وڪيپيڊيا sdwiki https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%DA%A9_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%88 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.1 first-letter ذريعات خاص بحث واپرائيندڙ واپرائيندڙ بحث وڪيپيڊيا وڪيپيڊيا بحث فائل فائل بحث ذريعات وڪي ذريعات وڪي بحث سانچو سانچو بحث مدد مدد بحث زمرو زمرو بحث باب باب بحث TimedText TimedText talk ماڊيول ماڊيول بحث Event Event talk 10 15301 377109 366408 2026-05-11T22:06:10Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{{subst|¬}}} |¬={{category handler |template=[[زمرو:متبادل چڪاس گهربل سانچا]] |nocat={{{nocat|<noinclude>true</noinclude>}}} }} |SUBST=[[زمرو:غلط نموني متبادل ڪيل سانچن وارا صفحا]] }}{{Category handler |main={{Fix/category |cat-date={{{cat-date|}}} |cat={{{cat|}}} |cat-date2={{{cat-date2|}}} |cat2={{{cat2|}}} |cat-date3={{{cat-date3|}}} |cat3={{{cat3|}}} |date={{{date|}}} }} |template={{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{name}}}|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}||{{#if:{{{date|}}}||[[زمرو:اڻتاريخي صفائي ٽيگ شامل ڪندڙ سانچا]]}}}}}} |subpage=no }}{{#if:{{{text|}}} |<sup class="noprint Inline-Template {{{class|}}}" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>{{#if:{{{pre-text|}}} |{{{pre-text}}}&#32; }}[[{{{link|وڪيپيڊيا:صفائي}}}|<span title="{{#invoke:string|replace|source={{delink|1={{{title|{{{link|وڪيپيڊيا:صفائي}}}}}}{{#if:{{{date|}}}|&#32;({{{date}}})}}}}|pattern=" |replace=' |plain=true}}">{{{text|}}}</span>]]{{#if:{{{post-text|}}} |&#32;{{{post-text}}} }}</i>&#93;</sup>|{{{special|}}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- زمرا ۽ بين الوڪيز /doc ذيلي صفحي ۾ شامل ڪريو، هتي نه! --> </noinclude> 77fghta2c0es7w560dd2kszi4icfz63 10 31847 377115 79466 2026-05-11T23:01:53Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377115 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Shortcut|main|template=yes}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> me4jjte8wllgxkf22h7gbzu0e2tux3i 10 32167 377111 80083 2026-05-11T22:32:54Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>ifsubst | 1=<span style="font-variant:small-caps">{{{1}}}</span> | 2=<templatestyles src="smallcaps/styles.css"/><span class="smallcaps">{{{1}}}</span> }}<noinclude> <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage and interwikis to Wikidata, not here! --> {{documentation}} </noinclude> ha5hpl94ayw5fpszcok09mp9wump267 828 49624 377167 152793 2026-05-12T09:01:06Z Intisar Ali 8681 377167 Scribunto text/plain local presentation = {}; -- table of tables that define presentation properties --[=[-------------------------< C U R R E N C Y P R O P E R T I E S >---------------------------------------- this table is created from Template:Currency/Page, Template:Currency/Position, and Template:Currency/Symbol. The individual currency codes are taken from the table at [[ISO 4217]]. The source templates have other codes not conforming to 4217; those codes are not included here but are listed in the translation table or in the non-standard table. This table is NOT for historical ISO 4217 codes. Add historical codes to the non-standard properties table. Meanings of the table entries: ['???'] – ISO 4217 currency code; uppercase only page = '' – Wikipedia article name approriate to the currency code plural = '' – specifies how to make the currency page name plural: if singular and plural forms are the same leave empty if adding an 's' to the end of the singular name makes it plural then set plural = 's' if the plural name is different, set the whole plural name (see GBP for example) position = '' – identifies where the symbol is placed relative to the amount 'a' – <amount><symbol> 'as' – <amount><&nbsp;><symbol> 'b' – <symbol><amount> 'bs' – <symbol><&nbsp;><amount> symbol = '' – the symbol associated with the currency code; generally not the currency code unless the symbol and the currency code are the same; to display a currency code instead of a symbol, use the nonstandard table ]=] local currency_properties = { ['AED'] = {page = 'United Arab Emirates dirham', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'DH'}, ['AFN'] = {page = 'Afghan afghani', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '\216\139'}, -- U+060B ؋ ['ALL'] = {page = 'Albanian lek', plural = 'lekë', position = 'b', symbol = 'L'}, ['AMD'] = {page = 'Armenian dram', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '\214\143'}, -- U+058F ؋ ['ANG'] = {page = 'Netherlands Antillean guilder', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'NAƒ'}, ['AOA'] = {page = 'Angolan kwanza', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Kz'}, ['ARS'] = {page = 'Argentine peso', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'AR$'}, ['AUD'] = {page = 'Australian dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'A$'}, ['AWG'] = {page = 'Aruban florin', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Afl.'}, ['AZN'] = {page = 'Azerbaijani manat', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '\226\130\188'}, -- U+20BC ['BAM'] = {page = 'Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'KM'}, ['BBD'] = {page = 'Barbados dollar', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Bds$'}, ['BDT'] = {page = 'Bangladeshi taka', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '৳'}, ['BGN'] = {page = 'Bulgarian lev', plural = 'leva', position = 'bs', symbol = 'лв.'}, -- levove? ['BHD'] = {page = 'Bahraini dinar', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">.د.ب</bdi>'}, ['BIF'] = {page = 'Burundian franc', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'FBu'}, ['BMD'] = {page = 'Bermudian dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'BD$'}, ['BND'] = {page = 'Brunei dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'B$'}, ['BOB'] = {page = 'Bolivian boliviano', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Bs.'}, -- ['BOV'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Bolivian Mvdol (funds code) ['BRL'] = {page = 'Brazilian real', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'R$'}, ['BSD'] = {page = 'Bahamian dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'B$'}, ['BTN'] = {page = 'Ngultrum', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Nu.'}, ['BWP'] = {page = 'Botswana pula', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'P'}, ['BYN'] = {page = 'Belarusian ruble', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Br'}, ['BZD'] = {page = 'Belize dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'BZ$'}, ['CAD'] = {page = 'Canadian dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'CA$'}, ['CDF'] = {page = 'Congolese franc', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'FC'}, -- ['CHE'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- WIR Euro (complementary currency) ['CHF'] = {page = 'Swiss franc', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'CHF'}, -- ['CHW'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- WIR Franc (complementary currency) -- ['CLF'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Unidad de Fomento (funds code) (Chile) ['CLP'] = {page = 'Chilean peso', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'CL$'}, ['CNY'] = {page = 'Renminbi', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'CN¥'}, ['COP'] = {page = 'Colombian peso', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'COL$'}, -- ['COU'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Unidad de Valor Real (UVR) (funds code) (Columbia) ['CRC'] = {page = 'Costa Rican colon', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '₡'}, ['CUC'] = {page = 'Cuban convertible peso', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'CUC$'}, ['CUP'] = {page = 'Cuban peso', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '$MN'}, ['CVE'] = {page = 'Cape Verde escudo', plural = 's', position = 'd', symbol = '$'}, -- not yet supported position = 'd' replaces decimal with Cifrão ($) ['CZK'] = {page = 'Czech koruna', plural = '', position = 'as', symbol = 'Kč'}, ['DJF'] = {page = 'Djiboutian franc', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'Fdj'}, ['DKK'] = {page = 'Danish krone', plural = 'Danish kroner', position = 'bs', symbol = 'kr.'}, ['DOP'] = {page = 'Dominican peso', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'RD$'}, ['DZD'] = {page = 'Algerian dinar', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">د.ج</bdi>'}, ['EGP'] = {page = 'Egyptian pound', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'E£'}, ['ERN'] = {page = 'Eritrean nakfa', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Nfk'}, ['ETB'] = {page = 'Ethiopian birr', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Br'}, ['EUR'] = {page = 'Euro', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '€'}, ['FJD'] = {page = 'Fijian dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'FJ$'}, ['FKP'] = {page = 'Falkland Islands pound', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'FK£'}, ['GBP'] = {page = 'Pound sterling', plural = 'pounds sterling', position = 'b', symbol = '£'}, ['GEL'] = {page = 'Georgian lari', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '\226\130\190'}, -- U+20BE ₾ ['GHS'] = {page = 'Ghanaian cedi', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '\226\130\181'}, -- U+20B5 ₵ ['GIP'] = {page = 'Gibraltar pound', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'GI£'}, ['GMD'] = {page = 'Gambian dalasi', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'D'}, ['GNF'] = {page = 'Guinean franc', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'FG'}, ['GTQ'] = {page = 'Guatemalan quetzal', plural = 'Guatemalan quetzales', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Q'}, ['GYD'] = {page = 'Guyanese dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'GY$'}, ['HKD'] = {page = 'Hong Kong dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'HK$'}, ['HNL'] = {page = 'Honduran lempira', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'L'}, ['HRK'] = {page = 'Croatian kuna', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'kn'}, ['HTG'] = {page = 'Haitian gourde', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'G'}, ['HUF'] = {page = 'Hungarian forint', plural = '', position = 'as', symbol = 'Ft'}, ['IDR'] = {page = 'Indonesian rupiah', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Rp'}, ['ILS'] = {page = 'Israeli new shekel', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '₪'}, ['INR'] = {page = 'Indian rupee', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '\226\130\185'}, -- U+20B9 ₹ ['IQD'] = {page = 'Iraqi dinar', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">د.ع</bdi>'}, ['IRR'] = {page = 'Iranian rial', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '\239\183\188'}, -- U+FDFC ﷼ ['ISK'] = {page = 'Icelandic króna', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'ISK'}, ['JMD'] = {page = 'Jamaican dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'J$'}, ['JOD'] = {page = 'Jordanian dinar', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'JOD'}, -- what is this currency's symbol? ['JPY'] = {page = 'Japanese yen', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '¥'}, ['KES'] = {page = 'Kenyan shilling', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'KSh'}, ['KGS'] = {page = 'Kyrgyzstani som', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'KGS'}, -- what is this currency's symbol? ['KHR'] = {page = 'Cambodian riel', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '\225\159\155'}, -- U+17DB ៛ ['KMF'] = {page = 'Comorian franc', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'CF'}, ['KPW'] = {page = 'North Korean won', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '₩'}, ['KRW'] = {page = 'South Korean won', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '₩'}, ['KWD'] = {page = 'Kuwaiti dinar', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">د.ك</bdi>'}, ['KYD'] = {page = 'Cayman Islands dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'CI$'}, ['KZT'] = {page = 'Kazakhstani tenge', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '\226\130\184'}, -- U+20B8 ₸ ['LAK'] = {page = 'Lao kip', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '₭'}, ['LBP'] = {page = 'Lebanese pound', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">ل.ل</bdi>'}, ['LKR'] = {page = 'Sri Lankan rupee', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'රු.'}, ['LRD'] = {page = 'Liberian dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'L$'}, ['LSL'] = {page = 'Lesotho loti', plural = 'Lesotho maloti', position = 'b', symbol = 'L'}, -- for the plural symbol 'M', use LSL2 ['LYD'] = {page = 'Libyan dinar', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">ل.د</bdi>'}, ['MAD'] = {page = 'Moroccan dirham', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'MAD'}, -- what is this currency's symbol? ['MDL'] = {page = 'Moldovan leu', plural = 'Moldovan lei', position = 'bs', symbol = 'MDL'}, -- what is this currency's symbol? ['MGA'] = {page = 'Malagasy ariary', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Ar'}, ['MKD'] = {page = 'Macedonian denar', plural = 'Macedonian denari', position = 'bs', symbol = 'ден'}, ['MMK'] = {page = 'Burmese kyat', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'K'}, ['MNT'] = {page = 'Mongolian tögrög', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '₮'}, ['MOP'] = {page = 'Macanese pataca', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'MOP$'}, ['MRU'] = {page = 'Mauritanian ouguiya', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'UM'}, ['MUR'] = {page = 'Mauritian rupee', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '₨'}, ['MVR'] = {page = 'Maldivian rufiyaa', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Rf.'}, ['MWK'] = {page = 'Malawian kwacha', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = 'K'}, ['MXN'] = {page = 'Mexican peso', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'Mex$'}, -- ['MXV'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Mexican Unidad de Inversion (UDI) (funds code) ['MYR'] = {page = 'Malaysian ringgit', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'RM'}, ['MZN'] = {page = 'Mozambican metical', plural = 'Mozambican meticais', position = 'bs', symbol = 'MT'}, ['NAD'] = {page = 'Namibian dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'N$'}, ['NGN'] = {page = 'Nigerian naira', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '₦'}, ['NIO'] = {page = 'Nicaraguan córdoba', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'C$'}, ['NOK'] = {page = 'Norwegian krone', plural = 'Norwegian kroner', position = 'bs', symbol = 'kr'}, ['NPR'] = {page = 'Nepalese rupee', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'रू'}, ['NZD'] = {page = 'New Zealand dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'NZ$'}, ['OMR'] = {page = 'Omani rial', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">ر.ع.</bdi>'}, ['PAB'] = {page = 'Panamanian balboa', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'B/.'}, ['PEN'] = {page = 'Peruvian sol', plural = 'Peruvian soles', position = 'b', symbol = 'S/.'}, ['PGK'] = {page = 'Papua New Guinean kina', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'K'}, ['PHP'] = {page = 'Philippine peso', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '₱'}, ['PKR'] = {page = 'Pakistani rupee', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '₨'}, ['PLN'] = {page = 'Polish złoty', plural = '', position = 'a', symbol = 'zł'}, ['PYG'] = {page = 'Paraguayan guaraní', plural = 'Paraguayan guaraníes', position = 'as', symbol = '\226\130\178'}, -- U+20B2 ₲ ['QAR'] = {page = 'Qatari riyal', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">ر.ق</bdi>'}, ['RON'] = {page = 'Romanian leu', plural = 'Romanian lei', position = 'bs', symbol = 'RON'}, -- what is this currency's symbol? ['RSD'] = {page = 'Serbian dinar', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'din.'}, ['RUB'] = {page = 'Russian ruble', plural = 's', position = 'as', symbol = '\226\130\189'}, -- U+20BD ₽ after August 1998 redenomination ['RWF'] = {page = 'Rwandan franc', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'FRw'}, ['SAR'] = {page = 'Saudi riyal', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">ر.س</bdi>'}, ['SBD'] = {page = 'Solomon Islands dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'SI$'}, ['SCR'] = {page = 'Seychellois rupee', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'SR'}, ['SDG'] = {page = 'Sudanese pound', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">ج.س.</bdi>'}, ['SEK'] = {page = 'Swedish krona', plural = 'Swedish kronor', position = 'bs', symbol = 'kr'}, ['SGD'] = {page = 'Singapore dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'S$'}, ['SHP'] = {page = 'Saint Helena pound', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'SH£'}, ['SLE'] = {page = 'Sierra Leonean leone', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Le'}, -- new, redenominited leone ['SLL'] = {page = 'Sierra Leonean leone', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Le'}, ['SOS'] = {page = 'Somali shilling', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Sh.So.'}, ['SRD'] = {page = 'Surinamese dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'SR$'}, ['SSP'] = {page = 'South Sudanese pound', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'SSP'}, -- what is this currency's symbol? ['STN'] = {page = 'São Tomé and Príncipe dobra', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Db'}, ['SVC'] = {page = 'Salvadoran colón', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '₡'}, ['SYP'] = {page = 'Syrian pound', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '£S'}, ['SZL'] = {page = 'Swazi lilangeni', plural = 'Swazi emalangeni', position = 'b', symbol = 'L'}, -- for the plural symbol 'E', use SZL2 ['THB'] = {page = 'Thai baht', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '฿'}, ['TJS'] = {page = 'Tajikistani somoni', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'TJS'}, -- what is this currency's symbol? ['TMT'] = {page = 'Turkmenistan manat', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'T'}, ['TND'] = {page = 'Tunisian dinar', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">د.ت</bdi>'}, ['TOP'] = {page = 'Tongan paʻanga', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = 'T$'}, ['TRY'] = {page = 'Second Turkish lira', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '\226\130\186'}, -- U+20BA ₺ ['TTD'] = {page = 'Trinidad and Tobago dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'TT$'}, ['TWD'] = {page = 'New Taiwan dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'NT$'}, ['TZS'] = {page = 'Tanzanian shilingi', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'TSh'}, ['UAH'] = {page = 'Ukrainian hryvnia', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '₴'}, ['UGX'] = {page = 'Ugandan shilling', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'USh'}, ['USD'] = {page = 'United States dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'US$'}, -- ['USN'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- United States dollar (next day) (funds code) -- ['UYI'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Uruguay Peso en Unidades Indexadas (URUIURUI) (funds code) ['UYU'] = {page = 'Uruguayan peso', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '$U'}, ['UYW'] = {page = 'Unidad previsional', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = '$U'}, ['UZS'] = {page = 'Uzbekistani so\'m', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'UZS'}, -- what is this currency's symbol? ['VED'] = {page = 'Venezuelan Bolívar Soberano', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Bs.S.'}, ['VES'] = {page = 'Venezuelan Bolívar Soberano', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Bs.S.'}, ['VND'] = {page = 'Vietnamese đồng', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '₫'}, ['VUV'] = {page = 'Vanuatu vatu', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'VT'}, ['WST'] = {page = 'Samoan tālā', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = 'WS$'}, ['XAF'] = {page = 'Central African CFA franc', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'FCFA'}, -- ['XAG'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Silver (one troy ounce) -- ['XAU'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Gold (one troy ounce) -- ['XBA'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- European Composite Unit (EURCO) (bond market unit) -- ['XBB'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- European Monetary Unit (E.M.U.-6) (bond market unit) -- ['XBC'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- European Unit of Account 9 (E.U.A.-9) (bond market unit) -- ['XBD'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- European Unit of Account 17 (E.U.A.-17) (bond market unit) ['XCD'] = {page = 'East Caribbean dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'EC$'}, -- ['XDR'] = {page = 'Speacial drawing rights', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Special drawing rights ['XOF'] = {page = 'West African CFA franc', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'CFA'}, -- ['XPD'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Palladium (one troy ounce) ['XPF'] = {page = 'CFP franc', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'F'}, -- ['XPT'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Platinum (one troy ounce) -- ['XSU'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Unified System for Regional Compensation (SUCRE) -- ['XTS'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Code reserved for testing purposes -- ['XUA'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- ADB Unit of Account ['XXX'] = {page = '¤', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '¤'}, -- No (specific) currency ['YER'] = {page = 'Yemeni rial', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '\239\183\188'}, -- U+FDFC ﷼ ['ZAR'] = {page = 'South African rand', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'R'}, ['ZMW'] = {page = 'Zambian kwacha', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'ZMW'}, ['ZWL'] = {page = 'Zimbabwean dollar', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'ZWL'}, } --[[--------------------------< C O D E T R A N S L A T I O N >---------------------------------------------- This table lists some of the 'aliases' that refer to currencies listed in the properties table by their ISO 4217 codes The form is: ['<non-standard code>'] = '<ISO 4217 code>' ]] local code_translation = { ['EGE'] = 'EUR', -- where??? ['EU'] = 'EUR', ['EURO'] = 'EUR', ['FRW'] = 'RWF', ['GB'] = 'GBP', ['KSH'] = 'KES', ['NEP'] = 'NPR', ['POUND'] = 'GBP', ['POUND STERLING'] = 'GBP', ['RMB'] = 'CNY', ['STERLING'] = 'GBP', ['STG'] = 'GBP', ['TSH'] = 'TZS', ['UK'] = 'GBP', ['UKP'] = 'GBP', -- non-standard ['UNITED STATES'] = 'USD', ['US'] = 'USD', ['U.S.'] = 'USD', ['USA'] = 'USD', ['USH'] = 'UGX', ['$'] = 'USD', -- U+0024, pass-through, default to US dollar ['¤'] = 'XXX', -- U+00A4, pass-through, default to no specific unit ['£'] = 'GBP', -- U+00A3, pass-through, default to UK pound ['¥'] = 'JPY', -- U+00A5, pass-through, default to JP yen ['€'] = 'EUR', -- U+20AC, pass-through ['(='] = 'EUR', -- non-standard (DR-DOS 7.02 COUNTRY.SYS, 1998) } --[[--------------------------< N O N _ S T A N D A R D _ P R O P E R T I E S >-------------------------------- Currencies from the source templates that are identified by non-standard codes and which for whatever reason don't translate well to an existing ISO 4217 currency. This list may include historical ISO 4217 codes. Meanings of the table entries are the same as those described for currency_properties table except: ['???'] – currency codes that are non-standard or that cannot be translated to a standard code. Uppercase only, these codes MUST be different from the codes in the main currency properties table and different from the codes in the translation table (if they are not, they will not be found). ]] local non_standard_properties = { ['BITCOIN'] = {page = 'bitcoin', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'BTC'}, ['BTC'] = {page = 'bitcoin', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'BTC'}, ['BYR'] = {page = 'Belarusian ruble', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Br'}, -- historical, former ISO 4217 code ['DDM'] = {page = 'East German mark', plural = '', position = 'as', symbol = 'M'}, -- historical (1968-1990), former ISO 4217 code ['DDM2'] = {page = 'East German mark', plural = '', position = 'as', symbol = 'DDM'}, -- historical (1968-1990), former ISO 4217 code, use currency code instead of symbol ['DEM'] = {page = 'Deutsche Mark', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'DM'}, -- historical (1948-2001), former ISO 4217 code ['DEM2'] = {page = 'Deutsche Mark', plural = 's', position = 'as', symbol = 'DEM'}, -- historical (1948-2001), former ISO 4217 code, use currency code instead of symbol ['DKK2'] = {page = 'Danish krone', plural = 'Danish kroner', position = 'bs', symbol = 'DKK'}, ['DM'] = {page = 'Deutsche Mark', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'DM'}, -- historical (1948-2001) ['ESP'] = {page = 'Spanish peseta', plural = '', position = 'as', symbol = '₧'}, -- historical, former ISO 4217 code ['FRF'] = {page = 'French franc', plural = 's', position = 'as', symbol = 'F'}, -- historical ['GRD'] = {page = 'Modern drachma', plural = 'Modern drachmae', position = 'as', symbol = 'Δρ.'}, -- historical ['IEP'] = {page = 'Irish pound', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '£'}, -- historical, former ISO 4217 code ['LKR2'] = {page = 'Sri Lankan rupee', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'LKR'}, -- use currency code instead of symbol ['LSL2'] = {page = 'Lesotho loti', plural = 'Lesotho maloti', position = 'b', symbol = 'M'}, -- plural symbol version of LSL (singular) ['LTL'] = {page = 'Lithuanian litas', plural = 'Lithuanian litai', position = 'as', symbol = 'Lt'}, -- historical ['MARK'] = {page = 'German gold mark', plural = '', position = 'as', symbol = 'ℳ'}, -- historical (1871-1914) ['MRO'] = {page = 'Mauritanian ouguiya', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'UM'}, -- historical, former ISO 4217 code ['NLG'] = {page = 'Dutch guilder', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'ƒ'}, -- historical, former ISO 4217 code ['NOK2'] = {page = 'Norwegian krone', plural = 'Norwegian kroner', position = 'bs', symbol = 'NOK'}, ['RM'] = {page = 'reichsmark', plural = '', position = 'as', symbol = 'ℛℳ'}, -- historical (1924-1948) ['SEK2'] = {page = 'Swedish krona', plural = 'Swedish kronor', position = 'bs', symbol = 'SEK'}, ['STD'] = {page = 'São Tomé and Príncipe dobra', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Db'}, -- historical, former ISO 4217 code ['SZL2'] = {page = 'Swazi lilangeni', plural = 'Swazi emalangeni', position = 'b', symbol = 'E'}, -- plural symbol version of SZL (singular) -- ['USS'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- United States dollar (same day) (funds code), historical, former ISO 4217 code ['US$'] = {page = 'United States dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '$'}, -- special case: like "USD" and "$", but will display only the short form of the symbol "$" (useful for articles, where it is obvious enough not to display "US$" as a symbol, but still link to "United States dollar" (for foreign readers) ['XBT'] = {page = 'bitcoin', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'BTC'}, ['XEU'] = {page = 'European currency unit', plural = 's', position = 'as', symbol = '₠'}, -- ECU U+20A0, historical (1979-1998), former ISO 4217 code ['XEU2'] = {page = 'European currency unit', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'XEU'}, -- ECU, historical (1979-1998), former ISO 4217 code, use currency code instead of symbol -- ['XFU'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- UIC franc (special settlement currency), historical, former ISO 4217 code } return {currency_properties=currency_properties, code_translation=code_translation, non_standard_properties=non_standard_properties} jkmr78ybn43hix2aj6stj7ppcqa4h90 8 72176 377073 363383 2026-05-11T16:56:47Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* growthexperiments-manage-mentors-summary-add-self-no-reason:Ibne maryam| */ 377073 json application/json { "Mentors": { "6260": { "message": "اوھان کي ڪا بہ مدد گهرجي آئون ھر وقت مدد لاءِ موجود آھيان، منھنجي بحث صفحي تي پيغام ڇڏيو.", "weight": 4, "username": "Arslanali" }, "18012": { "message": "For the brothers who likes to contibute to Sindhi Wikipedia ", "weight": 2, "username": "Abdullah1601" }, "4693": { "message": "مان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي نون ساٿين کي مضمون لکڻ، حوالا ڏيڻ ۽ وڪي پيڊيا جي اوزارن جي استعمال بابت سادي ٻوليءَ ۾ گائيڊ ڪندس. منهنجو مقصد اوهان کي بهترين لکڻيون ترتيب ڏيڻ ۾ مدد ڪرڻ آهي ته جيئن سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جو معيار وڌي سگهي.", "weight": 2, "username": "JogiAsad" }, "17680": { "message": "نئين اچڻ واري سڀ وڪيپيڊين کي السلام عليڪم!", "weight": 2, "username": "Ibne maryam" } } } ef74l6c7zu870hx23cefvhddspyc86e 0 75792 377083 306276 2026-05-11T18:33:17Z CommonsDelinker 103 Removing [[:c:File:Kigali_Convention_Center_(_Rwanda_).jpg|Kigali_Convention_Center_(_Rwanda_).jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Ymblanter|Ymblanter]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Kigali Convention Centr 377083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Capital and the largest city of Rwanda}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- Infobox starts !--> | official_name = Kigali | native_name = | settlement_type = گاديء وارو شھر | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = My city kigali.jpg | photo2a = | photo2b = RW_Kigali_(36)_(17260558545).jpg | photo3a = Cok_gorilla_monument_1.jpg | photo3b = Ste.-Famille_Church_-_Genocide_Site_-_Kigali_-_Rwanda.jpg | spacing = 2 | position = center | color_border = white | color = white | size = 280 | foot_montage = Top: Panoramic view of Kigali; Middle: Kigali Convention Center, Kigali CBD; Bottom: Gorilla monument and Kigali City Council, [[Sainte-Famille Church]] }} | photo1a = My city kigali.jpg | photo2a = | photo2b = RW_Kigali_(36)_(17260558545).jpg | photo3a = Cok_gorilla_monument_1.jpg | photo3b = Ste.-Famille_Church_-_Genocide_Site_-_Kigali_-_Rwanda.jpg | spacing = 2 | position = center | color_border = white | color = white | size = 280 | foot_montage = مٿي کان: ڪیگالي جو پینورامڪ نظارو؛ وچ: ڪیگالي ڪنوينشن سينٽر، ڪیگالي سي بي ڊي؛ هيٺيون: گوريلا يادگار ۽ ڪگالي سٽي ڪائونسل، سينٽ فيمائلي چرچ. | image_flag = | image_seal = | nickname = | mapsize = 300px | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_relief = 1 | coordinates = {{coord|1|56|38|S|30|3|34|E|region:RW-01_type:city(1,100,000)|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ملڪ | subdivision_name = {{flag|Rwanda}} | subdivision_type1 = صوبو | subdivision_name1 = ڪیگالي | established_title = قیام | established_date = 1907ع | leader_title = مئیر | leader_name = ساموئیل دوسینگیوموا | area_total_km2 = 730 | elevation_m = 1567 | population_total = 17,45,555 | population_blank1_title = مرد | population_blank1 = 8,88,882 (50.92%) | population_blank2_title = عورتون | population_blank2 = 8,56,673 (49.08%) | population_as_of = 2022ع جی آدمشماری | population_density_km2 = auto | population_urban = 15,18,632 (87%) | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name=citypopulation/> | population_rural = 2,26,923 (13%) | population_rural_footnotes = <ref name=citypopulation/> | population_metro = | population_footnotes = <ref name=citypopulation>{{cite web|title=Population of Rwanda according to the population and housing censuses|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/rwanda/admin/|date=2022-08-01|access-date=2023-03-05|website=citypopulation.de}}</ref> | blank_name_sec1 = ضلعا {{sfn|REMA|2013|p=11}}<hr /><span style="font-weight: normal; !important">1. [[Gasabo]]<br />2. [[Kicukiro (district)|Kicukiro]]<br />3. [[Nyarugenge]]</span> | blank_info_sec1 = [[File:Rwanda KigaliDists.png|right|80px|alt=Map showing the three districts of Kigali]] | blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2021) | blank_info_sec2 = 0.626<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web |publisher=Institute for Management Research, [[Radboud University]] |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/RWA/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0 |title=Global Data Lab: Sub-national HDI |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref><br />{{color|#fc0|medium}} · [[List of provinces of Rwanda by Human Development Index|1st of 5]] | website = {{URL|www.kigalicity.gov.rw}} | unemployment_rate = | area_land = | area_water = | area_metro = | timezone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = none | utc_offset_DST = +2 | name = ڪیگالي | blank_emblem_link = x }} '''ڪيگالي''' (Kigali) [[روانڊا]] جي راڄڌاني آهي. اهو ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. اها ملڪ جي جاگرافيائي مرڪز جي ويجهو آهي، رولنگ ٽڪرين جي هڪ علائقي ۾، وادين ۽ ريجز جو هڪ سلسلو آهي، جنهن ۾ ٿلهي سلپ سان شامل آهي. هڪ پرائيميٽ شهر جي طور تي، ڪیگالي هڪ نسبتا نئون شهر آهي. ڪیگالي جي آبادي سال 2009ع جي آدمشماری مطابق 9,65,398 هئي. جڏهن کان اهو سال 1907ع ۾ هڪ انتظامي چوڪي ​​جي طور تي قائم ڪيو ويو، اهو روانڊا جو معاشي، ثقافتي ۽ ٽرانسپورٽ جو مرڪز رهيو آهي ۽ سال 1962ع ۾ آزاديءَ تي ملڪ جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. 15ھین صدي عيسويء کان روانڊا جي بادشاهي جي ڪنٽرول ۾، ۽ پوء 20هين صدي عيسويء جي شروعات ۾ جرمن سلطنت طرفان، شهر جو بنياد سال 1907ع ۾ رکيو ويو، جڏهن نوآبادي جي آفیسر، رچرڊ ڪينڊٽ، ان کي، ان جي مرڪزي مقام، نظارن ۽ سيڪيورٽي جي حوالي سان پنهنجي هيڊ ڪوارٽر لاء سائيٽ طور چونڊيو. غير ملڪي واپارين جرمن دور ۾ شهر ۾ واپار ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ ڪینڊٽ، روانڊا جي ٽتسي شاگردن لاءِ ڪجهه سرڪاري اسڪول کوليا. [[بيلجيم]] پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران روانڊا ۽ برونڊي جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو ۽ روئنڊا۔برونڊي جو مينڊيٽ ٺاهي. ڪیگالي روانڊا لاءِ نوآبادياتي انتظاميه جو مرڪز رهيو پر روانڊا۔ارنڊي جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ يوسمبورا (هاڻي بوجمبورا) برونڊي ۾ هو ۽ ڪیگالي هڪ ننڍڙو شهر رهيو جنهن جي آبادي آزاديءَ جي وقت صرف 6,000 هئي. ايندڙ ڏهاڪن دوران ڪیگالي آهستي آهستي وڌيو. 1990ع ۾ شروع ٿيندڙ روانڊا جي گهرو ويڙهه، باغين ۽ روانڊا محب وطن فرنٽ (RPF) جي وچ ۾ سال 1990ع ۾ شروع ٿيندڙ روانڊا جي گهرو ويڙهه جو اهو ابتدائي طور تي سڌو سنئون متاثر نه ٿيو هو، پر اپريل 1994ع ۾ روانڊا جو صدر جووينل هبياريمانا مارجي ويو جڏهن سندس جهاز ڪیگالي جي ويجهو ڪري تباهه ٿي ويو. هن جي موت جي پٺيان روانڊا جي نسل ڪشي ڪئي وئي، هوتو انتهاپسند عبوري حڪومت جي وفادارن سان لڳ ڀڳ 8 کان 10 لک ٽتسي (Tutsi) ۽ اعتدال پسند هوتو (Hutu) کي سڄي ملڪ ۾ قتل ڪيو. آر پي ايف ٻيهر جنگ شروع ڪئي، هڪ سال کان وڌيڪ جنگبندي ختم ٿي وئي. هنن آهستي آهستي ملڪ جي اڪثر حصي تي قبضو ڪري ورتو ۽ 4 جولاءِ 1994ع تي ڪیگالي تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. نسل ڪشي کان پوءِ ڪیگاليءَ ۾ تيزيءَ سان آباديءَ جي واڌ جو تجربو ٿيو، شهر جو گهڻو حصو ٻيهر تعمير ڪيو ويو. ڪیگالي جو شهر روانڊا جي پنجن صوبن مان هڪ آهي، جنهن جون حدون سال 2006ع ۾ مقرر ڪيون ويون آهن. اهو ٽن ضلعن ۾ ورهايل آهي؛ گاسابو، ڪيڪوڪيرو ۽ نيروگينج؛ جن کي تاريخي طور تي مقامي حڪومتن جي اهم علائقن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل هو. جنوري 2020ع ۾ سڌارن ڪيترن ئي ضلعن جي طاقت کي شهر جي وسيع ڪائونسل ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو. شهر روانڊا جي صدر ۽ اڪثر سرڪاري وزارتن جي مکيه رهائش ۽ آفيسن جي ميزباني پڻ ڪري ٿو. ڪیگالي جي مجموعي گھربل پيداوار ۾ سڀ کان وڏو حصو ڏيندڙ خدمت جو شعبو آهي، پر آبادي جو هڪ اهم حصو زراعت ۾ ڪم ڪري ٿو، جنهن ۾ ننڍي پيماني تي زراعت شامل آهي. بين الاقوامي سياحن کي راغب ڪرڻ شهر جي اختيارين جي ترجيح، سياحت، بشمول ڪانفرنسون ۽ نمائشون آهي.[[File:Kigali_metal_word.jpg|alt=Kigali metal word in the Kigali Car-free Zone|thumb|Kigali metal word in the Kigali Car-free Zone]] == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:روانڊا]] [[زمرو:راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:روانڊا جا صوبا]] jslfzmw6xfk7nb2og88rad1bglo6qo0 0 76434 377130 369296 2026-05-12T03:58:19Z Kwamikagami 8844 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Republics of Russia (labeled).svg]] → [[File:Republics of Russia (labeled, with Crimea).svg]] splitting file 377130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox subdivision type|name=جمھوریتون<br>Republics|alt_name=|map=[[File:Republics of Russia (labeled, with Crimea).svg|frameless|center|upright=2]] |caption='''روس جي جمهوريتون''' Colors indicate [[Federal districts of Russia|federal districts]]. Republics are listed west to east: *Southern (pink): ''[[Republic of Crimea|Crimea]]'',{{efn|name=crimea|Crimea was [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed by Russia in 2014]]; most of the international community recognizes it as a part of [[Ukraine]].{{sfn|Heaney|2018|p=180}}}} [[Adygea]], [[Kalmykia]] *N. Caucasian (purple): [[Karachay-Cherkessia]], [[Kabardino-Balkaria]], [[North Ossetia–Alania]], [[Ingushetia]], [[Chechnya]], [[Dagestan]] *Volga (green): [[Mordovia]], [[Chuvashia]], [[Mari El]], [[Tatarstan]], [[Udmurtia]], [[Bashkortostan]] *Northwestern (aqua): [[Republic of Karelia|Karelia]], [[Komi Republic|Komi]] *Siberian (blue): [[Altai Republic|Altai]], [[Khakassia]], [[Tuva]], [[Buryatia]] *Far Eastern (amber): [[Sakha]] |category= |territory=[[روس|رشین فیڈریشن]]|start_date=|current_number=26 (ڪريميا، ڊونسڪ، لوهانسک، کيرسون ۽ زپوريزيا سان گڏ).