failure of the two independent pitch rate gyroscopes giving similar inputs which caused the digital flight control computer to reject inputs from the correctly functioning pitch rate gyroscope and the backup pitch rate gyroscope when it was activated by the rejection of a primary pitch rate gyroscope.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 Jun 2023 |title=Final Update on the RSAF's F-16 Crash at Tengah Air Base |url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/rsaf/news-and-publications/news/final-update-on-the-rsaf's-f-16-crash-at-tengah-air-base}}</ref> *On 28 August 2025, a [[Polish Air Force]] F-16C Block 52+, from the Tiger Demo Team, crashed in Poland, while practicing for the Radom Airshow. The pilot did not survive the accident and the airshow was cancelled.<ref>https://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/jagerfly-styrtet-under-flyshow-i-polen/s/5-95-2590673. Nettavisen.no. Retrieved 2025-08-28</ref><ref>https://www.vg.no/video/340326/her-styrter-jagerflyet VG.no. Retrieved 2025-08-28</ref> <!-- Section is only for [[aviation accidents and incidents]]. Entries need to be notable per [[WP:WikiProject Aircraft/page content#Accidents and incidents]] and [[WP:AIRCRASH]]. --> ==Aircraft on display== {{main|List of displayed General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcons}} As newer variants have entered service, many examples of older F-16 models have been preserved for display worldwide, particularly in Europe and the United States. ==Specifications (F-16C Block 50 and 52)== [[File:GENERAL DYNAMICS F-16 FIGHTING FALCON.svg|thumb|3-view drawing of an F-16]] [[File:F16 vertical climb.png|thumb|The underside of an F-16 during a vertical climb]] [[File:Lockheed F-16C USAF 92-3894 PACAF F-16 Demo Team RJNK.jpg|thumb|F-16 in afterburner]] [[File:B61 in Weapons Storage and Security System.jpg|thumb|[[Weapons Storage and Security System]] vault in raised position holding a [[B61 nuclear bomb]], adjacent to an F-16. The vault is within a [[Protective Aircraft Shelter]].]] [[File:Israeli F-16s at Red Flag.jpg|thumb|An Israeli F-16I Block 52 with conformal fuel tanks (CFTs), [[electronic countermeasure]]s, and other external stores during a [[Red Flag (United States Air Force)|Red Flag]] exercise at [[Nellis AFB]], Nevada]] [[File:01.06 總統春節勗勉「空軍第四聯隊」暨與重要幹部及官兵代表會餐 (52609493192).jpg|thumb|A view of an AGM-84 Harpoon air-to-surface anti-ship missile fixed under the wing of an F-16 of the [[Republic of China Air Force]]]] [[File:U.S. Air Force F-16 Operation Epic Fury.jpg|thumb|F-16 armed with [[AGM-88]] HARMs, [[AIM-9X]] Sidewinders, and [[AIM-120]] AMRAAMs during [[Operation Epic Fury]]]] {{Aircraft specs |ref=USAF sheet,<ref name=AF_fact_sh/> International Directory of Military Aircraft,<ref name=Frawley_Military/> [[Aircraft flight manual|Flight Manual]] for F-16C/D Block 50/52+<ref name=HAF>{{cite web |title=Hellenic Air Force F-16C/D Flight Manuals |entry= |date=15 June 2003 |id=GR1F-16CJ-1 |url=https://publicintelligence.net/hellenic-air-force-f-16cd-flight-manuals/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023073953/https://publicintelligence.net/hellenic-air-force-f-16cd-flight-manuals/ |archive-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> |prime units?=kts <!-- General characteristics --> |genhide= |crew= 1 |length ft=49 |length in=5 |length note= |span ft=32 |span in=8 |span note= |height ft=16 |height in= |height note= |wing area sqft=300 |wing area note= |aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes --> |airfoil=[[NACA airfoil|NACA 64A204]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326174850/https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |archive-date=26 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> |empty weight lb=18900 |empty weight note= |gross weight lb=26500 |gross weight note= |max takeoff weight lb=42300 |max takeoff weight note= |fuel capacity={{convert|7000|lb|kg}} internal |more general= <!