|number_date=|population_range=سڀ کان ننڍي:<br>[[التائي جمهوريا]]<br>2,06,195<br> <br>سڀ کان وڏي:<br>[[باشڪورتستان]]<br>40,72,102|area_range=سڀ کان ننڍي: [[انگوشتيا]]<br>3،123 چورس ڪلوميٽر<br>1،206 چورس ميل<br>سڀ کان وڏي:<br>[[ساکا جمهوريا]]<br>30,83,523 چورس ڪلوميٽر<br>11,90,555 چورس ميل|government=جمهوريتن جي حڪومت|subdivision=ضلعا ۽ جمهوريا جی اھميت جا شھر ۽ ٹائون}} [[روس|روسي فيڊريشن]] 85 وفاقي ذيلي يونٽن ۾ ورهايل آهي، جن مان 26 [[ريپبلڪ|جمهوريتون]] آهن. جمهوريتون غير روسي نسل جي علائقن جي نمائندگي ڪن ٿیو. روس ۾ جمهوريتون هڪ قسم جي وفاقي مضمون آهن. اهي اصل ۾ غير روسي نسلي گروهن لاء قومي رياستن جي طور تي ٺاهيا ويا، پر ان کان پوء انهن جي خودمختياري جو گهڻو حصو وڃائي ڇڏيو آهي.[[فائل:Republics_of_Russia1.png|thumb|450x450 عڪسلون|{{col-begin}}{{col-break}} 1.[[اديگيا]]<br/> 2.[[التائي جمهوريا]]<br/> 3.[[باشڪورتستان]]<br/> 4.[[بورياتيا]]<br/> 5.[[داغستان]]<br/> 6.[[انگوشتيا]] {{col-break}} &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; {{col-break}} 7.[[ڪبارڊينو-بلڪاريا]]<br/> 8.[[ڪالميڪيا]]<br/> 9.[[ڪاراچئ-سرڪيشيا]]<br/> 10.[[ڪئريليا|جمهوريه ڪريليا]]<br/> 11.[[ڪومي جمهوريه]]<br/> 12.[[ماري ايل|ماري-ايل جمهوريه]] {{col-break}} &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; {{col-break}} 13.[[موردوويا]]<br/> 14.[[ساکا جمهوريا]]<br/> 15.[[اتر اوسيتيا-الانيا]]<br/> 16.[[تاتارستان]]<br/> 17.[[ٽووا|جمهوريه ٽووا]]<br/> 18.[[اڊمورتيا]] {{col-break}} &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; {{col-break}} 19.[[خاڪئسيا|خاڪيشيا]]<br/> 20.[[چيچنيا]]<br/> 21.[[چوواشيا|چوواش جمهوريه]]<br/> 22.[[جمهوريه ڪريميا]] {{col-end}} ]] ==جمھوریتن جي فھرست== * جمھوریتن جي انفرادي جھنڊن لاءِ ڏسو: [[روس جا جھنڊا]] * [[اتر اوسيتيا-الانيا]] * [[اديگيا]] * [[التائي جمهوريا]] * [[انگوشتيا]] * [[اڊمورتيا]] * [[باشڪورتستان]] * [[بورياتيا]] * [[تاتارستان]] * [[جمهوريه ڪريميا]] * [[خاڪئسيا]] * [[داغستان]] * [[ساکا جمهوريا]] * [[ماري ايل]] * [[موردوويا]] * [[ٽووا]] * [[چوواشيا]] * [[چيچنيا]] * [[ڪئريليا]] * [[ڪاراچئ-سرڪيشيا]] * [[ڪالميڪيا]] * [[ڪبارڊينو-بلڪاريا]] * [[ڪومي جمهوريه]] {| class="wikitable sortable" ! scope="col" | نالو ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | نقشو ! scope="col" | مقامي بولی م نالو ! scope="col" | گاديء جو ھنڌ ! scope="col" | قوميت ! scope="col" | آبادي (2010)<ref name="census">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-11.pdf|title=2010 All-Russian Population Census|date=2011-12-22|website=All-Russian Population Census|language=ru|access-date=2019-05-12|archive-date=2013-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605102231/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-11.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! scope="col" | ایراضي چورس ڪلوميٽر/چورس میل |-<!-- 01 ---> ! scope="row" | 1. [[اديگيا|اديگيا جي جمهوريه]] | [[File:Map of Russia - Adygea (Crimea disputed).svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Adygea in Russia]] | <small>{{lang-ru|Республика Адыгея}} (ريسپبليڪا اديگيا)</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">مائيڪوپ <small>''{{Transl|ady|Mıequapə}}''</small> </div>{{lang-ru|Майкоп}} | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">چرڪس<br>{{increase}}25.2%</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">439,996</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|7792|{{convert|7792|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}</div> |-<!-- 02 ---> ! scope="row" | 2. [[التائي جمهوريا]] | [[File:Map of Russia - Altai Republic (Crimea disputed).svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Altai in Russia]] | <small>{{lang-ru|Республика Алтай}} (ريسپبليڪا التائ)</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><small>'''گورنو۔التائيسڪ'''</small> <small>''{{Transl|kk|Gorno-Altaisk}}''</small> </div>{{lang-ru|Горно-Алтайск}} ([[روسي ٻولي|روسي]]) | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">التائي ماڻهو<br>{{increase}}33.9%</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">206,168</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|92903|{{convert|92903|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}</div> |-<!-- 03 ---> ! scope="row" | 3. [[باشڪورتستان|باشڪورتستان جي جمهوريا]] | [[File:Map of Russia - Bashkortostan (Crimea disputed).svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Bashkortostan in Russia]] | <small>{{lang-ru|Республика Башкортостан}} (''{{Transl|ru|Respublika Bashkortostan}}'') <br /> (''{{Transl|ba|Başqortostan Respublikahı}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">يوفا ( <small>''{{Transl|ru|Ufa}}''</small>) </div>{{lang-ru|Уфа}} (روسي) | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">باشڪر<br>{{decrease}}29.5%</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">4,072,292 </div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|142947|{{convert|142947|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}</div> |-<!-- 04 ---> ! scope="row" | 4. [[بورياتيا|بورياتيا جي جمهوريا]] | [[File:Map of Russia - Buryatia (Crimea disputed).svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Buryatia in Russia]] | {{lang-ru|Республика Бурятия}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Respublika Buryatiya}}'')</small><br /> <small>(''{{Transl|bua|Buryaad Ulas}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">الان۔ادي Ulan-Ade </div>{{lang-ru|Улан-Удэ}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Ulan-Ude}}'')</small> <br /> <small>(''{{Transl|bua|Ulaan Üde}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">بوريات منگول<br>{{increase}}30%</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">972,021</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|351334|{{convert|351334|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}</div> |-<!-- 05 ---> ! scope="row" | 5. [[چيچنيا|چيچن جمهوريا]] | [[File:Map of Russia - Chechnya (Crimea disputed).svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Chechnya in Russia]] | {{lang-ru|Чеченская Республика}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Chechenskaya Respublika}}'')</small><br /> <small>(''{{Transl|ce|Noxçiyn Respublika}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">[[گروزني]] [[Grozny]] </div>{{lang-ru|Грозный}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Grozny}}'')</small> <small>(''{{Transl|ce|Sölƶa-Ġala}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">[[چيچن]]<br>{{increase}}93.4%</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">1,268,989</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|16165|{{convert|16165|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}</div> |-<!-- 06 ---> ! scope="row" | 6. [[چوواشيا|چوواش جمهوريا]] | [[File:Map of Russia - Chuvashia (disputed Crimea).svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Chuvashia in Russia]] | {{lang-ru|Чувашская Республика}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Chuvashskaya Respublika}}'')</small><br /> <small>(''{{Transl|cv|Čăvaš Respubliki}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">چابوڪساري </div>{{lang-ru|Чебоксары}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Cheboksary}}'')</small> <br /> <small>(''{{Transl|cv|Šupaškar}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">چوواش <br>{{increase}}67.7%</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">1,251,619</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|18343|{{convert|18343|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}</div> |-<!-- 07 ---> ! scope="row" | 7. [[ڪرائميا|ڪريميا جي جمهوريا]] | [[File:Map of Russia - Crimea.svg|alt=Map showing Crimea in Russia|border|center|150x150px]] | {{lang-ru|Республика Крым}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Krym — Respublika Krym}}'')</small><br />{{lang-uk|Республіка Крим}} <small>(''{{Transl|uk|Respublika Krym}}'')</small> داغستان - ريسپبليڪا داغستان (داغستان ريپبلڪ) * aghul: ريسپبليڪا ڊاگسٽان Avar: Дагъистаналъул Жумгьурият آذري: ڊاڪيومينٽري circasian: Дегӏестан Республика درگاوا: ڊارگوا komi: دگِيستان جُومگيورياٽ ibi: ڊاگرسٽانال ريسپبليڪا جواب ڏيڻ داغستان ڊاڪٽسٽان ريسپوبليڪاس ريسپبلڪ ڊاگسٽ روسي: ڊاگوسٽان ريسپبليڪا tatat:Respublikei Dogъistu ساڪور: ريسپبليڪا ڊاگسٽان<br /> <small>(''{{Transl|crh|Qırım Cumhuriyeti}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"> سمفروپول [[Simferopol]]</div>{{lang-ru|Симферополь}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Simferopol}}'')</small> <br />{{lang-uk|Сiмферополь}} <small>(''{{Transl|uk|Simferopol}}'')</small><br /> <small>(''{{Transl|crh|Aqmescit}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">روسي، يوڪريني، تاتار {{efn|The republic was not formed with a titular nationality in mind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.interpretermag.com/why-are-only-some-non-russian-republics-led-by-members-of-their-titular-nationalities/|title=Why are Only Some Non-Russian Republics Led by Members of Their Titular Nationalities?|last=Goble|first=Paul|date=2015-11-03|website=The Interpreter|access-date=2019-05-13}}</ref>}}</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">1,913,731</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|26081|{{convert|26081|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}</div> |-<!-- 08 ---> ! scope="row" | 8. [[داغستان|جمهوريا داغستان]] | [[File:Map of Russia - Dagestan (Crimea disputed).svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Dagestan in Russia]] | داغستان - ريسپبليڪا داغستان (داغستان ريپبلڪ) * aghul: ريسپبليڪا ڊاگسٽان Avar: Дагъистаналъул Жумгьурият آذري: ڊاڪيومينٽري circasian: Дегӏестан Республика درگاوا: ڊارگوا komi: دگِيستان جُومگيورياٽ ibi: ڊاگرسٽانال ريسپبليڪا جواب ڏيڻ داغستان ڊاڪٽسٽان ريسپوبليڪاس ريسپبلڪ ڊاگسٽ روسي: ڊاگوسٽان ريسپبليڪا tatat:Respublikei Dogъistu ساڪور: ريسپبليڪا ڊاگسٽان {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-left:2.5em;font-size:85%;<!--size of [show]/[hide] link--> |title = 13 بیو سرکاری بولیون |<small> آغول: Республика Дагъустан<br> آوار: Дагъистаналъул Жумгьурият<br> آذری:Дағыстан Республикасы<br><br> چرکی: Дегӏестан Республика<br> درگاوا:Дагъистан Республика<br> کومی:Дагъыстан Жумгьурият<br> آئیبی:Дагъусттаннал Республика<br> Республика Дагъустан<br> Дагыстан Республикасы<br> Республика Дагъустан<br> روسی:Дагъустан Республика<br> تاتاری:Республикей Догъисту<br> ساکور:Республика Дагъустан<br> </small>}} | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">مکچڪالا<br /><br /></div>{{lang-ru|Махачкала}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Makhachkala}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">تيرهن مقامي قوميتون واڌارو. گهٽتائي. مستحڪم. </div> {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-left:2.5em;font-size:85%;<!--size of [show]/[hide] link--> |title = فھرست |1% اغول <br> 29.4% آوار <br> 4.5% آذربائيجانين <br> 3.2% چيچن <br> 17% دارگين <br> 14.9% ڪالمڪ <br> 5.6% لک <br> 13.3% ليزگينس <br> 1.4% نوگيس <br> 1% رتولن <br> 4.1% تباساران <br> 0.5% ٽات <br> 0.3% ساکرز <br> {{increase}}1%<br> [[Avars (Caucasus)|Avars]] <br>{{steady}}29.4% <br>[[Azerbaijanis]]<br> {{increase}}4.5%<br> [[Chechens]]<br> {{decrease}}3.2%<br> [[Dargins]]<br>{{increase}}17%<br> [[Kumyks]]<br>{{increase}}14.9% <br>[[Laks (Caucasus)|Laks]]<br>{{increase}}5.6% <br>[[Lezgins]]<br> {{increase}}13.3%<br> [[Nogais]]<br>{{decrease}}1.4% <br> [[Rutul people|Rutuls]] <br> {{steady}}1%<br>[[Tabasaran people|Tabasarans]] <br>{{decrease}}4.1% <br>[[Tat people (Caucasus)|Tats]] <br>{{decrease}}0.5% <br> [[Tsakhur people|Tsakhurs]]<br>{{steady}}0.3%}} | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">2,910,249</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|50270|{{convert|50270|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}</div> |-<!-- 09 ---> ! scope="row" | 9. [[يوڪرين|ڊونيٽسڪ عوامي جمهوريا]] | [[File:Map of Russia - Donetsk.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Donetsk in Russia]] | {{lang-ru|Донецкая Народная Республика}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Donetskaya Narodnaya Respublika}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"> [[ڊونٽسڪ]] </div>{{lang-ru|Донецк}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Donetsk}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">روسي، يوڪريني</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">4,100,280{{efn|name=population|Pre-war population based on Ukrainian estimates.}}</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|26517|{{convert|26517|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}{{efn|name=TerriControl|Republic only has partial control of its territory.}}</div> |-<!-- 10 ---> ! scope="row" | 10. [[انگوشتيا|انگوشتيا جي جمهوريا]] | [[File:Map of Russia - Ingushetia (Crimea disputed).svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Ingushetia in Russia]] | {{lang-ru|Республика Ингушетия}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Respublika Ingushetiya}}'')</small><br />{{lang-inh|ГӀалгӀай Мохк}} <small>(''{{Transl|inh|Ġalġay Moxk}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">[[مگس]]</div>{{lang-ru|Магас}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Magas}}'')</small> <br />{{lang-inh|Магас}} <small>(''{{Transl|inh|Magas}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">[[انگوش ماڻهو|انگوش]]<br>{{increase}}94.1%</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">412,529</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|3123|{{convert|3123|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}</div> |-<!-- 11 ---> ! scope="row" | 11. [[ڪبارڊينو-بلڪاريا|ڪبارڊينو۔بلڪر جمھوریا]] | [[File:Map of Russia - Kabardino-Balkaria (Crimea disputed).svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Kabardino-Balkaria in Russia]] | {{lang-ru|Кабардино-Балкарская Республика}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Kabardino-Balkarskaya Respublika}}'')</small><br />{{lang-kbd|Къэбэрдей-Балъкъэр Республикэ}} <small>(''{{Transl|kbd|Qəbərdey-Batlqər Respublikə}}'')</small><br />{{lang-krc|Къабарты-Малкъар Республика}} <small>(''{{Transl|krc|Qabartı-Malqar Respublika}}'')</small> |[[نالچڪ]]{{lang-ru|Нальчик}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Nalchik}}'')</small> <br />{{lang-kbd|Налщӏэч}} <small>(''{{Transl|kbd|Nalş’əç}}'')</small><br />{{lang-krc|Нальчик}} <small>(''{{Transl|krc|Nalchik}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">[[Balkars]]<br>{{increase}}12.7%<br>[[Kabardians]]<br>{{increase}}57.2% [[بلڪرز]]، [[ڪبارڊينو|ڪبارڊينز]] </div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">859,939</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|12470|{{convert|12470|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}</div> |-<!-- 12 ---> ! scope="row" | 12. [[ڪالميڪيا|ڪالميڪيا جي جمهوريا]] | [[File:Map of Russia - Kalmykia (Crimea disputed).svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Kalmykia in Russia]] | {{lang-ru|Республика Калмыкия}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Respublika Kalmykiya}}'')</small><br />{{lang-xal-RU|Хальмг Таңһч}} <small>(''{{Transl|xal|Haľmg Tañğç}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">[[اليسٽا]]</div>{{lang-ru|Элиста}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Elista}}'')</small> <br />{{lang-xal-RU|Элст}} <small>(''{{Transl|xal|Elst}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">ڪالميڪس<br>{{increase}}57.4%</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">289,481</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|74731|{{convert|74731|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}</div> |-<!-- 13 ---> ! scope="row" | 13. [[ڪاراچئ-سرڪيشيا]] | [[File:Map of Russia - Karachay-Cherkessia (Crimea disputed).svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Karachay-Cherkessia in Russia]] | {{lang-ru|Карачаево-Черкесская Республика}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Karachayevo-Cherkesskaya Respublika}}'')</small> {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-left:2.5em;font-size:85%;<!--size of [show]/[hide] link--> |title = Four other official names |[[Abaza language|Abaza]]: Къарча-Черкес Республика <small>(''Qarça-Çerkes Respublika'')</small><br /><br />{{lang-kbd|Къэрэшей-Шэрджэс Республикэ}} <small>(''{{Transl|kbd|Qərəṩey-Ṩərcəs Respublikə}}'')</small><br /><br />{{lang-krc|Къарачай-Черкес Республика}} <small>(''{{Transl|krc|Qaraçay-Çerkes Respublika}}'')</small><br /><br />{{lang-nog|Карашай-Шеркеш Республика}}<small>(''{{Transl|nog|Karaşay-Şerkeş Respublika}}'')</small>}} | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">[[چرڪيسڪ]] <br /><br /></div>{{lang-ru|Черкесск}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Čerkessk}}'')</small> {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-left:2.5em;font-size:85%;<!--size of [show]/[hide] link--> |title = Four other official names |[[Abaza language|Abaza]]: Черкес къала <small>(''Черкесск'')</small><br /><br />{{lang-kbd|Шэрджэс къалэ}} <small>(''{{Transl|kbd|Ṩərcəs qalə}}'')</small><br /><br/>{{lang-krc|Черкесск}} <small>(''{{Transl|krc|Çerkessk}}'')</small><br /><br />{{lang-nog|Шеркеш шахар}} <small>(''Şerkeş şahar'')</small>}} | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">[[Abazins]]<br>{{increase}}7.8%<br>[[Kabardians]]<br>{{increase}}11.9%<br>[[Karachays]]<br>{{increase}}41%<br>[[Nogais]]<br>{{decrease}}3.3% چرڪس، [[ابازين]]، [[ڪبارڊين]] [[ڪراچي]]، [[نوگيس]]</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">477,859</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|14277|{{convert|14277|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}</div> |-<!-- 14 ---> ! scope="row" | 14. [[ڪئريليا|جمهوريه ڪئريليا]] | [[File:Map of Russia - Karelia (Crimea disputed).svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Karelia in Russia]] | {{lang-ru|Республика Карелия}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Respublika Kareliya}}'')</small><br /><br />{{lang-krl|Karjalan tazavaldu}}{{efn|The Karelian language has no official status in the republic but is nevertheless recognized as a "regional language" alongside [[Finnish language|Finnish]] and [[Veps language|Veps]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jung|first=Hakyung|date=2012|title=Language in a Borderland: On the Official Status of Karelian Language|url=https://www.academia.edu/4892711|journal=Slavic Studies|pages=1 and 13|via=Academia}}</ref>}} | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">[[پيٽروزوووڊسڪ]] </div>{{lang-ru|Петрозаводск}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Petrozavodsk}}'')</small><br />{{lang-krl|Petroskoi}} | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">[[ڪريليئنز]]<br>{{decrease}}7.4%</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">643,548</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|180520|{{convert|180520|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}</div> |-<!-- 15 ---> ! scope="row" | 15. [[خاڪئسيا|جمهوريه خاڪیشيا]] | [[File:Map of Russia - Khakassia.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Khakassia in Russia]] | {{lang-ru|Республика Хакасия}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Respublika Khakasiya}}'')</small><br /><br />[[Khakas language|Khakas]]: Хакас Республиказы <small>(''Khakas Respublikazy'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">اباڪان</div>{{lang-ru|Абакан}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Abakan}}'')</small><br />[[Khakas language|Khakas]]: Абахан <small>(''Abakhan'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">کاڪاز<br>{{increase}}12.1%</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">532,403</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|61569|{{convert|61569|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}</div> |-<!-- 16 ---> ! scope="row" | 16. [[ڪومي جمهوريه|ڪومي جمهوريا]] | [[File:Map of Russia - Komi (Crimea disputed).svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Komi in Russia]] | {{lang-ru|Республика Коми}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Respublika Komi}}'')</small><br /><br />{{lang-kv|Коми Республика}} <small>(''{{Transl|kv|Komi Respublika}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">سکتيوڪر </div>{{lang-ru|Сыктывкар}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Syktyvkar}}'')</small><br />{{lang-kv|Сыктывкар}} <small>(''{{Transl|kv|Syktyvkar}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">[[ڪومي ماڻهو|ڪومي]]<br>{{decrease}}23.7%</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">901,189</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|416774|{{convert|416774|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}</div> |-<!-- 17 ---> ! scope="row" | 17''. [[يوڪرين|لوهانسڪ عوامي جمهوريا]]'' | [[File:Map of Russia - Lugansk.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Luhansk in Russia]] | {{lang-ru|Луганская Народная Республика}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Luganskaya Narodnaya Respublika}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"> ''[[لوهانسڪ]]'' </div>{{lang-ru|Луганск}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Lugansk}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">''روسي، يوڪريني''</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">2,121,322{{efn|name=population}}</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|26684|{{convert|26684|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}{{efn|name=TerriControl}}</div> |-<!-- 18 ---> ! scope="row" | 18. [[ماري ايل|ماري ايل ريپبلڪ]] | [[File:Map of Russia - Mari El (Crimea disputed).svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Mari El in Russia]] | {{lang-ru|Республика Марий Эл}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Respublika Mariy El}}'')</small><br /><br />{{lang-mrj|Мары Эл Республик}} <small>(''{{Transl|mrj|Mary El Republik}}'')</small><br /><br />{{lang-mhr|Марий Эл Республик}} <small>(''{{Transl|mhr|Mariy El Republik}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">يوشڪر۔اولا</div>{{lang-ru|Йошкар-Ола}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Yoshkar-Ola}}'')</small><br />{{lang-mrj|Йошкар-Ола}} <small>(''{{Transl|mrj|Yoshkar-Ola}}'')</small><br />{{lang-mhr|Йошкар-Ола}} <small>(''{{Transl|mhr|Yoshkar-Ola}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">[[ماري ماڻهو|ماري]]<br>{{increase}}43.9%</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">696,459</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|23375|{{convert|23375|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}</div> |-<!-- 19 ---> ! scope="row" | 19. [[موردوويا|جمهوريه مورڊوويا]] | [[File:Map of Russia - Mordovia (Crimea disputed).svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Mordovia in Russia]] | {{lang-ru|Республика Мордовия}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Respublika Mordoviya}}'')</small><br />{{lang-myv|Мордовия Республикась}} <small>(''{{Transl|myv|Mordovija Respublikas}}'')</small><br />{{lang-mdf|Мордовия Pеспубликась}} <small>(''{{Transl|mdf|Mordovija Respublikas}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">[[سرانسک|سارانسک]]</div>{{lang-ru|Саранск}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Saransk}}'')</small><br />{{lang-myv|Саран ош}} <small>(''{{Transl|myv|Saran osh}}'')<br /></small>{{lang-mdf|Саранош}} <small>(''{{Transl|mdf|Saranosh}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">مورڊوويئن<br>{{increase}}40%</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">834,755</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|26128|{{convert|26128|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}</div> |-<!-- 20 ---> ! scope="row" | 20. [[اتر اوسيتيا-الانيا|اتر اوسيٽيا۔الانيا جي جمھوریا]] | [[File:Map of Russia - North Ossetia (Alania).svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing North Ossetia–Alania in Russia]] | {{lang-ru|Республика Северная Осетия–Алания}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Respublika Severnaya Osetiya–Alaniya}}'')</small><br />{{lang-os|Республикӕ Цӕгат Ирыстон–Алани}} <small>(''{{Transl|os|Respublikæ Cægat Iryston–Alani}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"> ولاڊيڪاڪاز </div>{{lang-ru|Владикавказ}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Vladikavkaz}}'')</small><br />{{lang-os|Дзӕуджыхъӕу}} <small>(''{{Transl|os|Dzæudžyqæu}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">اوسيٽيئن<br>{{increase}}65.1%</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">712,980</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|7987|{{convert|7987|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}</div> |-<!-- 21 ---> ! scope="row" | 21.[[ساخا|ساکا جمهوريا]] | [[File:Map of Russia - Sakha (Yakutia) (Crimea disputed).svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing the Sakha Republic in Russia]] | {{lang-ru|Республика Саха}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Respublika Sakha}}'')</small><br />{{lang-sah|Саха Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ}} <small>(''{{Transl|sah|Sakha Öröspüübülükete}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"> ياکوتسڪ </div>{{lang-ru|Якутск}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Yakutsk}}'')</small><br />{{lang-sah|Дьокуускай}} <small>(''{{Transl|sah|Dokuuskay}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">ياقوتي <br>{{increase}}49.9%</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">958,528</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|3083523|{{convert|3083523|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}</div> |-<!-- 22 ---> ! scope="row" | 22. [[تاتارستان|تاتارستان جي جمهوريا]] | [[File:Map of Russia - Tatarstan.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Tatarstan in Russia]] | {{lang-ru|Республика Татарстан}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Respublika Tatarstan}}'')</small><br /><br />{{lang-tt-Cyrl|Татарстан Республикасы}} <small>(''{{Transl|tt|Tatarstan Respublikası}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">قازان</div>{{lang-ru|Казань}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Kazan}}'')</small><br />{{lang-tt-Cyrl|Казан}} <small>(''{{Transl|tt|Kazan}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">تاتاري<br>{{increase}}53.2%</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">3,786,488</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|67847|{{convert|67847|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}</div> |-<!-- 23 ---> ! scope="row" | 23. [[ٽووا|جمهوريه ٽووا]] | [[File:Map of Russia - Tuva.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Tuva in Russia]] | {{lang-ru|Республика Тува}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Respublika Tuva}}'')</small><br /><br />{{lang-tyv|Тыва Республика}} <small>(''{{Transl|tyv|Tyva Respublika}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">ڪزل</div>{{lang-ru|Кызыл}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Kyzyl}}'')</small><br />{{lang-tyv|Кызыл}} <small>(''{{Transl|tyv|Kyzyl}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">توواڻي<br>{{increase}}82%</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">307,930</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|168604|{{convert|168604|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}</div> |-<!-- 24 ---> ! scope="row" | 24. [[اڊمورتيا|اڊرمرٽ جي جمهوريا]] | [[File:Map of Russia (2014–2022) - Udmurtia.svg|border|centre|150px|alt=Map showing Udmurtia in Russia]] | {{lang-ru|Удмуртская Республика}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Udmurtskaya Respublika}}'')</small><br />{{lang-udm|Удмурт Элькун}} <small>(''{{Transl|udm|Udmurt Elkun}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">ازويشڪ</div>{{lang-ru|Ижевск}} <small>(''{{Transl|ru|Izhevsk}}'')</small><br />{{lang-udm|Ижкар}} <small>(''{{Transl|udm|Ižkar}}'')</small> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">اڊرمرٽس<br>{{decrease}}28%</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">1,521,420</div> | <div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">{{sort|42061|{{convert|42061|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}</div> |} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:روس]] [[زمرو:روس جي جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:روس جا وفاقي ماتحت]] [[زمرو:روس جي انتظامي ورهاستون]] [[زمرو:روس جي پهرين سطح جي انتظامي ورهاست]] [[زمرو:روس سان لاڳاپيل فهرستون]] [[زمرو:جاگرافي-سان لاڳاپيل فهرستون]] [[زمرو:يورپ سان لاڳاپيل فهرستون]] [[زمرو:روس جي پهرين سطح جي انتظامي ورهاست]] [[زمرو:بالٽو-سلواڪ گھڻ ٻوليائي سهائتا سانچا]] [[زمرو:لوا تي ٻَڌل سانچا]] kcdb9hushn4sn7scjimearn9htyr83q 828 77194 377149 276692 2026-05-12T08:00:39Z Intisar Ali 8681 377149 Scribunto text/plain return { ["IAST"] = 6300, ["IA_SCOTUS_URL"] = 3300, ["IBDB_name"] = 9700, ["ICD10"] = 5000, ["ICD9"] = 4400, ["ICS"] = 3500, ["ICS_flag"] = 3500, ["IDN"] = 3700, ["IMDb_episode"] = 11000, ["IMDb_episodes"] = 4100, ["IMDb_name"] = 171000, ["IMDb_title"] = 209000, ["IMO_Number"] = 4300, ["IMSLP"] = 9100, ["INA"] = 2400, ["IND"] = 8500, ["INR"] = 6500, ["INRConvert"] = 6700, ["INRConvert/CurrentRate"] = 6600, ["INRConvert/USD"] = 6600, ["INRConvert/out"] = 6600, ["IOBDB_name"] = 2100, ["IP"] = 2800, ["IPA"] = 178000, ["IPA_audio_link"] = 5000, ["IPA_link"] = 5000, ["IPAblink"] = 2500, ["IPAc-cmn"] = 2800, ["IPAc-en"] = 55000, ["IPAc-pl"] = 51000, ["IPSummary"] = 82000, ["IP_summary"] = 83000, ["IPtalk"] = 18000, ["IPuser"] = 7600, ["IPvandal"] = 2800, ["IRC"] = 7100, ["IRI"] = 2600, ["IRL"] = 6000, ["IRN"] = 4000, ["ISBN"] = 473000, ["ISBN?"] = 2500, ["ISBNT"] = 46000, ["ISBN_missing"] = 3200, ["ISFDB_name"] = 4300, ["ISFDB_title"] = 5100, ["ISL"] = 2300, ["ISO_15924/script-example-character"] = 3000, ["ISO_15924/wp-article"] = 3000, ["ISO_15924/wp-article/format"] = 3000, ["ISO_15924/wp-article/label"] = 3000, ["ISO_3166_code"] = 238000, ["ISO_3166_name"] = 16000, ["ISO_639_name"] = 28000, ["ISP"] = 3700, ["ISR"] = 5400, ["ISSN"] = 12000, ["ISSN_link"] = 32000, ["ISTAT"] = 8100, ["ISU_figure_skater"] = 2300, ["ITA"] = 20000, ["ITF"] = 6700, ["ITF_profile"] = 9300, ["ITIS"] = 5800, ["ITN_talk"] = 13000, ["ITN_talk/date"] = 13000, ["IUCN_banner"] = 16000, ["I_sup"] = 4900, ["Ice_hockey_box"] = 2000, ["Ice_hockey_stats"] = 20000, ["Icehockeystats"] = 12000, ["Icelandic_name"] = 2100, ["Icon"] = 659000, ["If"] = 425000, ["If_all"] = 7500, ["If_autoconfirmed"] = 2300, ["If_between"] = 4700, ["If_both"] = 204000, ["If_dark"] = 3400, ["If_dark/styles.css"] = 3400, ["If_either"] = 41000, ["If_empty"] = 6680000, ["If_first_display_both"] = 119000, ["If_in_category"] = 179000, ["If_in_page"] = 20000, ["If_last_display_both"] = 37000, ["If_mobile"] = 2100, ["If_mobile/styles.css"] = 2100, ["If_preview"] = 65000, ["If_then_show"] = 435000, ["Ifempty"] = 889000, ["Ifeq"] = 83000, ["Iferror_then_show"] = 3900, ["Ifexist_not_redirect"] = 1830000, ["Ifnotempty"] = 18000, ["Ifnoteq_then_show"] = 2300, ["Ifnumber"] = 72000, ["Ifsubst"] = 1010000, ["Ih"] = 8000, ["Ill"] = 210000, ["Illm"] = 6000, ["Image_frame"] = 6500, ["Image_label"] = 4700, ["Image_label_begin"] = 4100, ["Image_label_end"] = 4100, ["Image_label_small"] = 2600, ["Image_needed"] = 4600, ["Image_other"] = 189000, ["Image_requested"] = 138000, ["Image_requested/Category_helper"] = 127000, ["Imbox"] = 991000, ["Imdb_name"] = 5700, ["Imdb_title"] = 3000, ["Importance"] = 15000, ["Importance/colour"] = 30000, ["Importance_mask"] = 615000, ["Improve_categories"] = 8200, ["Improve_documentation"] = 4100, ["Improve_plot"] = 3900, ["In_class"] = 5600, ["In_lang"] = 384000, ["In_progress"] = 3700, ["In_string"] = 302000, ["In_title"] = 28000, ["Inactive_userpage_blanked"] = 4400, ["Inaturalist_taxon"] = 3700, ["Include-USGov"] = 25000, ["Incomplete_list"] = 24000, ["Inconclusive"] = 2300, ["Increase"] = 59000, ["Incumbent_pope"] = 4700, ["Indent"] = 5400, ["Indented_plainlist"] = 2600, ["Independent_sources"] = 10000, ["IndexFungorum"] = 2100, ["Indian_English"] = 4900, ["Indian_railway_code"] = 3400, ["Indian_rupee"] = 12000, ["Inflation"] = 27000, ["Inflation-fn"] = 5800, ["Inflation-year"] = 4300, ["Inflation/IN/startyear"] = 6600, ["Inflation/UK"] = 5400, ["Inflation/UK/dataset"] = 5400, ["Inflation/UK/startyear"] = 5400, ["Inflation/US"] = 15000, ["Inflation/US-GDP"] = 3000, ["Inflation/US-GDP/dataset"] = 3000, ["Inflation/US-GDP/startyear"] = 3000, ["Inflation/US/dataset"] = 15000, ["Inflation/US/startyear"] = 15000, ["Inflation/fn"] = 7400, ["Inflation/year"] = 33000, ["Info"] = 5600, ["Infobox"] = 3400000, ["Infobox/Columns"] = 3200, ["Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"] = 173000, ["Infobox/styles-images.css"] = 20000, ["Infobox3cols"] = 25000, ["Infobox_AFL_biography"] = 15000, ["Infobox_Athletics_Championships"] = 3400, ["Infobox_Australian_place"] = 15000, ["Infobox_Australian_place/styles.css"] = 15000, ["Infobox_Australian_place/table"] = 11000, ["Infobox_COA_wide"] = 3600, ["Infobox_Canada_electoral_district"] = 2600, ["Infobox_Chinese"] = 23000, ["Infobox_Chinese/Chinese"] = 3100, ["Infobox_Chinese/Footer"] = 7300, ["Infobox_Chinese/Header"] = 7300, ["Infobox_Christian_leader"] = 22000, ["Infobox_French_commune"] = 38000, ["Infobox_French_subdivision"] = 2200, ["Infobox_Gaelic_games_biography"] = 5400, ["Infobox_Gaelic_games_player"] = 3300, ["Infobox_German_location"] = 11000, ["Infobox_German_place"] = 14000, ["Infobox_Grand_Prix_race_report"] = 2200, ["Infobox_Greece_place"] = 3600, ["Infobox_Greek_Dimos"] = 3000, ["Infobox_Hindu_temple"] = 2800, ["Infobox_Indian_constituency"] = 5800, ["Infobox_Indian_constituency/defaultdata"] = 5800, ["Infobox_Italian_comune"] = 8100, ["Infobox_Korean"] = 2300, ["Infobox_Korean/auto"] = 13000, ["Infobox_Korean/auto/categories"] = 13000, ["Infobox_Korean/base"] = 2400, ["Infobox_Korean/base/auto"] = 17000, ["Infobox_Korean/categories"] = 2300, ["Infobox_Korean_name"] = 2300, ["Infobox_Korean_name/auto"] = 13000, ["Infobox_Korean_television_name"] = 3300, ["Infobox_NASCAR_driver"] = 2300, ["Infobox_NASCAR_race_report"] = 2700, ["Infobox_NCAA_basketball_conference_tournament"] = 2100, ["Infobox_NCAA_team_season"] = 10000, ["Infobox_NFL_biography"] = 28000, ["Infobox_NFL_team_season"] = 2300, ["Infobox_NRHP"] = 74000, ["Infobox_NRHP/conv"] = 19000, ["Infobox_NRHP/locmapin2region"] = 67000, ["Infobox_Olympic_event"] = 7900, ["Infobox_Olympic_event/event_link"] = 7900, ["Infobox_Olympic_event/games_text"] = 7900, ["Infobox_Pan_American_Games_event"] = 2900, ["Infobox_Paralympic_event"] = 2900, ["Infobox_Paralympic_event/games_text"] = 2900, ["Infobox_Romanian_subdivision"] = 3200, ["Infobox_Russian_district"] = 2100, ["Infobox_Russian_inhabited_locality"] = 4700, ["Infobox_Russian_inhabited_locality/PosMapFS"] = 4200, ["Infobox_Russian_inhabited_locality/federal_subject"] = 4700, ["Infobox_SCOTUS_case"] = 4600, ["Infobox_SSSI"] = 2000, ["Infobox_Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest"] = 2100, ["Infobox_Slovak_place"] = 3000, ["Infobox_Swiss_town"] = 2900, ["Infobox_Switzerland_municipality"] = 2900, ["Infobox_Turkey_place"] = 20000, ["Infobox_U.S._county"] = 3000, ["Infobox_U.S._county/district"] = 3000, ["Infobox_U.S._legislation"] = 2000, ["Infobox_UK_constituency"] = 2200, ["Infobox_UK_constituency/year"] = 2200, ["Infobox_UK_legislation"] = 6000, ["Infobox_UK_place"] = 27000, ["Infobox_UK_place/NoDialCode"] = 8200, ["Infobox_UK_place/NoPostCode"] = 3600, ["Infobox_UK_place/area"] = 2700, ["Infobox_UK_place/dens"] = 2300, ["Infobox_UK_place/dist"] = 2800, ["Infobox_UK_place/local"] = 27000, ["Infobox_UK_place/styles.css"] = 27000, ["Infobox_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site"] = 2100, ["Infobox_UN_resolution"] = 2300, ["Infobox_US_Supreme_Court_case"] = 4800, ["Infobox_US_Supreme_Court_case/courts"] = 4800, ["Infobox_United_States_legislative_district"] = 2600, ["Infobox_United_States_legislative_district/representative"] = 2600, ["Infobox_Wikipedia_user"] = 12000, ["Infobox_academic"] = 26000, ["Infobox_aircraft"] = 13000, ["Infobox_aircraft/styles.css"] = 14000, ["Infobox_aircraft_occurrence"] = 2800, ["Infobox_airline"] = 4800, ["Infobox_airline/styles.css"] = 4800, ["Infobox_airport"] = 14000, ["Infobox_airport/datatable"] = 13000, ["Infobox_airport/styles.css"] = 14000, ["Infobox_album"] = 168000, ["Infobox_album/color"] = 207000, ["Infobox_album/link"] = 168000, ["Infobox_anatomy"] = 4500, ["Infobox_ancient_site"] = 6700, ["Infobox_animanga/Footer"] = 7800, ["Infobox_animanga/Header"] = 7800, ["Infobox_animanga/Print"] = 6600, ["Infobox_animanga/Video"] = 5100, ["Infobox_architect"] = 4400, ["Infobox_artist"] = 34000, ["Infobox_artist_discography"] = 6400, ["Infobox_artwork"] = 15000, ["Infobox_automobile"] = 9200, ["Infobox_award"] = 15000, ["Infobox_badminton_player"] = 3400, ["Infobox_baseball_biography"] = 30000, ["Infobox_baseball_biography/style"] = 30000, ["Infobox_baseball_biography/styles.css"] = 30000, ["Infobox_baseball_team_season"] = 3300, ["Infobox_baseball_team_season/leagueseason"] = 3300, ["Infobox_baseball_team_season/season"] = 3300, ["Infobox_baseball_team_season/styles.css"] = 3300, ["Infobox_basketball_biography"] = 23000, ["Infobox_basketball_biography/style"] = 23000, ["Infobox_basketball_club"] = 3300, ["Infobox_basketball_club/styles.css"] = 3300, ["Infobox_beauty_pageant"] = 2200, ["Infobox_bilateral_relations"] = 5000, ["Infobox_bishop_styles"] = 2400, ["Infobox_body_of_water"] = 19000, ["Infobox_book"] = 62000, ["Infobox_book/styles.css"] = 62000, ["Infobox_boxer"] = 6500, ["Infobox_brand"] = 2200, ["Infobox_brand/styles.css"] = 2200, ["Infobox_bridge"] = 6700, ["Infobox_building"] = 33000, ["Infobox_bus_company"] = 2000, ["Infobox_cemetery"] = 2100, ["Infobox_character"] = 8300, ["Infobox_character/styles.css"] = 8300, ["Infobox_chess_biography"] = 4700, ["Infobox_chess_player"] = 3800, ["Infobox_church"] = 17000, ["Infobox_church/denomination"] = 17000, ["Infobox_church/font_color"] = 17000, ["Infobox_civil_conflict"] = 3100, ["Infobox_civilian_attack"] = 7400, ["Infobox_college_coach"] = 13000, ["Infobox_college_football_game"] = 2300, ["Infobox_college_football_player"] = 2600, ["Infobox_college_sports_team_season"] = 45000, ["Infobox_college_sports_team_season/link"] = 45000, ["Infobox_college_sports_team_season/name"] = 45000, ["Infobox_college_sports_team_season/succession"] = 45000, ["Infobox_college_sports_team_season/team"] = 45000, ["Infobox_comedian"] = 2200, ["Infobox_comic_book_title"] = 3200, ["Infobox_comics_character"] = 3500, ["Infobox_comics_creator"] = 3600, ["Infobox_comics_creator/styles.css"] = 3600, ["Infobox_company"] = 92000, ["Infobox_company/styles.css"] = 92000, ["Infobox_computing_device"] = 2600, ["Infobox_concert"] = 3900, ["Infobox_constituency"] = 7700, ["Infobox_country"] = 7100, ["Infobox_country/formernext"] = 6600, ["Infobox_country/imagetable"] = 5600, ["Infobox_country/multirow"] = 9200, ["Infobox_country/status_text"] = 3100, ["Infobox_country/styles.css"] = 7200, ["Infobox_country_at_games"] = 17000, ["Infobox_country_at_games/core"] = 17000, ["Infobox_country_at_games/see_also"] = 14000, ["Infobox_court_case"] = 5300, ["Infobox_court_case/images"] = 2900, ["Infobox_court_case/styles.css"] = 5300, ["Infobox_cricket_tournament"] = 2700, ["Infobox_cricketer"] = 32000, ["Infobox_cricketer/career"] = 32000, ["Infobox_cricketer/national_side"] = 7700, ["Infobox_criminal"] = 7700, ["Infobox_curler"] = 2800, ["Infobox_cycling_race_report"] = 5000, ["Infobox_cyclist"] = 17000, ["Infobox_dam"] = 5900, ["Infobox_deity"] = 2200, ["Infobox_deity/color"] = 2200, ["Infobox_designation_list"] = 25000, ["Infobox_designation_list/entry"] = 22000, ["Infobox_dim"] = 6400, ["Infobox_diocese"] = 4000, ["Infobox_drug"] = 11000, ["Infobox_drug/chemical_formula"] = 11000, ["Infobox_drug/data_page_link"] = 11000, ["Infobox_drug/formatATC"] = 11000, ["Infobox_drug/formatCASnumber"] = 11000, ["Infobox_drug/formatChEBI"] = 11000, ["Infobox_drug/formatChEMBL"] = 11000, ["Infobox_drug/formatChemDBNIAID"] = 11000, ["Infobox_drug/formatChemSpider"] = 11000, ["Infobox_drug/formatCompTox"] = 11000, ["Infobox_drug/formatDrugBank"] = 11000, ["Infobox_drug/formatIUPHARBPS"] = 11000, ["Infobox_drug/formatJmol"] = 11000, ["Infobox_drug/formatKEGG"] = 11000, ["Infobox_drug/formatPDBligand"] = 11000, ["Infobox_drug/formatPubChemCID"] = 11000, ["Infobox_drug/formatPubChemSID"] = 11000, ["Infobox_drug/formatUNII"] = 11000, ["Infobox_drug/legal_status"] = 12000, ["Infobox_drug/licence"] = 11000, ["Infobox_drug/maintenance_categories"] = 11000, ["Infobox_drug/non-ref-space"] = 3900, ["Infobox_drug/pregnancy_category"] = 11000, ["Infobox_drug/styles.css"] = 11000, ["Infobox_drug/title"] = 11000, ["Infobox_economist"] = 2000, ["Infobox_election"] = 40000, ["Infobox_election/shortname"] = 2500, ["Infobox_election/styles.css"] = 40000, ["Infobox_enzyme"] = 5100, ["Infobox_ethnic_group"] = 8000, ["Infobox_event"] = 7600, ["Infobox_family"] = 2700, ["Infobox_field_hockey_player"] = 2500, ["Infobox_figure_skater"] = 4000, ["Infobox_film"] = 169000, ["Infobox_film/short_description"] = 165000, ["Infobox_film_awards"] = 3100, ["Infobox_film_awards/link"] = 3100, ["Infobox_film_awards/style"] = 3100, ["Infobox_film_or_theatre_festival"] = 2000, ["Infobox_food"] = 7700, ["Infobox_football_biography"] = 218000, ["Infobox_football_club"] = 29000, ["Infobox_football_club_season"] = 24000, ["Infobox_football_league"] = 2800, ["Infobox_football_league_season"] = 22000, ["Infobox_football_match"] = 6700, ["Infobox_football_tournament"] = 2200, ["Infobox_football_tournament_season"] = 9300, ["Infobox_former_subdivision"] = 3700, ["Infobox_former_subdivision/styles.css"] = 3700, ["Infobox_galaxy"] = 3300, ["Infobox_game"] = 3100, ["Infobox_game_score"] = 3800, ["Infobox_games"] = 2100, ["Infobox_gene"] = 13000, ["Infobox_given_name"] = 4200, ["Infobox_golfer"] = 4800, ["Infobox_golfer/highest_ranking"] = 4800, ["Infobox_government_agency"] = 13000, ["Infobox_government_cabinet"] = 3400, ["Infobox_gridiron_football_biography"] = 40000, ["Infobox_gridiron_football_biography/position"] = 39000, ["Infobox_gridiron_football_team_season"] = 4100, ["Infobox_gymnast"] = 5900, ["Infobox_handball_biography"] = 5500, ["Infobox_historic_site"] = 14000, ["Infobox_holiday"] = 2200, ["Infobox_holiday/date"] = 2200, ["Infobox_horseraces"] = 2700, ["Infobox_hospital"] = 6900, ["Infobox_hospital/care_system"] = 7000, ["Infobox_hospital/lists"] = 7000, ["Infobox_hurling_championship"] = 2600, ["Infobox_ice_hockey_biography"] = 21000, ["Infobox_ice_hockey_player"] = 18000, ["Infobox_ice_hockey_team"] = 3300, ["Infobox_ice_hockey_team_season"] = 2100, ["Infobox_international_football_competition"] = 6700, ["Infobox_islands"] = 9600, ["Infobox_islands/area"] = 10000, ["Infobox_islands/density"] = 10000, ["Infobox_islands/length"] = 9600, ["Infobox_islands/styles.css"] = 9600, ["Infobox_journal"] = 10000, ["Infobox_journal/Abbreviation_search"] = 10000, ["Infobox_journal/Bluebook_check"] = 9900, ["Infobox_journal/Former_check"] = 9900, ["Infobox_journal/ISO_4_check"] = 9900, ["Infobox_journal/ISSN-eISSN"] = 9900, ["Infobox_journal/Indexing_search"] = 10000, ["Infobox_journal/MathSciNet_check"] = 9900, ["Infobox_journal/NLM_check"] = 9900, ["Infobox_journal/frequency"] = 9000, ["Infobox_journal/openaccess"] = 2600, ["Infobox_judoka"] = 2800, ["Infobox_lake"] = 3900, ["Infobox_language"] = 10000, ["Infobox_language/family-color"] = 12000, ["Infobox_language/genetic"] = 7000, ["Infobox_language/lingualist"] = 10000, ["Infobox_language/linguistlist"] = 10000, ["Infobox_language/ref"] = 7400, ["Infobox_law_enforcement_agency"] = 2200, ["Infobox_legislation"] = 2700, ["Infobox_legislative_district"] = 2300, ["Infobox_legislative_election"] = 2600, ["Infobox_legislative_election/row"] = 2500, ["Infobox_legislative_election/styles.css"] = 2600, ["Infobox_legislative_term"] = 2100, ["Infobox_legislature"] = 4300, ["Infobox_library"] = 2500, ["Infobox_lighthouse"] = 2600, ["Infobox_lighthouse/light"] = 2600, ["Infobox_locomotive"] = 5000, ["Infobox_magazine"] = 8200, ["Infobox_manner_of_address"] = 4100, ["Infobox_martial_artist"] = 6300, ["Infobox_martial_artist/record"] = 6300, ["Infobox_medal_templates"] = 474000, ["Infobox_medical_condition"] = 9900, ["Infobox_medical_condition_(new)"] = 6700, ["Infobox_medical_details"] = 2500, ["Infobox_medical_person"] = 2400, ["Infobox_militant_organization"] = 2200, ["Infobox_military_conflict"] = 27000, ["Infobox_military_installation"] = 11000, ["Infobox_military_person"] = 53000, ["Infobox_military_unit"] = 28000, ["Infobox_mine"] = 2300, ["Infobox_mineral"] = 2000, ["Infobox_mobile_phone"] = 2300, ["Infobox_mobile_phone/size"] = 2000, ["Infobox_mobile_phone/weight"] = 2100, ["Infobox_model"] = 2400, ["Infobox_monument"] = 2800, ["Infobox_mountain"] = 30000, ["Infobox_multi-sport_competition_event"] = 2700, ["Infobox_museum"] = 12000, ["Infobox_musical_artist"] = 131000, ["Infobox_musical_artist/color"] = 131000, ["Infobox_musical_artist/hCard_class"] = 121000, ["Infobox_musical_composition"] = 3500, ["Infobox_name"] = 8800, ["Infobox_name_module"] = 9100, ["Infobox_newspaper"] = 11000, ["Infobox_newspaper/styles.css"] = 11000, ["Infobox_noble"] = 7700, ["Infobox_officeholder"] = 275000, ["Infobox_officeholder/office"] = 282000, ["Infobox_official_post"] = 9700, ["Infobox_organization"] = 42000, ["Infobox_pageant_titleholder"] = 3000, ["Infobox_park"] = 9800, ["Infobox_person"] = 566000, ["Infobox_person/Wikidata"] = 5000, ["Infobox_person/height"] = 114000, ["Infobox_person/length"] = 7700, ["Infobox_person/weight"] = 73000, ["Infobox_philosopher"] = 3700, ["Infobox_planet"] = 4800, ["Infobox_play"] = 4700, ["Infobox_political_party"] = 16000, ["Infobox_power_station"] = 3300, ["Infobox_prepared_food"] = 2500, ["Infobox_professional_wrestler"] = 4800, ["Infobox_professional_wrestling_event"] = 3200, ["Infobox_protected_area"] = 16000, ["Infobox_protein_family"] = 2200, ["Infobox_publisher"] = 2600, ["Infobox_racehorse"] = 5900, ["Infobox_racing_driver"] = 5700, ["Infobox_racing_driver_series_section"] = 2900, ["Infobox_radio_show"] = 2200, ["Infobox_radio_station"] = 22000, ["Infobox_radio_station/styles.css"] = 22000, ["Infobox_rail"] = 3200, ["Infobox_rail_line"] = 8000, ["Infobox_rail_service"] = 3300, ["Infobox_rail_service/doc"] = 3300, ["Infobox_reality_competition_season"] = 4200, ["Infobox_record_label"] = 4200, ["Infobox_recurring_event"] = 7900, ["Infobox_religious_biography"] = 7100, ["Infobox_religious_building"] = 15000, ["Infobox_religious_building/color"] = 21000, ["Infobox_restaurant"] = 4600, ["Infobox_river"] = 32000, ["Infobox_river/calcunit"] = 32000, ["Infobox_river/discharge"] = 32000, ["Infobox_river/row-style"] = 32000, ["Infobox_river/source"] = 32000, ["Infobox_road"] = 25000, ["Infobox_road/meta/mask/category"] = 24000, ["Infobox_road/meta/mask/country"] = 25000, ["Infobox_road/styles.css"] = 26000, ["Infobox_road_small"] = 2500, ["Infobox_rockunit"] = 6500, ["Infobox_royalty"] = 25000, ["Infobox_royalty/short_description"] = 8900, ["Infobox_rugby_biography"] = 19000, ["Infobox_rugby_biography/correct_date"] = 19000, ["Infobox_rugby_biography/depcheck"] = 19000, ["Infobox_rugby_league_biography"] = 11000, ["Infobox_rugby_league_biography/PLAYER"] = 11000, ["Infobox_rugby_team"] = 2700, ["Infobox_sailboat_specifications"] = 2300, ["Infobox_saint"] = 5500, ["Infobox_school"] = 40000, ["Infobox_school/short_description"] = 40000, ["Infobox_school/styles.css"] = 40000, ["Infobox_school_district"] = 6400, ["Infobox_school_district/styles.css"] = 6400, ["Infobox_scientist"] = 56000, ["Infobox_settlement"] = 597000, ["Infobox_settlement/areadisp"] = 258000, ["Infobox_settlement/columns"] = 107000, ["Infobox_settlement/columns/styles.css"] = 107000, ["Infobox_settlement/densdisp"] = 457000, ["Infobox_settlement/lengthdisp"] = 181000, ["Infobox_settlement/link"] = 107000, ["Infobox_settlement/styles.css"] = 597000, ["Infobox_ship"] = 43000, ["Infobox_ship/career"] = 38000, ["Infobox_ship/characteristics"] = 42000, ["Infobox_ship/class_overview"] = 4400, ["Infobox_ship/image"] = 42000, ["Infobox_ship/service_record"] = 2500, ["Infobox_shopping_mall"] = 3800, ["Infobox_short_story"] = 2700, ["Infobox_skier"] = 2700, ["Infobox_soap_character"] = 3000, ["Infobox_social_media_personality"] = 4300, ["Infobox_software"] = 14000, ["Infobox_software/simple"] = 15000, ["Infobox_song"] = 83000, ["Infobox_song/color"] = 83000, ["Infobox_song/link"] = 83000, ["Infobox_song_contest_national_year/Year"] = 2100, ["Infobox_spaceflight"] = 4000, ["Infobox_spaceflight/styles.css"] = 4000, ["Infobox_speed_skater"] = 2000, ["Infobox_sport_event"] = 2700, ["Infobox_sports_competition_event"] = 23000, ["Infobox_sports_competition_event/medalrow"] = 15000, ["Infobox_sports_league"] = 5600, ["Infobox_sports_season"] = 6900, ["Infobox_sports_team"] = 2300, ["Infobox_sportsperson"] = 156000, ["Infobox_stadium"] = 2600, ["Infobox_station"] = 57000, ["Infobox_station/doc"] = 57000, ["Infobox_station/services"] = 57000, ["Infobox_station/styles.css"] = 57000, ["Infobox_street"] = 4300, ["Infobox_swimmer"] = 11000, ["Infobox_television"] = 63000, ["Infobox_television/Short_description"] = 61000, ["Infobox_television/styles.css"] = 63000, ["Infobox_television_channel"] = 6700, ["Infobox_television_channel/styles.css"] = 6700, ["Infobox_television_episode"] = 13000, ["Infobox_television_episode/styles.css"] = 14000, ["Infobox_television_season"] = 11000, ["Infobox_television_station"] = 3200, ["Infobox_television_station/styles.css"] = 3300, ["Infobox_tennis_biography"] = 11000, ["Infobox_tennis_event"] = 3300, ["Infobox_tennis_tournament"] = 2000, ["Infobox_tennis_tournament/style"] = 2000, ["Infobox_tennis_tournament_event"] = 22000, ["Infobox_tennis_tournament_year"] = 11000, ["Infobox_tennis_tournament_year/color"] = 32000, ["Infobox_tennis_tournament_year/footer"] = 32000, ["Infobox_tournament_season"] = 13000, ["Infobox_train"] = 2500, ["Infobox_university"] = 26000, ["Infobox_user"] = 3000, ["Infobox_venue"] = 20000, ["Infobox_video_game"] = 30000, ["Infobox_video_game/styles.css"] = 30000, ["Infobox_volleyball_biography"] = 5800, ["Infobox_weapon"] = 8100, ["Infobox_weather_event"] = 3100, ["Infobox_weather_event/Effects"] = 3000, ["Infobox_weather_event/Footer"] = 3100, ["Infobox_weather_event/History"] = 2900, ["Infobox_weather_event/SSHWS"] = 2000, ["Infobox_weather_event/meteorology"] = 2900, ["Infobox_weather_event/scale"] = 2100, ["Infobox_weather_event/styles.css"] = 3100, ["Infobox_website"] = 8300, ["Infobox_writer"] = 45000, ["Information"] = 97000, ["Information/styles.css"] = 97000, ["Inlang"] = 2400, ["Inline"] = 3600, ["Inline_block"] = 5400, ["Inprogress"] = 2600, ["Input_link"] = 32000, ["Instagram"] = 19000, ["InterSportStats"] = 4400, ["Interlanguage_link"] = 256000, ["Interlanguage_link_multi"] = 10000, ["International_Paralympic_Committee"] = 4100, ["Internet_Archive"] = 2000, ["Internet_Archive_SCOTUS_URL"] = 3300, ["Internet_Archive_author"] = 19000, ["Internet_Archive_film"] = 2800, ["Intitle"] = 20000, ["Ip"] = 2100, ["Iptalk"] = 18000, ["IranCensus2006"] = 33000, ["IranNCSGN"] = 3200, ["Iran_Census_2006"] = 33000, ["Irish_place_name"] = 2900, ["IsIPAddress"] = 45000, ["IsValidPageName"] = 3300, ["Is_MLB_league"] = 3300, ["Is_NPB_league"] = 3300, ["Is_continent"] = 7100, ["Is_country_in_Central_America"] = 17000, ["Is_country_in_the_Caribbean"] = 17000, ["Is_interwiki_link"] = 6700, ["Is_italic_taxon"] = 646000, ["Is_redirect"] = 377000, ["Is_time"] = 6600, ["Is_valid_page_name"] = 3300, ["Isbn"] = 10000, ["Isnum"] = 2800, ["Isnumeric"] = 117000, ["Iso2continent"] = 81000, ["Iso2country"] = 25000, ["Iso2country/article"] = 25000, ["Iso2country/data"] = 25000, ["Issubst"] = 64000, ["Italic_dab2"] = 5800, ["Italic_title"] = 256000, ["Italic_title_prefixed"] = 8800, ["Italictitle"] = 3000, ["Ivmbox"] = 141000, ["Ivory_messagebox"] = 184000, ["Ivory_messagebox/styles.css"] = 184000, ["Module:I18n/complex_date"] = 46000, ["Module:IP"] = 147000, ["Module:IPA"] = 181000, ["Module:IPA/data"] = 164000, ["Module:IPA/styles.css"] = 149000, ["Module:IPA_symbol"] = 6700, ["Module:IPA_symbol/data"] = 6700, ["Module:IPAc-en"] = 55000, ["Module:IPAc-en/data"] = 55000, ["Module:IPAc-en/phonemes"] = 55000, ["Module:IPAc-en/pronunciation"] = 55000, ["Module:IPAddress"] = 212000, ["Module:ISO_3166"] = 906000, ["Module:ISO_3166/data/AT"] = 2500, ["Module:ISO_3166/data/BA"] = 3400, ["Module:ISO_3166/data/CA"] = 2700, ["Module:ISO_3166/data/CH"] = 4200, ["Module:ISO_3166/data/CN"] = 2700, ["Module:ISO_3166/data/DE"] = 15000, ["Module:ISO_3166/data/ES"] = 3700, ["Module:ISO_3166/data/FR"] = 38000, ["Module:ISO_3166/data/GB"] = 6900, ["Module:ISO_3166/data/GR"] = 3400, ["Module:ISO_3166/data/IN"] = 29000, ["Module:ISO_3166/data/IR"] = 21000, ["Module:ISO_3166/data/IT"] = 2500, ["Module:ISO_3166/data/National"] = 906000, ["Module:ISO_3166/data/PL"] = 7600, ["Module:ISO_3166/data/RS"] = 3200, ["Module:ISO_3166/data/RU"] = 27000, ["Module:ISO_3166/data/UA"] = 2200, ["Module:ISO_3166/data/US"] = 87000, ["Module:ISO_639_name"] = 33000, ["Module:ISO_639_name/ISO_639-1"] = 29000, ["Module:ISO_639_name/ISO_639-2"] = 21000, ["Module:ISO_639_name/ISO_639-2B"] = 20000, ["Module:ISO_639_name/ISO_639-3"] = 20000, ["Module:ISO_639_name/ISO_639-3_(dep)"] = 33000, ["Module:ISO_639_name/ISO_639-5"] = 19000, ["Module:ISO_639_name/ISO_639_deprecated"] = 33000, ["Module:ISO_639_name/ISO_639_name_to_code"] = 4500, ["Module:ISO_639_name/ISO_639_override"] = 33000, ["Module:ISOdate"] = 46000, ["Module:Ice_hockey_box"] = 2000, ["Module:Icon"] = 672000, ["Module:Icon/data"] = 672000, ["Module:Icon_box"] = 255000, ["Module:Icon_box/data"] = 255000, ["Module:If_any_equal"] = 250000, ["Module:If_empty"] = 6680000, ["Module:If_in_category"] = 179000, ["Module:If_in_page"] = 20000, ["Module:If_not_given_or_empty"] = 77000, ["Module:If_preview"] = 1060000, ["Module:If_preview/configuration"] = 1060000, ["Module:If_preview/styles.css"] = 1060000, ["Module:In_lang"] = 384000, ["Module:Indent"] = 5400, ["Module:Infobox"] = 4650000, ["Module:Infobox/dates"] = 77000, ["Module:Infobox/styles.css"] = 4910000, ["Module:Infobox/utilities"] = 2600, ["Module:Infobox3cols"] = 319000, ["Module:InfoboxBuilder"] = 2700, ["Module:InfoboxImage"] = 5570000, ["Module:InfoboxImage/data"] = 3310000, ["Module:Infobox_body_of_water_tracking"] = 19000, ["Module:Infobox_cyclist_tracking"] = 16000, ["Module:Infobox_dim"] = 372000, ["Module:Infobox_dim/data"] = 229000, ["Module:Infobox_election"] = 41000, ["Module:Infobox_gene"] = 13000, ["Module:Infobox_mapframe"] = 1690000, ["Module:Infobox_military_conflict"] = 27000, ["Module:Infobox_military_conflict/styles.css"] = 27000, ["Module:Infobox_multi-lingual_name"] = 23000, ["Module:Infobox_multi-lingual_name/data"] = 23000, ["Module:Infobox_power_station"] = 3300, ["Module:Infobox_road"] = 26000, ["Module:Infobox_road/browselinks"] = 26000, ["Module:Infobox_road/errors"] = 25000, ["Module:Infobox_road/length"] = 26000, ["Module:Infobox_road/locations"] = 25000, ["Module:Infobox_road/map"] = 25000, ["Module:Infobox_road/route"] = 26000, ["Module:Infobox_road/sections"] = 25000, ["Module:Infobox_ship"] = 43000, ["Module:Infobox_ship/data"] = 43000, ["Module:Infobox_ship/styles.css"] = 43000, ["Module:Infobox_television"] = 63000, ["Module:Infobox_television_disambiguation_check"] = 71000, ["Module:Infobox_television_episode"] = 14000, ["Module:Infobox_television_season_disambiguation_check"] = 10000, ["Module:Infobox_television_season_name"] = 11000, ["Module:Internet_Archive"] = 22000, ["Module:Is_article"] = 2400, ["Module:Is_infobox_in_lead"] = 461000, ["Module:Is_instance"] = 357000, ["Module:Iso2nationality"] = 97000, ["Module:Italic_title"] = 1240000, ["Module:Italic_title2"] = 5800, } g4c28zg2bbm8tva79gn1uuzadmurqsn 0 80352 377043 377042 2026-05-11T12:23:10Z Ibne maryam 17680 377043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Class of vascular plants}} {{About|ٻوٽن جي هڪ گروهه||فرن (سلجھائپ)|۽ |فرنس (سلجھائپ)}} '''برسيان''' يا '''فرن''' (Fern؛ سائنسي نالو، پوليپوڊايوپسڊا ۽ پوليپوڊائيوفيٽا)، ويسڪولر ٻوٽن (زائلم ۽ فلوئم سان گڏ ٻوٽا) جو هڪ گروپ آهي، جيڪا اسپورز (spores) ذريعي ٻيهر پيدا ٿيڻ ٿا ۽ نه انهن جا ٻج هوندا آهن ۽ نه ئي انهن تي گل ايندا آهن. اها سينور (Moss) کان، وسڪولر هجڻ جي ڪري، يعني خاص ٽشوز هجڻ سان، جيڪي پاڻي ۽ غذائي مواد جي ترسيل ڪندا آهن، مختلف آهن. هنن جي زندگي جي چڪر ۾، اسپوروفائٽ (شاخ واري توليد) غالب مرحلو هوندو آهي.<ref name="DK Pub.-2017">{{Cite book|edition=11th|title=Ultimate Visual Dictionary|publisher=[[DK Pub.]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4654-5894-0|url=|pages=120–121|language=en|chapter=Horsetails, clubmosses, and ferns|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ultimate-visual-dictionary-by-dk-z-lib.org/page/120/mode/2up|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Early evolution of life cycles in embryophytes: A focus on the fossil evidence of gametophyte/sporophyte size and morphological complexity|last1=Gerrienne|first1=Philippe|last2=Gonez|first2=Paul|journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution|year=2011|volume=49|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00096.x|bibcode=2011JSyEv..49....1G |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{Automatic taxobox | name = برسيان<br>Ferns | fossil_range = آخري ڊيوونيئن دور - هالوسين دور کان اڃ تائين | image = {{Multiple image |perrow = 2 |total_width = 270 |image1 = Psilotum.jpg |caption1 = سائلوسيٽياليس |image2 = Equisetopsida.jpg |caption2 = اڪويسيٽئليس |image3 = Flickr - brewbooks - Angiopteris evecta - Mule's foot fern (1).jpg |caption3 = ماراٽيئليس |image4 = Osmunda regalis Moore50.png |caption4 = اوسمونڊئليس |image5 = WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion nach Berdorf (Luxemburgexkursion) 011.jpg |caption5 = همينوفائلاليس |image6 = Dipteris conjugata 破傘蕨 001 (天問).jpg |caption6 = گليچينياليس |image7 = Tree Fern (48717210587).jpg |caption7 = ساياٿياليس |image8 = The ferns of Great Britain, and their allies the club-mosses, pepperworts, and horsetails (Pl. 2) (8515393495).jpg |caption8 = پوليپوڊياليس، برطانيه جا فرن ۽ لاڳاپيل ڪلب موس، پيپر وورٽ ۽ هارس ٽيل |border = infobox }} | taxon = پوليپوڊائيپسيڊا | authority = ڪرونڪئست، تختاجان، ۽ ڊبليو. زم | subdivision_ranks = ذيلي جماعتون | subdivision = * † اسٽاروٽيريڊيڊائي * †زائيگوٽيريڊيڊائي * ايڪويسيٽيڊائي * مئراٽيڊائي * اوڦيوگلوسيڊائي * پوليپوڊيڊائي | synonyms = * فليڪئٽائي<small>ڪوبٽسڪي 1990</small> * فليسيس * فليڪوڦائٽا <small>اينڊلخر 1836</small> * مونيلوڦائٽا <small>ڪينٽينو ۽ ڊونوگوئ 2007</small> * ٽيريڊوپسيڊا <small>رجين 1828</small> }} فرن ۾ پيچيده پنن کي ميگافل سڏيو ويندو آهي جيڪي ڪلب موس جي مائڪروفل کان وڌيڪ پيچيده هوندا آهن. گهڻا فرن ليپٽيوسپورنگيٽ فرن آهن. اُهي ڪنڊا لڳل ٿلها هيڊز ٺاهيندا آهن جيڪي اڻلڀ ۽ ڦاٽن ۾ وڌندا آهن. گروپ ۾ اٽڪل <small>10,560</small> سڃاتل موجوده [[نوع (حياتيات)|نوعون]] شامل آهن. فرن جي وضاحت هتي وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سڀئي پوليپوڊايوپسڊا، جنهن ۾ <small>ليپٽوسپورنجيئيٽ</small> <small>Leptosporangiate</small> <small>(پوليپوڊيڊائي</small> <small>Polypodiidae)</small> ۽ <small>يوسپورنجيئيٽ</small> <small>(Eusporangiate)</small> فرن شامل آهن. پوئين گروهه ۾ هارس ٽيل <small>(Horsetail)</small>، وسڪ فرن <small>(Whisk Fern)،</small> مراٽيئوئڊ <small>(marattioid)</small> ۽ اوفيوگلوسوئڊ <small>(ophioglossoid)</small> فرن شامل آهن، جي طور ڪئي وئي آهي. ڪرائون گروپ، جن ۾ ليپٽوسپورنجيئٽس ۽ يوسپورنجيئٽس شامل آهن، اندازاً 423.2 ملين سال اڳ سلوريئن دور جي آخر ۾ پيدا ٿيا،<ref name="Polypodiopsida2">{{cite journal|last1=Nitta|first1=Joel H.|last2=Schuettpelz|first2=Eric|last3=Ramírez-Barahona|first3=Santiago|last4=Iwasaki|first4=Wataru|display-authors=et al.|year=2022|title=An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=13|page=909768|doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.909768|pmc=9449725|pmid=36092417|doi-access=free}}</ref> پر پوليپوڊيلس، اهو گروهه جيڪا %<small>80</small> موجود فرن جي نوعن تي مشتمل آهي، ظاهر نه ٿيو ۽ نه ئي ڪريٽاسيئس دور تائين هن ۾ تنوع پيدا ٿيو. اها گلدار ٻوٽن <small>(Angiosperms)</small>، جيڪي دنيا جي نباتات تي غلبو ڪيا، جي اڀار سان گڏ آيا. فرن وڏي اقتصادي اهميت جا حامل نه آهن، پر ڪجهه نوعون کاڌ خوراڪ، دوائن، بايو فرٽيلائزر، آرائشي ٻوٽن ۽ آلوده مٽي جي علاج لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون آهن. اها فضا (atmosphere) مان ڪيميائي آلودگي کي ختم ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت لاءِ تحقيق جو موضوع بڻيل آهن. فرن جون ڪجهه نوع، جهڙوڪ بريڪن (پيٽريڊيئم اڪيلينم) ۽ واٽر فرن (ازولا فيليڪولائيڊس)، سڄي دنيا ۾ اهم ٻوٽا آهن. ڪجھ فرن نوع، جهڙوڪ ازولا، نائٽروجن کي درست ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ چانورن جي ٻوٽن جي نائيٽروجن غذائيت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري سگھن ٿا. اها پڻ لوڪ ڪهاڻين ۾ ڪجهه ڪردار ادا ڪن ٿا. ==وضاحت== ===اسپوروڦائٽ=== [[Image:Samambaia (do tupi samambaîa) havaiana mini, em ambiente doméstico 02.jpg|thumb|برازيل ۾ گھر ۾ اُڀريل فرن]] موجوده فرن جڙي ٻوٽي وارا ۽ بارہماسي آهن ۽ گھڻا ڪاٺيءَ جي واڌ جي کوٽ رکن ٿا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mauseth |first=James D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEsBPPlxP7EC&pg=PA492 |title=Botany: an Introduction to Plant Biology |date=September 2008 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-1-4496-4720-9 |page=492}}</ref> جڏهن ڪاٺيءَ جي واڌ موجود هوندي آهي، اها ٿڙ ۾ هوندي آهي.<ref name="Levyns-1966">{{Cite book |last=Levyns |first=M. R. |title=A Guide to the Flora of the Cape Peninsula |publisher=Juta & Company |year=1966 |edition=2nd Revised |oclc=621340}}</ref> انهن جا پن [[ڊيسيڊيئس|پنن]] [[ڊيسيڊيئس|کرڻ وارا]] يا [[سدابهار|سدا بهار]] ٿي سگهن ٿا ۽ ڪجهه آبهوا جي لحاظ کان نيم سدا بهار هوندا آهن<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fernández |first1=Helena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smtpBM7UgXEC&pg=PA175 |title=Working with Ferns: Issues and Applications |last2=Kumar |first2=Ashwani |last3=Revilla |first3=Maria Angeles |date=2010-11-11 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4419-7162-3 |page=175}}</ref> ۽ [[گلن وارا ٻوٽا|ٻج واري ٻوٽن]] جي اسپوروفائٽس وانگر، اها فرن تنن، پنن ۽ جڙن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. فرن اسپرماتوفائٽ کان مختلف آهن، انهن ۾ اها ٻج جي بدران اسپورن ذريعي ٻيهر پيدا ٿين ٿا. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hodgson |first=Larry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDij6Fmk2MwC&pg=PA329 |title=Making the Most of Shade: How to Plan, Plant, and Grow a Fabulous Garden that Lightens Up the Shadows |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Rodale |isbn=978-1-57954-966-4 |page=329}}</ref> بهرحال، اهي اسپور پيدا ڪندڙ برائيوفائٽ کان پڻ مختلف آهن. انهي ۾، ٻج واري ٻوٽن وانگر، پولي اسپورنجيو فائٽس هوندا آهن. انهن جا اسپوروفائٽس شاخون ڪن ٿا ۽ ڪيترائي اسپورنجيا پيدا ڪن ٿا. برائيوفائٽس جي برعڪس، فرن اسپوروفائٽس آزاد رهندڙ آهن ۽ صرف مختصر طور تي ماده جي گيمٽوفائٽ تي منحصر آهن. ٻوٽي جو سائو فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ حصو ٽيڪنيڪل طور تي هڪ ميگافل آهي ۽ فرن ۾ ان کي اڪثر فرونڊ (fronds) سڏيو ويندو آهي. ليپٽو اسپورنجيٽ فرن ۾ نوان پن عام طور تي هڪ تنگ سرپل (spiral) ۾ فيڊل هيڊ فرڳنڊز جي کلڻ سان وڌندا آهن، جنهن کي ڪروزيئر سڏيو ويندو آهي. The [[green]], [[photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] part of the plant is technically a [[microphyll#evolution of leaves: microphyll and megaphyll|megaphyll]] and in ferns, it is often called a ''[[frond]]''. In [[leptosporangiate fern]]s new leaves typically expand by the unrolling of a tight spiral called a crozier or [[fiddlehead fern|fiddlehead]] into [[frond]]s.{{sfn|McCausland|2019}} This uncurling of the leaf is termed [[circinate vernation]]. In some families, such as the [[Blechnaceae]], the leaves are divided into two types, [[sporophyll]]s or fertile fronds that produce spores and [[tropophyll]]s or sterile fronds that do not.<ref name="Stace-2019">{{cite book |last=Stace |first=C. A. |author-link=Stace, C. A. |title=New Flora of the British Isles |publisher=C & M Floristics |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-5272-2630-2 |edition=Fourth |location=Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.}}</ref>{{rp|32}} Fern spores are borne in [[sporangia]] which are usually clustered to form [[sorus|sori]]. The sporangia may be covered with a protective coating called an [[indusium]]. The arrangement of the [[Sporangium|sporangia]] is important in classification.<ref name="Levyns-1966" /> پتي جي هن بي ترتيب ٿيڻ کي سرڪينيٽ ورنيشن چيو ويندو آهي. ڪجهه خاندانن ۾، جهڙوڪ بليچناسي پنن کي ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي؛ اسپوروفيلس يا زرخيز فرونڊز، جيڪا اسپور پيدا ڪن ٿا ۽ ٽروپوفيلس يا جراثيم کان پاڪ فرونڊز، جيڪا اسپورز پيدا نه ٿا ڪن. فرن اسپورز اسپورنگيا ۾ پيدا ٿين ٿا، جيڪا عام طور تي سوري ٺاهڻ لاءِ ڪلستر ٿيل هوندا آهن. اسپورنگيا کي حفاظتي ڪوٽنگ، جن کي انڊسيئم سڏيو ويندو آهي، سان ڍڪي سگهجي ٿو. اسپورنگيا جي ترتيب [[درجابندي (حياتيات)|درجه بندي]] ۾ اهم آهي. مونومارفڪ فرن، زرخيز ۽ جراثيم کان پاڪ پن مارفولاجيڪل طور تي هڪجهڙا نظر اچن ٿا ۽ ٻئي [[ڦوٽوسنٿيسس|فوٽوسنٿيسائيز]] ڪرڻ جي قابل آهن. هيميڊيمورفڪ فرن ۾، زرخيز پنن جو صرف هڪ حصو جراثيم کان پاڪ پنن کان مختلف آهي. ڊيمارفڪ (هولومارفڪ) فرن ۾، ٻن قسمن جا پن مارفالاجيڪل طور تي الڳ آهن.<ref>[https://2019.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=758 Understanding the contribution of LFY and PEBP flowering genes to fern leaf dimorphism – Botany 2019].</ref> زرخيز پن جراثيم کان پاڪ پنن کان تمام تنگ آهن ۽ شايد ڪو به سائو ٽشو، جيئن بليچناسي ۽ لوماريوپسيڊاسي ۾، نه هجي. [[File:Croziers, fronds, rhizomes of bracken fern.jpg|thumb|ڪروزيئر، فرونڊ ۽ بريڪن جا رائيزوم. هن نوع ۾، ٽانڊا زمين اندر وڌندا آهن ۽ ٻوٽي کي افقي طور تي پکڙجڻ جي اجازت ڏيندا آهن.]] فرن جي پنن جي اناٽومي سادي کان وٺي تمام گهڻي ورهايل تائين ڪٿي به ٿي سگهي ٿي يا اڃا به غير يقيني مثال طور گليچينياسي، ليگوڊياسي. ورهايل شڪلون "پنيٽ"، جتي پنن جا حصا مڪمل طور تي هڪ ٻئي کان الڳ آهن يا پنٽيفائيڊ (جزوي طور تي پنيٽ) آهن، جتي پنن جا حصا اڃا تائين جزوي طور تي ڳنڍيل آهن. جڏهن پنن کي هڪ کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا شاخ ڪيو ويندو آهي، اهو پنٽ شڪلن ۽ پنٽيفائيڊ جو ميلاپ پڻ ٿي سگهي ٿو. جيڪڏهن پنن جا بليڊ ٻه ڀيرا ورهايا وڃن، ٻوٽي ۾ بائيپنيٽ فرونڊ ۽ ٽرپپنيٽ فرنڊ آهن. جيڪڏهن اهي ٽي ڀيرا شاخ ڪن ٿا ۽ ٽيٽرا- ۽ پينٽاپينيٽ فرنڊ تائين. وڻ جي فرن ۾، مکيه ٿڙ جيڪو پن کي اسٽيم سان ڳنڍي ٿو (جنهن کي اسٽيپ سڏيو ويندو آهي)، ان ۾ اڪثر ڪري ڪيترائي پتي هوندا آهن. پنن جي جوڙجڪ، جيڪو اسٽيپ مان وڌندا آهن، کي پني سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ اڪثر ڪري ننڍن پننول ۾ ورهايل آهن. فرن جي تنن کي رائيزوم سڏيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اهي صرف ڪجهه نوعن ۾ زمين جي اندر وڌندا آهن. ايپيفيٽڪ نوعون ۽ ڪيتريون ئي زميني نوعن ۾ زمين جي مٿان رينگندڙ اسٽولون هوندا آهن مثال طور، پوليپوڊياسي ۽ ڪيترن ئي گروهن ۾ زمين جي مٿان بيٺل نيم ڪاٺ جا ٿڙ هوندا آهن، مثال طور، سائٿياسي، اسڪيلي وڻ جا فرن. اهي ڪجهه نوعن ۾ 20 ميٽر (66 فوٽ) ڊگها ٿي سگهن ٿا مثال طور، نارفولڪ ٻيٽ تي سائٿيا براوني ۽ نيوزي لينڊ ۾ سائٿيا ميڊولاريس. جڙون زمين جي اندر غير فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ جوڙجڪ آهن، جيڪي مٽي مان پاڻي ۽ غذائي مواد کڻنديون آهن. اها هميشه ريشيدار هونديون آهن ۽ ساخت جي لحاظ کان ٻج جي ٻوٽن جي پاڙن سان تمام گهڻي ملندڙ جلندڙ آهن. anatomy of fern leaves can be anywhere from simple to highly divided, or even [[Indeterminate growth|indeterminate]] (e.g. [[Gleicheniaceae]], [[Lygodium|Lygodiaceae]]). The divided forms are [[Pinnation|pinnate]], where the leaf segments are completely separated from one other, or pinnatifid (partially pinnate), where the leaf segments are still partially connected. When the fronds are branched more than once, it can also be a combination of the pinnatifid are [[Pinnation|pinnate shapes]]. If the leaf blades are divided twice, the plant has bipinnate fronds, and tripinnate fronds if they branch three times, and all the way to tetra- and pentapinnate fronds.<ref>[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/beauty/ferns/structure.shtml Fern Structure – Forest Service].</ref><ref>[https://www.nzplants.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/ferns/structure/frond.html Fern Structure – Forest Service], Auckland, New Zealand.</ref> In tree ferns, the main stalk that connects the leaf to the stem (known as the stipe), often has multiple leaflets. The leafy structures that grow from the stipe are known as pinnae and are often again divided into smaller pinnules.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.basicbiology.net/plants/ferns/fronds.php |title=Fern Fronds |publisher=Basic Biology |access-date=2014-12-06 |archive-date=19 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419003216/http://basicbiology.net/plants/ferns/fronds.php }}</ref> Fern stems are often loosely called [[rhizome]]s, even though they grow underground only in some of the species. Epiphytic species and many of the terrestrial ones have above-ground creeping [[stolon]]s (e.g., [[Polypodiaceae]]), and many groups have above-ground erect semi-woody trunks (e.g., [[Cyatheaceae]], the scaly tree ferns). These can reach up to {{convert|20|m|ft|sp=us}} tall in a few species (e.g., ''[[Cyathea brownii]]'' on [[Norfolk Island]] and ''[[Cyathea medullaris]]'' in [[New Zealand]]).<ref>{{cite book |first1=Mark F. |last1=Large |first2=John E. |last2=Braggins |author-link2=John E. Braggins |date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=0-88192-630-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark |page= }}</ref> [[Root]]s are underground non-photosynthetic structures that take up water and nutrients from [[soil]]. They are always [[fibrous root system|fibrous]] and are structurally very similar to the roots of seed plants.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} === Gametophyte === As in all [[vascular plant]]s, the [[sporophyte]] is the dominant phase or [[alternation of generations|generation in the life cycle]]. The [[gametophyte]]s of ferns, however, are very different from those of seed plants. They are free-living and resemble [[liverworts]], whereas those of seed plants develop within the spore wall and are dependent on the parent sporophyte for their nutrition.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Villareal A.|first1=Juan Carlos|last2=Campos S.|first2=Laura Victoria|last3=Urbide-M.|first3=Jaime|last4=Goffinet|first4=Bernard|title=Parallel Evolution of Endospory within Hornworts: ''Nothoceros renzagliensis'' (Dendrocerotaceae), sp. nov.|journal=Systematic Botany|date=2012 |volume=37|issue=1|pages=31–37|doi=10.1600/036364412X616594 |bibcode=2012SysBo..37...31V }}</ref> A fern gametophyte typically consists of:<ref name="DK Pub.-2017" /> * [[Prothallus]]: A green, photosynthetic structure, whose initial growth is planar in one cell layer,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kelley|first1=A.G.|last2=Postlethwait|first2=S.N.|title=Fern Gametophytes as a Tool for the Study of Morphogenesis|pages=56–60|year=1960|volume=70|journal=Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science|url=https://journals.indianapolis.iu.edu/index.php/ias/article/view/5459|access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref> usually heart or kidney shaped, 3–10 mm long and 2–8 mm broad.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}} The prothallus produces gametes by means of: ** [[Antheridium|Antheridia]]: Small spherical structures that produce [[flagellum|flagellate]] antherozoids.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=A Dictionary of Plant Sciences|edition=2nd|editor-last=Allaby|editor-first=Michael|entry-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198608912.001.0001/acref-9780198608912-e-386|entry=antherozoid|isbn=9780191726804|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006}}</ref> ** [[Archegonium|Archegonia]]: A flask-shaped structure that produces a single egg at the bottom, reached by the male gametophyte by swimming down the neck.<ref name="DK Pub.-2017" /> * [[Rhizoid]]s: [[root]]-like structures (not true roots) that consist of single<ref>{{cite journal|title=The evolution of root hairs and rhizoids|last1=Jones|first1=Victor A.S.|last2=Dolan|first2=Liam|journal=Annals of Botany|volume=110|issue=2|pages=205–212|doi=10.1093/aob/mcs136|pmc=3394659|pmid=22730024|year=2012}}</ref> greatly elongated cells, that absorb water and mineral [[salts]] over the whole structure. Rhizoids anchor the prothallus to the soil.<ref name="DK Pub.-2017" /> ==زندگي جو چڪر ۽ پيدائش== ==درجي بندي== ==تقسيم ۽ رهائش== فرن پنهنجي ورهاست ۾، تمام گهڻي دولت سان گڏ ٽاڪرو علائقن ۾ ۽ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ آرڪٽڪ علائقن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي موجود آهن. سڀ کان وڏو تنوع اڀرندڙ اڀرندڙ برساتي ٻيلن ۾ ٿئي ٿو. نيوزي لينڊ، جنهن لاءِ فرن هڪ علامت آهي، اٽڪل 230 جنسون هن سڄي ملڪ ۾ ورهايل آهن. اهو يورپي ٻيلن ۾ هڪ عام ٻوٽو آهي. ==ماحوليات== ==استعمال== ==ثقافت== ==ٻيا ٻوٽا== ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[:باب:نباتات]] * [[:باب:وڻ]] * [[:باب:الجي]] * [[سينوڙ|سينور]] ==خارجي لنڪس== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:برسيان]] [[زمرو:نباتيات]] [[زمرو:نباتاتيات]] [[زمرو:ٻوٽن جا ڊويزن]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪسانومي (نباتاتيات)]] 9k64afm3nazl2l7knbon2wgdaskz3ck 377044 377043 2026-05-11T12:38:00Z Ibne maryam 17680 377044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Class of vascular plants}} {{About|ٻوٽن جي هڪ گروهه||فرن (سلجھائپ)|۽ |فرنس (سلجھائپ)}} '''برسيان''' يا '''فرن''' (Fern؛ سائنسي نالو، پوليپوڊايوپسڊا ۽ پوليپوڊائيوفيٽا)، ويسڪولر ٻوٽن (زائلم ۽ فلوئم سان گڏ ٻوٽا) جو هڪ گروپ آهي، جيڪا اسپورز (spores) ذريعي ٻيهر پيدا ٿيڻ ٿا ۽ نه انهن جا ٻج هوندا آهن ۽ نه ئي انهن تي گل ايندا آهن. اها سينور (Moss) کان، وسڪولر هجڻ جي ڪري، يعني خاص ٽشوز هجڻ سان، جيڪي پاڻي ۽ غذائي مواد جي ترسيل ڪندا آهن، مختلف آهن. هنن جي زندگي جي چڪر ۾، اسپوروفائٽ (شاخ واري توليد) غالب مرحلو هوندو آهي.<ref name="DK Pub.-2017">{{Cite book|edition=11th|title=Ultimate Visual Dictionary|publisher=[[DK Pub.]