-- Powerplant --> |eng1 number=1 |eng1 name=[[General Electric F110#F110-GE-129|General Electric F110-GE-129]] for Block 50 aircraft |eng1 type= |eng1 kw=<!-- prop engines --> |eng1 hp=<!-- prop engines --> |eng1 shp=<!-- prop engines --> |eng1 kn=<!-- jet/rocket engines --> |eng1 lbf=17155 |eng1 kn-ab=<!-- afterburners --> |eng1 lbf-ab=29500 |eng1 note= |power original= |thrust original= |more power=<br/>(1 × [[Pratt & Whitney F100#F100-PW-229|Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-229]] for Block 52 aircraft, {{cvt|17800|lbf|kN}} thrust dry and {{cvt|29160|lbf|kN}} with afterburner.) <!-- Performance --> |perfhide= |max speed kts= |max speed note= |max speed mach=2.05, {{cvt|1176|kn|mph km/h|0}} at 40,000 feet, clean<ref name=Frawley_Military/> **Mach 1.2, {{cvt|800|kn|mph km/h|0}} at sea level<ref name=Frawley_Military/> |cruise speed kts=504 |cruise speed note= |stall speed kts= |stall speed note= |never exceed speed kts= |never exceed speed note= |minimum control speed kts= |minimum control speed note= |range nmi= |range note= |combat range nmi=295 |combat range note=on a hi-lo-hi mission with 4 × {{cvt|1000|lb|0}} bombs |ferry range nmi=2277 |ferry range note= with three [[drop tank]]s |endurance=<!-- if range unknown --> |ceiling ft=50000 |ceiling note= |g limits=+9 |roll rate=324°/s<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.codeonemagazine.com/f16_article.html?item_id=174 |title=SEMPER VIPER! |publisher=Lockheed Martin |access-date=1 August 2015 |archive-date=3 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403001245/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/f16_article.html?item_id=174 |url-status=live}}</ref> |wing loading lb/sqft=88.3 |wing loading note= |fuel consumption lb/mi= |power/mass= |thrust/weight=1.095 (1.24 with loaded weight & 50% internal fuel){{#tag:ref|Thrust (28,600 lb) / Loaded weight with 50% internal fuel (23,000 lb)|group=N}} |more performance= <!-- Armament --> |guns=1 × [[20 mm caliber|20 mm (0.787 in)]] [[M61 Vulcan|M61A1 Vulcan]] [[Rotary cannon#M61 Vulcan and other designs|6-barrel rotary cannon]], 500 rounds |hardpoints= 2 × wing-tip air-to-air missile launch rails, 6 × under-wing, and 3 × under-fuselage pylon (2 of 3 for sensors) stations |hardpoint capacity=up to {{convert|17000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of stores |rockets=<nowiki /> **4 × LAU-61/LAU-68 rocket pods (each with 19/7 × [[Hydra 70]] mm/[[APKWS]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.baesystems.com/en-us/article/us-air-force-deploys-apkws-laser-guided-rockets-on-f-16s |title=U.S. Air Force Deploys APKWS Laser-Guided Rockets on F-16s |date=8 June 2016 |website=baesystems.com |publisher=BAE |access-date=8 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611120557/http://www.baesystems.com/en-us/article/us-air-force-deploys-apkws-laser-guided-rockets-on-f-16s |archive-date=11 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> rockets, respectively) **4 × LAU-5003 rocket pods (each with 19 × [[CRV7]] 70 mm rockets) **4 × LAU-10 rocket pods (each with 4 × [[Zuni (rocket)|Zuni]] 127 mm rockets) |missiles=<nowiki /> ** [[Air-to-air missile]]s: ***6 × [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] ***6 × [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] ***6 × [[IRIS-T]] ***6 × [[Python (missile)|Python-4]] ***6 × [[Python (missile)|Python-5]] ***2 × [[AIM-7 Sparrow]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marvineng.com/product/aim-7-sparrow-pylon/|title=AIM-7 Sparrow Pylon – Marvin Engineering Co}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Iddon |first1=Paul |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2023/08/08/provision-of-aim-120-missiles-would-greatly-enhance-iraqs-f-16s/?sh=7e39770e40c2 |title=Provision of AIM-120 Missiles Would Greatly Enhance Iraq's F-16s |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> and 4 × [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] ** [[Air-to-surface missile]]s: ***6 × [[AGM-65 Maverick]] ***2 × [[AGM-88 HARM]] *** [[AGM-158 JASSM]] (JASSM) ** [[Anti-ship missile]]s: ***2 × [[Harpoon (missile)|AGM-84 Harpoon]] ***4 × [[Penguin missile|AGM-119 Penguin]] *** [[Joint Strike Missile]] (to be integrated) |bombs=<nowiki /> **8 × [[CBU-87 Combined Effects Munition]] **8 × [[GATOR mine system|CBU-89 Gator mine]] **8 × [[CBU-97 Sensor Fuzed Weapon]] **4 × [[Mark 84 bomb|Mark 84]] general-purpose bombs **8 × [[Mark 83 bomb|Mark 83]] GP bombs **12 × [[Mark 82 bomb|Mark 82]] GP bombs **8 × [[GBU-39 SDB|GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb]] (SDB) **4 × [[GBU-10 Paveway II]] **6 × [[GBU-12 Paveway II]] **4 × [[GBU-24 Paveway III]] **4 × [[GBU-27 Paveway III]] **4 × [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]] (JDAM) series **4 × [[AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon]] (JSOW) ** [[Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser]] (WCMD) ** [[B61 nuclear bomb]] ** [[B83 nuclear bomb]] *'''Others:''' **[[ADM-160 MALD]]<ref>{{cite web |title=ADM-160 MALD |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/weapons-platforms/adm-160-mald/ |website=airandspaceforces.com |access-date=6 October 2023}}</ref> **SUU-42A/A [[Flare (countermeasure)|flares/infrared decoys]] dispenser pod and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] pod ''or'' **AN/ALQ-131 & AN/ALQ-184 [[electronic countermeasures|ECM]] pods on centerline ''or'' ** [[LANTIRN]], [[Lockheed Martin Sniper XR]] & [[Litening]] targeting pods ''or'' ** [[AN/ASQ-213 HARM targeting system]] (HTS) Pod (typically configured on station 5L with Sniper XR pod on station 5R) ''or'' **Up to 3 × 300/330/370/600 US [[gallon]] (1,135, 1,250, 1,400, 2,270 L) ''[[Sargent Fletcher]]'' [[drop tank]]s for ferry flight/extended range/loitering time ''or'' **UTC Aerospace DB-110 long range EO/IR sensor pod on centerline <!-- Avionics --> |avionics= * [[AN/APG-68]] radar * AN/ALR-56M radar warning receiver, being replaced on US Air Force F-16C/D Block 40/42 and 50/52 by AN/ALR-69A(V) * AN/ALQ-213 electronic warfare suite, being replaced on US Air Force F-16C/D Block 40/42 and 50/52 by AN/ALQ-257 * [[MIL-STD-1553]] bus<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interfacebus.com/Design_Connector_1553.html |title=MIL-STD-1553 Avionics Bus Description. Military Standard |publisher=Interfacebus.com |access-date=24 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019111637/http://www.interfacebus.com/Design_Connector_1553.html |archive-date=19 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> }} <!--==Notable appearances in media== --> <!-- ===============({{NoMoreCruft}})=============== --> <!-- Please READ [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history#Popular culture]] before adding any "Popular culture" items. Please do not add the many minor appearances of the aircraft. This section is only for major cultural appearances where the aircraft plays a MAJOR part in the story line, or has an "especially notable" role in what is listed. A verifiable source proving the appearance's notability may be required. Random cruft, including ALL Ace Combat, Battlefield, and Metal Gear Solid appearances, and ALL anime/fiction lookalike speculation, WILL BE removed. If your item has been removed, please discuss it on the talk page FIRST. A verifiable source proving the appearance's notability may be required. If a consensus is reached to include your item, a regular editor of this page will add it back. Thank you for your cooperation. --> <!-- ===============({{NoMoreCruft}})=============== --> ==See also== {{Portal|Aviation}} {{aircontent |see also=<!-- other related articles that have not already linked: --> * {{section link|Aircraft in fiction#F-16 Fighting Falcon}} * [[Fourth-generation fighter]] * [[Green Ramp disaster]] * [[David S. Lewis]] (General Dynamics' CEO during formative period for F-16) * [[RSAF Black Knights]] – F-16 Aerobatic Team |related=<!-- designs which were developed into or from this aircraft: --> * [[Vought Model 1600]] * [[General Dynamics F-16XL]] * [[General Dynamics X-62 VISTA]] * [[AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-kuo]] * [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle]] * [[Mitsubishi F-2]] |similar aircraft=<!