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4654-5894-0|url=|pages=120–121|language=en|chapter=Horsetails, clubmosses, and ferns|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ultimate-visual-dictionary-by-dk-z-lib.org/page/120/mode/2up|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Early evolution of life cycles in embryophytes: A focus on the fossil evidence of gametophyte/sporophyte size and morphological complexity|last1=Gerrienne|first1=Philippe|last2=Gonez|first2=Paul|journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution|year=2011|volume=49|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00096.x|bibcode=2011JSyEv..49....1G |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{Automatic taxobox | name = برسيان<br>Ferns | fossil_range = آخري ڊيوونيئن دور - هالوسين دور کان اڃ تائين | image = {{Multiple image |perrow = 2 |total_width = 270 |image1 = Psilotum.jpg |caption1 = سائلوسيٽياليس |image2 = Equisetopsida.jpg |caption2 = اڪويسيٽئليس |image3 = Flickr - brewbooks - Angiopteris evecta - Mule's foot fern (1).jpg |caption3 = ماراٽيئليس |image4 = Osmunda regalis Moore50.png |caption4 = اوسمونڊئليس |image5 = WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion nach Berdorf (Luxemburgexkursion) 011.jpg |caption5 = همينوفائلاليس |image6 = Dipteris conjugata 破傘蕨 001 (天問).jpg |caption6 = گليچينياليس |image7 = Tree Fern (48717210587).jpg |caption7 = ساياٿياليس |image8 = The ferns of Great Britain, and their allies the club-mosses, pepperworts, and horsetails (Pl. 2) (8515393495).jpg |caption8 = پوليپوڊياليس، برطانيه جا فرن ۽ لاڳاپيل ڪلب موس، پيپر وورٽ ۽ هارس ٽيل |border = infobox }} | taxon = پوليپوڊائيپسيڊا | authority = ڪرونڪئست، تختاجان، ۽ ڊبليو. زم | subdivision_ranks = ذيلي جماعتون | subdivision = * † اسٽاروٽيريڊيڊائي * †زائيگوٽيريڊيڊائي * ايڪويسيٽيڊائي * مئراٽيڊائي * اوڦيوگلوسيڊائي * پوليپوڊيڊائي | synonyms = * فليڪئٽائي<small>ڪوبٽسڪي 1990</small> * فليسيس * فليڪوڦائٽا <small>اينڊلخر 1836</small> * مونيلوڦائٽا <small>ڪينٽينو ۽ ڊونوگوئ 2007</small> * ٽيريڊوپسيڊا <small>رجين 1828</small> }} فرن ۾ پيچيده پنن کي ميگافل سڏيو ويندو آهي جيڪي ڪلب موس جي مائڪروفل کان وڌيڪ پيچيده هوندا آهن. گهڻا فرن ليپٽيوسپورنگيٽ فرن آهن. اُهي ڪنڊا لڳل ٿلها هيڊز ٺاهيندا آهن جيڪي اڻلڀ ۽ ڦاٽن ۾ وڌندا آهن. گروپ ۾ اٽڪل <small>10,560</small> سڃاتل موجوده [[نوع (حياتيات)|نوعون]] شامل آهن. فرن جي وضاحت هتي وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سڀئي پوليپوڊايوپسڊا، جنهن ۾ <small>ليپٽوسپورنجيئيٽ</small> <small>Leptosporangiate</small> <small>(پوليپوڊيڊائي</small> <small>Polypodiidae)</small> ۽ <small>يوسپورنجيئيٽ</small> <small>(Eusporangiate)</small> فرن شامل آهن. پوئين گروهه ۾ هارس ٽيل <small>(Horsetail)</small>، وسڪ فرن <small>(Whisk Fern)،</small> مراٽيئوئڊ <small>(marattioid)</small> ۽ اوفيوگلوسوئڊ <small>(ophioglossoid)</small> فرن شامل آهن، جي طور ڪئي وئي آهي. ڪرائون گروپ، جن ۾ ليپٽوسپورنجيئٽس ۽ يوسپورنجيئٽس شامل آهن، اندازاً 423.2 ملين سال اڳ سلوريئن دور جي آخر ۾ پيدا ٿيا،<ref name="Polypodiopsida2">{{cite journal|last1=Nitta|first1=Joel H.|last2=Schuettpelz|first2=Eric|last3=Ramírez-Barahona|first3=Santiago|last4=Iwasaki|first4=Wataru|display-authors=et al.|year=2022|title=An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=13|page=909768|doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.909768|pmc=9449725|pmid=36092417|doi-access=free}}</ref> پر پوليپوڊيلس، اهو گروهه جيڪا %<small>80</small> موجود فرن جي نوعن تي مشتمل آهي، ظاهر نه ٿيو ۽ نه ئي ڪريٽاسيئس دور تائين هن ۾ تنوع پيدا ٿيو. اها گلدار ٻوٽن <small>(Angiosperms)</small>، جيڪي دنيا جي نباتات تي غلبو ڪيا، جي اڀار سان گڏ آيا. فرن وڏي اقتصادي اهميت جا حامل نه آهن، پر ڪجهه نوعون کاڌ خوراڪ، دوائن، بايو فرٽيلائزر، آرائشي ٻوٽن ۽ آلوده مٽي جي علاج لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون آهن. اها فضا (atmosphere) مان ڪيميائي آلودگي کي ختم ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت لاءِ تحقيق جو موضوع بڻيل آهن. فرن جون ڪجهه نوع، جهڙوڪ بريڪن (پيٽريڊيئم اڪيلينم) ۽ واٽر فرن (ازولا فيليڪولائيڊس)، سڄي دنيا ۾ اهم ٻوٽا آهن. ڪجھ فرن نوع، جهڙوڪ ازولا، نائٽروجن کي درست ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ چانورن جي ٻوٽن جي نائيٽروجن غذائيت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري سگھن ٿا. اها پڻ لوڪ ڪهاڻين ۾ ڪجهه ڪردار ادا ڪن ٿا. ==وضاحت== ===اسپوروڦائٽ=== [[Image:Samambaia (do tupi samambaîa) havaiana mini, em ambiente doméstico 02.jpg|thumb|برازيل ۾ گھر ۾ اُڀريل فرن]] موجوده فرن جڙي ٻوٽي وارا ۽ بارہماسي آهن ۽ گھڻا ڪاٺيءَ جي واڌ جي کوٽ رکن ٿا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mauseth |first=James D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEsBPPlxP7EC&pg=PA492 |title=Botany: an Introduction to Plant Biology |date=September 2008 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-1-4496-4720-9 |page=492}}</ref> جڏهن ڪاٺيءَ جي واڌ موجود هوندي آهي، اها ٿڙ ۾ هوندي آهي.<ref name="Levyns-1966">{{Cite book |last=Levyns |first=M. R. |title=A Guide to the Flora of the Cape Peninsula |publisher=Juta & Company |year=1966 |edition=2nd Revised |oclc=621340}}</ref> انهن جا پن [[ڊيسيڊيئس|پنن]] [[ڊيسيڊيئس|کرڻ وارا]] يا [[سدابهار|سدا بهار]] ٿي سگهن ٿا ۽ ڪجهه آبهوا جي لحاظ کان نيم سدا بهار هوندا آهن<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fernández |first1=Helena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smtpBM7UgXEC&pg=PA175 |title=Working with Ferns: Issues and Applications |last2=Kumar |first2=Ashwani |last3=Revilla |first3=Maria Angeles |date=2010-11-11 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4419-7162-3 |page=175}}</ref> ۽ [[گلن وارا ٻوٽا|ٻج واري ٻوٽن]] جي اسپوروفائٽس وانگر، اها فرن تنن، پنن ۽ جڙن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. فرن اسپرماتوفائٽ کان مختلف آهن، انهن ۾ اها ٻج جي بدران اسپورن ذريعي ٻيهر پيدا ٿين ٿا. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hodgson |first=Larry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDij6Fmk2MwC&pg=PA329 |title=Making the Most of Shade: How to Plan, Plant, and Grow a Fabulous Garden that Lightens Up the Shadows |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Rodale |isbn=978-1-57954-966-4 |page=329}}</ref> بهرحال، اهي اسپور پيدا ڪندڙ برائيوفائٽ کان پڻ مختلف آهن. انهي ۾، ٻج واري ٻوٽن وانگر، پولي اسپورنجيو فائٽس هوندا آهن. انهن جا اسپوروفائٽس شاخون ڪن ٿا ۽ ڪيترائي اسپورنجيا پيدا ڪن ٿا. برائيوفائٽس جي برعڪس، فرن اسپوروفائٽس آزاد رهندڙ آهن ۽ صرف مختصر طور تي ماده جي گيمٽوفائٽ تي منحصر آهن. ٻوٽي جو سائو فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ حصو ٽيڪنيڪل طور تي هڪ ميگافل آهي ۽ فرن ۾ ان کي اڪثر فرونڊ (fronds) سڏيو ويندو آهي. ليپٽو اسپورنجيٽ فرن ۾ نوان پن عام طور تي هڪ تنگ سرپل (spiral) ۾ فيڊل هيڊ فرڳنڊز جي کلڻ سان وڌندا آهن، جنهن کي ڪروزيئر سڏيو ويندو آهي. The [[green]], [[photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] part of the plant is technically a [[microphyll#evolution of leaves: microphyll and megaphyll|megaphyll]] and in ferns, it is often called a ''[[frond]]''. In [[leptosporangiate fern]]s new leaves typically expand by the unrolling of a tight spiral called a crozier or [[fiddlehead fern|fiddlehead]] into [[frond]]s.{{sfn|McCausland|2019}} This uncurling of the leaf is termed [[circinate vernation]]. In some families, such as the [[Blechnaceae]], the leaves are divided into two types, [[sporophyll]]s or fertile fronds that produce spores and [[tropophyll]]s or sterile fronds that do not.<ref name="Stace-2019">{{cite book |last=Stace |first=C. A. |author-link=Stace, C. A. |title=New Flora of the British Isles |publisher=C & M Floristics |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-5272-2630-2 |edition=Fourth |location=Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.}}</ref>{{rp|32}} Fern spores are borne in [[sporangia]] which are usually clustered to form [[sorus|sori]]. The sporangia may be covered with a protective coating called an [[indusium]]. The arrangement of the [[Sporangium|sporangia]] is important in classification.<ref name="Levyns-1966" /> پتي جي هن بي ترتيب ٿيڻ کي سرڪينيٽ ورنيشن چيو ويندو آهي. ڪجهه خاندانن ۾، جهڙوڪ بليچناسي پنن کي ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي؛ اسپوروفيلس يا زرخيز فرونڊز، جيڪا اسپور پيدا ڪن ٿا ۽ ٽروپوفيلس يا جراثيم کان پاڪ فرونڊز، جيڪا اسپورز پيدا نه ٿا ڪن. فرن اسپورز اسپورنگيا ۾ پيدا ٿين ٿا، جيڪا عام طور تي سوري ٺاهڻ لاءِ ڪلستر ٿيل هوندا آهن. اسپورنگيا کي حفاظتي ڪوٽنگ، جن کي انڊسيئم سڏيو ويندو آهي، سان ڍڪي سگهجي ٿو. اسپورنگيا جي ترتيب [[درجابندي (حياتيات)|درجه بندي]] ۾ اهم آهي. مونومارفڪ فرن، زرخيز ۽ جراثيم کان پاڪ پن مارفولاجيڪل طور تي هڪجهڙا نظر اچن ٿا ۽ ٻئي [[ڦوٽوسنٿيسس|فوٽوسنٿيسائيز]] ڪرڻ جي قابل آهن. هيميڊيمورفڪ فرن ۾، زرخيز پنن جو صرف هڪ حصو جراثيم کان پاڪ پنن کان مختلف آهي. ڊيمارفڪ (هولومارفڪ) فرن ۾، ٻن قسمن جا پن مارفالاجيڪل طور تي الڳ آهن.<ref>[https://2019.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=758 Understanding the contribution of LFY and PEBP flowering genes to fern leaf dimorphism – Botany 2019].</ref> زرخيز پن جراثيم کان پاڪ پنن کان تمام تنگ آهن ۽ شايد ڪو به سائو ٽشو، جيئن بليچناسي ۽ لوماريوپسيڊاسي ۾، نه هجي. [[File:Croziers, fronds, rhizomes of bracken fern.jpg|thumb|ڪروزيئر، فرونڊ ۽ بريڪن جا رائيزوم. هن نوع ۾، ٽانڊا زمين اندر وڌندا آهن ۽ ٻوٽي کي افقي طور تي پکڙجڻ جي اجازت ڏيندا آهن.]] فرن جي پنن جي اناٽومي سادي کان وٺي تمام گهڻي ورهايل تائين ڪٿي به ٿي سگهي ٿي يا اڃا به غير يقيني مثال طور گليچينياسي، ليگوڊياسي. ورهايل شڪلون "پنيٽ"، جتي پنن جا حصا مڪمل طور تي هڪ ٻئي کان الڳ آهن يا پنٽيفائيڊ (جزوي طور تي پنيٽ) آهن، جتي پنن جا حصا اڃا تائين جزوي طور تي ڳنڍيل آهن. جڏهن پنن کي هڪ کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا شاخ ڪيو ويندو آهي، اهو پنٽ شڪلن ۽ پنٽيفائيڊ جو ميلاپ پڻ ٿي سگهي ٿو. جيڪڏهن پنن جا بليڊ ٻه ڀيرا ورهايا وڃن، ٻوٽي ۾ بائيپنيٽ فرونڊ ۽ ٽرپپنيٽ فرنڊ آهن. جيڪڏهن اهي ٽي ڀيرا شاخ ڪن ٿا ۽ ٽيٽرا- ۽ پينٽاپينيٽ فرنڊ تائين. وڻ جي فرن ۾، مکيه ٿڙ جيڪو پن کي اسٽيم سان ڳنڍي ٿو (جنهن کي اسٽيپ سڏيو ويندو آهي)، ان ۾ اڪثر ڪري ڪيترائي پتي هوندا آهن. پنن جي جوڙجڪ، جيڪو اسٽيپ مان وڌندا آهن، کي پني سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ اڪثر ڪري ننڍن پننول ۾ ورهايل آهن. فرن جي تنن کي رائيزوم سڏيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اهي صرف ڪجهه نوعن ۾ زمين جي اندر وڌندا آهن. ايپيفيٽڪ نوعون ۽ ڪيتريون ئي زميني نوعن ۾ زمين جي مٿان رينگندڙ اسٽولون هوندا آهن مثال طور، پوليپوڊياسي ۽ ڪيترن ئي گروهن ۾ زمين جي مٿان بيٺل نيم ڪاٺ جا ٿڙ هوندا آهن، مثال طور، سائٿياسي، اسڪيلي وڻ جا فرن. اهي ڪجهه نوعن ۾ 20 ميٽر (66 فوٽ) ڊگها ٿي سگهن ٿا مثال طور، نارفولڪ ٻيٽ تي سائٿيا براوني ۽ نيوزي لينڊ ۾ سائٿيا ميڊولاريس. جڙون زمين جي اندر غير فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ جوڙجڪ آهن، جيڪي مٽي مان پاڻي ۽ غذائي مواد کڻنديون آهن. اها هميشه ريشيدار هونديون آهن ۽ ساخت جي لحاظ کان ٻج جي ٻوٽن جي پاڙن سان تمام گهڻي ملندڙ جلندڙ آهن. anatomy of fern leaves can be anywhere from simple to highly divided, or even [[Indeterminate growth|indeterminate]] (e.g. [[Gleicheniaceae]], [[Lygodium|Lygodiaceae]]). The divided forms are [[Pinnation|pinnate]], where the leaf segments are completely separated from one other, or pinnatifid (partially pinnate), where the leaf segments are still partially connected. When the fronds are branched more than once, it can also be a combination of the pinnatifid are [[Pinnation|pinnate shapes]]. If the leaf blades are divided twice, the plant has bipinnate fronds, and tripinnate fronds if they branch three times, and all the way to tetra- and pentapinnate fronds.<ref>[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/beauty/ferns/structure.shtml Fern Structure – Forest Service].</ref><ref>[https://www.nzplants.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/ferns/structure/frond.html Fern Structure – Forest Service], Auckland, New Zealand.</ref> In tree ferns, the main stalk that connects the leaf to the stem (known as the stipe), often has multiple leaflets. The leafy structures that grow from the stipe are known as pinnae and are often again divided into smaller pinnules.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.basicbiology.net/plants/ferns/fronds.php |title=Fern Fronds |publisher=Basic Biology |access-date=2014-12-06 |archive-date=19 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419003216/http://basicbiology.net/plants/ferns/fronds.php }}</ref> Fern stems are often loosely called [[rhizome]]s, even though they grow underground only in some of the species. Epiphytic species and many of the terrestrial ones have above-ground creeping [[stolon]]s (e.g., [[Polypodiaceae]]), and many groups have above-ground erect semi-woody trunks (e.g., [[Cyatheaceae]], the scaly tree ferns). These can reach up to {{convert|20|m|ft|sp=us}} tall in a few species (e.g., ''[[Cyathea brownii]]'' on [[Norfolk Island]] and ''[[Cyathea medullaris]]'' in [[New Zealand]]).<ref>{{cite book |first1=Mark F. |last1=Large |first2=John E. |last2=Braggins |author-link2=John E. Braggins |date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=0-88192-630-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark |page= }}</ref> [[Root]]s are underground non-photosynthetic structures that take up water and nutrients from [[soil]]. They are always [[fibrous root system|fibrous]] and are structurally very similar to the roots of seed plants.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} === گئميٽوفائٽس === جيئن سڀني ويسڪولر ٻوٽن ۾ اسپوروفائٽ غالب مرحلو يا زندگي جي چڪر ۾ نوع آهي، فرن جا گيميٽوفائٽس بهرحال ٻج جي ٻوٽن کان تمام مختلف آهن. اهي آزاد رهندڙ ۽ ليوروورٽ جي ٻوٽن سان مشابهت رکن ٿا، جڏهن ته ٻج جي ٻوٽن جا ٻوٽا اسپور وال اندر ترقي ڪن ٿا ۽ غذائيت لاءِ پيرنٽ سپوروفائٽ تي منحصر آهن .<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Villareal A.|first1=Juan Carlos|last2=Campos S.|first2=Laura Victoria|last3=Urbide-M.|first3=Jaime|last4=Goffinet|first4=Bernard|title=Parallel Evolution of Endospory within Hornworts: ''Nothoceros renzagliensis'' (Dendrocerotaceae), sp. nov.|journal=Systematic Botany|date=2012 |volume=37|issue=1|pages=31–37|doi=10.1600/036364412X616594 |bibcode=2012SysBo..37...31V }}</ref> هڪ فرن گيمٽوفائيٽ عام طور تي شامل آهن: * پروٿيلس: هڪ سائو، فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ جوڙجڪ، جنهن جي شروعاتي واڌ هڪ گهرڙي واري پرت ۾ مستوي، عام طور تي دل يا گردي جي شڪل ۾، 3-10 ملي ميٽر ڊگهي ۽ 2-8 ملي ميٽر ويڪري آهي.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kelley|first1=A.G.|last2=Postlethwait|first2=S.N.|title=Fern Gametophytes as a Tool for the Study of Morphogenesis|pages=56–60|year=1960|volume=70|journal=Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science|url=https://journals.indianapolis.iu.edu/index.php/ias/article/view/5459|access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref> پروٿيلس گيمٽ پيدا ڪري ٿو: ** اينٿريڊيا: ننڍيون گولائي واري جوڙجڪ، جيڪي فليگيليٽ اينٿروزائيڊ پيدا ڪن ٿيون. <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=A Dictionary of Plant Sciences|edition=2nd|editor-last=Allaby|editor-first=Michael|entry-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198608912.001.0001/acref-9780198608912-e-386|entry=antherozoid|isbn=9780191726804|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006}}</ref> ** آرڪيگونيا: هڪ فلاسڪ جي شڪل واري جوڙجڪ: جيڪا تري ۾ هڪ آنا پيدا ڪري ٿي. نر گيمٽوفائيٽ ذريعي ڳچيءَ ۾ ترڻ سان پهچندي آهي. * رزوئڊ: جڙ جهڙيون جوڙجڪ (سچي جڙ نه)، جيڪي واحد تمام گهڻي ڊگھي جيو گهرڙن تي مشتمل آهن جيڪي سجي جوڙجڪ تي پاڻي ۽ معدني لوڻ جذب ڪن ٿيون. رائزائيڊز پروٿيلس کي مٽي سان ڳنڍن ٿا.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The evolution of root hairs and rhizoids|last1=Jones|first1=Victor A.S.|last2=Dolan|first2=Liam|journal=Annals of Botany|volume=110|issue=2|pages=205–212|doi=10.1093/aob/mcs136|pmc=3394659|pmid=22730024|year=2012}}</ref> ==زندگي جو چڪر ۽ پيدائش== ==درجي بندي== ==تقسيم ۽ رهائش== فرن پنهنجي ورهاست ۾، تمام گهڻي دولت سان گڏ ٽاڪرو علائقن ۾ ۽ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ آرڪٽڪ علائقن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي موجود آهن. سڀ کان وڏو تنوع اڀرندڙ اڀرندڙ برساتي ٻيلن ۾ ٿئي ٿو. نيوزي لينڊ، جنهن لاءِ فرن هڪ علامت آهي، اٽڪل 230 جنسون هن سڄي ملڪ ۾ ورهايل آهن. اهو يورپي ٻيلن ۾ هڪ عام ٻوٽو آهي. ==ماحوليات== ==استعمال== ==ثقافت== ==ٻيا ٻوٽا== ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[:باب:نباتات]] * [[:باب:وڻ]] * [[:باب:الجي]] * [[سينوڙ|سينور]] ==خارجي لنڪس== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:برسيان]] [[زمرو:نباتيات]] [[زمرو:نباتاتيات]] [[زمرو:ٻوٽن جا ڊويزن]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪسانومي (نباتاتيات)]] bwkber6earqlgjr0ju428lp3e99pmq9 377045 377044 2026-05-11T12:42:13Z Ibne maryam 17680 377045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Class of vascular plants}} {{About|ٻوٽن جي هڪ گروهه||فرن (سلجھائپ)|۽ |فرنس (سلجھائپ)}} '''برسيان''' يا '''فرن''' (Fern؛ سائنسي نالو، پوليپوڊايوپسڊا ۽ پوليپوڊائيوفيٽا)، ويسڪولر ٻوٽن (زائلم ۽ فلوئم سان گڏ ٻوٽا) جو هڪ گروپ آهي، جيڪا اسپورز (spores) ذريعي ٻيهر پيدا ٿيڻ ٿا ۽ نه انهن جا ٻج هوندا آهن ۽ نه ئي انهن تي گل ايندا آهن. اها سينور (Moss) کان، وسڪولر هجڻ جي ڪري، يعني خاص ٽشوز هجڻ سان، جيڪي پاڻي ۽ غذائي مواد جي ترسيل ڪندا آهن، مختلف آهن. هنن جي زندگي جي چڪر ۾، اسپوروفائٽ (شاخ واري توليد) غالب مرحلو هوندو آهي.<ref name="DK Pub.-2017">{{Cite book|edition=11th|title=Ultimate Visual Dictionary|publisher=[[DK Pub.]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4654-5894-0|url=|pages=120–121|language=en|chapter=Horsetails, clubmosses, and ferns|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ultimate-visual-dictionary-by-dk-z-lib.org/page/120/mode/2up|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Early evolution of life cycles in embryophytes: A focus on the fossil evidence of gametophyte/sporophyte size and morphological complexity|last1=Gerrienne|first1=Philippe|last2=Gonez|first2=Paul|journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution|year=2011|volume=49|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00096.x|bibcode=2011JSyEv..49....1G |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{Automatic taxobox | name = برسيان<br>Ferns | fossil_range = آخري ڊيوونيئن دور - هالوسين دور کان اڃ تائين | image = {{Multiple image |perrow = 2 |total_width = 270 |image1 = Psilotum.jpg |caption1 = سائلوسيٽياليس |image2 = Equisetopsida.jpg |caption2 = اڪويسيٽئليس |image3 = Flickr - brewbooks - Angiopteris evecta - Mule's foot fern (1).jpg |caption3 = ماراٽيئليس |image4 = Osmunda regalis Moore50.png |caption4 = اوسمونڊئليس |image5 = WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion nach Berdorf (Luxemburgexkursion) 011.jpg |caption5 = همينوفائلاليس |image6 = Dipteris conjugata 破傘蕨 001 (天問).jpg |caption6 = گليچينياليس |image7 = Tree Fern (48717210587).jpg |caption7 = ساياٿياليس |image8 = The ferns of Great Britain, and their allies the club-mosses, pepperworts, and horsetails (Pl. 2) (8515393495).jpg |caption8 = پوليپوڊياليس، برطانيه جا فرن ۽ لاڳاپيل ڪلب موس، پيپر وورٽ ۽ هارس ٽيل |border = infobox }} | taxon = پوليپوڊائيپسيڊا | authority = ڪرونڪئست، تختاجان، ۽ ڊبليو. زم | subdivision_ranks = ذيلي جماعتون | subdivision = * † اسٽاروٽيريڊيڊائي * †زائيگوٽيريڊيڊائي * ايڪويسيٽيڊائي * مئراٽيڊائي * اوڦيوگلوسيڊائي * پوليپوڊيڊائي | synonyms = * فليڪئٽائي<small>ڪوبٽسڪي 1990</small> * فليسيس * فليڪوڦائٽا <small>اينڊلخر 1836</small> * مونيلوڦائٽا <small>ڪينٽينو ۽ ڊونوگوئ 2007</small> * ٽيريڊوپسيڊا <small>رجين 1828</small> }} فرن ۾ پيچيده پنن کي ميگافل سڏيو ويندو آهي جيڪي ڪلب موس جي مائڪروفل کان وڌيڪ پيچيده هوندا آهن. گهڻا فرن ليپٽيوسپورنگيٽ فرن آهن. اُهي ڪنڊا لڳل ٿلها هيڊز ٺاهيندا آهن جيڪي اڻلڀ ۽ ڦاٽن ۾ وڌندا آهن. گروپ ۾ اٽڪل <small>10,560</small> سڃاتل موجوده [[نوع (حياتيات)|نوعون]] شامل آهن. فرن جي وضاحت هتي وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سڀئي پوليپوڊايوپسڊا، جنهن ۾ <small>ليپٽوسپورنجيئيٽ</small> <small>Leptosporangiate</small> <small>(پوليپوڊيڊائي</small> <small>Polypodiidae)</small> ۽ <small>يوسپورنجيئيٽ</small> <small>(Eusporangiate)</small> فرن شامل آهن. پوئين گروهه ۾ هارس ٽيل <small>(Horsetail)</small>، وسڪ فرن <small>(Whisk Fern)،</small> مراٽيئوئڊ <small>(marattioid)</small> ۽ اوفيوگلوسوئڊ <small>(ophioglossoid)</small> فرن شامل آهن، جي طور ڪئي وئي آهي. ڪرائون گروپ، جن ۾ ليپٽوسپورنجيئٽس ۽ يوسپورنجيئٽس شامل آهن، اندازاً 423.2 ملين سال اڳ سلوريئن دور جي آخر ۾ پيدا ٿيا،<ref name="Polypodiopsida2">{{cite journal|last1=Nitta|first1=Joel H.|last2=Schuettpelz|first2=Eric|last3=Ramírez-Barahona|first3=Santiago|last4=Iwasaki|first4=Wataru|display-authors=et al.|year=2022|title=An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=13|page=909768|doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.909768|pmc=9449725|pmid=36092417|doi-access=free}}</ref> پر پوليپوڊيلس، اهو گروهه جيڪا %<small>80</small> موجود فرن جي نوعن تي مشتمل آهي، ظاهر نه ٿيو ۽ نه ئي ڪريٽاسيئس دور تائين هن ۾ تنوع پيدا ٿيو. اها گلدار ٻوٽن <small>(Angiosperms)</small>، جيڪي دنيا جي نباتات تي غلبو ڪيا، جي اڀار سان گڏ آيا. فرن وڏي اقتصادي اهميت جا حامل نه آهن، پر ڪجهه نوعون کاڌ خوراڪ، دوائن، بايو فرٽيلائزر، آرائشي ٻوٽن ۽ آلوده مٽي جي علاج لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون آهن. اها فضا (atmosphere) مان ڪيميائي آلودگي کي ختم ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت لاءِ تحقيق جو موضوع بڻيل آهن. فرن جون ڪجهه نوع، جهڙوڪ بريڪن (پيٽريڊيئم اڪيلينم) ۽ واٽر فرن (ازولا فيليڪولائيڊس)، سڄي دنيا ۾ اهم ٻوٽا آهن. ڪجھ فرن نوع، جهڙوڪ ازولا، نائٽروجن کي درست ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ چانورن جي ٻوٽن جي نائيٽروجن غذائيت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري سگھن ٿا. اها پڻ لوڪ ڪهاڻين ۾ ڪجهه ڪردار ادا ڪن ٿا. ==وضاحت== ===اسپوروڦائٽ=== [[Image:Samambaia (do tupi samambaîa) havaiana mini, em ambiente doméstico 02.jpg|thumb|برازيل ۾ گھر ۾ اُڀريل فرن]] موجوده فرن جڙي ٻوٽي وارا ۽ بارہماسي آهن ۽ گھڻا ڪاٺيءَ جي واڌ جي کوٽ رکن ٿا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mauseth |first=James D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEsBPPlxP7EC&pg=PA492 |title=Botany: an Introduction to Plant Biology |date=September 2008 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-1-4496-4720-9 |page=492}}</ref> جڏهن ڪاٺيءَ جي واڌ موجود هوندي آهي، اها ٿڙ ۾ هوندي آهي.<ref name="Levyns-1966">{{Cite book |last=Levyns |first=M. R. |title=A Guide to the Flora of the Cape Peninsula |publisher=Juta & Company |year=1966 |edition=2nd Revised |oclc=621340}}</ref> انهن جا پن [[ڊيسيڊيئس|پنن]] [[ڊيسيڊيئس|کرڻ وارا]] يا [[سدابهار|سدا بهار]] ٿي سگهن ٿا ۽ ڪجهه آبهوا جي لحاظ کان نيم سدا بهار هوندا آهن<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fernández |first1=Helena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smtpBM7UgXEC&pg=PA175 |title=Working with Ferns: Issues and Applications |last2=Kumar |first2=Ashwani |last3=Revilla |first3=Maria Angeles |date=2010-11-11 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4419-7162-3 |page=175}}</ref> ۽ [[گلن وارا ٻوٽا|ٻج واري ٻوٽن]] جي اسپوروفائٽس وانگر، اها فرن تنن، پنن ۽ جڙن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. فرن اسپرماتوفائٽ کان مختلف آهن، انهن ۾ اها ٻج جي بدران اسپورن ذريعي ٻيهر پيدا ٿين ٿا. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hodgson |first=Larry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDij6Fmk2MwC&pg=PA329 |title=Making the Most of Shade: How to Plan, Plant, and Grow a Fabulous Garden that Lightens Up the Shadows |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Rodale |isbn=978-1-57954-966-4 |page=329}}</ref> بهرحال، اهي اسپور پيدا ڪندڙ برائيوفائٽ کان پڻ مختلف آهن. انهي ۾، ٻج واري ٻوٽن وانگر، پولي اسپورنجيو فائٽس هوندا آهن. انهن جا اسپوروفائٽس شاخون ڪن ٿا ۽ ڪيترائي اسپورنجيا پيدا ڪن ٿا. برائيوفائٽس جي برعڪس، فرن اسپوروفائٽس آزاد رهندڙ آهن ۽ صرف مختصر طور تي ماده جي گيمٽوفائٽ تي منحصر آهن. ٻوٽي جو سائو فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ حصو ٽيڪنيڪل طور تي هڪ ميگافل آهي ۽ فرن ۾ ان کي اڪثر فرونڊ (fronds) سڏيو ويندو آهي. ليپٽو اسپورنجيٽ فرن ۾ نوان پن عام طور تي هڪ تنگ سرپل (spiral) ۾ فيڊل هيڊ فرڳنڊز جي کلڻ سان وڌندا آهن، جنهن کي ڪروزيئر سڏيو ويندو آهي. The [[green]], [[photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] part of the plant is technically a [[microphyll#evolution of leaves: microphyll and megaphyll|megaphyll]] and in ferns, it is often called a ''[[frond]]''. In [[leptosporangiate fern]]s new leaves typically expand by the unrolling of a tight spiral called a crozier or [[fiddlehead fern|fiddlehead]] into [[frond]]s.{{sfn|McCausland|2019}} This uncurling of the leaf is termed [[circinate vernation]]. In some families, such as the [[Blechnaceae]], the leaves are divided into two types, [[sporophyll]]s or fertile fronds that produce spores and [[tropophyll]]s or sterile fronds that do not.<ref name="Stace-2019">{{cite book |last=Stace |first=C. A. |author-link=Stace, C. A. |title=New Flora of the British Isles |publisher=C & M Floristics |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-5272-2630-2 |edition=Fourth |location=Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.}}</ref>{{rp|32}} Fern spores are borne in [[sporangia]] which are usually clustered to form [[sorus|sori]]. The sporangia may be covered with a protective coating called an [[indusium]]. The arrangement of the [[Sporangium|sporangia]] is important in classification.<ref name="Levyns-1966" /> پتي جي هن بي ترتيب ٿيڻ کي سرڪينيٽ ورنيشن چيو ويندو آهي. ڪجهه خاندانن ۾، جهڙوڪ بليچناسي پنن کي ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي؛ اسپوروفيلس يا زرخيز فرونڊز، جيڪا اسپور پيدا ڪن ٿا ۽ ٽروپوفيلس يا جراثيم کان پاڪ فرونڊز، جيڪا اسپورز پيدا نه ٿا ڪن. فرن اسپورز اسپورنگيا ۾ پيدا ٿين ٿا، جيڪا عام طور تي سوري ٺاهڻ لاءِ ڪلستر ٿيل هوندا آهن. اسپورنگيا کي حفاظتي ڪوٽنگ، جن کي انڊسيئم سڏيو ويندو آهي، سان ڍڪي سگهجي ٿو. اسپورنگيا جي ترتيب [[درجابندي (حياتيات)|درجه بندي]] ۾ اهم آهي. مونومارفڪ فرن، زرخيز ۽ جراثيم کان پاڪ پن مارفولاجيڪل طور تي هڪجهڙا نظر اچن ٿا ۽ ٻئي [[ڦوٽوسنٿيسس|فوٽوسنٿيسائيز]] ڪرڻ جي قابل آهن. هيميڊيمورفڪ فرن ۾، زرخيز پنن جو صرف هڪ حصو جراثيم کان پاڪ پنن کان مختلف آهي. ڊيمارفڪ (هولومارفڪ) فرن ۾، ٻن قسمن جا پن مارفالاجيڪل طور تي الڳ آهن.<ref>[https://2019.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=758 Understanding the contribution of LFY and PEBP flowering genes to fern leaf dimorphism – Botany 2019].</ref> زرخيز پن جراثيم کان پاڪ پنن کان تمام تنگ آهن ۽ شايد ڪو به سائو ٽشو، جيئن بليچناسي ۽ لوماريوپسيڊاسي ۾، نه هجي. [[File:Croziers, fronds, rhizomes of bracken fern.jpg|thumb|ڪروزيئر، فرونڊ ۽ بريڪن جا رائيزوم. هن نوع ۾، ٽانڊا زمين اندر وڌندا آهن ۽ ٻوٽي کي افقي طور تي پکڙجڻ جي اجازت ڏيندا آهن.]] فرن جي پنن جي اناٽومي سادي کان وٺي تمام گهڻي ورهايل تائين ڪٿي به ٿي سگهي ٿي<ref>[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/beauty/ferns/structure.shtml Fern Structure – Forest Service].</ref> يا اڃا به غير يقيني مثال طور گليچينياسي، ليگوڊياسي. ورهايل شڪلون "پنيٽ"، جتي پنن جا حصا مڪمل طور تي هڪ ٻئي کان الڳ آهن يا پنٽيفائيڊ (جزوي طور تي پنيٽ) آهن، جتي پنن جا حصا اڃا تائين جزوي طور تي ڳنڍيل آهن. جڏهن پنن کي هڪ کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا شاخ ڪيو ويندو آهي، اهو پنٽ شڪلن ۽ پنٽيفائيڊ جو ميلاپ پڻ ٿي سگهي ٿو. جيڪڏهن پنن جا بليڊ ٻه ڀيرا ورهايا وڃن، ٻوٽي ۾ بائيپنيٽ فرونڊ ۽ ٽرپپنيٽ فرنڊ آهن.<ref>[https://www.nzplants.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/ferns/structure/frond.html Fern Structure – Forest Service], Auckland, New Zealand.</ref> جيڪڏهن اهي ٽي ڀيرا شاخ ڪن ٿا ۽ ٽيٽرا- ۽ پينٽاپينيٽ فرنڊ تائين. وڻ جي فرن ۾، مکيه ٿڙ جيڪو پن کي اسٽيم سان ڳنڍي ٿو (جنهن کي اسٽيپ سڏيو ويندو آهي)، ان ۾ اڪثر ڪري ڪيترائي پتي هوندا آهن. پنن جي جوڙجڪ، جيڪو اسٽيپ مان وڌندا آهن، کي پني سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ اڪثر ڪري ننڍن پننول ۾ ورهايل آهن.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.basicbiology.net/plants/ferns/fronds.php |title=Fern Fronds |publisher=Basic Biology |access-date=2014-12-06 |archive-date=19 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419003216/http://basicbiology.net/plants/ferns/fronds.php }}</ref> فرن جي تنن کي رائيزوم سڏيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اهي صرف ڪجهه نوعن ۾ زمين جي اندر وڌندا آهن. ايپيفيٽڪ نوعون ۽ ڪيتريون ئي زميني نوعن ۾ زمين جي مٿان رينگندڙ اسٽولون هوندا آهن مثال طور، پوليپوڊياسي ۽ ڪيترن ئي گروهن ۾ زمين جي مٿان بيٺل نيم ڪاٺ جا ٿڙ هوندا آهن، مثال طور، سائٿياسي، اسڪيلي وڻ جا فرن. اهي ڪجهه نوعن ۾ 20 ميٽر (66 فوٽ) ڊگها ٿي سگهن ٿا مثال طور، نارفولڪ ٻيٽ تي سائٿيا براوني ۽ نيوزي لينڊ ۾ سائٿيا ميڊولاريس.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Mark F. |last1=Large |first2=John E. |last2=Braggins |author-link2=John E. Braggins |date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=0-88192-630-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark |page= }}</ref> جڙون زمين جي اندر غير فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ جوڙجڪ آهن، جيڪي مٽي مان پاڻي ۽ غذائي مواد کڻنديون آهن. اها هميشه ريشيدار هونديون آهن ۽ ساخت جي لحاظ کان ٻج جي ٻوٽن جي پاڙن سان تمام گهڻي ملندڙ جلندڙ آهن. === گئميٽوفائٽس === جيئن سڀني ويسڪولر ٻوٽن ۾ اسپوروفائٽ غالب مرحلو يا زندگي جي چڪر ۾ نوع آهي، فرن جا گيميٽوفائٽس بهرحال ٻج جي ٻوٽن کان تمام مختلف آهن. اهي آزاد رهندڙ ۽ ليوروورٽ جي ٻوٽن سان مشابهت رکن ٿا، جڏهن ته ٻج جي ٻوٽن جا ٻوٽا اسپور وال اندر ترقي ڪن ٿا ۽ غذائيت لاءِ پيرنٽ سپوروفائٽ تي منحصر آهن .<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Villareal A.|first1=Juan Carlos|last2=Campos S.|first2=Laura Victoria|last3=Urbide-M.|first3=Jaime|last4=Goffinet|first4=Bernard|title=Parallel Evolution of Endospory within Hornworts: ''Nothoceros renzagliensis'' (Dendrocerotaceae), sp. nov.|journal=Systematic Botany|date=2012 |volume=37|issue=1|pages=31–37|doi=10.1600/036364412X616594 |bibcode=2012SysBo..37...31V }}</ref> هڪ فرن گيمٽوفائيٽ عام طور تي شامل آهن: * پروٿيلس: هڪ سائو، فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ جوڙجڪ، جنهن جي شروعاتي واڌ هڪ گهرڙي واري پرت ۾ مستوي، عام طور تي دل يا گردي جي شڪل ۾، 3-10 ملي ميٽر ڊگهي ۽ 2-8 ملي ميٽر ويڪري آهي.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kelley|first1=A.G.|last2=Postlethwait|first2=S.N.|title=Fern Gametophytes as a Tool for the Study of Morphogenesis|pages=56–60|year=1960|volume=70|journal=Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science|url=https://journals.indianapolis.iu.edu/index.php/ias/article/view/5459|access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref> پروٿيلس گيمٽ پيدا ڪري ٿو: ** اينٿريڊيا: ننڍيون گولائي واري جوڙجڪ، جيڪي فليگيليٽ اينٿروزائيڊ پيدا ڪن ٿيون. <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=A Dictionary of Plant Sciences|edition=2nd|editor-last=Allaby|editor-first=Michael|entry-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198608912.001.0001/acref-9780198608912-e-386|entry=antherozoid|isbn=9780191726804|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006}}</ref> ** آرڪيگونيا: هڪ فلاسڪ جي شڪل واري جوڙجڪ: جيڪا تري ۾ هڪ آنا پيدا ڪري ٿي. نر گيمٽوفائيٽ ذريعي ڳچيءَ ۾ ترڻ سان پهچندي آهي. * رزوئڊ: جڙ جهڙيون جوڙجڪ (سچي جڙ نه)، جيڪي واحد تمام گهڻي ڊگھي جيو گهرڙن تي مشتمل آهن جيڪي سجي جوڙجڪ تي پاڻي ۽ معدني لوڻ جذب ڪن ٿيون. رائزائيڊز پروٿيلس کي مٽي سان ڳنڍن ٿا.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The evolution of root hairs and rhizoids|last1=Jones|first1=Victor A.S.|last2=Dolan|first2=Liam|journal=Annals of Botany|volume=110|issue=2|pages=205–212|doi=10.1093/aob/mcs136|pmc=3394659|pmid=22730024|year=2012}}</ref> ==زندگي جو چڪر ۽ پيدائش== ==درجي بندي== ==تقسيم ۽ رهائش== فرن پنهنجي ورهاست ۾، تمام گهڻي دولت سان گڏ ٽاڪرو علائقن ۾ ۽ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ آرڪٽڪ علائقن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي موجود آهن. سڀ کان وڏو تنوع اڀرندڙ اڀرندڙ برساتي ٻيلن ۾ ٿئي ٿو. نيوزي لينڊ، جنهن لاءِ فرن هڪ علامت آهي، اٽڪل 230 جنسون هن سڄي ملڪ ۾ ورهايل آهن. اهو يورپي ٻيلن ۾ هڪ عام ٻوٽو آهي. ==ماحوليات== ==استعمال== ==ثقافت== ==ٻيا ٻوٽا== ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[:باب:نباتات]] * [[:باب:وڻ]] * [[:باب:الجي]] * [[سينوڙ|سينور]] ==خارجي لنڪس== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:برسيان]] [[زمرو:نباتيات]] [[زمرو:نباتاتيات]] [[زمرو:ٻوٽن جا ڊويزن]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪسانومي (نباتاتيات)]] iaqws9marelgxlc4ckcaeaxkq39cmfr 377046 377045 2026-05-11T12:42:36Z Ibne maryam 17680 377046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Class of vascular plants}} {{About|ٻوٽن جي هڪ گروهه||فرن (سلجھائپ)|۽ |فرنس (سلجھائپ)}} '''برسيان''' يا '''فرن''' (Fern؛ سائنسي نالو، پوليپوڊايوپسڊا ۽ پوليپوڊائيوفيٽا)، ويسڪولر ٻوٽن (زائلم ۽ فلوئم سان گڏ ٻوٽا) جو هڪ گروپ آهي، جيڪا اسپورز (spores) ذريعي ٻيهر پيدا ٿيڻ ٿا ۽ نه انهن جا ٻج هوندا آهن ۽ نه ئي انهن تي گل ايندا آهن. اها سينور (Moss) کان، وسڪولر هجڻ جي ڪري، يعني خاص ٽشوز هجڻ سان، جيڪي پاڻي ۽ غذائي مواد جي ترسيل ڪندا آهن، مختلف آهن. هنن جي زندگي جي چڪر ۾، اسپوروفائٽ (شاخ واري توليد) غالب مرحلو هوندو آهي.<ref name="DK Pub.-2017">{{Cite book|edition=11th|title=Ultimate Visual Dictionary|publisher=[[DK Pub.]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4654-5894-0|url=|pages=120–121|language=en|chapter=Horsetails, clubmosses, and ferns|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ultimate-visual-dictionary-by-dk-z-lib.org/page/120/mode/2up|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Early evolution of life cycles in embryophytes: A focus on the fossil evidence of gametophyte/sporophyte size and morphological complexity|last1=Gerrienne|first1=Philippe|last2=Gonez|first2=Paul|journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution|year=2011|volume=49|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00096.x|bibcode=2011JSyEv..49....1G |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{Automatic taxobox | name = برسيان<br>Ferns | fossil_range = آخري ڊيوونيئن دور - هالوسين دور کان اڃ تائين | image = {{Multiple image |perrow = 2 |total_width = 270 |image1 = Psilotum.jpg |caption1 = سائلوسيٽياليس |image2 = Equisetopsida.jpg |caption2 = اڪويسيٽئليس |image3 = Flickr - brewbooks - Angiopteris evecta - Mule's foot fern (1).jpg |caption3 = ماراٽيئليس |image4 = Osmunda regalis Moore50.png |caption4 = اوسمونڊئليس |image5 = WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion nach Berdorf (Luxemburgexkursion) 011.jpg |caption5 = همينوفائلاليس |image6 = Dipteris conjugata 破傘蕨 001 (天問).jpg |caption6 = گليچينياليس |image7 = Tree Fern (48717210587).jpg |caption7 = ساياٿياليس |image8 = The ferns of Great Britain, and their allies the club-mosses, pepperworts, and horsetails (Pl. 2) (8515393495).jpg |caption8 = پوليپوڊياليس، برطانيه جا فرن ۽ لاڳاپيل ڪلب موس، پيپر وورٽ ۽ هارس ٽيل |border = infobox }} | taxon = پوليپوڊائيپسيڊا | authority = ڪرونڪئست، تختاجان، ۽ ڊبليو. زم | subdivision_ranks = ذيلي جماعتون | subdivision = * † اسٽاروٽيريڊيڊائي * †زائيگوٽيريڊيڊائي * ايڪويسيٽيڊائي * مئراٽيڊائي * اوڦيوگلوسيڊائي * پوليپوڊيڊائي | synonyms = * فليڪئٽائي<small>ڪوبٽسڪي 1990</small> * فليسيس * فليڪوڦائٽا <small>اينڊلخر 1836</small> * مونيلوڦائٽا <small>ڪينٽينو ۽ ڊونوگوئ 2007</small> * ٽيريڊوپسيڊا <small>رجين 1828</small> }} فرن ۾ پيچيده پنن کي ميگافل سڏيو ويندو آهي جيڪي ڪلب موس جي مائڪروفل کان وڌيڪ پيچيده هوندا آهن. گهڻا فرن ليپٽيوسپورنگيٽ فرن آهن. اُهي ڪنڊا لڳل ٿلها هيڊز ٺاهيندا آهن جيڪي اڻلڀ ۽ ڦاٽن ۾ وڌندا آهن. گروپ ۾ اٽڪل <small>10,560</small> سڃاتل موجوده [[نوع (حياتيات)|نوعون]] شامل آهن. فرن جي وضاحت هتي وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سڀئي پوليپوڊايوپسڊا، جنهن ۾ <small>ليپٽوسپورنجيئيٽ</small> <small>Leptosporangiate</small> <small>(پوليپوڊيڊائي</small> <small>Polypodiidae)</small> ۽ <small>يوسپورنجيئيٽ</small> <small>(Eusporangiate)</small> فرن شامل آهن. پوئين گروهه ۾ هارس ٽيل <small>(Horsetail)</small>، وسڪ فرن <small>(Whisk Fern)،</small> مراٽيئوئڊ <small>(marattioid)</small> ۽ اوفيوگلوسوئڊ <small>(ophioglossoid)</small> فرن شامل آهن، جي طور ڪئي وئي آهي. ڪرائون گروپ، جن ۾ ليپٽوسپورنجيئٽس ۽ يوسپورنجيئٽس شامل آهن، اندازاً 423.2 ملين سال اڳ سلوريئن دور جي آخر ۾ پيدا ٿيا،<ref name="Polypodiopsida2">{{cite journal|last1=Nitta|first1=Joel H.|last2=Schuettpelz|first2=Eric|last3=Ramírez-Barahona|first3=Santiago|last4=Iwasaki|first4=Wataru|display-authors=et al.|year=2022|title=An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=13|page=909768|doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.909768|pmc=9449725|pmid=36092417|doi-access=free}}</ref> پر پوليپوڊيلس، اهو گروهه جيڪا %<small>80</small> موجود فرن جي نوعن تي مشتمل آهي، ظاهر نه ٿيو ۽ نه ئي ڪريٽاسيئس دور تائين هن ۾ تنوع پيدا ٿيو. اها گلدار ٻوٽن <small>(Angiosperms)</small>، جيڪي دنيا جي نباتات تي غلبو ڪيا، جي اڀار سان گڏ آيا. فرن وڏي اقتصادي اهميت جا حامل نه آهن، پر ڪجهه نوعون کاڌ خوراڪ، دوائن، بايو فرٽيلائزر، آرائشي ٻوٽن ۽ آلوده مٽي جي علاج لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون آهن. اها فضا (atmosphere) مان ڪيميائي آلودگي کي ختم ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت لاءِ تحقيق جو موضوع بڻيل آهن. فرن جون ڪجهه نوع، جهڙوڪ بريڪن (پيٽريڊيئم اڪيلينم) ۽ واٽر فرن (ازولا فيليڪولائيڊس)، سڄي دنيا ۾ اهم ٻوٽا آهن. ڪجھ فرن نوع، جهڙوڪ ازولا، نائٽروجن کي درست ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ چانورن جي ٻوٽن جي نائيٽروجن غذائيت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري سگھن ٿا. اها پڻ لوڪ ڪهاڻين ۾ ڪجهه ڪردار ادا ڪن ٿا. ==وضاحت== ===اسپوروڦائٽ=== [[Image:Samambaia (do tupi samambaîa) havaiana mini, em ambiente doméstico 02.jpg|thumb|برازيل ۾ گھر ۾ اُڀريل فرن]] موجوده فرن جڙي ٻوٽي وارا ۽ بارہماسي آهن ۽ گھڻا ڪاٺيءَ جي واڌ جي کوٽ رکن ٿا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mauseth |first=James D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEsBPPlxP7EC&pg=PA492 |title=Botany: an Introduction to Plant Biology |date=September 2008 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-1-4496-4720-9 |page=492}}</ref> جڏهن ڪاٺيءَ جي واڌ موجود هوندي آهي، اها ٿڙ ۾ هوندي آهي.<ref name="Levyns-1966">{{Cite book |last=Levyns |first=M. R. |title=A Guide to the Flora of the Cape Peninsula |publisher=Juta & Company |year=1966 |edition=2nd Revised |oclc=621340}}</ref> انهن جا پن [[ڊيسيڊيئس|پنن]] [[ڊيسيڊيئس|کرڻ وارا]] يا [[سدابهار|سدا بهار]] ٿي سگهن ٿا ۽ ڪجهه آبهوا جي لحاظ کان نيم سدا بهار هوندا آهن<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fernández |first1=Helena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smtpBM7UgXEC&pg=PA175 |title=Working with Ferns: Issues and Applications |last2=Kumar |first2=Ashwani |last3=Revilla |first3=Maria Angeles |date=2010-11-11 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4419-7162-3 |page=175}}</ref> ۽ [[گلن وارا ٻوٽا|ٻج واري ٻوٽن]] جي اسپوروفائٽس وانگر، اها فرن تنن، پنن ۽ جڙن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. فرن اسپرماتوفائٽ کان مختلف آهن، انهن ۾ اها ٻج جي بدران اسپورن ذريعي ٻيهر پيدا ٿين ٿا. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hodgson |first=Larry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDij6Fmk2MwC&pg=PA329 |title=Making the Most of Shade: How to Plan, Plant, and Grow a Fabulous Garden that Lightens Up the Shadows |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Rodale |isbn=978-1-57954-966-4 |page=329}}</ref> بهرحال، اهي اسپور پيدا ڪندڙ برائيوفائٽ کان پڻ مختلف آهن. انهي ۾، ٻج واري ٻوٽن وانگر، پولي اسپورنجيو فائٽس هوندا آهن. انهن جا اسپوروفائٽس شاخون ڪن ٿا ۽ ڪيترائي اسپورنجيا پيدا ڪن ٿا. برائيوفائٽس جي برعڪس، فرن اسپوروفائٽس آزاد رهندڙ آهن ۽ صرف مختصر طور تي ماده جي گيمٽوفائٽ تي منحصر آهن. ٻوٽي جو سائو فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ حصو ٽيڪنيڪل طور تي هڪ ميگافل آهي ۽ فرن ۾ ان کي اڪثر فرونڊ (fronds) سڏيو ويندو آهي. ليپٽو اسپورنجيٽ فرن ۾ نوان پن عام طور تي هڪ تنگ سرپل (spiral) ۾ فيڊل هيڊ فرڳنڊز جي کلڻ سان وڌندا آهن، جنهن کي ڪروزيئر سڏيو ويندو آهي. پتي جي هن بي ترتيب ٿيڻ کي سرڪينيٽ ورنيشن چيو ويندو آهي. ڪجهه خاندانن ۾، جهڙوڪ بليچناسي پنن کي ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي؛ اسپوروفيلس يا زرخيز فرونڊز، جيڪا اسپور پيدا ڪن ٿا ۽ ٽروپوفيلس يا جراثيم کان پاڪ فرونڊز، جيڪا اسپورز پيدا نه ٿا ڪن. فرن اسپورز اسپورنگيا ۾ پيدا ٿين ٿا، جيڪا عام طور تي سوري ٺاهڻ لاءِ ڪلستر ٿيل هوندا آهن. اسپورنگيا کي حفاظتي ڪوٽنگ، جن کي انڊسيئم سڏيو ويندو آهي، سان ڍڪي سگهجي ٿو. اسپورنگيا جي ترتيب [[درجابندي (حياتيات)|درجه بندي]] ۾ اهم آهي. مونومارفڪ فرن، زرخيز ۽ جراثيم کان پاڪ پن مارفولاجيڪل طور تي هڪجهڙا نظر اچن ٿا ۽ ٻئي [[ڦوٽوسنٿيسس|فوٽوسنٿيسائيز]] ڪرڻ جي قابل آهن. هيميڊيمورفڪ فرن ۾، زرخيز پنن جو صرف هڪ حصو جراثيم کان پاڪ پنن کان مختلف آهي. ڊيمارفڪ (هولومارفڪ) فرن ۾، ٻن قسمن جا پن مارفالاجيڪل طور تي الڳ آهن.<ref>[https://2019.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=758 Understanding the contribution of LFY and PEBP flowering genes to fern leaf dimorphism – Botany 2019].</ref> زرخيز پن جراثيم کان پاڪ پنن کان تمام تنگ آهن ۽ شايد ڪو به سائو ٽشو، جيئن بليچناسي ۽ لوماريوپسيڊاسي ۾، نه هجي. [[File:Croziers, fronds, rhizomes of bracken fern.jpg|thumb|ڪروزيئر، فرونڊ ۽ بريڪن جا رائيزوم. هن نوع ۾، ٽانڊا زمين اندر وڌندا آهن ۽ ٻوٽي کي افقي طور تي پکڙجڻ جي اجازت ڏيندا آهن.]] فرن جي پنن جي اناٽومي سادي کان وٺي تمام گهڻي ورهايل تائين ڪٿي به ٿي سگهي ٿي<ref>[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/beauty/ferns/structure.shtml Fern Structure – Forest Service].</ref> يا اڃا به غير يقيني مثال طور گليچينياسي، ليگوڊياسي. ورهايل شڪلون "پنيٽ"، جتي پنن جا حصا مڪمل طور تي هڪ ٻئي کان الڳ آهن يا پنٽيفائيڊ (جزوي طور تي پنيٽ) آهن، جتي پنن جا حصا اڃا تائين جزوي طور تي ڳنڍيل آهن. جڏهن پنن کي هڪ کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا شاخ ڪيو ويندو آهي، اهو پنٽ شڪلن ۽ پنٽيفائيڊ جو ميلاپ پڻ ٿي سگهي ٿو. جيڪڏهن پنن جا بليڊ ٻه ڀيرا ورهايا وڃن، ٻوٽي ۾ بائيپنيٽ فرونڊ ۽ ٽرپپنيٽ فرنڊ آهن.<ref>[https://www.nzplants.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/ferns/structure/frond.html Fern Structure – Forest Service], Auckland, New Zealand.</ref> جيڪڏهن اهي ٽي ڀيرا شاخ ڪن ٿا ۽ ٽيٽرا- ۽ پينٽاپينيٽ فرنڊ تائين. وڻ جي فرن ۾، مکيه ٿڙ جيڪو پن کي اسٽيم سان ڳنڍي ٿو (جنهن کي اسٽيپ سڏيو ويندو آهي)، ان ۾ اڪثر ڪري ڪيترائي پتي هوندا آهن. پنن جي جوڙجڪ، جيڪو اسٽيپ مان وڌندا آهن، کي پني سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ اڪثر ڪري ننڍن پننول ۾ ورهايل آهن.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.basicbiology.net/plants/ferns/fronds.php |title=Fern Fronds |publisher=Basic Biology |access-date=2014-12-06 |archive-date=19 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419003216/http://basicbiology.net/plants/ferns/fronds.php }}</ref> فرن جي تنن کي رائيزوم سڏيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اهي صرف ڪجهه نوعن ۾ زمين جي اندر وڌندا آهن. ايپيفيٽڪ نوعون ۽ ڪيتريون ئي زميني نوعن ۾ زمين جي مٿان رينگندڙ اسٽولون هوندا آهن مثال طور، پوليپوڊياسي ۽ ڪيترن ئي گروهن ۾ زمين جي مٿان بيٺل نيم ڪاٺ جا ٿڙ هوندا آهن، مثال طور، سائٿياسي، اسڪيلي وڻ جا فرن. اهي ڪجهه نوعن ۾ 20 ميٽر (66 فوٽ) ڊگها ٿي سگهن ٿا مثال طور، نارفولڪ ٻيٽ تي سائٿيا براوني ۽ نيوزي لينڊ ۾ سائٿيا ميڊولاريس.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Mark F. |last1=Large |first2=John E. |last2=Braggins |author-link2=John E. Braggins |date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=0-88192-630-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark |page= }}</ref> جڙون زمين جي اندر غير فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ جوڙجڪ آهن، جيڪي مٽي مان پاڻي ۽ غذائي مواد کڻنديون آهن. اها هميشه ريشيدار هونديون آهن ۽ ساخت جي لحاظ کان ٻج جي ٻوٽن جي پاڙن سان تمام گهڻي ملندڙ جلندڙ آهن. === گئميٽوفائٽس === جيئن سڀني ويسڪولر ٻوٽن ۾ اسپوروفائٽ غالب مرحلو يا زندگي جي چڪر ۾ نوع آهي، فرن جا گيميٽوفائٽس بهرحال ٻج جي ٻوٽن کان تمام مختلف آهن. اهي آزاد رهندڙ ۽ ليوروورٽ جي ٻوٽن سان مشابهت رکن ٿا، جڏهن ته ٻج جي ٻوٽن جا ٻوٽا اسپور وال اندر ترقي ڪن ٿا ۽ غذائيت لاءِ پيرنٽ سپوروفائٽ تي منحصر آهن .<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Villareal A.|first1=Juan Carlos|last2=Campos S.|first2=Laura Victoria|last3=Urbide-M.|first3=Jaime|last4=Goffinet|first4=Bernard|title=Parallel Evolution of Endospory within Hornworts: ''Nothoceros renzagliensis'' (Dendrocerotaceae), sp. nov.|journal=Systematic Botany|date=2012 |volume=37|issue=1|pages=31–37|doi=10.1600/036364412X616594 |bibcode=2012SysBo..37...31V }}</ref> هڪ فرن گيمٽوفائيٽ عام طور تي شامل آهن: * پروٿيلس: هڪ سائو، فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ جوڙجڪ، جنهن جي شروعاتي واڌ هڪ گهرڙي واري پرت ۾ مستوي، عام طور تي دل يا گردي جي شڪل ۾، 3-10 ملي ميٽر ڊگهي ۽ 2-8 ملي ميٽر ويڪري آهي.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kelley|first1=A.G.|last2=Postlethwait|first2=S.N.|title=Fern Gametophytes as a Tool for the Study of Morphogenesis|pages=56–60|year=1960|volume=70|journal=Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science|url=https://journals.indianapolis.iu.edu/index.php/ias/article/view/5459|access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref> پروٿيلس گيمٽ پيدا ڪري ٿو: ** اينٿريڊيا: ننڍيون گولائي واري جوڙجڪ، جيڪي فليگيليٽ اينٿروزائيڊ پيدا ڪن ٿيون. <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=A Dictionary of Plant Sciences|edition=2nd|editor-last=Allaby|editor-first=Michael|entry-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198608912.001.0001/acref-9780198608912-e-386|entry=antherozoid|isbn=9780191726804|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006}}</ref> ** آرڪيگونيا: هڪ فلاسڪ جي شڪل واري جوڙجڪ: جيڪا تري ۾ هڪ آنا پيدا ڪري ٿي. نر گيمٽوفائيٽ ذريعي ڳچيءَ ۾ ترڻ سان پهچندي آهي. * رزوئڊ: جڙ جهڙيون جوڙجڪ (سچي جڙ نه)، جيڪي واحد تمام گهڻي ڊگھي جيو گهرڙن تي مشتمل آهن جيڪي سجي جوڙجڪ تي پاڻي ۽ معدني لوڻ جذب ڪن ٿيون. رائزائيڊز پروٿيلس کي مٽي سان ڳنڍن ٿا.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The evolution of root hairs and rhizoids|last1=Jones|first1=Victor A.S.|last2=Dolan|first2=Liam|journal=Annals of Botany|volume=110|issue=2|pages=205–212|doi=10.1093/aob/mcs136|pmc=3394659|pmid=22730024|year=2012}}</ref> ==زندگي جو چڪر ۽ پيدائش== ==درجي بندي== ==تقسيم ۽ رهائش== فرن پنهنجي ورهاست ۾، تمام گهڻي دولت سان گڏ ٽاڪرو علائقن ۾ ۽ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ آرڪٽڪ علائقن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي موجود آهن. سڀ کان وڏو تنوع اڀرندڙ اڀرندڙ برساتي ٻيلن ۾ ٿئي ٿو. نيوزي لينڊ، جنهن لاءِ فرن هڪ علامت آهي، اٽڪل 230 جنسون هن سڄي ملڪ ۾ ورهايل آهن. اهو يورپي ٻيلن ۾ هڪ عام ٻوٽو آهي. ==ماحوليات== ==استعمال== ==ثقافت== ==ٻيا ٻوٽا== ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[:باب:نباتات]] * [[:باب:وڻ]] * [[:باب:الجي]] * [[سينوڙ|سينور]] ==خارجي لنڪس== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:برسيان]] [[زمرو:نباتيات]] [[زمرو:نباتاتيات]] [[زمرو:ٻوٽن جا ڊويزن]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪسانومي (نباتاتيات)]] h6tebaojnoi0vhuqe1kcr320jisk3me 377047 377046 2026-05-11T12:44:08Z Ibne maryam 17680 377047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Class of vascular plants}} {{About|ٻوٽن جي هڪ گروهه||فرن (سلجھائپ)|۽ |فرنس (سلجھائپ)}} '''برسيان''' يا '''فرن''' (Fern؛ سائنسي نالو، پوليپوڊايوپسڊا ۽ پوليپوڊائيوفيٽا)، ويسڪولر ٻوٽن (زائلم ۽ فلوئم سان گڏ ٻوٽا) جو هڪ گروپ آهي، جيڪا اسپورز (spores) ذريعي ٻيهر پيدا ٿيڻ ٿا ۽ نه انهن جا ٻج هوندا آهن ۽ نه ئي انهن تي گل ايندا آهن. اها سينور (Moss) کان، وسڪولر هجڻ جي ڪري، يعني خاص ٽشوز هجڻ سان، جيڪي پاڻي ۽ غذائي مواد جي ترسيل ڪندا آهن، مختلف آهن. هنن جي زندگي جي چڪر ۾، اسپوروفائٽ (شاخ واري توليد) غالب مرحلو هوندو آهي.<ref name="DK Pub.-2017">{{Cite book|edition=11th|title=Ultimate Visual Dictionary|publisher=[[DK Pub.]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4654-5894-0|url=|pages=120–121|language=en|chapter=Horsetails, clubmosses, and ferns|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ultimate-visual-dictionary-by-dk-z-lib.org/page/120/mode/2up|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Early evolution of life cycles in embryophytes: A focus on the fossil evidence of gametophyte/sporophyte size and morphological complexity|last1=Gerrienne|first1=Philippe|last2=Gonez|first2=Paul|journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution|year=2011|volume=49|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00096.x|bibcode=2011JSyEv..49....1G |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{Automatic taxobox | name = برسيان<br>Ferns | fossil_range = وچين ڊيوونيئن دور کان اڃ تائين | image = {{Multiple image |perrow = 2 |total_width = 270 |image1 = Psilotum.jpg |caption1 = سائلوسيٽياليس |image2 = Equisetopsida.jpg |caption2 = اڪويسيٽئليس |image3 = Flickr - brewbooks - Angiopteris evecta - Mule's foot fern (1).jpg |caption3 = ماراٽيئليس |image4 = Osmunda regalis Moore50.png |caption4 = اوسمونڊئليس |image5 = WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion nach Berdorf (Luxemburgexkursion) 011.jpg |caption5 = همينوفائلاليس |image6 = Dipteris conjugata 破傘蕨 001 (天問).jpg |caption6 = گليچينياليس |image7 = Tree Fern (48717210587).jpg |caption7 = ساياٿياليس |image8 = The ferns of Great Britain, and their allies the club-mosses, pepperworts, and horsetails (Pl. 2) (8515393495).jpg |caption8 = پوليپوڊياليس، برطانيه جا فرن ۽ لاڳاپيل ڪلب موس، پيپر وورٽ ۽ هارس ٽيل |border = infobox }} | taxon = پوليپوڊائيپسيڊا | authority = ڪرونڪئست، تختاجان، ۽ ڊبليو. زم | subdivision_ranks = ذيلي جماعتون | subdivision = * † اسٽاروٽيريڊيڊائي * †زائيگوٽيريڊيڊائي * ايڪويسيٽيڊائي * مئراٽيڊائي * اوڦيوگلوسيڊائي * پوليپوڊيڊائي | synonyms = * فليڪئٽائي<small>ڪوبٽسڪي 1990</small> * فليسيس * فليڪوڦائٽا <small>اينڊلخر 1836</small> * مونيلوڦائٽا <small>ڪينٽينو ۽ ڊونوگوئ 2007</small> * ٽيريڊوپسيڊا <small>رجين 1828</small> }} فرن ۾ پيچيده پنن کي ميگافل سڏيو ويندو آهي جيڪي ڪلب موس جي مائڪروفل کان وڌيڪ پيچيده هوندا آهن. گهڻا فرن ليپٽيوسپورنگيٽ فرن آهن. اُهي ڪنڊا لڳل ٿلها هيڊز ٺاهيندا آهن جيڪي اڻلڀ ۽ ڦاٽن ۾ وڌندا آهن. گروپ ۾ اٽڪل <small>10,560</small> سڃاتل موجوده [[نوع (حياتيات)|نوعون]] شامل آهن. فرن جي وضاحت هتي وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سڀئي پوليپوڊايوپسڊا، جنهن ۾ <small>ليپٽوسپورنجيئيٽ</small> <small>Leptosporangiate</small> <small>(پوليپوڊيڊائي</small> <small>Polypodiidae)</small> ۽ <small>يوسپورنجيئيٽ</small> <small>(Eusporangiate)</small> فرن شامل آهن. پوئين گروهه ۾ هارس ٽيل <small>(Horsetail)</small>، وسڪ فرن <small>(Whisk Fern)،</small> مراٽيئوئڊ <small>(marattioid)</small> ۽ اوفيوگلوسوئڊ <small>(ophioglossoid)</small> فرن شامل آهن، جي طور ڪئي وئي آهي. ڪرائون گروپ، جن ۾ ليپٽوسپورنجيئٽس ۽ يوسپورنجيئٽس شامل آهن، اندازاً 423.2 ملين سال اڳ سلوريئن دور جي آخر ۾ پيدا ٿيا،<ref name="Polypodiopsida2">{{cite journal|last1=Nitta|first1=Joel H.|last2=Schuettpelz|first2=Eric|last3=Ramírez-Barahona|first3=Santiago|last4=Iwasaki|first4=Wataru|display-authors=et al.|year=2022|title=An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=13|page=909768|doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.909768|pmc=9449725|pmid=36092417|doi-access=free}}</ref> پر پوليپوڊيلس، اهو گروهه جيڪا %<small>80</small> موجود فرن جي نوعن تي مشتمل آهي، ظاهر نه ٿيو ۽ نه ئي ڪريٽاسيئس دور تائين هن ۾ تنوع پيدا ٿيو. اها گلدار ٻوٽن <small>(Angiosperms)</small>، جيڪي دنيا جي نباتات تي غلبو ڪيا، جي اڀار سان گڏ آيا. فرن وڏي اقتصادي اهميت جا حامل نه آهن، پر ڪجهه نوعون کاڌ خوراڪ، دوائن، بايو فرٽيلائزر، آرائشي ٻوٽن ۽ آلوده مٽي جي علاج لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون آهن. اها فضا (atmosphere) مان ڪيميائي آلودگي کي ختم ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت لاءِ تحقيق جو موضوع بڻيل آهن. فرن جون ڪجهه نوع، جهڙوڪ بريڪن (پيٽريڊيئم اڪيلينم) ۽ واٽر فرن (ازولا فيليڪولائيڊس)، سڄي دنيا ۾ اهم ٻوٽا آهن. ڪجھ فرن نوع، جهڙوڪ ازولا، نائٽروجن کي درست ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ چانورن جي ٻوٽن جي نائيٽروجن غذائيت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري سگھن ٿا. اها پڻ لوڪ ڪهاڻين ۾ ڪجهه ڪردار ادا ڪن ٿا. ==وضاحت== ===اسپوروڦائٽ=== [[Image:Samambaia (do tupi samambaîa) havaiana mini, em ambiente doméstico 02.jpg|thumb|برازيل ۾ گھر ۾ اُڀريل فرن]] موجوده فرن جڙي ٻوٽي وارا ۽ بارہماسي آهن ۽ گھڻا ڪاٺيءَ جي واڌ جي کوٽ رکن ٿا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mauseth |first=James D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEsBPPlxP7EC&pg=PA492 |title=Botany: an Introduction to Plant Biology |date=September 2008 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-1-4496-4720-9 |page=492}}</ref> جڏهن ڪاٺيءَ جي واڌ موجود هوندي آهي، اها ٿڙ ۾ هوندي آهي.<ref name="Levyns-1966">{{Cite book |last=Levyns |first=M. R. |title=A Guide to the Flora of the Cape Peninsula |publisher=Juta & Company |year=1966 |edition=2nd Revised |oclc=621340}}</ref> انهن جا پن [[ڊيسيڊيئس|پنن]] [[ڊيسيڊيئس|کرڻ وارا]] يا [[سدابهار|سدا بهار]] ٿي سگهن ٿا ۽ ڪجهه آبهوا جي لحاظ کان نيم سدا بهار هوندا آهن<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fernández |first1=Helena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smtpBM7UgXEC&pg=PA175 |title=Working with Ferns: Issues and Applications |last2=Kumar |first2=Ashwani |last3=Revilla |first3=Maria Angeles |date=2010-11-11 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4419-7162-3 |page=175}}</ref> ۽ [[گلن وارا ٻوٽا|ٻج واري ٻوٽن]] جي اسپوروفائٽس وانگر، اها فرن تنن، پنن ۽ جڙن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. فرن اسپرماتوفائٽ کان مختلف آهن، انهن ۾ اها ٻج جي بدران اسپورن ذريعي ٻيهر پيدا ٿين ٿا. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hodgson |first=Larry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDij6Fmk2MwC&pg=PA329 |title=Making the Most of Shade: How to Plan, Plant, and Grow a Fabulous Garden that Lightens Up the Shadows |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Rodale |isbn=978-1-57954-966-4 |page=329}}</ref> بهرحال، اهي اسپور پيدا ڪندڙ برائيوفائٽ کان پڻ مختلف آهن. انهي ۾، ٻج واري ٻوٽن وانگر، پولي اسپورنجيو فائٽس هوندا آهن. انهن جا اسپوروفائٽس شاخون ڪن ٿا ۽ ڪيترائي اسپورنجيا پيدا ڪن ٿا. برائيوفائٽس جي برعڪس، فرن اسپوروفائٽس آزاد رهندڙ آهن ۽ صرف مختصر طور تي ماده جي گيمٽوفائٽ تي منحصر آهن. ٻوٽي جو سائو فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ حصو ٽيڪنيڪل طور تي هڪ ميگافل آهي ۽ فرن ۾ ان کي اڪثر فرونڊ (fronds) سڏيو ويندو آهي. ليپٽو اسپورنجيٽ فرن ۾ نوان پن عام طور تي هڪ تنگ سرپل (spiral) ۾ فيڊل هيڊ فرڳنڊز جي کلڻ سان وڌندا آهن، جنهن کي ڪروزيئر سڏيو ويندو آهي. پتي جي هن بي ترتيب ٿيڻ کي سرڪينيٽ ورنيشن چيو ويندو آهي. ڪجهه خاندانن ۾، جهڙوڪ بليچناسي پنن کي ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي؛ اسپوروفيلس يا زرخيز فرونڊز، جيڪا اسپور پيدا ڪن ٿا ۽ ٽروپوفيلس يا جراثيم کان پاڪ فرونڊز، جيڪا اسپورز پيدا نه ٿا ڪن. فرن اسپورز اسپورنگيا ۾ پيدا ٿين ٿا، جيڪا عام طور تي سوري ٺاهڻ لاءِ ڪلستر ٿيل هوندا آهن. اسپورنگيا کي حفاظتي ڪوٽنگ، جن کي انڊسيئم سڏيو ويندو آهي، سان ڍڪي سگهجي ٿو. اسپورنگيا جي ترتيب [[درجابندي (حياتيات)|درجه بندي]] ۾ اهم آهي. مونومارفڪ فرن، زرخيز ۽ جراثيم کان پاڪ پن مارفولاجيڪل طور تي هڪجهڙا نظر اچن ٿا ۽ ٻئي [[ڦوٽوسنٿيسس|فوٽوسنٿيسائيز]] ڪرڻ جي قابل آهن. هيميڊيمورفڪ فرن ۾، زرخيز پنن جو صرف هڪ حصو جراثيم کان پاڪ پنن کان مختلف آهي. ڊيمارفڪ (هولومارفڪ) فرن ۾، ٻن قسمن جا پن مارفالاجيڪل طور تي الڳ آهن.<ref>[https://2019.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=758 Understanding the contribution of LFY and PEBP flowering genes to fern leaf dimorphism – Botany 2019].</ref> زرخيز پن جراثيم کان پاڪ پنن کان تمام تنگ آهن ۽ شايد ڪو به سائو ٽشو، جيئن بليچناسي ۽ لوماريوپسيڊاسي ۾، نه هجي. [[File:Croziers, fronds, rhizomes of bracken fern.jpg|thumb|ڪروزيئر، فرونڊ ۽ بريڪن جا رائيزوم. هن نوع ۾، ٽانڊا زمين اندر وڌندا آهن ۽ ٻوٽي کي افقي طور تي پکڙجڻ جي اجازت ڏيندا آهن.]] فرن جي پنن جي اناٽومي سادي کان وٺي تمام گهڻي ورهايل تائين ڪٿي به ٿي سگهي ٿي<ref>[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/beauty/ferns/structure.shtml Fern Structure – Forest Service].</ref> يا اڃا به غير يقيني مثال طور گليچينياسي، ليگوڊياسي. ورهايل شڪلون "پنيٽ"، جتي پنن جا حصا مڪمل طور تي هڪ ٻئي کان الڳ آهن يا پنٽيفائيڊ (جزوي طور تي پنيٽ) آهن، جتي پنن جا حصا اڃا تائين جزوي طور تي ڳنڍيل آهن. جڏهن پنن کي هڪ کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا شاخ ڪيو ويندو آهي، اهو پنٽ شڪلن ۽ پنٽيفائيڊ جو ميلاپ پڻ ٿي سگهي ٿو. جيڪڏهن پنن جا بليڊ ٻه ڀيرا ورهايا وڃن، ٻوٽي ۾ بائيپنيٽ فرونڊ ۽ ٽرپپنيٽ فرنڊ آهن.<ref>[https://www.nzplants.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/ferns/structure/frond.html Fern Structure – Forest Service], Auckland, New Zealand.</ref> جيڪڏهن اهي ٽي ڀيرا شاخ ڪن ٿا ۽ ٽيٽرا- ۽ پينٽاپينيٽ فرنڊ تائين. وڻ جي فرن ۾، مکيه ٿڙ جيڪو پن کي اسٽيم سان ڳنڍي ٿو (جنهن کي اسٽيپ سڏيو ويندو آهي)، ان ۾ اڪثر ڪري ڪيترائي پتي هوندا آهن. پنن جي جوڙجڪ، جيڪو اسٽيپ مان وڌندا آهن، کي پني سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ اڪثر ڪري ننڍن پننول ۾ ورهايل آهن.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.basicbiology.net/plants/ferns/fronds.php |title=Fern Fronds |publisher=Basic Biology |access-date=2014-12-06 |archive-date=19 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419003216/http://basicbiology.net/plants/ferns/fronds.php }}</ref> فرن جي تنن کي رائيزوم سڏيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اهي صرف ڪجهه نوعن ۾ زمين جي اندر وڌندا آهن. ايپيفيٽڪ نوعون ۽ ڪيتريون ئي زميني نوعن ۾ زمين جي مٿان رينگندڙ اسٽولون هوندا آهن مثال طور، پوليپوڊياسي ۽ ڪيترن ئي گروهن ۾ زمين جي مٿان بيٺل نيم ڪاٺ جا ٿڙ هوندا آهن، مثال طور، سائٿياسي، اسڪيلي وڻ جا فرن. اهي ڪجهه نوعن ۾ 20 ميٽر (66 فوٽ) ڊگها ٿي سگهن ٿا مثال طور، نارفولڪ ٻيٽ تي سائٿيا براوني ۽ نيوزي لينڊ ۾ سائٿيا ميڊولاريس.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Mark F. |last1=Large |first2=John E. |last2=Braggins |author-link2=John E. Braggins |date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=0-88192-630-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark |page= }}</ref> جڙون زمين جي اندر غير فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ جوڙجڪ آهن، جيڪي مٽي مان پاڻي ۽ غذائي مواد کڻنديون آهن. اها هميشه ريشيدار هونديون آهن ۽ ساخت جي لحاظ کان ٻج جي ٻوٽن جي پاڙن سان تمام گهڻي ملندڙ جلندڙ آهن. === گئميٽوفائٽس === جيئن سڀني ويسڪولر ٻوٽن ۾ اسپوروفائٽ غالب مرحلو يا زندگي جي چڪر ۾ نوع آهي، فرن جا گيميٽوفائٽس بهرحال ٻج جي ٻوٽن کان تمام مختلف آهن. اهي آزاد رهندڙ ۽ ليوروورٽ جي ٻوٽن سان مشابهت رکن ٿا، جڏهن ته ٻج جي ٻوٽن جا ٻوٽا اسپور وال اندر ترقي ڪن ٿا ۽ غذائيت لاءِ پيرنٽ سپوروفائٽ تي منحصر آهن .<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Villareal A.|first1=Juan Carlos|last2=Campos S.|first2=Laura Victoria|last3=Urbide-M.|first3=Jaime|last4=Goffinet|first4=Bernard|title=Parallel Evolution of Endospory within Hornworts: ''Nothoceros renzagliensis'' (Dendrocerotaceae), sp. nov.|journal=Systematic Botany|date=2012 |volume=37|issue=1|pages=31–37|doi=10.1600/036364412X616594 |bibcode=2012SysBo..37...31V }}</ref> هڪ فرن گيمٽوفائيٽ عام طور تي شامل آهن: * پروٿيلس: هڪ سائو، فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ جوڙجڪ، جنهن جي شروعاتي واڌ هڪ گهرڙي واري پرت ۾ مستوي، عام طور تي دل يا گردي جي شڪل ۾، 3-10 ملي ميٽر ڊگهي ۽ 2-8 ملي ميٽر ويڪري آهي.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kelley|first1=A.G.|last2=Postlethwait|first2=S.N.|title=Fern Gametophytes as a Tool for the Study of Morphogenesis|pages=56–60|year=1960|volume=70|journal=Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science|url=https://journals.indianapolis.iu.edu/index.php/ias/article/view/5459|access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref> پروٿيلس گيمٽ پيدا ڪري ٿو: ** اينٿريڊيا: ننڍيون گولائي واري جوڙجڪ، جيڪي فليگيليٽ اينٿروزائيڊ پيدا ڪن ٿيون. <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=A Dictionary of Plant Sciences|edition=2nd|editor-last=Allaby|editor-first=Michael|entry-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198608912.001.0001/acref-9780198608912-e-386|entry=antherozoid|isbn=9780191726804|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006}}</ref> ** آرڪيگونيا: هڪ فلاسڪ جي شڪل واري جوڙجڪ: جيڪا تري ۾ هڪ آنا پيدا ڪري ٿي. نر گيمٽوفائيٽ ذريعي ڳچيءَ ۾ ترڻ سان پهچندي آهي. * رزوئڊ: جڙ جهڙيون جوڙجڪ (سچي جڙ نه)، جيڪي واحد تمام گهڻي ڊگھي جيو گهرڙن تي مشتمل آهن جيڪي سجي جوڙجڪ تي پاڻي ۽ معدني لوڻ جذب ڪن ٿيون. رائزائيڊز پروٿيلس کي مٽي سان ڳنڍن ٿا.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The evolution of root hairs and rhizoids|last1=Jones|first1=Victor A.S.|last2=Dolan|first2=Liam|journal=Annals of Botany|volume=110|issue=2|pages=205–212|doi=10.1093/aob/mcs136|pmc=3394659|pmid=22730024|year=2012}}</ref> ==زندگي جو چڪر ۽ پيدائش== ==درجي بندي== ==تقسيم ۽ رهائش== فرن پنهنجي ورهاست ۾، تمام گهڻي دولت سان گڏ ٽاڪرو علائقن ۾ ۽ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ آرڪٽڪ علائقن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي موجود آهن. سڀ کان وڏو تنوع اڀرندڙ اڀرندڙ برساتي ٻيلن ۾ ٿئي ٿو. نيوزي لينڊ، جنهن لاءِ فرن هڪ علامت آهي، اٽڪل 230 جنسون هن سڄي ملڪ ۾ ورهايل آهن. اهو يورپي ٻيلن ۾ هڪ عام ٻوٽو آهي. ==ماحوليات== ==استعمال== ==ثقافت== ==ٻيا ٻوٽا== ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[:باب:نباتات]] * [[:باب:وڻ]] * [[:باب:الجي]] * [[سينوڙ|سينور]] ==خارجي لنڪس== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:برسيان]] [[زمرو:نباتيات]] [[زمرو:نباتاتيات]] [[زمرو:ٻوٽن جا ڊويزن]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪسانومي (نباتاتيات)]] bvx3plr8squqphtkb1f3ajybmhra1tv 377048 377047 2026-05-11T13:26:50Z Ibne maryam 17680 377048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Class of vascular plants}} {{About|ٻوٽن جي هڪ گروهه||فرن (سلجھائپ)|۽ |فرنس (سلجھائپ)}} '''برسيان''' يا '''فرن''' (Fern؛ سائنسي نالو، پوليپوڊايوپسڊا ۽ پوليپوڊائيوفيٽا)، ويسڪولر ٻوٽن (زائلم ۽ فلوئم سان گڏ ٻوٽا) جو هڪ گروپ آهي، جيڪا اسپورز (spores) ذريعي ٻيهر پيدا ٿيڻ ٿا ۽ نه انهن جا ٻج هوندا آهن ۽ نه ئي انهن تي گل ايندا آهن. اها سينور (Moss) کان، وسڪولر هجڻ جي ڪري، يعني خاص ٽشوز هجڻ سان، جيڪي پاڻي ۽ غذائي مواد جي ترسيل ڪندا آهن، مختلف آهن. هنن جي زندگي جي چڪر ۾، اسپوروفائٽ (شاخ واري توليد) غالب مرحلو هوندو آهي.<ref name="DK Pub.-2017">{{Cite book|edition=11th|title=Ultimate Visual Dictionary|publisher=[[DK Pub.]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4654-5894-0|url=|pages=120–121|language=en|chapter=Horsetails, clubmosses, and ferns|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ultimate-visual-dictionary-by-dk-z-lib.org/page/120/mode/2up|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Early evolution of life cycles in embryophytes: A focus on the fossil evidence of gametophyte/sporophyte size and morphological complexity|last1=Gerrienne|first1=Philippe|last2=Gonez|first2=Paul|journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution|year=2011|volume=49|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00096.x|bibcode=2011JSyEv..49....1G |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{Automatic taxobox | name = برسيان<br>Ferns | fossil_range = وچين ڊيوونيئن دور کان اڃ تائين | image = {{Multiple image |perrow = 2 |total_width = 270 |image1 = Psilotum.jpg |caption1 = سائلوسيٽياليس |image2 = Equisetopsida.jpg |caption2 = اڪويسيٽئليس |image3 = Flickr - brewbooks - Angiopteris evecta - Mule's foot fern (1).jpg |caption3 = ماراٽيئليس |image4 = Osmunda regalis Moore50.png |caption4 = اوسمونڊئليس |image5 = WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion nach Berdorf (Luxemburgexkursion) 011.jpg |caption5 = همينوفائلاليس |image6 = Dipteris conjugata 破傘蕨 001 (天問).jpg |caption6 = گليچينياليس |image7 = Tree Fern (48717210587).jpg |caption7 = ساياٿياليس |image8 = The ferns of Great Britain, and their allies the club-mosses, pepperworts, and horsetails (Pl. 2) (8515393495).jpg |caption8 = پوليپوڊياليس، برطانيه جا فرن ۽ لاڳاپيل ڪلب موس، پيپر وورٽ ۽ هارس ٽيل |border = infobox }} | taxon = پوليپوڊائيپسيڊا | authority = ڪرونڪئست، تختاجان، ۽ ڊبليو. زم | subdivision_ranks = ذيلي جماعتون | subdivision = * † اسٽاروٽيريڊيڊائي * †زائيگوٽيريڊيڊائي * ايڪويسيٽيڊائي * مئراٽيڊائي * اوڦيوگلوسيڊائي * پوليپوڊيڊائي | synonyms = * فليڪئٽائي<small>ڪوبٽسڪي 1990</small> * فليسيس * فليڪوڦائٽا <small>اينڊلخر 1836</small> * مونيلوڦائٽا <small>ڪينٽينو ۽ ڊونوگوئ 2007</small> * ٽيريڊوپسيڊا <small>رجين 1828</small> }} فرن ۾ پيچيده پنن کي ميگافل سڏيو ويندو آهي جيڪي ڪلب موس جي مائڪروفل کان وڌيڪ پيچيده هوندا آهن. گهڻا فرن ليپٽيوسپورنگيٽ فرن آهن. اُهي ڪنڊا لڳل ٿلها هيڊز ٺاهيندا آهن جيڪي اڻلڀ ۽ ڦاٽن ۾ وڌندا آهن. گروپ ۾ اٽڪل <small>10,560</small> سڃاتل موجوده [[نوع (حياتيات)|نوعون]] شامل آهن. فرن جي وضاحت هتي وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سڀئي پوليپوڊايوپسڊا، جنهن ۾ <small>ليپٽوسپورنجيئيٽ</small> <small>Leptosporangiate</small> <small>(پوليپوڊيڊائي</small> <small>Polypodiidae)</small> ۽ <small>يوسپورنجيئيٽ</small> <small>(Eusporangiate)</small> فرن شامل آهن. پوئين گروهه ۾ هارس ٽيل <small>(Horsetail)</small>، وسڪ فرن <small>(Whisk Fern)،</small> مراٽيئوئڊ <small>(marattioid)</small> ۽ اوفيوگلوسوئڊ <small>(ophioglossoid)</small> فرن شامل آهن، جي طور ڪئي وئي آهي. ڪرائون گروپ، جن ۾ ليپٽوسپورنجيئٽس ۽ يوسپورنجيئٽس شامل آهن، اندازاً 423.2 ملين سال اڳ سلوريئن دور جي آخر ۾ پيدا ٿيا،<ref name="Polypodiopsida2">{{cite journal|last1=Nitta|first1=Joel H.|last2=Schuettpelz|first2=Eric|last3=Ramírez-Barahona|first3=Santiago|last4=Iwasaki|first4=Wataru|display-authors=et al.|year=2022|title=An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=13|page=909768|doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.909768|pmc=9449725|pmid=36092417|doi-access=free}}</ref> پر پوليپوڊيلس، اهو گروهه جيڪا %<small>80</small> موجود فرن جي نوعن تي مشتمل آهي، ظاهر نه ٿيو ۽ نه ئي ڪريٽاسيئس دور تائين هن ۾ تنوع پيدا ٿيو. اها گلدار ٻوٽن <small>(Angiosperms)</small>، جيڪي دنيا جي نباتات تي غلبو ڪيا، جي اڀار سان گڏ آيا. فرن وڏي اقتصادي اهميت جا حامل نه آهن، پر ڪجهه نوعون کاڌ خوراڪ، دوائن، بايو فرٽيلائزر، آرائشي ٻوٽن ۽ آلوده مٽي جي علاج لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون آهن. اها فضا (atmosphere) مان ڪيميائي آلودگي کي ختم ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت لاءِ تحقيق جو موضوع بڻيل آهن. فرن جون ڪجهه نوع، جهڙوڪ بريڪن (پيٽريڊيئم اڪيلينم) ۽ واٽر فرن (ازولا فيليڪولائيڊس)، سڄي دنيا ۾ اهم ٻوٽا آهن. ڪجھ فرن نوع، جهڙوڪ ازولا، نائٽروجن کي درست ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ چانورن جي ٻوٽن جي نائيٽروجن غذائيت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري سگھن ٿا. اها پڻ لوڪ ڪهاڻين ۾ ڪجهه ڪردار ادا ڪن ٿا. ==وضاحت== ===اسپوروڦائٽ=== [[Image:Samambaia (do tupi samambaîa) havaiana mini, em ambiente doméstico 02.jpg|thumb|برازيل ۾ گھر ۾ اُڀريل فرن]] موجوده فرن جڙي ٻوٽي وارا ۽ بارہماسي آهن ۽ گھڻا ڪاٺيءَ جي واڌ جي کوٽ رکن ٿا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mauseth |first=James D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEsBPPlxP7EC&pg=PA492 |title=Botany: an Introduction to Plant Biology |date=September 2008 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-1-4496-4720-9 |page=492}}</ref> جڏهن ڪاٺيءَ جي واڌ موجود هوندي آهي، اها ٿڙ ۾ هوندي آهي.<ref name="Levyns-1966">{{Cite book |last=Levyns |first=M. R. |title=A Guide to the Flora of the Cape Peninsula |publisher=Juta & Company |year=1966 |edition=2nd Revised |oclc=621340}}</ref> انهن جا پن [[ڊيسيڊيئس|پنن]] [[ڊيسيڊيئس|کرڻ وارا]] يا [[سدابهار|سدا بهار]] ٿي سگهن ٿا ۽ ڪجهه آبهوا جي لحاظ کان نيم سدا بهار هوندا آهن<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fernández |first1=Helena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smtpBM7UgXEC&pg=PA175 |title=Working with Ferns: Issues and Applications |last2=Kumar |first2=Ashwani |last3=Revilla |first3=Maria Angeles |date=2010-11-11 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4419-7162-3 |page=175}}</ref> ۽ [[گلن وارا ٻوٽا|ٻج واري ٻوٽن]] جي اسپوروفائٽس وانگر، اها فرن تنن، پنن ۽ جڙن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. فرن اسپرماتوفائٽ کان مختلف آهن، انهن ۾ اها ٻج جي بدران اسپورن ذريعي ٻيهر پيدا ٿين ٿا. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hodgson |first=Larry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDij6Fmk2MwC&pg=PA329 |title=Making the Most of Shade: How to Plan, Plant, and Grow a Fabulous Garden that Lightens Up the Shadows |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Rodale |isbn=978-1-57954-966-4 |page=329}}</ref> بهرحال، اهي اسپور پيدا ڪندڙ برائيوفائٽ کان پڻ مختلف آهن. انهي ۾، ٻج واري ٻوٽن وانگر، پولي اسپورنجيو فائٽس هوندا آهن. انهن جا اسپوروفائٽس شاخون ڪن ٿا ۽ ڪيترائي اسپورنجيا پيدا ڪن ٿا. برائيوفائٽس جي برعڪس، فرن اسپوروفائٽس آزاد رهندڙ آهن ۽ صرف مختصر طور تي ماده جي گيمٽوفائٽ تي منحصر آهن. ٻوٽي جو سائو فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ حصو ٽيڪنيڪل طور تي هڪ ميگافل آهي ۽ فرن ۾ ان کي اڪثر فرونڊ (fronds) سڏيو ويندو آهي. ليپٽو اسپورنجيٽ فرن ۾ نوان پن عام طور تي هڪ تنگ سرپل (spiral) ۾ فيڊل هيڊ فرڳنڊز جي کلڻ سان وڌندا آهن، جنهن کي ڪروزيئر سڏيو ويندو آهي. پتي جي هن بي ترتيب ٿيڻ کي سرڪينيٽ ورنيشن چيو ويندو آهي. ڪجهه خاندانن ۾، جهڙوڪ بليچناسي پنن کي ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي؛ اسپوروفيلس يا زرخيز فرونڊز، جيڪا اسپور پيدا ڪن ٿا ۽ ٽروپوفيلس يا جراثيم کان پاڪ فرونڊز، جيڪا اسپورز پيدا نه ٿا ڪن. فرن اسپورز اسپورنگيا ۾ پيدا ٿين ٿا، جيڪا عام طور تي سوري ٺاهڻ لاءِ ڪلستر ٿيل هوندا آهن. اسپورنگيا کي حفاظتي ڪوٽنگ، جن کي انڊسيئم سڏيو ويندو آهي، سان ڍڪي سگهجي ٿو. اسپورنگيا جي ترتيب [[درجابندي (حياتيات)|درجه بندي]] ۾ اهم آهي. مونومارفڪ فرن، زرخيز ۽ جراثيم کان پاڪ پن مارفولاجيڪل طور تي هڪجهڙا نظر اچن ٿا ۽ ٻئي [[ڦوٽوسنٿيسس|فوٽوسنٿيسائيز]] ڪرڻ جي قابل آهن. هيميڊيمورفڪ فرن ۾، زرخيز پنن جو صرف هڪ حصو جراثيم کان پاڪ پنن کان مختلف آهي. ڊيمارفڪ (هولومارفڪ) فرن ۾، ٻن قسمن جا پن مارفالاجيڪل طور تي الڳ آهن.<ref>[https://2019.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=758 Understanding the contribution of LFY and PEBP flowering genes to fern leaf dimorphism – Botany 2019].</ref> زرخيز پن جراثيم کان پاڪ پنن کان تمام تنگ آهن ۽ شايد ڪو به سائو ٽشو، جيئن بليچناسي ۽ لوماريوپسيڊاسي ۾، نه هجي. [[File:Croziers, fronds, rhizomes of bracken fern.jpg|thumb|ڪروزيئر، فرونڊ ۽ بريڪن جا رائيزوم. هن نوع ۾، ٽانڊا زمين اندر وڌندا آهن ۽ ٻوٽي کي افقي طور تي پکڙجڻ جي اجازت ڏيندا آهن.]] فرن جي پنن جي اناٽومي سادي کان وٺي تمام گهڻي ورهايل تائين ڪٿي به ٿي سگهي ٿي<ref>[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/beauty/ferns/structure.shtml Fern Structure – Forest Service].</ref> يا اڃا به غير يقيني مثال طور گليچينياسي، ليگوڊياسي. ورهايل شڪلون "پنيٽ"، جتي پنن جا حصا مڪمل طور تي هڪ ٻئي کان الڳ آهن يا پنٽيفائيڊ (جزوي طور تي پنيٽ) آهن، جتي پنن جا حصا اڃا تائين جزوي طور تي ڳنڍيل آهن. جڏهن پنن کي هڪ کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا شاخ ڪيو ويندو آهي، اهو پنٽ شڪلن ۽ پنٽيفائيڊ جو ميلاپ پڻ ٿي سگهي ٿو. جيڪڏهن پنن جا بليڊ ٻه ڀيرا ورهايا وڃن، ٻوٽي ۾ بائيپنيٽ فرونڊ ۽ ٽرپپنيٽ فرنڊ آهن.<ref>[https://www.nzplants.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/ferns/structure/frond.html Fern Structure – Forest Service], Auckland, New Zealand.</ref> جيڪڏهن اهي ٽي ڀيرا شاخ ڪن ٿا ۽ ٽيٽرا- ۽ پينٽاپينيٽ فرنڊ تائين. وڻ جي فرن ۾، مکيه ٿڙ جيڪو پن کي اسٽيم سان ڳنڍي ٿو (جنهن کي اسٽيپ سڏيو ويندو آهي)، ان ۾ اڪثر ڪري ڪيترائي پتي هوندا آهن. پنن جي جوڙجڪ، جيڪو اسٽيپ مان وڌندا آهن، کي پني سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ اڪثر ڪري ننڍن پننول ۾ ورهايل آهن.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.basicbiology.net/plants/ferns/fronds.php |title=Fern Fronds |publisher=Basic Biology |access-date=2014-12-06 |archive-date=19 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419003216/http://basicbiology.net/plants/ferns/fronds.php }}</ref> فرن جي تنن کي رائيزوم سڏيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اهي صرف ڪجهه نوعن ۾ زمين جي اندر وڌندا آهن. ايپيفيٽڪ نوعون ۽ ڪيتريون ئي زميني نوعن ۾ زمين جي مٿان رينگندڙ اسٽولون هوندا آهن مثال طور، پوليپوڊياسي ۽ ڪيترن ئي گروهن ۾ زمين جي مٿان بيٺل نيم ڪاٺ جا ٿڙ هوندا آهن، مثال طور، سائٿياسي، اسڪيلي وڻ جا فرن. اهي ڪجهه نوعن ۾ 20 ميٽر (66 فوٽ) ڊگها ٿي سگهن ٿا مثال طور، نارفولڪ ٻيٽ تي سائٿيا براوني ۽ نيوزي لينڊ ۾ سائٿيا ميڊولاريس.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Mark F. |last1=Large |first2=John E. |last2=Braggins |author-link2=John E. Braggins |date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=0-88192-630-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark |page= }}</ref> جڙون زمين جي اندر غير فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ جوڙجڪ آهن، جيڪي مٽي مان پاڻي ۽ غذائي مواد کڻنديون آهن. اها هميشه ريشيدار هونديون آهن ۽ ساخت جي لحاظ کان ٻج جي ٻوٽن جي پاڙن سان تمام گهڻي ملندڙ جلندڙ آهن. === گئميٽوفائٽس === جيئن سڀني ويسڪولر ٻوٽن ۾ اسپوروفائٽ غالب مرحلو يا زندگي جي چڪر ۾ نوع آهي، فرن جا گيميٽوفائٽس بهرحال ٻج جي ٻوٽن کان تمام مختلف آهن. اهي آزاد رهندڙ ۽ ليوروورٽ جي ٻوٽن سان مشابهت رکن ٿا، جڏهن ته ٻج جي ٻوٽن جا ٻوٽا اسپور وال اندر ترقي ڪن ٿا ۽ غذائيت لاءِ پيرنٽ سپوروفائٽ تي منحصر آهن .<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Villareal A.|first1=Juan Carlos|last2=Campos S.|first2=Laura Victoria|last3=Urbide-M.|first3=Jaime|last4=Goffinet|first4=Bernard|title=Parallel Evolution of Endospory within Hornworts: ''Nothoceros renzagliensis'' (Dendrocerotaceae), sp. nov.|journal=Systematic Botany|date=2012 |volume=37|issue=1|pages=31–37|doi=10.1600/036364412X616594 |bibcode=2012SysBo..37...31V }}</ref> هڪ فرن گيمٽوفائيٽ عام طور تي شامل آهن: * پروٿيلس: هڪ سائو، فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ جوڙجڪ، جنهن جي شروعاتي واڌ هڪ گهرڙي واري پرت ۾ مستوي، عام طور تي دل يا گردي جي شڪل ۾، 3-10 ملي ميٽر ڊگهي ۽ 2-8 ملي ميٽر ويڪري آهي.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kelley|first1=A.G.|last2=Postlethwait|first2=S.N.|title=Fern Gametophytes as a Tool for the Study of Morphogenesis|pages=56–60|year=1960|volume=70|journal=Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science|url=https://journals.indianapolis.iu.edu/index.php/ias/article/view/5459|access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref> پروٿيلس گيمٽ پيدا ڪري ٿو: ** اينٿريڊيا: ننڍيون گولائي واري جوڙجڪ، جيڪي فليگيليٽ اينٿروزائيڊ پيدا ڪن ٿيون. <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=A Dictionary of Plant Sciences|edition=2nd|editor-last=Allaby|editor-first=Michael|entry-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198608912.001.0001/acref-9780198608912-e-386|entry=antherozoid|isbn=9780191726804|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006}}</ref> ** آرڪيگونيا: هڪ فلاسڪ جي شڪل واري جوڙجڪ: جيڪا تري ۾ هڪ آنا پيدا ڪري ٿي. نر گيمٽوفائيٽ ذريعي ڳچيءَ ۾ ترڻ سان پهچندي آهي. * رزوئڊ: جڙ جهڙيون جوڙجڪ (سچي جڙ نه)، جيڪي واحد تمام گهڻي ڊگھي جيو گهرڙن تي مشتمل آهن جيڪي سجي جوڙجڪ تي پاڻي ۽ معدني لوڻ جذب ڪن ٿيون. رائزائيڊز پروٿيلس کي مٽي سان ڳنڍن ٿا.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The evolution of root hairs and rhizoids|last1=Jones|first1=Victor A.S.|last2=Dolan|first2=Liam|journal=Annals of Botany|volume=110|issue=2|pages=205–212|doi=10.1093/aob/mcs136|pmc=3394659|pmid=22730024|year=2012}}</ref> ==زندگي جو چڪر ۽ پيدائش== ==درجي بندي== ==تقسيم ۽ رهائش== فرن پنهنجي ورهاست ۾، تمام گهڻي دولت سان گڏ ٽاڪرو علائقن ۾ ۽ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ آرڪٽڪ علائقن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي موجود آهن. سڀ کان وڏو تنوع اڀرندڙ اڀرندڙ برساتي ٻيلن ۾ ٿئي ٿو. نيوزي لينڊ، جنهن لاءِ فرن هڪ علامت آهي، اٽڪل 230 جنسون هن سڄي ملڪ ۾ ورهايل آهن. اهو يورپي ٻيلن ۾ هڪ عام ٻوٽو آهي. ==ماحوليات== ==استعمال== ==ثقافت== ==ٻيا ٻوٽا== ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[:باب:نباتات]] * [[:باب:وڻ]] * [[:باب:الجي]] * [[سينوڙ|سينور]] ==خارجي لنڪس== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * {{cite book |last1=Christenhusz |first1=Maarten M. J. |last2=Fay |first2=Michael |last3=Byng |first3=James W. |author-link1=Maarten Christenhusz |author-link2=Michael Francis Fay |author-link3=James W. Byng |title=The Global Flora: Special Edition: GLOVAP Nomenclature Part 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DX60DwAAQBAJ |date=2018 |publisher=Plant Gateway Limited |isbn=978-0-9929993-6-0 |ref={{harvid|Christenhusz et al|2018}} }} * {{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |title=Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary |year=1753 |volume=1 |chapter=Cryptogamia: Filices Musci |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/503/mode/1up |pages=1061–1100, 1100–1130 |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii |location=Stockholm, Sweden }}, ''see also'' [[Species Plantarum]] * Lord, Thomas R. (2006). ''Ferns and Fern Allies of Pennsylvania''. Indiana, Pennsylvania: Pinelands Press. [http://www.paferns.com/ Ferns and Fern Allies of Pennsylvania – Thomas Reeves Lord]. * Moran, Robbin C. (2004). ''A Natural History of Ferns''. 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J. Dallwitz (2004 onwards). ''The Ferns (Filicopsida) of the British Isles''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183034/http://delta-intkey.com/britfe/ |date=3 March 2016 }} * [http://www.peterboyd.com/pteridomania2.htm ''Ferns and Pteridomania in Victorian Scotland''.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120512162340/http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/pages/non-seed-plants.htm Non-seed plant images at ''bioimages.vanderbilt.edu''] * [http://www.amerfernsoc.org/ American Fern Society] * [http://www.eBPS.org.uk/ British Pteridological Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102094708/https://ebps.org.uk/ |date=2 January 2019 }} * [http://internationalequisetologicalassociation.yolasite.com/ International Equisetological Association] {{Refend}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q98522578}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:برسيان]] [[زمرو:نباتيات]] [[زمرو:نباتاتيات]] [[زمرو:ٻوٽن جا ڊويزن]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪسانومي (نباتاتيات)]] r57ab07bm999809gxzz7rc89qogeyk8 377049 377048 2026-05-11T13:31:36Z Ibne maryam 17680 377049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Class of vascular plants}} {{About|ٻوٽن جي هڪ گروهه||فرن (سلجھائپ)|۽ |فرنس (سلجھائپ)}} '''برسيان''' يا '''فرن''' (Fern؛ سائنسي نالو، پوليپوڊايوپسڊا ۽ پوليپوڊائيوفيٽا)، ويسڪولر ٻوٽن (زائلم ۽ فلوئم سان گڏ ٻوٽا) جو هڪ گروپ آهي، جيڪا اسپورز (spores) ذريعي ٻيهر پيدا ٿيڻ ٿا ۽ نه انهن جا ٻج هوندا آهن ۽ نه ئي انهن تي گل ايندا آهن. اها سينور (Moss) کان، وسڪولر هجڻ جي ڪري، يعني خاص ٽشوز هجڻ سان، جيڪي پاڻي ۽ غذائي مواد جي ترسيل ڪندا آهن، مختلف آهن. هنن جي زندگي جي چڪر ۾، اسپوروفائٽ (شاخ واري توليد) غالب مرحلو هوندو آهي.<ref name="DK Pub.-2017">{{Cite book|edition=11th|title=Ultimate Visual Dictionary|publisher=[[DK Pub.]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4654-5894-0|url=|pages=120–121|language=en|chapter=Horsetails, clubmosses, and ferns|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ultimate-visual-dictionary-by-dk-z-lib.org/page/120/mode/2up|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Early evolution of life cycles in embryophytes: A focus on the fossil evidence of gametophyte/sporophyte size and morphological complexity|last1=Gerrienne|first1=Philippe|last2=Gonez|first2=Paul|journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution|year=2011|volume=49|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00096.x|bibcode=2011JSyEv..49....1G |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{Automatic taxobox | name = برسيان<br>Ferns | fossil_range = وچين ڊيوونيئن دور کان اڃ تائين | image = {{Multiple image |perrow = 2 |total_width = 270 |image1 = Psilotum.jpg |caption1 = سائلوسيٽياليس |image2 = Equisetopsida.jpg |caption2 = اڪويسيٽئليس |image3 = Flickr - brewbooks - Angiopteris evecta - Mule's foot fern (1).jpg |caption3 = ماراٽيئليس |image4 = Osmunda regalis Moore50.png |caption4 = اوسمونڊئليس |image5 = WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion nach Berdorf (Luxemburgexkursion) 011.jpg |caption5 = همينوفائلاليس |image6 = Dipteris conjugata 破傘蕨 001 (天問).jpg |caption6 = گليچينياليس |image7 = Tree Fern (48717210587).jpg |caption7 = ساياٿياليس |image8 = The ferns of Great Britain, and their allies the club-mosses, pepperworts, and horsetails (Pl. 2) (8515393495).jpg |caption8 = پوليپوڊياليس، برطانيه جا فرن ۽ لاڳاپيل ڪلب موس، پيپر وورٽ ۽ هارس ٽيل |border = infobox }} | taxon = پوليپوڊائيپسيڊا | authority = ڪرونڪئست، تختاجان، ۽ ڊبليو. زم | subdivision_ranks = ذيلي جماعتون | subdivision = * † اسٽاروٽيريڊيڊائي * †زائيگوٽيريڊيڊائي * ايڪويسيٽيڊائي * مئراٽيڊائي * اوڦيوگلوسيڊائي * پوليپوڊيڊائي | synonyms = * فليڪئٽائي<small>ڪوبٽسڪي 1990</small> * فليسيس * فليڪوڦائٽا <small>اينڊلخر 1836</small> * مونيلوڦائٽا <small>ڪينٽينو ۽ ڊونوگوئ 2007</small> * ٽيريڊوپسيڊا <small>رجين 1828</small> }} فرن ۾ پيچيده پنن کي ميگافل سڏيو ويندو آهي جيڪي ڪلب موس جي مائڪروفل کان وڌيڪ پيچيده هوندا آهن. گهڻا فرن ليپٽيوسپورنگيٽ فرن آهن. اُهي ڪنڊا لڳل ٿلها هيڊز ٺاهيندا آهن جيڪي اڻلڀ ۽ ڦاٽن ۾ وڌندا آهن. گروپ ۾ اٽڪل <small>10,560</small> سڃاتل موجوده [[نوع (حياتيات)|نوعون]] شامل آهن. فرن جي وضاحت هتي وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سڀئي پوليپوڊايوپسڊا، جنهن ۾ <small>ليپٽوسپورنجيئيٽ</small> <small>Leptosporangiate</small> <small>(پوليپوڊيڊائي</small> <small>Polypodiidae)</small> ۽ <small>يوسپورنجيئيٽ</small> <small>(Eusporangiate)</small> فرن شامل آهن. پوئين گروهه ۾ هارس ٽيل <small>(Horsetail)</small>، وسڪ فرن <small>(Whisk Fern)،</small> مراٽيئوئڊ <small>(marattioid)</small> ۽ اوفيوگلوسوئڊ <small>(ophioglossoid)</small> فرن شامل آهن، جي طور ڪئي وئي آهي. ڪرائون گروپ، جن ۾ ليپٽوسپورنجيئٽس ۽ يوسپورنجيئٽس شامل آهن، اندازاً 423.2 ملين سال اڳ سلوريئن دور جي آخر ۾ پيدا ٿيا،<ref name="Polypodiopsida2">{{cite journal|last1=Nitta|first1=Joel H.|last2=Schuettpelz|first2=Eric|last3=Ramírez-Barahona|first3=Santiago|last4=Iwasaki|first4=Wataru|display-authors=et al.|year=2022|title=An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=13|page=909768|doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.909768|pmc=9449725|pmid=36092417|doi-access=free}}</ref> پر پوليپوڊيلس، اهو گروهه جيڪا %<small>80</small> موجود فرن جي نوعن تي مشتمل آهي، ظاهر نه ٿيو ۽ نه ئي ڪريٽاسيئس دور تائين هن ۾ تنوع پيدا ٿيو. اها گلدار ٻوٽن <small>(Angiosperms)</small>، جيڪي دنيا جي نباتات تي غلبو ڪيا، جي اڀار سان گڏ آيا. فرن وڏي اقتصادي اهميت جا حامل نه آهن، پر ڪجهه نوعون کاڌ خوراڪ، دوائن، بايو فرٽيلائزر، آرائشي ٻوٽن ۽ آلوده مٽي جي علاج لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون آهن. اها فضا (atmosphere) مان ڪيميائي آلودگي کي ختم ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت لاءِ تحقيق جو موضوع بڻيل آهن. فرن جون ڪجهه نوع، جهڙوڪ بريڪن (پيٽريڊيئم اڪيلينم) ۽ واٽر فرن (ازولا فيليڪولائيڊس)، سڄي دنيا ۾ اهم ٻوٽا آهن. ڪجھ فرن نوع، جهڙوڪ ازولا، نائٽروجن کي درست ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ چانورن جي ٻوٽن جي نائيٽروجن غذائيت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري سگھن ٿا. اها پڻ لوڪ ڪهاڻين ۾ ڪجهه ڪردار ادا ڪن ٿا. ==وضاحت== ===اسپوروڦائٽ=== [[Image:Samambaia (do tupi samambaîa) havaiana mini, em ambiente doméstico 02.jpg|thumb|برازيل ۾ گھر ۾ اُڀريل فرن]] موجوده فرن جڙي ٻوٽي وارا ۽ بارہماسي آهن ۽ گھڻا ڪاٺيءَ جي واڌ جي کوٽ رکن ٿا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mauseth |first=James D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEsBPPlxP7EC&pg=PA492 |title=Botany: an Introduction to Plant Biology |date=September 2008 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-1-4496-4720-9 |page=492}}</ref> جڏهن ڪاٺيءَ جي واڌ موجود هوندي آهي، اها ٿڙ ۾ هوندي آهي.<ref name="Levyns-1966">{{Cite book |last=Levyns |first=M. R. |title=A Guide to the Flora of the Cape Peninsula |publisher=Juta & Company |year=1966 |edition=2nd Revised |oclc=621340}}</ref> انهن جا پن [[ڊيسيڊيئس|پنن]] [[ڊيسيڊيئس|کرڻ وارا]] يا [[سدابهار|سدا بهار]] ٿي سگهن ٿا ۽ ڪجهه آبهوا جي لحاظ کان نيم سدا بهار هوندا آهن<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fernández |first1=Helena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smtpBM7UgXEC&pg=PA175 |title=Working with Ferns: Issues and Applications |last2=Kumar |first2=Ashwani |last3=Revilla |first3=Maria Angeles |date=2010-11-11 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4419-7162-3 |page=175}}</ref> ۽ [[گلن وارا ٻوٽا|ٻج واري ٻوٽن]] جي اسپوروفائٽس وانگر، اها فرن تنن، پنن ۽ جڙن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. فرن اسپرماتوفائٽ کان مختلف آهن، انهن ۾ اها ٻج جي بدران اسپورن ذريعي ٻيهر پيدا ٿين ٿا. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hodgson |first=Larry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDij6Fmk2MwC&pg=PA329 |title=Making the Most of Shade: How to Plan, Plant, and Grow a Fabulous Garden that Lightens Up the Shadows |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Rodale |isbn=978-1-57954-966-4 |page=329}}</ref> بهرحال، اهي اسپور پيدا ڪندڙ برائيوفائٽ کان پڻ مختلف آهن. انهي ۾، ٻج واري ٻوٽن وانگر، پولي اسپورنجيو فائٽس هوندا آهن. انهن جا اسپوروفائٽس شاخون ڪن ٿا ۽ ڪيترائي اسپورنجيا پيدا ڪن ٿا. برائيوفائٽس جي برعڪس، فرن اسپوروفائٽس آزاد رهندڙ آهن ۽ صرف مختصر طور تي ماده جي گيمٽوفائٽ تي منحصر آهن. ٻوٽي جو سائو فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ حصو ٽيڪنيڪل طور تي هڪ ميگافل آهي ۽ فرن ۾ ان کي اڪثر فرونڊ (fronds) سڏيو ويندو آهي. ليپٽو اسپورنجيٽ فرن ۾ نوان پن عام طور تي هڪ تنگ سرپل (spiral) ۾ فيڊل هيڊ فرڳنڊز جي کلڻ سان وڌندا آهن، جنهن کي ڪروزيئر سڏيو ويندو آهي. پتي جي هن بي ترتيب ٿيڻ کي سرڪينيٽ ورنيشن چيو ويندو آهي. ڪجهه خاندانن ۾، جهڙوڪ بليچناسي پنن کي ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي؛ اسپوروفيلس يا زرخيز فرونڊز، جيڪا اسپور پيدا ڪن ٿا ۽ ٽروپوفيلس يا جراثيم کان پاڪ فرونڊز، جيڪا اسپورز پيدا نه ٿا ڪن. فرن اسپورز اسپورنگيا ۾ پيدا ٿين ٿا، جيڪا عام طور تي سوري ٺاهڻ لاءِ ڪلستر ٿيل هوندا آهن. اسپورنگيا کي حفاظتي ڪوٽنگ، جن کي انڊسيئم سڏيو ويندو آهي، سان ڍڪي سگهجي ٿو. اسپورنگيا جي ترتيب [[درجابندي (حياتيات)|درجه بندي]] ۾ اهم آهي. مونومارفڪ فرن، زرخيز ۽ جراثيم کان پاڪ پن مارفولاجيڪل طور تي هڪجهڙا نظر اچن ٿا ۽ ٻئي [[ڦوٽوسنٿيسس|فوٽوسنٿيسائيز]] ڪرڻ جي قابل آهن. هيميڊيمورفڪ فرن ۾، زرخيز پنن جو صرف هڪ حصو جراثيم کان پاڪ پنن کان مختلف آهي. ڊيمارفڪ (هولومارفڪ) فرن ۾، ٻن قسمن جا پن مارفالاجيڪل طور تي الڳ آهن.<ref>[https://2019.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=758 Understanding the contribution of LFY and PEBP flowering genes to fern leaf dimorphism – Botany 2019].</ref> زرخيز پن جراثيم کان پاڪ پنن کان تمام تنگ آهن ۽ شايد ڪو به سائو ٽشو، جيئن بليچناسي ۽ لوماريوپسيڊاسي ۾، نه هجي. [[File:Croziers, fronds, rhizomes of bracken fern.jpg|thumb|ڪروزيئر، فرونڊ ۽ بريڪن جا رائيزوم. هن نوع ۾، ٽانڊا زمين اندر وڌندا آهن ۽ ٻوٽي کي افقي طور تي پکڙجڻ جي اجازت ڏيندا آهن.]] فرن جي پنن جي اناٽومي سادي کان وٺي تمام گهڻي ورهايل تائين ڪٿي به ٿي سگهي ٿي<ref>[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/beauty/ferns/structure.shtml Fern Structure – Forest Service].</ref> يا اڃا به غير يقيني مثال طور گليچينياسي، ليگوڊياسي. ورهايل شڪلون "پنيٽ"، جتي پنن جا حصا مڪمل طور تي هڪ ٻئي کان الڳ آهن يا پنٽيفائيڊ (جزوي طور تي پنيٽ) آهن، جتي پنن جا حصا اڃا تائين جزوي طور تي ڳنڍيل آهن. جڏهن پنن کي هڪ کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا شاخ ڪيو ويندو آهي، اهو پنٽ شڪلن ۽ پنٽيفائيڊ جو ميلاپ پڻ ٿي سگهي ٿو. جيڪڏهن پنن جا بليڊ ٻه ڀيرا ورهايا وڃن، ٻوٽي ۾ بائيپنيٽ فرونڊ ۽ ٽرپپنيٽ فرنڊ آهن.<ref>[https://www.nzplants.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/ferns/structure/frond.html Fern Structure – Forest Service], Auckland, New Zealand.</ref> جيڪڏهن اهي ٽي ڀيرا شاخ ڪن ٿا ۽ ٽيٽرا- ۽ پينٽاپينيٽ فرنڊ تائين. وڻ جي فرن ۾، مکيه ٿڙ جيڪو پن کي اسٽيم سان ڳنڍي ٿو (جنهن کي اسٽيپ سڏيو ويندو آهي)، ان ۾ اڪثر ڪري ڪيترائي پتي هوندا آهن. پنن جي جوڙجڪ، جيڪو اسٽيپ مان وڌندا آهن، کي پني سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ اڪثر ڪري ننڍن پننول ۾ ورهايل آهن.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.basicbiology.net/plants/ferns/fronds.php |title=Fern Fronds |publisher=Basic Biology |access-date=2014-12-06 |archive-date=19 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419003216/http://basicbiology.net/plants/ferns/fronds.php }}</ref> فرن جي تنن کي رائيزوم سڏيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اهي صرف ڪجهه نوعن ۾ زمين جي اندر وڌندا آهن. ايپيفيٽڪ نوعون ۽ ڪيتريون ئي زميني نوعن ۾ زمين جي مٿان رينگندڙ اسٽولون هوندا آهن مثال طور، پوليپوڊياسي ۽ ڪيترن ئي گروهن ۾ زمين جي مٿان بيٺل نيم ڪاٺ جا ٿڙ هوندا آهن، مثال طور، سائٿياسي، اسڪيلي وڻ جا فرن. اهي ڪجهه نوعن ۾ 20 ميٽر (66 فوٽ) ڊگها ٿي سگهن ٿا مثال طور، نارفولڪ ٻيٽ تي سائٿيا براوني ۽ نيوزي لينڊ ۾ سائٿيا ميڊولاريس.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Mark F. |last1=Large |first2=John E. |last2=Braggins |author-link2=John E. Braggins |date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=0-88192-630-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark |page= }}</ref> جڙون زمين جي اندر غير فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ جوڙجڪ آهن، جيڪي مٽي مان پاڻي ۽ غذائي مواد کڻنديون آهن. اها هميشه ريشيدار هونديون آهن ۽ ساخت جي لحاظ کان ٻج جي ٻوٽن جي پاڙن سان تمام گهڻي ملندڙ جلندڙ آهن. === گئميٽوفائٽس === جيئن سڀني ويسڪولر ٻوٽن ۾ اسپوروفائٽ غالب مرحلو يا زندگي جي چڪر ۾ نوع آهي، فرن جا گيميٽوفائٽس بهرحال ٻج جي ٻوٽن کان تمام مختلف آهن. اهي آزاد رهندڙ ۽ ليوروورٽ جي ٻوٽن سان مشابهت رکن ٿا، جڏهن ته ٻج جي ٻوٽن جا ٻوٽا اسپور وال اندر ترقي ڪن ٿا ۽ غذائيت لاءِ پيرنٽ سپوروفائٽ تي منحصر آهن .<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Villareal A.|first1=Juan Carlos|last2=Campos S.|first2=Laura Victoria|last3=Urbide-M.|first3=Jaime|last4=Goffinet|first4=Bernard|title=Parallel Evolution of Endospory within Hornworts: ''Nothoceros renzagliensis'' (Dendrocerotaceae), sp. nov.|journal=Systematic Botany|date=2012 |volume=37|issue=1|pages=31–37|doi=10.1600/036364412X616594 |bibcode=2012SysBo..37...31V }}</ref> هڪ فرن گيمٽوفائيٽ عام طور تي شامل آهن: * پروٿيلس: هڪ سائو، فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ جوڙجڪ، جنهن جي شروعاتي واڌ هڪ گهرڙي واري پرت ۾ مستوي، عام طور تي دل يا گردي جي شڪل ۾، 3-10 ملي ميٽر ڊگهي ۽ 2-8 ملي ميٽر ويڪري آهي.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kelley|first1=A.G.|last2=Postlethwait|first2=S.N.|title=Fern Gametophytes as a Tool for the Study of Morphogenesis|pages=56–60|year=1960|volume=70|journal=Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science|url=https://journals.indianapolis.iu.edu/index.php/ias/article/view/5459|access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref> پروٿيلس گيمٽ پيدا ڪري ٿو: ** اينٿريڊيا: ننڍيون گولائي واري جوڙجڪ، جيڪي فليگيليٽ اينٿروزائيڊ پيدا ڪن ٿيون. <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=A Dictionary of Plant Sciences|edition=2nd|editor-last=Allaby|editor-first=Michael|entry-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198608912.001.0001/acref-9780198608912-e-386|entry=antherozoid|isbn=9780191726804|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006}}</ref> ** آرڪيگونيا: هڪ فلاسڪ جي شڪل واري جوڙجڪ: جيڪا تري ۾ هڪ آنا پيدا ڪري ٿي. نر گيمٽوفائيٽ ذريعي ڳچيءَ ۾ ترڻ سان پهچندي آهي. * رزوئڊ: جڙ جهڙيون جوڙجڪ (سچي جڙ نه)، جيڪي واحد تمام گهڻي ڊگھي جيو گهرڙن تي مشتمل آهن جيڪي سجي جوڙجڪ تي پاڻي ۽ معدني لوڻ جذب ڪن ٿيون. رائزائيڊز پروٿيلس کي مٽي سان ڳنڍن ٿا.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The evolution of root hairs and rhizoids|last1=Jones|first1=Victor A.S.|last2=Dolan|first2=Liam|journal=Annals of Botany|volume=110|issue=2|pages=205–212|doi=10.1093/aob/mcs136|pmc=3394659|pmid=22730024|year=2012}}</ref> ==زندگي جو چڪر ۽ پيدائش== ==درجي بندي== ==تقسيم ۽ رهائش== فرن پنهنجي ورهاست ۾، تمام گهڻي دولت سان گڏ ٽاڪرو علائقن ۾ ۽ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ آرڪٽڪ علائقن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي موجود آهن. سڀ کان وڏو تنوع اڀرندڙ اڀرندڙ برساتي ٻيلن ۾ ٿئي ٿو. نيوزي لينڊ، جنهن لاءِ فرن هڪ علامت آهي، اٽڪل 230 جنسون هن سڄي ملڪ ۾ ورهايل آهن. اهو يورپي ٻيلن ۾ هڪ عام ٻوٽو آهي. ==ماحوليات== ==استعمال== ==ثقافت== ==ٻيا ٻوٽا== ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[:باب:نباتات]] * [[:باب:وڻ]] * [[:باب:الجي]] * [[سينوڙ|سينور]] ==خارجي لنڪس== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * {{cite book |last1=Christenhusz |first1=Maarten M. 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M. |year=2007 |title=Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=446 |issue=7138 |pages=904–907 |doi=10.1038/nature05705 |pmid=17443185 |bibcode=2007Natur.446..904S |s2cid=2575688 |ref={{harvid|Stein et al|2007}}}} * {{cite journal |author=Walkowiak |first=Radoslaw Janusz |title=Classification of Pteridophytes – Short classification of the ferns. |journal=IEA Paper |date=2017 |url=https://internationalequisetologicalassociation.yolasite.com/resources/Classification%20of%20Pteridophytes.pdf |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.29934.20809 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Underwood |first1=L. M. |title=The early writers on ferns and their collections. I. Linnaeus, 1707–1778 |journal=[[Torrey Botanical Society|Torreya]] |date=1903 |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=145–150 |jstor=40594126 |issn=0096-3844}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== * {{cite web |last1=McCausland |first1=Jim |title=Rediscover ferns |url=https://www.sunset.com/garden/flowers-plants/rediscover-ferns |website=Garden plants |publisher=Sunset Magazine |access-date=22 November 2019 |date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030104351/https://www.sunset.com/garden/flowers-plants/rediscover-ferns }} * {{cite web |title=Pteridopsida: Fossil Record |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/pterophyta/pteridofr.html |website=Plants: Pteridopsida |publisher=[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]] |access-date=23 November 2019 |ref={{harvid|UCMP|2019}} }} * {{cite web |title=Classifying and identifying ferns |url=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1104-classifying-and-identifying-ferns |website=Science Learning Hub |publisher=[[The University of Waikato]] |access-date=24 November 2019 |language=en |date=3 September 2018 |ref={{harvid|SLH|2018}} }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Mickel |first1=John T. |last2=Wagner |first2=Warren H. |last3=Gifford |first3=Ernest M. |display-authors=etal |title=Fern |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/fern |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=24 November 2019 |date=4 February 2019 |ref={{harvid|EB|2019}} }} * {{cite web |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |last2=Schmitt |first2=Bernd |title=Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World |url=https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |website=World Ferns |publisher=[[Botanical Garden of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]] |access-date=25 November 2019 |date=2 November 2019 |archive-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ }} * {{cite web |last1=Pryer |first1=Kathleen M. |last2=Smith |first2=Alan R. |last3=Rothfels |first3=Carl |title=Polypodiopsida |url=http://tolweb.org/Polypodiopsida/20615 |website=[[Tree of Life]] |date=2009 |ref={{harvid|Pryer et al|2006}} }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060354/http://www.anbg.gov.au/fern/taxa/classification.html ''A classification of the ferns and their allies''.] (Australian National Herbarium) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160117055319/http://www.jaknouse.athens.oh.us/ferns/bookfern.html ''A fern book bibliography''.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080509142839/http://www1.akira.ne.jp/~unzen/pteridophyta.html Register of fossil Pteridophyta] * [http://delta-intkey.com/britfe/ Watson, L. and M. J. Dallwitz (2004 onwards). ''The Ferns (Filicopsida) of the British Isles''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183034/http://delta-intkey.com/britfe/ |date=3 March 2016 }} * [http://www.peterboyd.com/pteridomania2.htm ''Ferns and Pteridomania in Victorian Scotland''.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120512162340/http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/pages/non-seed-plants.htm Non-seed plant images at ''bioimages.vanderbilt.edu''] * [http://www.amerfernsoc.org/ American Fern Society] * [http://www.eBPS.org.uk/ British Pteridological Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102094708/https://ebps.org.uk/ |date=2 January 2019 }} * [http://internationalequisetologicalassociation.yolasite.com/ International Equisetological Association] {{Refend}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q98522578}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:برسيان]] [[زمرو:نباتيات]] [[زمرو:نباتاتيات]] [[زمرو:ٻوٽن جا ڊويزن]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪسانومي (نباتاتيات)]] [[زمرو:فرن جي درجه بندي]] [[زمرو:فرن]] [[زمرو:فرن نباتات]] [[زمرو:غير ڪاٺ وارا ٻيلا]] [[زمرو:آخري ڊيوونيئن دور ۾ پهريون ظهور]] 3w4srsm8ffz2uwps9yplst15zte6q2w 377171 377049 2026-05-12T10:23:52Z Siddhu Talreja 18634 هجي درستگي 377171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Class of vascular plants}} {{About|ٻوٽن جي هڪ گروهه||فرن (سلجھائپ)|۽ |فرنس (سلجھائپ)}} '''برسيان''' يا '''فرن''' (Fern؛ سائنسي نالو، پوليپوڊايوپسڊا ۽ پوليپوڊائيوفيٽا)، ويسڪولر ٻوٽن (زائلم ۽ فلوئم سان گڏ ٻوٽا) جو هڪ گروھ آهي، جيڪا اسپورز (spores) ذريعي ٻيهر پيدا ٿيڻ ٿا ۽ نه انهن جا ٻج هوندا آهن ۽ نه ئي انهن تي گل ايندا آهن. اها سينور (Moss) کان، وسڪولر هجڻ جي ڪري، يعني خاص ٽشوز هجڻ سان، جيڪي پاڻي ۽ غذائي مواد جي ترسيل ڪندا آهن، مختلف آهن. هنن جي زندگي جي چڪر ۾، اسپوروفائٽ (شاخ واري توليد) غالب مرحلو هوندو آهي.<ref name="DK Pub.-2017">{{Cite book|edition=11th|title=Ultimate Visual Dictionary|publisher=[[DK Pub.]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4654-5894-0|url=|pages=120–121|language=en|chapter=Horsetails, clubmosses, and ferns|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ultimate-visual-dictionary-by-dk-z-lib.org/page/120/mode/2up|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Early evolution of life cycles in embryophytes: A focus on the fossil evidence of gametophyte/sporophyte size and morphological complexity|last1=Gerrienne|first1=Philippe|last2=Gonez|first2=Paul|journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution|year=2011|volume=49|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00096.x|bibcode=2011JSyEv..49....1G |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{Automatic taxobox | name = برسيان<br>Ferns | fossil_range = وچين ڊيوونيئن دور کان اڃ تائين | image = {{Multiple image |perrow = 2 |total_width = 270 |image1 = Psilotum.jpg |caption1 = سائلوسيٽياليس |image2 = Equisetopsida.jpg |caption2 = اڪويسيٽئليس |image3 = Flickr - brewbooks - Angiopteris evecta - Mule's foot fern (1).jpg |caption3 = ماراٽيئليس |image4 = Osmunda regalis Moore50.png |caption4 = اوسمونڊئليس |image5 = WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion nach Berdorf (Luxemburgexkursion) 011.jpg |caption5 = همينوفائلاليس |image6 = Dipteris conjugata 破傘蕨 001 (天問).jpg |caption6 = گليچينياليس |image7 = Tree Fern (48717210587).jpg |caption7 = ساياٿياليس |image8 = The ferns of Great Britain, and their allies the club-mosses, pepperworts, and horsetails (Pl. 2) (8515393495).jpg |caption8 = پوليپوڊياليس، برطانيه جا فرن ۽ لاڳاپيل ڪلب موس، پيپر وورٽ ۽ هارس ٽيل |border = infobox }} | taxon = پوليپوڊائيپسيڊا | authority = ڪرونڪئست، تختاجان، ۽ ڊبليو. زم | subdivision_ranks = ذيلي جماعتون | subdivision = * † اسٽاروٽيريڊيڊائي * †زائيگوٽيريڊيڊائي * ايڪويسيٽيڊائي * مئراٽيڊائي * اوڦيوگلوسيڊائي * پوليپوڊيڊائي | synonyms = * فليڪئٽائي<small>ڪوبٽسڪي 1990</small> * فليسيس * فليڪوڦائٽا <small>اينڊلخر 1836</small> * مونيلوڦائٽا <small>ڪينٽينو ۽ ڊونوگوئ 2007</small> * ٽيريڊوپسيڊا <small>رجين 1828</small> }} فرن ۾ پيچيده پنن کي ميگافل سڏيو ويندو آهي جيڪي ڪلب موس جي مائڪروفل کان وڌيڪ پيچيده هوندا آهن. گهڻا فرن ليپٽيوسپورنگيٽ فرن آهن. اُهي ڪنڊا لڳل ٿلها هيڊز ٺاهيندا آهن جيڪي اڻلڀ ۽ ڦاٽن ۾ وڌندا آهن. گروپ ۾ اٽڪل <small>10,560</small> سڃاتل موجوده [[نوع (حياتيات)|نوعون]] شامل آهن. فرن جي وضاحت هتي وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سڀئي پوليپوڊايوپسڊا، جنهن ۾ <small>ليپٽوسپورنجيئيٽ</small> <small>Leptosporangiate</small> <small>(پوليپوڊيڊائي</small> <small>Polypodiidae)</small> ۽ <small>يوسپورنجيئيٽ</small> <small>(Eusporangiate)</small> فرن شامل آهن. پوئين گروهه ۾ هارس ٽيل <small>(Horsetail)</small>، وسڪ فرن <small>(Whisk Fern)،</small> مراٽيئوئڊ <small>(marattioid)</small> ۽ اوفيوگلوسوئڊ <small>(ophioglossoid)</small> فرن شامل آهن، جي طور ڪئي وئي آهي. ڪرائون گروپ، جن ۾ ليپٽوسپورنجيئٽس ۽ يوسپورنجيئٽس شامل آهن، اندازاً 423.2 ملين سال اڳ سلوريئن دور جي آخر ۾ پيدا ٿيا،<ref name="Polypodiopsida2">{{cite journal|last1=Nitta|first1=Joel H.|last2=Schuettpelz|first2=Eric|last3=Ramírez-Barahona|first3=Santiago|last4=Iwasaki|first4=Wataru|display-authors=et al.|year=2022|title=An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=13|page=909768|doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.909768|pmc=9449725|pmid=36092417|doi-access=free}}</ref> پر پوليپوڊيلس، اهو گروهه جيڪا %<small>80</small> موجود فرن جي نوعن تي مشتمل آهي، ظاهر نه ٿيو ۽ نه ئي ڪريٽاسيئس دور تائين هن ۾ تنوع پيدا ٿيو. اها گلدار ٻوٽن <small>(Angiosperms)</small>، جيڪي دنيا جي نباتات تي غلبو ڪيا، جي اڀار سان گڏ آيا. فرن وڏي اقتصادي اهميت جا حامل نه آهن، پر ڪجهه نوعون کاڌ خوراڪ، دوائن، بايو فرٽيلائزر، آرائشي ٻوٽن ۽ آلوده مٽي جي علاج لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون آهن. اها فضا (atmosphere) مان ڪيميائي آلودگي کي ختم ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت لاءِ تحقيق جو موضوع بڻيل آهن. فرن جون ڪجهه نوع، جهڙوڪ بريڪن (پيٽريڊيئم اڪيلينم) ۽ واٽر فرن (ازولا فيليڪولائيڊس)، سڄي دنيا ۾ اهم ٻوٽا آهن. ڪجھ فرن نوع، جهڙوڪ ازولا، نائٽروجن کي درست ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ چانورن جي ٻوٽن جي نائيٽروجن غذائيت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري سگھن ٿا. اها پڻ لوڪ ڪهاڻين ۾ ڪجهه ڪردار ادا ڪن ٿا. ==وضاحت== ===اسپوروڦائٽ=== [[Image:Samambaia (do tupi samambaîa) havaiana mini, em ambiente doméstico 02.jpg|thumb|برازيل ۾ گھر ۾ اُڀريل فرن]] موجوده فرن جڙي ٻوٽي وارا ۽ بارہماسي آهن ۽ گھڻا ڪاٺيءَ جي واڌ جي کوٽ رکن ٿا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mauseth |first=James D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEsBPPlxP7EC&pg=PA492 |title=Botany: an Introduction to Plant Biology |date=September 2008 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-1-4496-4720-9 |page=492}}</ref> جڏهن ڪاٺيءَ جي واڌ موجود هوندي آهي، اها ٿڙ ۾ هوندي آهي.<ref name="Levyns-1966">{{Cite book |last=Levyns |first=M. R. |title=A Guide to the Flora of the Cape Peninsula |publisher=Juta & Company |year=1966 |edition=2nd Revised |oclc=621340}}</ref> انهن جا پن [[ڊيسيڊيئس|پنن]] [[ڊيسيڊيئس|کرڻ وارا]] يا [[سدابهار|سدا بهار]] ٿي سگهن ٿا ۽ ڪجهه آبهوا جي لحاظ کان نيم سدا بهار هوندا آهن<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fernández |first1=Helena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smtpBM7UgXEC&pg=PA175 |title=Working with Ferns: Issues and Applications |last2=Kumar |first2=Ashwani |last3=Revilla |first3=Maria Angeles |date=2010-11-11 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4419-7162-3 |page=175}}</ref> ۽ [[گلن وارا ٻوٽا|ٻج واري ٻوٽن]] جي اسپوروفائٽس وانگر، اها فرن تنن، پنن ۽ جڙن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. فرن اسپرماتوفائٽ کان مختلف آهن، انهن ۾ اها ٻج جي بدران اسپورن ذريعي ٻيهر پيدا ٿين ٿا. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hodgson |first=Larry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDij6Fmk2MwC&pg=PA329 |title=Making the Most of Shade: How to Plan, Plant, and Grow a Fabulous Garden that Lightens Up the Shadows |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Rodale |isbn=978-1-57954-966-4 |page=329}}</ref> بهرحال، اهي اسپور پيدا ڪندڙ برائيوفائٽ کان پڻ مختلف آهن. انهي ۾، ٻج واري ٻوٽن وانگر، پولي اسپورنجيو فائٽس هوندا آهن. انهن جا اسپوروفائٽس شاخون ڪن ٿا ۽ ڪيترائي اسپورنجيا پيدا ڪن ٿا. برائيوفائٽس جي برعڪس، فرن اسپوروفائٽس آزاد رهندڙ آهن ۽ صرف مختصر طور تي ماده جي گيمٽوفائٽ تي منحصر آهن. ٻوٽي جو سائو فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ حصو ٽيڪنيڪل طور تي هڪ ميگافل آهي ۽ فرن ۾ ان کي اڪثر فرونڊ (fronds) سڏيو ويندو آهي. ليپٽو اسپورنجيٽ فرن ۾ نوان پن عام طور تي هڪ تنگ سرپل (spiral) ۾ فيڊل هيڊ فرڳنڊز جي کلڻ سان وڌندا آهن، جنهن کي ڪروزيئر سڏيو ويندو آهي. پتي جي هن بي ترتيب ٿيڻ کي سرڪينيٽ ورنيشن چيو ويندو آهي. ڪجهه خاندانن ۾، جهڙوڪ بليچناسي پنن کي ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي؛ اسپوروفيلس يا زرخيز فرونڊز، جيڪا اسپور پيدا ڪن ٿا ۽ ٽروپوفيلس يا جراثيم کان پاڪ فرونڊز، جيڪا اسپورز پيدا نه ٿا ڪن. فرن اسپورز اسپورنگيا ۾ پيدا ٿين ٿا، جيڪا عام طور تي سوري ٺاهڻ لاءِ ڪلستر ٿيل هوندا آهن. اسپورنگيا کي حفاظتي ڪوٽنگ، جن کي انڊسيئم سڏيو ويندو آهي، سان ڍڪي سگهجي ٿو. اسپورنگيا جي ترتيب [[درجابندي (حياتيات)|درجه بندي]] ۾ اهم آهي. مونومارفڪ فرن، زرخيز ۽ جراثيم کان پاڪ پن مارفولاجيڪل طور تي هڪجهڙا نظر اچن ٿا ۽ ٻئي [[ڦوٽوسنٿيسس|فوٽوسنٿيسائيز]] ڪرڻ جي قابل آهن. هيميڊيمورفڪ فرن ۾، زرخيز پنن جو صرف هڪ حصو جراثيم کان پاڪ پنن کان مختلف آهي. ڊيمارفڪ (هولومارفڪ) فرن ۾، ٻن قسمن جا پن مارفالاجيڪل طور تي الڳ آهن.<ref>[https://2019.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=758 Understanding the contribution of LFY and PEBP flowering genes to fern leaf dimorphism – Botany 2019].</ref> زرخيز پن جراثيم کان پاڪ پنن کان تمام تنگ آهن ۽ شايد ڪو به سائو ٽشو، جيئن بليچناسي ۽ لوماريوپسيڊاسي ۾، نه هجي. [[File:Croziers, fronds, rhizomes of bracken fern.jpg|thumb|ڪروزيئر، فرونڊ ۽ بريڪن جا رائيزوم. هن نوع ۾، ٽانڊا زمين اندر وڌندا آهن ۽ ٻوٽي کي افقي طور تي پکڙجڻ جي اجازت ڏيندا آهن.]] فرن جي پنن جي اناٽومي سادي کان وٺي تمام گهڻي ورهايل تائين ڪٿي به ٿي سگهي ٿي<ref>[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/beauty/ferns/structure.shtml Fern Structure – Forest Service].</ref> يا اڃا به غير يقيني مثال طور گليچينياسي، ليگوڊياسي. ورهايل شڪلون "پنيٽ"، جتي پنن جا حصا مڪمل طور تي هڪ ٻئي کان الڳ آهن يا پنٽيفائيڊ (جزوي طور تي پنيٽ) آهن، جتي پنن جا حصا اڃا تائين جزوي طور تي ڳنڍيل آهن. جڏهن پنن کي هڪ کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا شاخ ڪيو ويندو آهي، اهو پنٽ شڪلن ۽ پنٽيفائيڊ جو ميلاپ پڻ ٿي سگهي ٿو. جيڪڏهن پنن جا بليڊ ٻه ڀيرا ورهايا وڃن، ٻوٽي ۾ بائيپنيٽ فرونڊ ۽ ٽرپپنيٽ فرنڊ آهن.<ref>[https://www.nzplants.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/ferns/structure/frond.html Fern Structure – Forest Service], Auckland, New Zealand.</ref> جيڪڏهن اهي ٽي ڀيرا شاخ ڪن ٿا ۽ ٽيٽرا- ۽ پينٽاپينيٽ فرنڊ تائين. وڻ جي فرن ۾، مکيه ٿڙ جيڪو پن کي اسٽيم سان ڳنڍي ٿو (جنهن کي اسٽيپ سڏيو ويندو آهي)، ان ۾ اڪثر ڪري ڪيترائي پتي هوندا آهن. پنن جي جوڙجڪ، جيڪو اسٽيپ مان وڌندا آهن، کي پني سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ اڪثر ڪري ننڍن پننول ۾ ورهايل آهن.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.basicbiology.net/plants/ferns/fronds.php |title=Fern Fronds |publisher=Basic Biology |access-date=2014-12-06 |archive-date=19 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419003216/http://basicbiology.net/plants/ferns/fronds.php }}</ref> فرن جي تنن کي رائيزوم سڏيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اهي صرف ڪجهه نوعن ۾ زمين جي اندر وڌندا آهن. ايپيفيٽڪ نوعون ۽ ڪيتريون ئي زميني نوعن ۾ زمين جي مٿان رينگندڙ اسٽولون هوندا آهن مثال طور، پوليپوڊياسي ۽ ڪيترن ئي گروهن ۾ زمين جي مٿان بيٺل نيم ڪاٺ جا ٿڙ هوندا آهن، مثال طور، سائٿياسي، اسڪيلي وڻ جا فرن. اهي ڪجهه نوعن ۾ 20 ميٽر (66 فوٽ) ڊگها ٿي سگهن ٿا مثال طور، نارفولڪ ٻيٽ تي سائٿيا براوني ۽ نيوزي لينڊ ۾ سائٿيا ميڊولاريس.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Mark F. |last1=Large |first2=John E. |last2=Braggins |author-link2=John E. Braggins |date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=0-88192-630-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark |page= }}</ref> جڙون زمين جي اندر غير فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ جوڙجڪ آهن، جيڪي مٽي مان پاڻي ۽ غذائي مواد کڻنديون آهن. اها هميشه ريشيدار هونديون آهن ۽ ساخت جي لحاظ کان ٻج جي ٻوٽن جي پاڙن سان تمام گهڻي ملندڙ جلندڙ آهن. === گئميٽوفائٽس === جيئن سڀني ويسڪولر ٻوٽن ۾ اسپوروفائٽ غالب مرحلو يا زندگي جي چڪر ۾ نوع آهي، فرن جا گيميٽوفائٽس بهرحال ٻج جي ٻوٽن کان تمام مختلف آهن. اهي آزاد رهندڙ ۽ ليوروورٽ جي ٻوٽن سان مشابهت رکن ٿا، جڏهن ته ٻج جي ٻوٽن جا ٻوٽا اسپور وال اندر ترقي ڪن ٿا ۽ غذائيت لاءِ پيرنٽ سپوروفائٽ تي منحصر آهن .<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Villareal A.|first1=Juan Carlos|last2=Campos S.|first2=Laura Victoria|last3=Urbide-M.|first3=Jaime|last4=Goffinet|first4=Bernard|title=Parallel Evolution of Endospory within Hornworts: ''Nothoceros renzagliensis'' (Dendrocerotaceae), sp. nov.|journal=Systematic Botany|date=2012 |volume=37|issue=1|pages=31–37|doi=10.1600/036364412X616594 |bibcode=2012SysBo..37...31V }}</ref> هڪ فرن گيمٽوفائيٽ عام طور تي شامل آهن: * پروٿيلس: هڪ سائو، فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ جوڙجڪ، جنهن جي شروعاتي واڌ هڪ گهرڙي واري پرت ۾ مستوي، عام طور تي دل يا گردي جي شڪل ۾، 3-10 ملي ميٽر ڊگهي ۽ 2-8 ملي ميٽر ويڪري آهي.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kelley|first1=A.G.|last2=Postlethwait|first2=S.N.|title=Fern Gametophytes as a Tool for the Study of Morphogenesis|pages=56–60|year=1960|volume=70|journal=Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science|url=https://journals.indianapolis.iu.edu/index.php/ias/article/view/5459|access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref> پروٿيلس گيمٽ پيدا ڪري ٿو: ** اينٿريڊيا: ننڍيون گولائي واري جوڙجڪ، جيڪي فليگيليٽ اينٿروزائيڊ پيدا ڪن ٿيون. <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=A Dictionary of Plant Sciences|edition=2nd|editor-last=Allaby|editor-first=Michael|entry-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198608912.001.0001/acref-9780198608912-e-386|entry=antherozoid|isbn=9780191726804|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006}}</ref> ** آرڪيگونيا: هڪ فلاسڪ جي شڪل واري جوڙجڪ: جيڪا تري ۾ هڪ آنا پيدا ڪري ٿي. نر گيمٽوفائيٽ ذريعي ڳچيءَ ۾ ترڻ سان پهچندي آهي. * رزوئڊ: جڙ جهڙيون جوڙجڪ (سچي جڙ نه)، جيڪي واحد تمام گهڻي ڊگھي جيو گهرڙن تي مشتمل آهن جيڪي سجي جوڙجڪ تي پاڻي ۽ معدني لوڻ جذب ڪن ٿيون. رائزائيڊز پروٿيلس کي مٽي سان ڳنڍن ٿا.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The evolution of root hairs and rhizoids|last1=Jones|first1=Victor A.S.|last2=Dolan|first2=Liam|journal=Annals of Botany|volume=110|issue=2|pages=205–212|doi=10.1093/aob/mcs136|pmc=3394659|pmid=22730024|year=2012}}</ref> ==زندگي جو چڪر ۽ پيدائش== ==درجي بندي== ==تقسيم ۽ رهائش== فرن پنهنجي ورهاست ۾، تمام گهڻي دولت سان گڏ ٽاڪرو علائقن ۾ ۽ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ آرڪٽڪ علائقن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي موجود آهن. سڀ کان وڏو تنوع اڀرندڙ اڀرندڙ برساتي ٻيلن ۾ ٿئي ٿو. نيوزي لينڊ، جنهن لاءِ فرن هڪ علامت آهي، اٽڪل 230 جنسون هن سڄي ملڪ ۾ ورهايل آهن. اهو يورپي ٻيلن ۾ هڪ عام ٻوٽو آهي. ==ماحوليات== ==استعمال== ==ثقافت== ==ٻيا ٻوٽا== ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[:باب:نباتات]] * [[:باب:وڻ]] * [[:باب:الجي]] * [[سينوڙ|سينور]] ==خارجي لنڪس== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * {{cite book |last1=Christenhusz |first1=Maarten M. 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J. Dallwitz (2004 onwards). ''The Ferns (Filicopsida) of the British Isles''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183034/http://delta-intkey.com/britfe/ |date=3 March 2016 }} * [http://www.peterboyd.com/pteridomania2.htm ''Ferns and Pteridomania in Victorian Scotland''.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120512162340/http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/pages/non-seed-plants.htm Non-seed plant images at ''bioimages.vanderbilt.edu''] * [http://www.amerfernsoc.org/ American Fern Society] * [http://www.eBPS.org.uk/ British Pteridological Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102094708/https://ebps.org.uk/ |date=2 January 2019 }} * [http://internationalequisetologicalassociation.yolasite.com/ International Equisetological Association] {{Refend}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q98522578}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:برسيان]] [[زمرو:نباتيات]] [[زمرو:نباتاتيات]] [[زمرو:ٻوٽن جا ڊويزن]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪسانومي (نباتاتيات)]] [[زمرو:فرن جي درجه بندي]] [[زمرو:فرن]] [[زمرو:فرن نباتات]] [[زمرو:غير ڪاٺ وارا ٻيلا]] [[زمرو:آخري ڊيوونيئن دور ۾ پهريون ظهور]] eeazf57ykgxeg244iefqccl95wsmssd 3 85756 377178 336103 2026-05-12T10:48:56Z Neriah 13619 Neriah صفحي [[واپرائيندڙ بحث:Crushcrushcrush1]] کي [[واپرائيندڙ بحث:Crushcrushcrush]] ڏانھن چوريو: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Crushcrushcrush1|Crushcrushcrush1]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Crushcrushcrush|Crushcrushcrush]]" 336103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{سانچو:سماجي ڳنڍڻن تي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا}} <div style="padding:5px;font-size:medium"><center style="word-spacing:1ex">[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخاني جي صفحي تي پنھنجون سفارشون ڏيو]] </center></div> {| bgcolor="#ADDFAD" align=center style="width:100% !important; -moz-border-radius: 1em;-webkit-border-radius:1em;border-radius:1em; border-top:2px dashed #3eb2c9;border-bottom:2px dashed #3eb2c9;padding: 5px 20px 25px;" |<span style="font-family:MB Lateefi;float:left">'''[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخانو]]'''</span> <div class="tabber horizTabBox" style="width: 100% !important;"> [[عڪس:Wikipedia laurier wp.png|left|200px]] <center><big>'''بزمِ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڀلي ڪري آيا''' ''{{PAGENAME}}'''</big></center>'' '''السلام عليڪم! اسان اميد ڪريون ٿا تہ توھان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي لاء بھترين اضافو ثابت ٿيندئو'''.<br> * وڪيپيڊيا ھڪ کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلو آھي جنھن کي اسان سڀ ملي ڪري لکندا ۽ سنواريندا آھيون. وڪيپيڊيا منصوبي جي شروعات جنوري 2001ع ۾ ٿي، جڏھن تہ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا فيبروري 2006ع ۾ عمل آئي. في الحال ھن وڪيپيڊيا ۾ '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' [[Special:Allpages|مضمون]] موجود آھن.<br /> * ھن چيڪلي (انسائيڪلوپيڊيا) ۾ توھان مضمون نويسي، سنوار ۽ تصحيح کان پھريان ھيٺين صفحن تي ضرور نظر وجھو.''' * صفحن جي ظاھريت جي تبديلي ۽ طریقيڪار جي لاءِ ڏسو '''[[خاص:ترجيحات|ترجيحون]]'''. <Font - size=4> '''اصول ۽ قاعدا''' </Font - size> <Font - size=3> '''توھان جو واپرائيندڙ ۽ بحث صفحو''' </Font - size><br> ھتي توھانجو [[خاص:Mypage|'''مخصوص واپرائيندڙ صفحو بہ ھوندو''']] جتي توھان [[:زمرو:يوزر سانچا|پنھنجو تعارف لکي سگھو ٿا]]، ۽ توهانجي [[خاص:Mytalk|واپرائيندڙ بحث]] تي ٻيا رڪنَ توھان سان رابطو ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ توھان ڏي پيغام موڪلي سگھن ٿا. * '''ڪنھن ٻئي رڪن کي پيغام موڪلڻ وقت ھنن امرن جو خاص خيال رکو''': ** '''جيڪڏھن ضرورت هجي تہ پيغام کي عنوان ضرور ڏيو'''. ** '''پيغام جي آخر ۾ پنهنجي صحيح ضرور وجھو، ان جي لاءِ هي علامت درج ڪريو'''--&#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''' يا ھن ([[عڪس:Insert-signature.png|link=]]) بٽڻ تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. ** '''[[Wikipedia:اصول بحث|اظھار بحث جي آدابن]] جو خصوصي خيال رکو'''. <Font - size=3> '''تعاون''' </Font - size> * '''وڪيپيڊيا جي ڪنھن بہ صفحي جي سڄي پاسي ڳوليو جو خانو نظر ايندو آھي. جنھن موضوع تي مضمون ٺاھڻ چاھيو تہ ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ لکو، ۽ ڳوليو تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. <inputbox>type=search</inputbox> * '''توھان جي موضوع سان ملندڙ جلندڙ صفحا نظر ايندا. اھو اطمينان ڪرڻ کان پوء تہ توھان جي گهربل موضوع تي پھريان کان مضمون موجود ناھي، توھان نئون صفحو ٺاھي سگھو ٿا واضع هجي تہ ھڪ موضوع تي ھڪ کان وڌيڪ مضمون ٺاھڻ جي اجازت ناھي. توھان ھيٺ ڏنل خانو بہ استعمال ڪري سگھو ٿا'''. <inputbox>type=create</inputbox> * '''لکڻ کان پهرئين ھن ڳالھ جو يقين ڪريو تہ جنھن عنوان تي توھان لکي رھيا آھيو ان تي يا ان سان ملندڙ عنوانن تي وڪي ۾ ڪوئي مضمون نہ ھجي. ان جي لاء توھان ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ عنوان ۽ ان جا هم معنيٰ لفظ (اهڙا لفظ جن جي معني هڪ هجي) لکي ڳولا ڪريو'''.