-- aircraft that are of similar Role, Era, and Capability this design --> * [[Chengdu J-10]] * [[Dassault Mirage 2000]] * [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet]] * [[Mikoyan MiG-29]] *[[HAL Tejas]] * [[PAC/CAC JF-17 Thunder]] * [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen]] |lists=<!-- relevant lists that this aircraft appears in: --> * [[List of active United States military aircraft]] * [[List of fighter aircraft]] * [[List of military electronics of the United States]] }} ==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist|group=N}} ===Citations=== {{Reflist}} ===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=Aleshire |first1=Peter |date=2004 |title=The Eye of the Viper: The Making of an F-16 Pilot |edition=Illustrated |publisher=[[The Lyons Press]] |location=[[Guilford, Connecticut|Guilford, CT]] |isbn=9781599217222}} * {{cite book |last1=Aronstein |first1=David C. |last2=Piccirillo |first2=Albert C. |date=1996 |title=The Lightweight Fighter Program: A Successful Approach to Fighter Technology Transition |publisher=[[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]] |location=[[Reston, Virginia|Reston, VA]] |doi=10.2514/4.868047 |isbn=9781563471933}} * {{cite book |last1=Coram |first1=Robert |date=2002 |title=Boyd: The Fighter Pilot Who Changed the Art of War |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |isbn=9780759527775}} * {{cite book |last1=Darling |first1=Kev |date=2003 |title=F-16 Fighting Falcon |publisher=Airlife |location=[[Shrewsbury|Shrewsbury, England]] |isbn=9781840373998 |ol=8915445M}} * {{cite book |last1=Droste |first1=Carl S. |last2=Walker |first2=James E. |date=1980 |title=The General Dynamics Case Study on the F-16 Fly-by-Wire Flight Control System |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |isbn=9781563473074 |doi=10.2514/4.867873}} * {{cite book |editor-last1=Eden |editor-first1=Paul |date=2004 |title=The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft |location=[[London]] |publisher=Amber Books |isbn=9781904687085 |ol=8772911M |ref={{harvid|Eden et al|2004}}}} * {{cite book |last1=Frawley |first1=Gerard |date=2002 |title=The International Directory of Military Aircraft 2002/03 |edition=Rev. 4th |publisher=Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd |location=[[Fyshwick, Australian Capital Territory|Fyshwick, ACT]] |isbn=9781875671557 |ol=8656312M}} * {{cite book |last1=Hampton |first1=Dan |date=2012 |title=Viper Pilot: A Memoir of Air Combat |publisher=[[William Morrow and Company|William Morrow]] |isbn=9780062130358}} * {{cite book |last1=Hoh |first1=Roger H. |last2=Mitchell |first2=David G. |date=September 1983 |title=Flying Qualities of Relaxed Static Stability Aircraft – Volume I: Flying Qualities Airworthiness Assessment and Flight Testing of Augmented Aircraft. |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA128758 |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration |id=ADA128758 |access-date=16 June 2008}} * {{cite book |last1=Jenkins |first1=Dennis R. |date=2000 |title=F/A-18 Hornet: A Navy Success Story |edition=1st |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=[[New York City|New York]] |isbn=9780071346962}} * {{cite book |last1=Peacock |first1=Lindsay |date=1997 |title=On Falcon Wings: The F-16 Story |publisher=[[RAF Benevolent Fund|Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund Enterprises]] |location=[[RAF Fairford]] |isbn=9781899808014}} * {{cite book |last1=Richardson |first1=Doug |date=1990 |title=General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon |location=London |publisher=Salamander Books |isbn=9780861015344}} * {{cite book |last1=Senior |first1=Tim |date=2002 |title=The AirForces Monthly Book of the F-16 Fighting Falcon |location=[[Stamford, Lincolnshire|Stamford, England]] |publisher=Key Books Ltd |isbn=9780946219605}} * {{cite book |editor-last1=Spick |editor-first1=Mike |date=2000 |title=The Great Book of Modern Warplanes |location=[[Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul, MN]] |publisher=[[MBI Publishing Company]] |isbn=9780760308936}} * {{cite report |title=Standard Aircraft Characteristics, General Dynamics F-16A Block 15, A.F. Serial No. 80-0541 thru 80-1117, March 1984 |date=March 1984 |url=https://www.alternatewars.com/SAC/F-16A_Block_15_Falcon_SAC_-_March_1984.pdf |publisher=Office of the Secretary of the Air Force |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231190554/https://www.alternatewars.com/SAC/F-16A_Block_15_Falcon_SAC_-_March_1984.pdf |archive-date=31 December 2021}} {{Refend}} ==Further reading== *Drendel, Lou. ''F-16 Fighting Falcon – Walk Around No. 1.'' [[Carrollton, Texas]]: Squadron/[[Signal Books]], 1993. {{ISBN|0-89747-307-8}}. * [[Bill Gunston|Gunston, Bill]]. ''United States Military Aircraft of the 20th century'' London: [[Salamander Books]] Ltd, 1984. {{ISBN|0-86101-163-5}}. *Jenkins, Dennis R. ''McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, Supreme Heavy-Weight Fighter''. [[Arlington, Texas]]: Aerofax, 1998. {{ISBN|1-85780-081-8}}. * [[Bill Sweetman|Sweetman, Bill]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyKWYFKWP74C ''Supersonic Fighters: The F-16 Fighting Falcons''.] [[Mankato, Minnesota]]: [[Capstone Publishers|Capstone Press]], 2008. {{ISBN|1-4296-1315-7}}. *Williams, Anthony G. and Emmanuel Gustin. ''Flying Guns: The Modern Era''. Ramsbury, UK: The [[Crowood Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|1-86126-655-3}}. ==External links== {{Commons}} * [https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104505/f-16-fighting-falcon/ F-16 USAF fact sheet] * [https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/f-16.html F-16 page on LockheedMartin.com] and [http://www.codeonemagazine.com/f16-highlights.html F-16 articles on Code One magazine site] * [https://www.f-16.net/ F-16.net Fighting Falcon resource] {{Lockheed Martin aircraft}} {{Convair/GD aircraft}} {{F-16 Fighting Falcon variants}} {{Lockheed Martin|state=collapsed}} {{US fighters}} {{USAF system codes}} {{Thai fighter designations}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1970s United States fighter aircraft]] [[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1974]] [[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]] [[Category:Fourth-generation jet fighters]] [[Category:General Dynamics aircraft|F-016]] [[Category:General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon| ]] [[Category:Lockheed Martin aircraft|F-016]] [[Category:Mid-wing aircraft]] [[Category:Relaxed-stability aircraft]] [[Category:Single-engined jet aircraft]] [[زمرو:ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن]] [[زمرو:لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن]] [[زمرو:جنرل ڊائنامڪس]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] 4kaemzc7l2ds7zqi7gj60hwu46yrjuj F-16 0 94858 371087 2026-04-12T10:47:26Z Memon2025 21315 Memon2025 صفحي [[F-16]] کي [[ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن]] ڏانھن چوريو 371087 wikitext text/x-wiki #چوريو [[ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن]] ekza9flzlxad337rx1pyotfo1zrb54b زمرو:ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن 14 94859 371089 2026-04-12T10:53:55Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:جنگي هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:جنرل ڊائنامڪس]] 371089 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:جنگي هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:جنرل ڊائنامڪس]] q3vfgdu5s963czc69aa1sjtrwmxr9fc 371090 371089 2026-04-12T10:55:08Z Memon2025 21315 371090 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:جنگي هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:جنرل ڊائنامڪس]] ti796uhvjy62lyawr6igb4g81hqm2vb 371093 371090 2026-04-12T10:59:10Z Memon2025 21315 371093 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن]] [[زمرو:جنرل ڊائنامڪس]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] 9me7x7edmkpb0h92cnu5y2e282qw2eo