</center> |} -- توھان جي مدد جي لاء ھر وقت حاضر، اوهان جو خادم --[[واپرائيندڙ:KaleemBot|KaleemBot]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:KaleemBot|ڳالھ]]) 13:16, 15 آڪٽوبر 2025 ( يو.ٽي.سي) pxz2kav79jfbltja8mhn1lspoeotn17 0 88115 377065 348746 2026-05-11T16:03:54Z CommonsDelinker 103 Replacing Public_Seal_of_Niue.svg with [[File:Public_Seal_of_Niue_(1974–2021).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: File:Public_Seal_of_Niue.svg merged with File:Public Seal of Niue (1974–2021).svg). 377065 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map_of_the_Territorial_Waters_of_the_Pacific_Ocean.png|thumb|350x350 عڪسلون|اوشيانا ۽ پاڙيسري علائقن جا خاص اقتصادي زون]] هي [[اوشينيا]] جي جاگرافيائي علائقي ۾ [[خودمختيار رياست|خودمختيار رياستن]] ۽ [[منحصر علائقو|منحصر علائقن]] جي فهرست آهي. جيتوڻيڪ اهو گهڻو ڪري سمنڊ آهي ۽ ڪيترن ئي ٽيڪٽونڪ پليٽن تي پکڙيل آهي، اوشينيا کي ڪڏهن ڪڏهن [[کنڊُ|براعظمن]] مان هڪ طور درج ڪيو ويندو آهي. هن فهرست جو گهڻو حصو جيوپولٽيڪل اوشينيا جي حدن جي پيروي ڪري ٿو، جنهن ۾ [[آسٽريليشيا|آسٽريليا]]، [[ميلئنيزيا|ميلانيشيا]]، [[مائڪرونيزيا|مائڪرونيشيا]] ۽ [[پولينيزيا|پولينيشيا]] شامل آهن. اوشينيا جو مکيه براعظمي علائقو آسٽريليا آهي. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/aib/island_continent.html|title=Fast facts about Australia - Australia in Brief - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030820155859/http://www.dfat.gov.au/aib/island_continent.html|archive-date=2003-08-20|access-date=2010-08-30}}</ref> ==اوشينيا جون حدون== {{Further information|زمين جي براعظمن جي وچ ۾ حدون|بين البراعظمي ملڪن جي فهرست}} ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا ۽ اوشيانا جي وچ ۾ حد واضح طور تي بيان نه ڪئي وئي آهي. سياسي سببن جي ڪري، گڏيل قومن ٻنهي علائقن جي وچ ۾ حد کي انڊونيشيائي-پاپوا نيو گني سرحد سمجهي ٿي. پاپوا نيو گني کي ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ايشيائي سمجهيو ويندو آهي ڇاڪاڻ ته اهو انڊونيشيا جي پاڙيسري آهي، پر اهو نادر آهي، ۽ عام طور تي ان کي اوشيانا جو حصو سمجهيو ويندو آهي. ارضياتي طور تي، مغربي نيو گني ۾ ڇهه انڊونيشيائي صوبا ۽ مالوڪو صوبي ۾ ارو ٻيٽ آسٽريليا جي براعظمي شيلف جا حصا آهن. حياتياتي جاگرافيائي طور تي، واليس لائين ايشيا کي واليسيا کان الڳ ڪري ٿي، هڪ عبوري زون، جڏهن ته ليڊيڪر لائين ان کي آسٽريليا کان الڳ ڪري ٿي. ويبر لائين وچ وارو نقطو آهي، جنهن تي ايشيائي ۽ آسٽريليا جي جانورن ۽ نباتات تقريبن برابر نمائندگي ڪن ٿا. ساڳي طرح، لاطيني آمريڪا ۽ اوشيانا جي وچ ۾ ڪا به واضح طور تي بيان ڪيل حد ناهي؛ لاطيني آمريڪا جي ويجهو گهڻو ڪري غير آباد سامونڊي پئسفڪ ٻيٽن کي ڪجهه ماڻهن طرفان تاريخي طور تي ۽ موجوده وقت ۾ اوشيانا جو حصو سمجهيو ويو آهي. تقريبن سڀئي ٻيٽ سياسي طور تي آمريڪا سان لاڳاپيل ٿي ويا آهن، پر ڪو به انهن براعظمن جي لاڳاپيل ٽيڪٽونڪ پليٽن تي نه آهي، ۽ نه ئي ڪو به آمريڪا جي مقامي ماڻهن طرفان آباد هو. تقريبن سڀئي ٻيٽ سياسي طور تي آمريڪا سان لاڳاپيل ٿي ويا آهن، پر ڪو به انهن براعظمن جي لاڳاپيل ٽيڪٽونڪ پليٽن تي نه آهي، ۽ نه ئي ڪولمبين کان اڳ واري دور ۾ آمريڪا جي مقامي ماڻهن جي آبادي هئي. ڪجهه جيو پوليٽيڪل اوشيانا سان مضبوط حياتياتي جاگرافيائي لاڳاپا حصيداري ڪن ٿا. ملائي ٻيٽ تاريخي طور تي اوشيانا سان لاڳاپيل رهيو آهي، جڏهن ته، تمام گهٽ موجوده ڏينهن جي تعريفن ۾ ان کي اوشيانا جو حصو شامل ڪيو ويو آهي. ملائي ٻيٽ ايشيا جي براعظمي شيلف تي واقع آهي؛ ڪرسمس ٻيٽ ۽ ڪوڪوس (ڪيلنگ) ٻيٽ (ٻئي ملائي ٻيٽ سان ملندڙ) آسٽريليا جي ٽيڪٽونڪ پليٽ تي واقع آهن، ۽ سياسي طور تي ايشيا سان لاڳاپيل نه آهن. بونين ٻيٽ، جيڪي سياسي طور تي جاپان ۾ ضم ڪيا ويا آهن، جاگرافيائي طور تي ايشيائي براعظم سان لاڳاپيل نه آهن، ۽ حياتياتي طور تي مائڪرونيشيا جي اندر آهن. boundary between [[Southeast Asia]] and Oceania is not clearly defined. For political reasons, the [[United Nations]] considers the boundary between the two regions to be the [[Indonesia]]n–[[Papua New Guinea]]n border.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.endpoverty2015.org/en/asia/news/marcos-diaz-crosses-oceania-asia-border-raise-awareness-mdgs/13/may/10 |title=Marcos Diaz Crosses Oceania-Asia Border to Raise Awareness of MDGS &#124; End Poverty 2015 |access-date=2010-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724124146/http://endpoverty2015.org/en/asia/news/marcos-diaz-crosses-oceania-asia-border-raise-awareness-mdgs/13/may/10 |archive-date=2010-07-24 }}</ref> Papua New Guinea is occasionally considered Asian as it neighbours Indonesia,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frank Barton |first1=Thomas |title=Papua New Guinea: Tenth country of Southeast Asia? |journal=Journal of Geography |date=1978 |volume=77 |issue=7 |pages=269–272 |doi=10.1080/00221347808980139 |bibcode=1978JGeog..77..269B |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00221347808980139?journalCode=rjog20 |access-date=26 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00944 | title=Phylogeny and conservation priority assessment of Asian domestic chicken genetic resources | year=2020 | last1=Quan | first1=Jinqiang | last2=Cai | first2=Yuan | last3=Yang | first3=Tianliang | last4=Ge | first4=Qianyun | last5=Jiao | first5=Ting | last6=Zhao | first6=Shengguo | journal=Global Ecology and Conservation | volume=22 | article-number=e00944 | s2cid=213962014 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2020GEcoC..2200944Q }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/22/world/asia/orchid-first-night-flower/index.html | title=First night-flowering orchid found in Asia | date=22 November 2011 }}</ref> but this is rare, and it is generally accepted to be part of Oceania. Geologically, the six Indonesian provinces in [[Western New Guinea]] and [[Aru Islands]] in [[Maluku Province]] are parts of the Australian continental shelf. Biogeographically, the [[Wallace line]] separates Asia from [[Wallacea]], a transitional zone, while the [[Lydekker line]] separates it from Australia. [[Weber Line]] is the midpoint, at which Asian and Australian fauna and flora are approximately equally represented. Likewise, there is also no clearly defined boundary between [[Latin America]] and Oceania; the mostly uninhabited [[Oceanic island|oceanic]] Pacific islands near Latin America have been considered by some as part of Oceania, both historically and in present-day times.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Oceania Bibliography |journal=Helictite: Journal of Australasian Cave Research |date=1987 |volume=25 |issue=1 |url=https://helictite.caves.org.au/pdf4/25.01.Issue.Print.pdf |access-date=16 March 2022 |quote=This paper covers the region from Irian Jaya (Western New Guinea, a province of New Guinea) in the west to Galapagos Islands (Equador) and Easter Island (Chile) in the east.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Review of the Protected Areas System in Oceania |date=1986 |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |url=https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30152/RevOceania.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=17 January 2022 |quote=Easter Island on the east has been included on the basis of its Polynesian and biogeographic affinities even though it is politically apart. The other islands of the eastern Pacific (Galapagos, Juan Fernandez, etc.) have sometimes been included in Oceania.}}</ref><ref name="realm">{{cite book |last1=Todd |first1=Ian |title=Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama |date=1974 |publisher=Angus & Robertson |page=190 |isbn=978-0-207-12761-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcEJAQAAIAAJ&q=%22French+language+cultures%22+1974+pacific |access-date=2 February 2022 |quote=[we] can further define the word ''culture'' to mean ''language''. Thus we have the French language part of Oceania, the Spanish part and the Japanese part. The Japanese culture groups of Oceania are the Bonin Islands, the Marcus Islands and the Volcano Islands. These three clusters, lying south and south-east of Japan, are inhabited either by Japanese or by people who have now completely fused with the Japanese race. Therefore they will not be taken into account in the proposed comparison of the policies of non - Oceanic cultures towards Oceanic peoples. On the eastern side of the Pacific are a number of Spanish language culture groups of islands. Two of them, the Galapagos and Easter Island, have been dealt with as separate chapters in this volume. Only one of the dozen or so Spanish culture island groups of Oceania has an Oceanic population — the Polynesians of Easter Island. The rest are either uninhabited or have a Spanish - Latin - American population consisting of people who migrated from the mainland. Therefore, the comparisons which follow refer almost exclusively to the English and French language cultures.}}</ref><ref name="countriesoftheworld">{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Robert |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-0DAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22oceania%22+%22juan%22+%22galapagos%22&pg=PA2 |title=The countries of the world |date=1876 |publisher=Oxford University |chapter=Oceania: General Characteristics |access-date=1 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="global">{{cite web |title=Oceania Military Guide |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/oceania/index.html |access-date=6 January 2022 |website=GlobalSecurity.org}}</ref> Nearly all of these islands have become politically associated with the Americas, but none lie on the respective tectonic plates of those continents, nor were any inhabited by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]] during the [[pre-Columbian era]].<ref name="press">{{Cite book |last1=Flett |first1=Iona |title=Islands of Inquiry |last2=Haberle |first2=Simon |date=2008 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=978-1-921313-89-9 |editor-last=Clark |editor-first=Geoffrey |pages=281–300 |chapter=East of Easter: Traces of human impact in the far-eastern Pacific |citeseerx=10.1.1.593.8988 |hdl=1885/38139 |jstor=j.ctt24h8gp.20 |editor-last2=Leach |editor-first2=Foss |editor-last3=O'Connor |editor-first3=Sue |chapter-url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p26551/pdf/ch181.pdf}}</ref> Some share strong biogeographical affinities to geopolitical Oceania.<ref name="class">{{cite web |last1=Udvardy |first1=Miklos D.F. |title=A Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World |url=https://fnad.org/Documentos/A%20Classification%20of%20the%20Biogeographical%20Provinces%20of%20the%20World%20Miklos%20D.F.%20Udvardy.pdf |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> The [[Malay Archipelago]] has historically been associated with Oceania,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parley |first1=Peter |title=Tales about Europe, Asia, Africa, America, & Oceania |date=1866 |publisher=Oxford University |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmIDAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22Norfolk+Island+,+New+Zealand+,+and+some+smaller%22&pg=PA458 |access-date=12 March 2022 |quote=Oceania consists of Australasia, Polynesia and Malaysia. Australasia means South Asia. It comprises New Holland or Australia, Van Diemen's Land or Tasmania, Papua or New Guinea, Norfolk Island, New Zealand and some smaller islands. Polynesia is the term given to the various islands in the Pacific Ocean, which, as you may see on the map, are situated to the eastward of Australia, including the Philippine Islands. Malaysia is the name given to the islands of the Malay Archipelago, which are principally inhabited by the Malay race, comprising Borneo, the Sunday Isles, Celebes, Moluccas [...]}}</ref><ref name="countriesoftheworld" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cornell |first1=Sophia S. |title=Cornell's First Steps in Geography |date=1859 |publisher=The University of Michigan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wew1AQAAMAAJ&dq=%22malaysia+oceania%22&pg=PT1 |access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="chambers">{{cite book |title=Chambers's New Handy Volume American Encyclopædia: Volume 9 |date=1885 |publisher=The University of Virginia |page=657 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2NRAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22easter+island%22+%22oceania%22+%22galapagos%22&pg=PA657 |access-date=13 March 2022 |quote=the whole region has sometimes been called Oceania, and sometimes Australasia—generally, however, in modern times, to the exclusion of the islands in the Indian archipelago, to which certain writers have given the name of Malaysia [...] we have the three geographical divisions of Malaysia, Australasia and Polynesia, the last mentioned of which embraces all the groups and single islands not included under the other two. Accepting this arrangement, still the limits between Australasia and Polynesia have not been very accurately defined; indeed, scarcely any two geographers appear to be quite agreed upon the subject; neither shall we pretend to decide in the matter. The following list, however, comprises all the principal groups and single island not previously named as coming under the division of Australasia: 1. North of the equator—The Ladrone or Marian islands. the Pelew islands, the Caroline islands, the Radack and Ralick chains, the Sandwich islands, Gilbert's or Kingstnill's archipelago. and the Galapagos. 2. South of the equator—The Ellice group, the Phoenix and Union groups. the Fiji islands, the Friendly islands, the Navigator's islands. Cook's or Harvey islands, the Society islands. the Dangerous archipelago, the Marquesas islands, Pitcairn island, and Easter island.}}</ref> however, very few present-day definitions include it as part of Oceania.<ref name="handbook">{{cite book |last1=Henderson |first1=John William |title=Area Handbook for Oceania |date=1971 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NuOIqt-UQowC&dq=%22oceania%22+%22aleutian+islands%22&pg=PR5 |access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="brit">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Oceania-region-Pacific-Ocean|title=Oceania &#124; Definition, Population, & Facts &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=9 April 2024 }}</ref> The Malay Archipelago lies on the [[continental shelf]] of Asia; [[Christmas Island]] and [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] (both adjacent to the Malay Archipelago) lie on the [[Australian Plate|Australian tectonic plate]], and are not politically associated with Asia. The [[Bonin Islands]], which have been politically integrated into [[Japan]], are not geologically associated with the Asian continent, and are biogeographically within Micronesia. ==خودمختيار رياستون== === گڏيل قومن جا ميمبر ملڪ === هن حصي ۾ سڀ خودمختيار رياستون شامل آهن جيڪيون خاص طور تي اوشينيا ۾ واقع آهن ۽ گڏيل قومن جون ميمبر رياستون آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/members/|title=United Nations Member States|publisher=United Nations|access-date=15 February 2012}}</ref> سڀئي 14 رياستون پئسفڪ آئيلينڊز فورم جون مڪمل ميمبر آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/members/|title=United Nations Member States|publisher=United Nations|access-date=15 February 2012}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! class="unsortable" |جهنڊو !قومي نشان ! class="unsortable" |نقشو <nowiki>***********</nowiki> !<small>مختصر، رسمي نالا ۽ ISO<ref name="CIA Names">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2142.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613002925/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2142.html |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |title=Field Listing :: Names |publisher=CIA |access-date=15 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="UN_Names">{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document%20-%20August%202009.pdf |title=UNGEGN List of Country Names |publisher=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names |year=2007 |access-date=15 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="Europa">{{cite web|url=http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm |title=List of countries, territories and currencies |publisher=Europa |date=9 August 2011 |access-date=23 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1974 |title=ISO 3166 |url=https://www.iso.org/iso-3166-country-codes.html |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=International Organization for Standardization}}</ref></small> !<small>ملڪي مختصر ۽ رسمي نالا</small><ref name="CIA Names" /><ref name="UN_Names" />************** !گاديءَ جو هنڌ<br /><ref name="Europa" /><ref name="Capital">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2057.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003402/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2057.html |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |title=Field Listing :: Capital |publisher=CIA |access-date=23 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/geonames/ |title=UNGEGN World Geographical Names |publisher=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names |date=29 July 2011 |access-date=23 August 2011}}</ref> !آبادي {{UN Population|Year}}<br />{{UN Population|ref}} !پکيڙ<br /><ref name="Area">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003039/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |title=Field Listing :: Area |publisher=CIA |access-date=23 August 2011}}</ref> |- | [[File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Australia.svg|frameless|110x110px]] | [[File:Australia (orthographic projection).svg|150px]] |'''[[آسٽريليا]]''' (AUS)<br /><small>آسٽريليا جي دولت مشترڪه</small> |<small>Australia</small> — <small>_{Commonwealth of Australia}</small> | '''[[ڪينبرا]]''' | <small>'''2,41,25,848'''</small> | <small>'''7,741 _{چورس ڪلوميٽر}'''</small> <small>'''(2,989 _{چورس ميل})'''</small> |- | [[File:Flag of Fiji.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Fiji.svg|frameless|110x110px]] | [[File:LocationFiji.png|150px]] | [[فجي]] (FJI) فجي جي جمهوريه | <small>Fiji</small> — <small>_Republic _of _Fiji</small> <small>Viti — _Matanitu _ko _Viti</small> <small>''रिपब्लिक ऑफ फीजी/''</small> ''<small>Ripablik ăph Phījī</small>'' | '''[[سووا]]''' | {{UN Population|Fiji}} |{{sort|0018274|{{convert|18274|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Kiribati.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Kiribati.svg|frameless|110x110px]] | [[File:LocationKiribati.png|150px]] | [[ڪريبتي|'''ڪريباتي''']] (KIR) جمهوريه ڪريباتي | <small>Kiribati</small> — <small>Republic of Kiribati Kiribati — Ribaberiki Kiribati</small> | [[تراوا|'''ڏکڻ تراوا''']] | {{UN Population|Kiribati}} | {{sort|0000811|{{convert|811|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Seal of the Marshall Islands.svg|frameless|110x110px]] | [[File:LocationMarshallIslands.png|150px]] | [[مارشل آئلينڊز|'''مارشل آئلينڊز''']] (MHL) جمهوريه مارشل آئلينڊز | <small>Marshall Islands</small> <small>— _Republic _of _the _{Marshall Islands Aelōn̄ in M̧ajeļ - Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ}</small> | '''[[ماجورو]]''' | {{UN Population|Marshall Islands}} | {{sort|0000181|{{convert|181|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Seal of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg|frameless|110x110px]] | [[File:LocationMicronesia.png|150px]] | [[مائڪرونيشيا جون فيڊريٽيڊ اسٽيٽس]] FSM | Federated States of Micronesia | '''[[پاليڪر]]''' | {{UN Population|Micronesia (Fed. States of)}} | {{sort|0000702|{{convert|702|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Nauru.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Nauru.svg|frameless|110x110px]] | [[File: NRU_orthographic.svg|150px]] | [[نائورو]] (NRU) جمهوريه نائورو | <small>Naoero - Repubrikin Naoero</small> |_{'''<small>ڪوبه</small> <small>سرڪاري</small>'''} '''<small>^{گادي ناهي.}</small>''' ---- <small>^{سرڪاري دفتر "'''يارين'''" ۾ آهن.}</small> | 10,834 | {{sort|0000021|{{convert|21|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of New Zealand.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Coat of arms of New Zealand.svg|frameless|110x110px]] | [[File:New Zealand (orthographic projection).svg|150px]] | [[نيوزي لينڊ]]<ref group="note">New Zealand has [[New Zealand Subantarctic Islands|five island groups]] in the Subantarctic. New Zealand claims territory in the Antarctic as the [[Ross Dependency]]. </ref> NZL | New Zealand <small>Aotearoa</small> <small>(مائوري)</small> | [[ويلنگٽن]] | {{UN Population|New Zealand}} | {{sort|0267710|{{convert|267710|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Palau.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Seal of Palau.svg|centre|frameless|100x100px]] | [[File:LocationPalau.png|150px]] | [[پالائو|پالاوو]] (PLW) جمهوريه پالاو | Palau <small>— Republic of Pala Belau — _{Beluu er a Belau}</small> | [[ڱيرلمود]] | {{UN Population|Palau}} | {{sort|0000459|{{convert|459|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:National emblem of Papua New Guinea.svg|frameless|110x110px]] | [[File:Papua New Guinea (orthographic projection).svg|150px]] | [[پاپوا نيو گني|'''پاپوا نيو گني''']] (PNG) پاپوا نيو گني جي آزاد رياست | Papua New Guinea — _{<small>Independent</small> <small>State of Papua New Guinea Papua Niugini — Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini</small>} | [[پورٽ مورسبي]] | {{UN Population|Papua New Guinea}} | {{sort|0462840|{{convert|462840|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Samoa.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Samoa.svg|frameless|110x110px]] | [[File:LocationSamoa.png|150px]] | [[ساموا]] (WSM) ساموا جي ازاد رياست |Samoa — Malo Sa'oloto Tuto'atasi o Samoa | [[آپيا]] | {{UN Population|Samoa}} | {{sort|0002831|{{convert|2831|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Solomon Islands.svg|frameless|110x110px]] | [[File:LocationSolomonIslands.png|150px]] | [[سولومن آئلينڊز]] SLB |Solomon Aelan | [[هونيارا]] | {{UN Population|Solomon Islands}} | {{sort|0028896|{{convert|28896|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Tonga.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Tonga.svg|frameless|110x110px]] | [[File:LocationTonga.png|150px]] | [[ٽونگا]] (TON) ٽونگا جي بادشاھت | Tonga — Pule'anga Tonga | [[نوڪوآلوفا]] | {{UN Population|Tonga}} | {{sort|0000747|{{convert|747|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Tuvalu.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Tuvalu.svg|frameless|110x110px]] | [[File:LocationTuvalu.png|150px]] | [[ٽوالو]] TUV | Tuvalu | [[فونافوٽي]] | {{UN Population|Tuvalu}} | {{sort|0000026|{{convert|26|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Vanuatu.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Vanuatu.svg|frameless|110x110px]] | [[File:LocationVanuatu.png|150px]] | [[وانوآتو]] (VUT) وانوآتو جي جمهوريه | Vanuatu — Ripablik blong Vanuatu | [[پورٽ ولا]] | {{UN Population|Vanuatu}} | {{sort|0012189|{{convert|12189|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |} === وابسته رياستون === ٻه رياستون (ڪڪ ٻيٽ ۽ نايو) نيوزي لينڊ سان آزادانه وابستگي ۾ آهن. جڏهن ته نيوزي لينڊ سان ويجها آئيني ۽ سياسي لاڳاپا برقرار رکن ٿيون، ٻنهي رياستن وٽ مڪمل معاهدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت آهي ۽ گڏيل قومن جي ڪيترن ئي خاص ايجنسين جون ميمبر آهن. ٻئي آزادانه طور تي، پنهنجي نالي سان خود مختيار رياستن سان سفارتي لاڳاپن ۾ مشغول آهن ۽ پئسفڪ ٻيٽ فورم جا مڪمل ميمبر آهن. انهن خاصيتن جي ڪري، ٻئي ڪيترن ئي طريقن سان مڪمل طور تي آزاد رياستن جي طور تي ڪم ڪن ٿيون.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10289/7589/thesis.pdf?sequence=3|title=Sovereignty, Self-Determination and the South-West Pacific|last=Gillard|first=Charles Andrew|date=2012|website=[[University of Waikato]]|access-date=27 January 2014}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! class="unsortable" | جهنڊو <nowiki>*************</nowiki> !قومي نشان <nowiki>**********</nowiki> ! class="unsortable" | نقشو <nowiki>*************</nowiki> ! مختصر نالو ۽ سرڪاري نالو<ref name="CIA Names2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2142.html|title=Field Listing :: Names|publisher=CIA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613002925/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2142.html|archive-date=June 13, 2007|access-date=15 August 2011}}</ref> <nowiki>*************</nowiki> ! رياست <nowiki>*********************</nowiki> ! مقامي مختصر ۽ رسمي نالو <nowiki>*****************</nowiki> ! راڄڌاني <nowiki>********</nowiki> ! آبادي ! پکيڙ<ref name="Area"/> |- | [[File:Flag of the Cook Islands.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Cook Islands.svg|frameless|110x110px]] | [[File:LocationCookIslands.png|150px]] |[[ڪڪ آئيلينڊز]]<ref name="Europa2">{{cite web|url=http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm|title=List of countries, territories and currencies|date=9 August 2011|publisher=Europa|access-date=23 August 2011}}</ref> | <small>اها [[نيوزيلينڊ|نيوزي لينڊ]] سان آزاد لاڳاپن ۾ هڪ خود مختيار رياست آهي ۽ نيوزي لينڊ سان رياست جي سربراهه ۽ شهريت جي حصيداري ڪري ٿي، پر پنهنجي اندروني معاملن ۾ آزاد آهي.</small> | Cook Islands (انگريزي)<br>Kūki 'Āirani (مقامي) | اوارو<ref name="Europa"/><ref name="Capital"/> | 11,124<ref name="Population">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |title=Country Comparison :: Population |publisher=CIA |date=July 2012 |access-date=2 September 2012}}</ref> | 236 چورس ڪلوميٽر (91 چورس ميل) |- | [[File:Flag of Niue.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Public Seal of Niue (1974–2021).svg|frameless|110x110px]] | [[File:LocationNiue.png|150px]] | نايو<ref name="Europa3">{{cite web|url=http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm|title=List of countries, territories and currencies|date=9 August 2011|publisher=Europa|access-date=23 August 2011}}</ref> | <small>اها [[نيوزيلينڊ|نيوزي لينڊ]] سان آزاد لاڳاپن ۾ هڪ خود مختيار رياست آهي ۽ نيوزي لينڊ سان رياست جي سربراهه ۽ شهريت جي حصيداري ڪري ٿي، پر پنهنجي اندروني معاملن ۾ آزاد آهي.</small> | Niue (انگريزي)<br>Niuē (مقامي) | الوفي<ref name="Europa"/><ref name="Capital"/> | 1,311<ref name="Population"/> | 260 چورس ڪلوميٽر (100 چورس ميل) |} ==غيرخودمختيار علائقا== هيٺ ڏنل وجود اوشينيا جي اندر سمجهيا وڃن ٿا ۽ هيٺ ڏنل درجن مان ڪنهن هڪ درجي ۾ اچن ٿا: # خودمختيار رياستن جا وفاقي علائقا جيڪي انهن رياستن جي مکيه زمين کان ٻاهر واقع آهن. # علائقا جيڪا ڪنهن نه ڪنهن شڪل ۾ وفاقي علائقن کان سواءِ، خودمختيار رياستن جا لازمي حصا آهن، جتي خودمختار رياست جو هڪ اهم حصي جو زميني علائقو اوشيانا کان ٻاهر واقع آهي يا علائقو خودمختيار رياست جي مکيه زمين کان ٻاهر واقع آهي. انهن مان ڪيترائي علائقا اڪثر انحصاري يا خودمختيار علائقن جي طور تي بيان ڪيا ويندا آهن. # خودمختيار رياستن جا منحصر علائقا انهن مان ٻه علائقا (فرينچ پولينيشيا ۽ نيو ڪيليڊونيا) پئسفڪ ٻيٽ فورم جا ايسوسيئيٽ ميمبر آهن، جڏهن ته پنج ٻيا (آمريڪي ساموا، گوام، اتر ماريانا ٻيٽ، ٽوڪيلاؤ ۽ والس ۽ فوتونا) تنظيم اندر مبصر جي حيثيت رکن ٿا. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! class="unsortable" | Flag ! Coat of Arms / National Emblem ! class="unsortable" | Map ! English short and formal names<ref name="CIA Names"/> ! Status ! Domestic short and formal names ! Capital ! data-sort-type=number|Population ! Area<ref name="Area"/> |- | [[File:Flag of American Samoa.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Seal of American Samoa.svg|frameless|110x110px]] | [[File:LocationAmericanSamoa.png|150px]] | [[آمريڪن ساموا]]<br>آمريڪن ساموا جو علائقو <ref name="Europa"/> | [[Unincorporated territory]] of the [[United States]] | American Samoa — Territory of American Samoa (انگريزي)<br> Amerika Sāmoa (مقامي) | [[پاگو پاگو]]<ref name="Europa"/><ref name="Capital"/> | 67,242<ref name="Population"/> | {{sort|00199|{{convert|199|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag_of_Australia_(converted).svg|centre|100px|border]] | | [[File:AshmoreandCartierIslands.png|150px]] |ايشمور ۽ ڪارٽيئر آئيلينڊز<br>ايشمور ۽ ڪارٽيئر آئيلينڊز جا علائقا | [[States and territories of Australia|External territory]] of [[Australia]] | Ashmore and Cartier Islands (انگريزي) | <small>''None''</small> | <small>''Uninhabited''</small> | {{sort|00005|{{convert|5|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|centre|100px|border]] | | [[File:LocationBakerIsland.png|150px]] | بئڪر آئيلينڊز | [[Unincorporated territory]] of the [[United States]] | Baker Island (انگريزي) }}<ref name="USGS">{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-are-us-states-territories-and-commonwealths-designated-geographic-names-information-system?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products |title=How are U.S. states, territories, and commonwealths designated in the Geographic Names Information System? |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> | <small>''None''</small> | <small>''Uninhabited''</small><ref name="USGS"/> | {{sort|00129.1|{{convert|129.1|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Central Papua Province.svg|alt=|center|frameless|105x105px]] | [[File:Lambang Papua Tengah.png|alt=|center|frameless|115x115px]] | [[File:Papua Tengah in Indonesia.svg|150px]] | [[Central Papua]]<br /><br />Central Papua Province | [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province of Indonesia]] | Papua Tengah (ڀاشا انڊونيشيا) | [[Nabire Regency]] | 1,408,981<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2022"/> | {{sort|66130|{{convert|66130.49|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Christmas Island.svg|centre|100px|border]] | | [[File:Christmas Island on globe (Southeast Asia centered) with borders.svg|150px]] | [[Christmas Island]] | [[States and territories of Australia|External territory of]] [[Australia]] | Christmas Island – Territory of Christmas Island (انگريزي) | [[فلائنگ فش ڪو]]<ref name="Europa"/> / The Settlement<ref name="Capital"/> | 1,843<ref name=Census2016>{{cite web|author=Australian Government – Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development|title=2016 Census: Christmas Island|url=http://regional.gov.au/territories/Christmas/files/CI_2016_Census_Data_Fact_Sheet_Final.pdf|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref> | {{convert|135|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} |- | [[File:Flag of France.svg|centre|100px|border]] | | [[File:Clipperton_Island_in_its_region.svg|150px]] | ڪلپرٽن آئيلينڊز | [[French territories|Overseas state private property]] | Île de Clipperton (فرانسيسي) | <small>''None''</small> | <small>''Uninhabited''</small> | {{sort|00006|{{convert|6|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | | | [[File:Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands_on_the_globe_(Southeast_Asia_centered).svg|150px]] | [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] | [[States and territories of Australia|External territory of]] [[Australia]] | Cocos (Keeling) Islands – Territory of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (انگريزي) | [[West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands|West Island]]<ref name="Capital"/> / Bantam<ref name="Europa"/> | 544<ref name=Census2016/> | {{convert|14|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} |- | [[File:Flag_of_Australia_(converted).svg|centre|100px|border]] | | [[File:Wyspy Morza Koralowego.png|150px]] | [[ڪورال سي آئيلينڊز]]<br /><br />Coral Sea Islands Territory | [[States and territories of Australia|External territory]] of [[Australia]] | Coral Sea Islands — Coral Sea Islands Territory (انگريزي) | <small>''[[Willis Island]]''</small> | <small>''Uninhabited''</small> | {{sort|00003|{{convert|3|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Rapa Nui, Chile.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Emblem of Easter Island.svg|frameless|center|110x110px]] | [[File:Orthographic projection centred over Easter Island.png|150px]] | ايسٽر آئيلينڊز | Special territory of [[Chile]] | Isla de Pascua (اسپيني) Rapa Niu (مقامي) |هانگا روآ | 6,148<ref>{{cite web|language=es |url= http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/familias/demograficas_vitales.php |title= COMUNAS: ACTUALIZACIÓN POBLACIÓN 2002-2012 Y PROYECCIONES 2013-2020 |work= National Statistics Institute |access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> | {{sort|00163.6|{{convert|163.6|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of French Polynesia.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Coat of arms of French Polynesia.svg|frameless|115x115px]] | [[File:Location French Polynesia.png|150px]] | فرينچ پولينيشيا <br /><br />Overseas Country of French Polynesia<ref name="Europa"/> | [[Overseas country]] of [[France]] | Polynésie française — Pays d'outre-mer de la Polynésie française (فرانسيسي)<ref name="CIA Names"/> | [[پاپيٽئ]]<ref name="Europa"/><ref name="Capital"/> | 294,935<ref name="Population"/> | {{sort|04167|{{convert|4167|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Bandera Provincia Galápagos.svg|alt=|border|center|100x100px]] | | [[File:Galapagos Islands topographic map-fi.svg|center|thumb|138x138px]] | [[Galápagos Islands]] | Special territory of [[Ecuador]] | {{langx|es|Islas Galápagos}} | [[Puerto Baquerizo Moreno]] | 35,000 | {{sort|07880|{{convert|7880|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Guam.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Seal of Guam.svg|frameless|180x180px]] | [[File:LocationGuam.png|150px]] | [[Guam]]<br /><br />Territory of Guam | [[Unincorporated territory]] of the [[United States]] | {{langx|en|Guam — Territory of Guam}}<br /><br />{{langx|ch|Guahan}}<ref name="CIA Names"/> | [[Hagåtña]] / Agaña<ref name="Europa"/><ref name="Capital"/> | 183,286<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guam/ |title=Guam |publisher=CIA |access-date=23 August 2011}}</ref> | {{sort|00544|{{convert|544|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Hawaii.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Seal of the State of Hawaii.svg|frameless|110x110px]] | [[File:LocationHawaii.png|150px]] | [[Hawaii]]<br /><br />State of Hawaii | [[U.S. state|State]] of the [[United States]] | {{langx|en|Hawaii — State of Hawaii}}<br /><br />{{langx|haw|Hawai{{okina}}i — Moku{{okina}}āina o Hawai{{okina}}i}} | [[Honolulu]] | 1,404,054<ref name="Population"/> | {{sort|28311|{{convert|28,311|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Highland Papua.svg|border|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Lambang Papua Pegunungan.svg|frameless|center|110x110px]] | [[File:Papua Pegunungan in Indonesia.svg|150px]] | [[Highland Papua]]<br /><br />Highland Papua Province | [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province of Indonesia]] | {{langx|id|Papua Pegunungan}} | [[Jayawijaya Regency]] | 1,408,641<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2022"/> | {{sort|108476|{{convert|108476|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|centre|100px|border]] | | [[File:LocationHowlandIsland.png|150px]] | [[Howland Island]] | [[Unincorporated territory]] of the [[United States]] | {{langx|en|Howland Island}}<ref name="USGS"/> | <small>''None''</small> | <small>''Uninhabited''</small><ref name="USGS"/> | {{sort|00138.6|{{convert|138.6|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|centre|100px|border]] | | [[File:LocationJarvisIsland.png|150px]] | [[Jarvis Island]] | [[Unincorporated territory]] of the [[United States]] | {{langx|en|Jarvis Island}}<ref name="USGS"/> | <small>''None''</small> | <small>''Uninhabited''</small><ref name="USGS"/> | {{sort|00152|{{convert|152|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|centre|100px|border]] | | [[File:LocationJohnstonAtoll.png|150px]] | [[Johnston Atoll]] | [[Unincorporated territory]] of the [[United States]] | {{langx|en|Johnston Atoll}}<ref name="USGS"/> | <small>''None''</small> | <small>''Uninhabited''</small><ref name="USGS"/> | {{sort|00276.6|{{convert|276.6|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Bandera Juan Fernández.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Escudo de Juan Fernández.svg|frameless|centre|110x110px]] | [[File:Orthographic projection centred over Juan Fernandez.png|150px]] | [[Juan Fernández Islands]] | Special territory of [[Chile]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://36th-parallel.com/2012/04/27/weekly-analysis-chiles-pacific-presence/ | title=Weekly Analysis: Chile's Pacific Presence. &#124; 36th Parallel Assessments (NZ) | date=27 April 2012 }}</ref> | {{langx|es|Archipiélago Juan Fernández}} | [[San Juan Bautista, Chile|San Juan Bautista]] | 900 | {{sort|00099.06|{{convert|99.06|km2|sqmi|2|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|centre|100px|border]] | | [[File:Orthographic projection over Kingman Reef.png|150px]] | [[Kingman Reef]] | [[Unincorporated territory]] of the [[United States]] | {{langx|en|Kingman Reef}}<ref name="USGS"/> | <small>''None''</small> | <small>''Uninhabited''</small><ref name="USGS"/> | {{sort|01958.01|{{convert|1958.01|km2|sqmi|2|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|centre|100px|border]] | | [[File:Orthographic projection centred over midway.png|150px]] | [[Midway Atoll]] | [[Unincorporated territory]] of the [[United States]] | {{langx|en|Midway Islands}}<ref name="USGS"/> | <small>''None''</small> | <small>''Uninhabited''</small><ref name="USGS"/> | {{sort|02355.2|{{convert|2355.2|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of France.svg|centre|100px|border]]<br />[[File:Flag_of_FLNKS.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Emblem of New Caledonia.svg|frameless|center|140x140px]] | [[File:LocationNewCaledonia.png|150px]] | [[New Caledonia]]<br /><br />Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies | [[Overseas departments and territories of France|Overseas ''sui generis'' collectivity]] of [[France]]<ref name="Europa"/> | {{langx|fr|Nouvelle-Calédonie — Territoire des Nouvelle-Calédonie et Dépendances}}<ref name="CIA Names"/> | [[Nouméa]]<ref name="Europa"/><ref name="Capital"/> | 256,275<ref name="Population"/> | {{sort|18575|{{convert|18575|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Norfolk Island.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Norfolk Island.svg|frameless|124x124px]] | [[File:LocationNorfolkIsland.png|150px]] | [[Norfolk Island]]<br /><br />Territory of Norfolk Island<ref name="Europa"/> | [[States and territories of Australia|External territory]] of [[Australia]] | {{langx|en|Norfolk Island — Territory of Norfolk Island}}<br /><br />[[Norfuk]]: ''Teratri of Norf'k Ailen'' | [[Kingston, Norfolk Island|Kingston]]<ref name="Europa"/><ref name="Capital"/> | 2,169<ref name="Population"/> | {{sort|00036|{{convert|36|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Seal of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg|frameless|110x110px]] | [[File:LocationNorthernMarianas.png|150px]] | [[Northern Mariana Islands]]<br /><br />Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands<ref name="Europa"/> | [[Unincorporated territory]] and [[commonwealth (U.S. insular area)|commonwealth]] of the [[United States]] | {{langx|en|Northern Mariana Islands — Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands}}<br /><br />{{langx|ch| Sankattan Siha Na Islas Mariånas}}<br /><br /> [[Carolinian language|Carolinian]]: ''Téél Falúw kka Efáng Ilól Marianas'' | [[Saipan]]<ref name="Europa"/><ref name="Capital"/> | 46,050<ref name="Population"/> | {{sort|00464|{{convert|464|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Ogasawara, Tokyo.svg|centre|100px|border]] |[[File:Emblem of Ogasawara, Tokyo.svg|center|frameless|112x112px]] | [[File:Map of ogasawara islands ja.png|150px]] | [[Ogasawara, Tokyo|Ogasawara Village]] | Part of [[Ogasawara, Tokyo|Ogasawara]] [[Villages of Japan|Village]] in [[Tokyo]], Japan | [[Bonin Islands]]: {{langx|ja|小笠原群島}} <small>(''{{transliteration|zxx|Ogasawara Guntō}}'')</small><br /><br />[[Marcus Island]]: {{langx|ja|南鳥島}} <small>(''{{transliteration|zxx|Minamitori Shima}}'')</small><br /><br />[[Japanese islands|Parece Vela Reef]]: {{langx|ja|沖ノ鳥島}} <small>(''{{transliteration|zxx|Okinotori Shima}}'')</small><br /><br />[[Nishinoshima (Ogasawara)|Rosario Island]]: {{langx|ja|西之島}} <small>(''{{transliteration|zxx|Nishino Shima}}'')</small><br /><br />[[Volcano Islands]]: {{langx|ja|火山列島}} <small>(''{{transliteration|zxx|Kazan Rettō}}'')</small> | Ōmura ({{lang|ja|大村}}) | 2,871<ref name="Bonin">[http://www.soumu.metro.tokyo.jp/07ogasawara/guidance/summary.html 管内概要｜小笠原支庁] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724190609/http://www.soumu.metro.tokyo.jp/07ogasawara/guidance/summary.html |date=2017-07-24 }} (in Japanese).</ref> | {{sort|104.35|{{convert|104.35|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}<ref name="Bonin"/> |- | [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|centre|100px|border]] | | [[File:Orthographic projection over Palmyra Atoll.png|150px]] | [[Palmyra Atoll]]<ref name="CIA Names"/> | [[Incorporated territory]] of the [[United States]] | {{langx|en|Palmyra Atoll}}<ref name="USGS"/> | <small>''None''</small> | <small>''Uninhabited''</small><ref name="USGS"/> | {{sort|00012|{{convert|12|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Papua 2.svg|alt=|center|frameless|105x105px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Papua 2.svg|alt=|center|frameless|115x115px]] | [[File:Province of Papua in Indonesia.svg|150px]] | [[Papua (province)|Papua]]<br /><br />Papua Province | [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province of Indonesia]] | {{langx|id|Papua}} | [[Jayapura]] | 1,020,190<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2022">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2022.</ref> | {{sort|81049.30|{{convert|81049.30|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of the Pitcairn Islands.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Pitcairn Islands.svg|frameless|129x129px]] | [[File:Pitcairn Islands on the globe (French Polynesia centered).svg|150px]] | [[Pitcairn Islands]]<br /><br />Pitcairn Group of Islands | [[British Overseas Territories|British overseas territory]] | {{langx|en|Pitcairn Islands — Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands}}<br /><br />[[Pitkern language|Pitkern]]: ''Pitkern Ailen'' | [[Adamstown, Pitcairn Islands|Adamstown]]<ref name="Europa"/><ref name="Capital"/> | 48<ref name="Population"/> | {{sort|00047|{{convert|47|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of South Papua Province.svg|border|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Lambang Papua Selatan.png|alt=|center|frameless|115x115px]] | [[File:Papua Selatan in Indonesia.svg|150px]] | [[South Papua]]<br /><br />South Papua Province | [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province of Indonesia]] | {{langx|id|Papua Selatan}} | [[Merauke Regency]] | 517,623<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2022"/> | {{sort|127280|{{convert|127280.69|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Southwest Papua.svg|alt=|center|frameless|105x105px]] | [[File:Logo Papua Barat Daya1.png|frameless|center|115x115px]] | [[File:Southwest Papua in Indonesia.svg|150px]] | [[Southwest Papua]]<br /><br />Southwest Papua Province | [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province of Indonesia]] | {{langx|id|Papua Barat Daya}} | [[Sorong]] | 603,054<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2022"/> | {{sort|39167|{{convert|39167|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Tokelau.svg|centre|100px|border]] | [[File:Badge of Tokelau.svg|frameless|110x110px]] | [[File:LocationTokelau.png|150px]] | [[Tokelau]]<ref name="Europa"/> | Dependent territory of [[New Zealand]] | {{langx|tkl|Tokelau}}<br /><br />{{langx|en|Tokelau}} | <small>Each Atoll has its own administrative centre.</small><ref name="Europa"/><ref name="Capital"/> | 1,384<ref name="Population"/> | {{sort|00012|{{convert|12|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|centre|100px|border]] | | [[File:LocationWakeIsland.png|150px]] | [[Wake Island]] | [[Unincorporated territory]] of the [[United States]] | {{langx|en|Wake Island}}<ref name="USGS"/> | <small>''None''</small> | <small>''Uninhabited''</small><ref name="USGS"/> | {{sort|00006.5|{{convert|6.5|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag_of_Wallis_and_Futuna.svg|center|frameless|100x100px]] | [[File:Seal of Wallis and Futuna.png|frameless|110x110px]] | [[File:LocationWallisAndFutuna.png|150px]] | [[Wallis and Futuna]]<br /><br />Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands | [[Overseas collectivity]] of [[France]] | {{langx|fr|Wallis et Futuna — Territoire des Iles Wallis et Futuna}}<ref name="CIA Names"/> | [[Mata-Utu]]<ref name="Europa"/><ref name="Capital"/> | 15,398<ref name="Population"/> | {{sort|00142|{{convert|142|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of West Papua (vectorised).svg|alt=|center|frameless|105x105px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of West Papua.svg|alt=|center|frameless|142x142px]] | [[File:west Papua in Indonesia.svg|150px]] | [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]]<br /><br />West Papua Province | [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province of Indonesia]] | {{langx|id|Papua Barat}} | [[Manokwari]] | 551,791<ref name="Population"/> | {{sort|64125.66|{{convert|64125.66|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |} ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Oceania|Countries|اوشينيا|ملڪ}} * [[جي ڊي پي (پي پي پي) جي لحاظ کان اوشينيا جي ملڪن جي فهرست]] * [[آبادي جي لحاظ کان اوشينيا جي ملڪن جي فهرست]] * [[اوشينيا ۾ خودمختيار رياستن جي اڳوڻن جي فهرست]] * [[انساني ترقي جي انڊيڪس جي لحاظ کان ايشيا ۽ اوشينيا ۾ خودمختيار رياستن جي فهرست]] * [[آبادي جي لحاظ کان ڪيريبين ٻيٽ ملڪ جي فهرست]] * [[ٻيٽ جي ملڪن جي فهرست]] * [[هندي سمنڊ ۾ خودمختيار رياستن ۽ منحصر علائقن جي فهرست]] * [[يوريشيا ۾ خودمختيار رياستن ۽ منحصر علائقن جي فهرست]] ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:اوشينيا]] [[زمرو:اوشينيا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اوشينيا سان لاڳاپيل فهرستون]] [[زمرو:اوشينيا ۾ منحصر علائقا]] [[زمرو:ملڪن جون فهرستون]] [[زمرو:ملڪن جون فهرستون بلحاظ کنڊ]] [[زمرو:ملڪ جي لحاظ کان پهرين سطح جي انتظامي ورهاست]] 2c96s0hakdw4ie5t84jbdk0msckwuaz 10 88909 377125 351029 2026-05-11T23:56:58Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377125 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{<!-- 1: if a mandatory field is unspecified, return error, else next test -->#ifexpr: {{#if:{{{value|{{{2|}}}}}}|0|1}} or {{#if:{{{start_year|{{{3|}}}}}}|0|1}} |<span class="error">Error when using {{tl|Inflation}}:<!-- --> {{Separated entries|separator=,&#32;|conjunction=&#32;and&#32; |{{#if:{{{index|{{{1|}}}}}}||{{para|index}} (parameter 1)}} |{{#if:{{{value|{{{2|}}}}}}||{{para|value}} (parameter 2)}} |{{#if:{{{start_year|{{{3|}}}}}}||{{para|start_year}} (parameter 3)}} }} must be specified.</span><!-- -->{{#if:{{{nocat|}}}||{{main other|[[Category:Pages with errors in inflation template]]}}}}<!-- -->|{{<!-- 2: if index code is unrecognized, return error, else next test -->#ifexpr: not( {{#ifexist:Template:Inflation/{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}|1|0}} and {{Isnumeric|{{Inflation/year|{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}}}|boolean=true}} ) |<span class="error">Error when using {{tl|Inflation}}:<!-- --> {{para|index|'''{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}'''}} (parameter 1) not a recognized index.</span><!-- -->{{#if:{{{nocat|}}}||{{main other|[[Category:Pages with errors in inflation template]]}}}}<!-- -->|{{<!-- 3: if a numeric parameter contain invalid data, return error, else next test -->#ifexpr: not( {{Isnumeric|{{{value|{{{2}}}}}}|boolean=true}} and {{Isnumeric|{{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}}|boolean=true}} and {{#if: {{{end_year|{{{4|}}}}}} | {{Isnumeric|{{{end_year|{{{4}}}}}}|boolean=true}} | 1 }} and {{#if: {{{r|}}} | {{Isnumeric|{{{r}}}|boolean=true}} | 1 }} ) |<span class="error">Error when using {{tl|Inflation}}:<!-- --> [[NaN]], check parameters for non-numeric data:<!-- --> {{Separated entries|separator=,&#32;|conjunction=&#32;and&#32; |{{Ifnumber|{{formatnum:{{{value|{{{2}}}}}}|R}}||{{para|value|'''{{{value|{{{2}}}}}}'''}} (parameter 2)}} |{{Ifnumber|{{formatnum:{{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}}|R}}||{{para|start_year|'''{{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}}'''}} (parameter 3)}} |{{#if: {{{end_year|{{{4|}}}}}} | {{Ifnumber|{{formatnum:{{{end_year|{{{4}}}}}}|R}}||{{para|end_year|'''{{{end_year|{{{4}}}}}}'''}} (parameter 4)}} }} |{{#if: {{{r|}}} | {{Ifnumber|{{formatnum:{{{r}}}|R}}||{{para|r|'''{{{r}}}'''}}}} }} }}.</span><!-- -->{{#if:{{{nocat|}}}||{{main other|[[Category:Pages with errors in inflation template]]}}}}<!-- -->|{{<!-- 4: if a parameter is out of calculable bounds, return error, else proceed -->#ifexpr: not( ( {{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}} >= {{Inflation/{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}/startyear}} ) and( ( {{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}} <= {{{end_year|{{{4|{{Inflation/year|{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}}}}}}}}} ) or ( {{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}} = {{{end_year|{{{4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}}}} ) ) and ( {{{end_year|{{{4|{{Inflation/year|{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}}}}}}}}} <= {{Inflation/year|{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}}} ) ) |<span class="error">Error when using {{tl|Inflation}}:<!-- --> {{Separated entries|separator=,&#32;|conjunction=&#32;and&#32; |{{<!-- 4a: [parameter 3/start_year] too low --> #ifexpr: {{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}} < {{Inflation/{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}/startyear}} |{{para|start_year|'''{{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}}'''}} (parameter 3)<!-- --> is lower than the earliest available year ('''{{Inflation/{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}/startyear}}''')<!-- --> in index "'''{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}'''"<!-- -->}} |{{<!-- 4b: [parameter 3/start_year] greater than [parameter 4/end_year] ...and not equal to {{CURRENTYEAR}} if [parameter 4/end_year] is unspecified --> #ifexpr: ( {{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}} > {{{end_year|{{{4|{{Inflation/year|{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}}}}}}}}} ) and ( {{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}} != {{{end_year|{{{4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}}}} ) |{{para|start_year|'''{{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}}'''}} (parameter 3)<!-- --> is greater than<!-- --> {{<!-- -->#if:{{{end_year|{{{4|}}}}}}<!-- -->|{{para|end_year|'''{{{end_year|{{{4}}}}}}'''}} (parameter 4)<!-- -->|the latest available year ('''{{Inflation/year|{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}}}''')<!-- --> in index "'''{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}'''"<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} |{{<!-- 4c: [parameter 4/end_year] greater than [parameter 1/index] highest year --> #ifexpr: {{{end_year|{{{4|{{Inflation/year|{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}}}}}}}}} > {{Inflation/year|{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}}} |{{para|end_year|'''{{{end_year|{{{4}}}}}}'''}} (parameter 4)<!-- --> is greater than the latest available year ('''{{Inflation/year|{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}}}''')<!-- --> in index "'''{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}'''"<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}.</span><!-- -->{{#if:{{{nocat|}}}||{{main other|[[Category:Pages with errors in inflation template]]}}}}<!-- -->|<!-- begin template proper -->{{#ifeq:{{{orig|}}}|yes|{{{cursign|$}}}{{{2}}} (}}{{#ifeq:{{{fmt|raw}}}|eq|equivalent to {{{cursign|$}}}}}<!-- -->{{formatnum: {{ #iferror: {{#invoke:Math|round|1={{ #expr: {{formatnum:{{{value|{{{2}}}}}}|R}} {{#ifeq:{{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}}|{{CURRENTYEAR}} | * 1 | {{Inflation/{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}|{{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}}|{{{end_year|{{{4|{{Inflation/year|{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} }} round {{{r|0}}} }}|2={{{r|0}}}}} |<span class="error">Error when using {{tl|Inflation}}:<!-- --> [[NaN]]/calculation error, please notify [[Template talk:Inflation]].</span><!-- -->{{main other|[[Category:Pages with errors in inflation template]]}}<!-- this error indicates template bug, always categorize -->}} |{{#ifeq:{{{fmt|raw}}}|raw|R|}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{fmt|raw}}}|eq|&#32;in<!-- --> {{<!-- -->#ifeq:{{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}}|{{CURRENTYEAR}}<!-- -->|{{CURRENTYEAR}}<!-- -->|{{{end_year|{{{4|{{Inflation/year|{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}}}}}}}}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- end template proper -->}}<!-- 4 -->}}<!-- 3 -->}}<!-- 2 -->}}<!-- 1 -->{{#ifeq:{{{orig|}}}|yes|)}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> sb91ymbktm76xdg35twqa8l6uarri1z 10 88911 377147 351032 2026-05-12T07:54:47Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377147 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch:{{{index|{{{1|ERR}}}}}} <!-- *** When changing this, also update the reference in [[Template:Inflation/fn]] and the datasets for [[سانچو:Inflation]]! *** --> | AR = 2020 | AT = 2018 | AU = 2018 | AU-road = 2018 | BD = 2014 | BE = 2020 | BR = 2020 | CA = 2020 | CH = 2021 | CL = 2020 | CN = 2019 | DE = 2017 | DK = 2007 | EG = 2018 | ES = 2019 | FI = 2007 | FR = 2020 | GR = 2007 | ID = 2007 | IL = 2021 | IN = 2019 | IR = 1398 | IS = 2020 | IT = 2020 | JP = 2019 | KRW = 2017 | MX = 2007 | NL = 2016 | NO = 2017 | PE = 2017 | PH = 2019 | PK = 2019 | PL = 2007 | PT = 2007 | RU = 2007 | SE = 2009 | SG = 2020 | TEST = 2012 | TH = 2020 | TR = 2021 | TW = 2021 | UK|GBP = 2019 | UKGDP | UK-GDP | UK-CAP = 2019 | US|USD = 2021 | USGDP | US-GDP = 2020 | US-CAP = 2019 | ZAR = 2018 | ERR = <span class="error">Error: no index specified when using {{tl|Inflation/year}}.{{main other|[[زمرو:Pages with errors in inflation template]]}}</span> |#default = <span class="error">Error: undefined index "{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}" when using {{tl|Inflation/year}}.{{main other|[[زمرو:Pages with errors in inflation template]]}}</span> }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> s1qy1yzrljyzlkdq4ielyacpyurcew5 377177 377147 2026-05-12T10:47:35Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377177 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch:{{{index|{{{1|ERR}}}}}} <!-- *** جڏهن هن ۾ تبديلي ڪئي وڃي، تڏهن [[سانچو:Inflation/fn]] ۾ حوالو ۽ [[سانچو:Inflation]] لاءِ ڊيٽا سيٽ پڻ اپڊيٽ ڪريو! *** --> | AR = 2020 | AT = 2018 | AU = 2018 | AU-road = 2018 | BD = 2014 | BE = 2020 | BR = 2020 | CA = 2020 | CH = 2021 | CL = 2020 | CN = 2019 | DE = 2017 | DK = 2007 | EG = 2018 | ES = 2019 | EU = 2020 | FI = 2007 | FR = 2020 | GR = 2007 | HK = 2020 | ID = 2007 | IL = 2021 | IN = 2019 | IR = 1398 | IS = 2020 | IT = 2020 | JP = 2019 | KRW = 2017 | MX = 2007 | NL = 2016 | NO = 2017 | NZ = 2020 | PE = 2017 | PH = 2019 | PK = 2019 | PL = 2007 | PT = 2007 | RU = 2007 | SE = 2009 | SG = 2020 | TEST = 2012 | TH = 2020 | TR = 2021 | TW = 2021 | UK | GBP = 2019 | UKGDP | UK-GDP | UK-CAP = 2019 | US | USD = 2021 | USGDP | US-GDP = 2020 | US-CAP = 2019 | VN = 2020 | ZAR = 2018 | ERR = <span class="error">غلطي: {{tl|Inflation/year}} استعمال ڪندي ڪو بہ اشاريو مقرر نه ڪيو ويو.{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}</span> | #default = <span class="error">غلطي: {{tl|Inflation/year}} استعمال ڪندي اڻڄاتل اشاريو "{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}" ڏنو ويو.{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}</span> }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 862c6d71gji1qpbach9mpa75ks1lncn 10 88912 377163 351035 2026-05-12T08:46:58Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377163 wikitext text/x-wiki #چوريو[[سانچو:Formatprice]] rru0qau21v4tvvnscnre8nwgbcy3xjx 14 94953 377081 371499 2026-05-11T18:31:39Z Memon2025 21315 /* */ 377081 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:اوورسيز مجموعا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي انتظامي ورهاستون]] d566ci6jl99qc3erj2w6x2157v9a3ln 0 96278 377086 376799 2026-05-11T18:36:33Z Memon2025 21315 377086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Overseas department of France}} {{Infobox settlement |name= مئيوٽ<br>Mayotte |official_name=ڊپارٽمينٽ مئيوٽ<br>{{nobold|{{native name|fr|Département de Mayotte}}}}|settlement_type=فرانس جو اوورسيز ڊپارٽمينٽ ۽ يورپي يونين جو هڪ ٻاهرين علائقو|image_flag=Flag of Mayotte (Local).svg|flag_size=130|image_shield=Coat of Arms of Mayotte.svg|shield_size=100|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_size=|image_map=Département 976 in France (zoom).svg|map_caption=|motto=|coordinates={{Coord|12|50|35|S|45|8|18|E|region:FR-TF_type:isle_scale:500000|display=ti}}|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|فرانس}}|seat_type=[[صوبو|ڊپارٽمينٽ]]|seat=مامودزو|parts_type=ڊپارٽمينٽ|parts_style=list|parts=1|leader_party=|leader_title=ڊپارٽمينٽل ڪائونسل جو صدر|leader_name=بن عيسيٰ اوسني (LR)|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=374|area_land_km2=|area_water_km2=|area_rank=18th region|population_footnotes=<ref name=pop>{{Cite web |title=Estimation de population par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1975 à 2024 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/7752095/estim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2024.xls |access-date=17 January 2024 |language=fr }}</ref>|population_total=320901|population_as_of=جنوري 2024|population_density_km2=auto|population_demonym=ماهورن|timezone1=[[East Africa Time|EAT]]|utc_offset1=+03:00|timezone1_DST=|utc_offset1_DST=|demographics_type2=GDP|demographics2_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en|title=EU regions by GDP, Eurostat}}</ref>|demographics2_title1=ڪل|demographics2_info1=3.786 بلين يورو (2024)|demographics2_title2=في ماڻهو|demographics2_info2=11,508 يورو (2024)|blank_name_sec2=ڪرنسي|blank_info_sec2=يورو (€) (EUR)|website=[https://www.mayotte.gouv.fr/ Prefecture]<br/>[https://www.mayotte.fr/ Departmental Council]|iso_code={{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:YT|YT]]|[[ISO 3166-2:FR|FR-976]]}}|footnotes=|anthem={{lang|fr|[[La Marseillaise]]}}<br/>{{Small|("The Marseillaise")}}<br/>{{Center|[[File:La Marseillaise.ogg]]}}}} '''مئيوٽ''' ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]: <small>Mayotte</small>، شيمور: <small>Maore</small>، ڪبوشي: <small>Maori</small>)، سرڪاري طور تي ميوٽ جو کاتو (فرانسيسي: <small>Département</small> <small>de</small> <small>Mayotte</small>)، [[فرانس]] جو هڪ اوورسيز کاتو ۽ علائقو ۽ واحد علائقائي اجتماعيت (<small>Collectivity</small>) آهي. اهو فرانس جي اوورسيز کاتن مان هڪ ۽ انهي سان گڏ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس جي کاتن جي حيثيت سان فرانس جي 18 علائقن مان هڪ آهي. اهو [[يورپي يونين]] جو هڪ ٻاهرين علائقو ۽ فرانس جي اوورسيز کاتو طور [[يورو زون|يوروزون]] جو حصو آهي. ([[eurozone]]) ميوٽ موزمبيق چينل جي اترئين حصي ۾, اولهه هندي سمنڊ ۾, ڏکڻ اوڀر آفريڪا جي ساحل کان پري, براعظم تي مڊگاسڪر ٻيٽ جي اتر اولهه حصي ۽ اتر اوڀر موزمبيق جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. ميوٽ هڪ مکيه ٻيٽ, گرانڊي-ٽيري (يا ماور), هڪ ننڍو ٻيٽ پيٽيٽ-ٽيري (يا پامانزي) انهي سان گڏ انهن ٻنهي جي چوڌاري ڪيترائي ٻيٽ تي مشتمل آهي. ميوٽ جو زميني علائقو 374 چورس ڪلوميٽر (144 چورس ميل) آهي ۽ جنوري 2024 جي سرڪاري اندازن مطابق ان جي 3,20,901 ماڻهن جي آبادي, 858 آبادي في چورس ڪلوميٽر (2,228 في چورس ميل) سان, اهو تمام گهڻو گنجان آباد آهي. سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ صوبو وڏي گرانڊي-ٽيري تي مامودزو آهي. ڊزاؤدزي-پامانزي انٽرنيشنل ايئرپورٽ پاڙيسري ننڍڙي ٻيٽ پيٽيٽ-ٽيري تي واقع آهي. هن علائقي کي "ماور", ان جي مکيه ٻيٽ جو اصلي نالو, جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. فرانسيسي سرڪاري ٻولي آهي ۽ اها آبادي جي وڌندڙ حصي پاران ٻي ٻولي طور ڳالهائي ويندي آهي. 2007 جي مردم شماري ۾ 14 سالن ۽ ان کان وڏي عمر جي 63 سيڪڙو آبادي جي رپورٽنگ سان. ته اهي اهو ڳالهائي سگهن ٿا.<ref name="language">{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2569783|title=LANG1M- Population de 14 ans ou plus par sexe, âge et langues parlées|publisher=[[Cabinet of France|Government of France]]|website=INSEE|access-date=10 October 2013|language=fr}}</ref> ميوٽ جون ٻه مادري ٻوليون آهن. سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڳالهائي ويندڙ شيماور آهي. ۽ گهٽ ڳالهائي ويندڙ ملاگاسي ٻولي آهي جنهن کي ڪبوشي سڏيو ويندو آهي. جن مان ٻه لهجا آهن. ڪبوشي ساڪالاوا (ملاگاسي جي ساڪالاوا لهجي سان تمام گهڻو ويجهڙائي سان لاڳاپيل) ۽ ڪبوشي انتالوٽسي (مڊگاسڪر جي انتالوترا جي ڳالهائي ويندڙ لهجي سان تمام گهڻو ويجهڙائي سان لاڳاپيل). ٻئي لهجا شيماور کان متاثر ٿيا آهن. ٻيٽ پاڙيسري اوڀر آفريڪا کان آباد هئا. بعد ۾ عربن جي آمد سان. جيڪي اسلام جو مذهبي عقيدو کڻي آيا. 1500 ۾ هڪ سلطنت قائم ڪئي وئي. اڄ آبادي جي وڏي اڪثريت مسلمان آهي. 19 صدي ۾. ميوٽ کي اينڊريانٽسولي (مڊگاسڪر تي ايبوينا جو اڳوڻو بادشاهه) فتح ڪيو. هن 1841 ۾ ٻيٽ فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيا. ٻيٽن تي فرانسيسي خودمختياري جي فوري بعد. غلامي ختم ڪئي وئي ۽ مزدورن کي علائقي ۾ زمينن ۽ پوکي ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ درآمد ڪيو ويو. ميوٽ فرانس سان گڏ رهڻ جو انتخاب ڪيو. جڏهن ته ويجهي ڪومروس پنهنجي 1974 جي آزادي جي ريفرنڊم کانپوءِ پنهنجي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو. بهرحال، ميوٽ 31 مارچ 2010 تي فرانس جو 101 هون ڊپارٽمينٽ (پنجون فرانسيسي جمهوريه) بڻجي ويو. ۽ 1 جنوري 2014 تي يورپي يونين جو هڪ ٻاهرين لاڳاپيل علائقو بڻجي ويو. 2010 ۽ 2020 جي ڏهاڪي ۾ مقامي سياسي زندگي ۾ غير قانوني لڏپلاڻ جو مسئلو تمام اهم بڻجي ويو. جنهن فرانس کي آپريشن وومبوشو منظم ڪرڻ جو سبب بڻيو. 2019 ۾ سالياني آبادي ۾ %3.8 جي واڌ سان موجوده آبادي جو اڌ حصو 17 سالن کان گهٽ عمر جو هو. ان کان علاوه. آبادي جو %48 پرڏيهي شهري هو. <ref>Patrick Roger, [https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2019/06/20/le-gouvernement-craint-un-regain-des-tensions-sociales-a-mayotte_5479000_823448.html Le gouvernement craint un regain des tensions sociales à Mayotte ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620142849/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2019/06/20/le-gouvernement-craint-un-regain-des-tensions-sociales-a-mayotte_5479000_823448.html|date=20 June 2019}}, Le Monde, 20 June 2019.</ref> گهڻا مهاجر پاڙيسري ٻيٽ رياست ڪومروس مان ايندا آهن. فرانس جو غريب ترين کاتو هجڻ جي باوجود. ميوٽ ٻين پاڙيسري اوڀر آفريقي ملڪن جي ڀيٽ ۾ تمام گهڻو امير آهي. ۽ ان فرانسيسي انفراسٽرڪچر ۽ فلاحي نظام کي ترقي ڏني آهي. ان کي ڪومورس ۽ علائقي ۾ غربت ۾ رهندڙ ٻين اوڀر آفريقي ماڻهن لاءِ هڪ پرڪشش منزل بڻائي ٿو.<ref>Patrick Meinhardt, [https://www.africanews.com/2023/05/15/comoros-to-accept-migrants-voluntarily-returning-from-mayotte// Comoros to accept migrants voluntarily returning from Mayotte]{{Dead link|date=April 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, Africa News, 13 August 2024.</ref> ڊپارٽمينٽ کي وڏين چئلينجن کي منهن ڏيڻو پوي ٿو. انسٽيٽيوٽ نيشنل ڊي لا اسٽيٽسٽڪ ايٽ ڊيس ايٽيوڊز اڪونومڪس (INSEE) (نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اڪنامڪ اسٽيٽسٽڪس اسٽڊيز آف فرانس) <small>2018</small> ۾ شايع ٿيل رپورٽ موجب %<small>83</small> کان وڌيڪ آبادي فرانسيسي معيارن جي مطابق غربت جي لڪير هيٺ رهي ٿي (فرانس جي ميٽروپوليٽن ۾ 16 سيڪڙو جي مقابلي ۾). 40 سيڪڙو رهائشي ڌاتوءَ جي ٺهيل شيٽ شيڪس آهن, 29 سيڪڙو گهرن ۾ پاڻي ناهي ۽ 15 کان 64 سالن جي عمر وارن 34 سيڪڙو رهواسين وٽ نوڪري ناهي. <ref>[https://www.ouest-france.fr/mayotte/mayotte-le-gouvernement-annonce-1-9-million-d-euros-pour-le-plan-pauvrete-mayotte-6720980 Mayotte. Le gouvernement annonce 1,9 million d'euros pour le plan pauvreté à Mayotte] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218142111/https://www.ouest-france.fr/mayotte/mayotte-le-gouvernement-annonce-1-9-million-d-euros-pour-le-plan-pauvrete-mayotte-6720980|date=18 February 2020}}.</ref> اهي ڏکيا رهائشي حالتون خاص طور تي غير قانوني مهاجرن جي وڏي آبادي سان لاڳاپيل آهن, جيڪي جهنگلي شهرن ۾ گڏ ٿين ٿا.<ref>[https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/frances-crackdown-on-illegal-immigrants-comes-unstuck/ The Spectator – ''France's crackdown on illegal immigrants comes unstuck'' – 27 April 2023] : « ''Mayotte is the same size in land mass as the [[British Isles]] territory of the [[Isle of Wight]] in the [[Irish Sea]] – 147 square miles – but whereas the latter has a population of 142,000, Mayotte's is somewhere between 350,000 and 400,000. No one knows the precise figure because of the high rate of illegal immigration. The arrivals live in shanty towns / slums, and crime and disease have risen dramatically as a result.''»</ref> == جاگرافي == == ماحول == == تاريخ == == سياست == == دفاع == == انتظامي ڊويزن == == ٽرانسپورٽ == == معيشت == == آباديات == == ثقافت == == ميڊيا == == سياحت == == قابل ذڪر ماڻهو == == پڻ ڏسو: == == نوٽ == ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} == ڪتابيات == ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{Commons}} {{Wikivoyage}} * {{Wikiatlas}} * [https://www.mayotte.gouv.fr/ Prefecture website] {{in lang|fr}} * [https://www.cg976.fr/ Departmental Council website] {{in lang|fr}} * [http://www.ilemayotte.com IleMayotte.com], the Mayotte Portal. * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mf.html Mayotte]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921084632/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mf.html |date=21 September 2012 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [http://www.mayotte-tourisme.com/ Comité du tourisme de Mayotte] – official tourism website {{in lang|fr}} * [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/151046/mayottes-lagoon Mayotte] on the Earth Observatory ([[NASA]]). {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ميئوٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:غير جانبداري]] [[زمرو:تڪراري ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:تڪراري علائقا]] [[زمرو:منحصر علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڪومورس ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا علائقا]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا جا ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:اوڀر آفريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ تڪراري علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اوڀر آفريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ منحصر علائقا]] [[زمرو:هندي سمنڊ جا ٻيٽ ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي يونين جا ٻاهرين علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا اوورسيز ڊپارٽمينٽ]] [[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي فرانسيسي سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا اوورسيز مجموعا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا ڊپارٽمينٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي اوورسيز ڊپارٽمينٽ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:هندي سمنڊ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪن جا ٻاهرين علائقا]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي يونين جا ٻاهرين علائقا]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ 1974 ادارا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا علائقائي تڪرار]] [[زمرو:ڪوموروس جا علائقائي تڪرار]] [[زمرو:مڊگاسڪر جا علائقائي تڪرار]] [[زمرو:رياستون ۽ علائقا 1974 ۾ قائم ٿيو]] n7y2ay7jw5maquhwh36d36muwj6ftzp 0 96297 377124 376899 2026-05-11T23:53:52Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 billion}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 billion (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 billion (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 billion (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 billion (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت US$795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "Limited" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي NASDAQ تي DELL ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! 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Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] q9t0av6s2u6n6y6lbqthbdruudfcobg 14 96347 377084 376795 2026-05-11T18:34:12Z Memon2025 21315 /* */ 377084 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:آفريڪا جا ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:اوڀر آفريڪا ۾ ملڪ]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ تڪراري علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اوڀر آفريقي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ منحصر علائقا]] [[زمرو:هندي سمنڊ جا ٻيٽ ملڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا اوورسيز مجموعا]] [[زمرو:يورپي يونين جا ٻاهرين علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا اوورسيز ڊپارٽمينٽ]] cz59rhnaju0nwtjqkmozzxiwwojgft8 0 96351 377052 376822 2026-05-11T13:46:07Z Memon2025 21315 /* حوالا */ 377052 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mosquée_-_panoramio_(1).jpg|thumb|[[سنگوني مسجد]]]] سال <small>2012</small>ع جي اندازي مطابق، [[مئيوٽ]] جي اڪثريتي رهاڪن جو مذهب '''[[اسلام]]''' آهي، جن مان %<small>98</small> مسلمان ۽ %<small>2</small> عيسائي آهن.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_World_Muslim_Population/JDu9DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=mayotte+muslim&pg=PT261&printsec=frontcover|title=The World Muslim Population: Spatial and Temporal Analyses|date=2019}}</ref> ٻيٽ جي ڪل <small>90,000</small> رهاڪن مان <small>85,000</small> مهوري آهن.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|archivedate=2012-09-21|quote=2011-05-15}}</ref> مهوري ڪيترن ئي علائقن: مکيه زمين [[آفريڪا]] [[عرب]] ۽ ملاگاسي آبادگارن جو ميلاپ آهن. مئيوٽ ۾ اسلام جي موجودگي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ <small>15</small> صدي تائين ڳولي سگهجي ٿي.<ref name="Parkin2000p64">{{Cite book|author=David J. Parkin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJmqGFX-2MAC&pg=PA64|title=Islamic Prayer Across the Indian Ocean: Inside and Outside the Mosque|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=978-0-7007-1234-2|pages=64}}</ref> مئيوٽ جا مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني مسلمان]] آهن. <ref name=":1">{{حوالو ويب|date=2016-11-25|archivedate=2017-08-15|quote=2020-10-05}}</ref> اسلام جي مضبوط موجودگي جي باوجود، مهوري ڪلچر مظاهر پرستي (<small>animism</small>) سان ڀريل آهي ۽ صوفياتي رسمون اڃا تائين وڏي پيماني تي، خاص طور تي ملاگاسي نسل جي برادري ۾ عمل ڪيون وينديون آهن.<ref name=":1" /> ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[سنگوني مسجد]] * [[آفريڪا ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[ميئوٽ جي ثقافت]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} {{commons category}} [[زمرو:ميئوٽ]] [[زمرو:ميئوٽ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ اسلام]] 7tqzw3f0w6bwi120uah3t91pd19d9l2 377053 377052 2026-05-11T13:48:45Z Memon2025 21315 /* حوالا */ 377053 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mosquée_-_panoramio_(1).jpg|thumb|[[سنگوني مسجد]]]] سال <small>2012</small>ع جي اندازي مطابق، [[مئيوٽ]] جي اڪثريتي رهاڪن جو مذهب '''[[اسلام]]''' آهي، جن مان %<small>98</small> مسلمان ۽ %<small>2</small> عيسائي آهن.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_World_Muslim_Population/JDu9DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=mayotte+muslim&pg=PT261&printsec=frontcover|title=The World Muslim Population: Spatial and Temporal Analyses|date=2019}}</ref> ٻيٽ جي ڪل <small>90,000</small> رهاڪن مان <small>85,000</small> مهوري آهن.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|archivedate=2012-09-21|quote=2011-05-15}}</ref> مهوري ڪيترن ئي علائقن: مکيه زمين [[آفريڪا]] [[عرب]] ۽ ملاگاسي آبادگارن جو ميلاپ آهن. مئيوٽ ۾ اسلام جي موجودگي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ <small>15</small> صدي تائين ڳولي سگهجي ٿي.<ref name="Parkin2000p64">{{Cite book|author=David J. Parkin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJmqGFX-2MAC&pg=PA64|title=Islamic Prayer Across the Indian Ocean: Inside and Outside the Mosque|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=978-0-7007-1234-2|pages=64}}</ref> مئيوٽ جا مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني مسلمان]] آهن. <ref name=":1">{{حوالو ويب|date=2016-11-25|archivedate=2017-08-15|quote=2020-10-05}}</ref> اسلام جي مضبوط موجودگي جي باوجود، مهوري ڪلچر مظاهر پرستي (<small>animism</small>) سان ڀريل آهي ۽ صوفياتي رسمون اڃا تائين وڏي پيماني تي، خاص طور تي ملاگاسي نسل جي برادري ۾ عمل ڪيون وينديون آهن.<ref name=":1" /> ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[سنگوني مسجد]] * [[آفريڪا ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[ميئوٽ جي ثقافت]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} {{commons category}} [[زمرو:ميئوٽ]] [[زمرو:ميئوٽ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:اسلام-ملڪ-اسٽب]] [[زمرو:ميوٽ-اسٽب]] paknsdk780y2rp171nq8l7d6una1ess 14 96481 377050 2026-05-11T13:33:19Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:برسيان]] [[زمرو:نباتيات]] [[زمرو:برسيان]] [[زمرو:نباتيات]] [[زمرو:نباتاتيات]] [[زمرو:ٻوٽن جا ڊويزن]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪسانومي (نباتاتيات)]] [[زمرو:فرن جي درجه بندي]] 377050 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:برسيان]] [[زمرو:نباتيات]] [[زمرو:برسيان]] [[زمرو:نباتيات]] [[زمرو:نباتاتيات]] [[زمرو:ٻوٽن جا ڊويزن]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪسانومي (نباتاتيات)]] [[زمرو:فرن جي درجه بندي]] 2zx00khxyyynjymtp4xe94oall3b80p 14 96482 377051 2026-05-11T13:34:31Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:برسيان]] [[زمرو:فرن]] [[زمرو:درجي بندي (نباتات)]] 377051 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:برسيان]] [[زمرو:فرن]] [[زمرو:درجي بندي (نباتات)]] pdv8el3tyz6k5qnv7nyhpu72utgnnum 0 96483 377054 2026-05-11T14:08:21Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (INSEE جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا). "فرانس جا مسلمان" هتي ريڊائريڪٽ ٿئي ٿو. هن نالي واري تنظيم لاءِ، فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم) ڏ... 377054 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (INSEE جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا). "فرانس جا مسلمان" هتي ريڊائريڪٽ ٿئي ٿو. هن نالي واري تنظيم لاءِ، فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم) ڏسو. * maxvmoy4ipdczqugug9fwnjqzw4reoa 377055 377054 2026-05-11T14:08:49Z Memon2025 21315 Memon2025 صفحي [[Islam in France]] کي [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] ڏانھن چوريو 377054 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (INSEE جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا). "فرانس جا مسلمان" هتي ريڊائريڪٽ ٿئي ٿو. هن نالي واري تنظيم لاءِ، فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم) ڏسو. * maxvmoy4ipdczqugug9fwnjqzw4reoa 377057 377055 2026-05-11T15:12:22Z Memon2025 21315 /* */ 377057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = [[Grand Mosque of Paris|Grand Mosque]], [[Paris]]. | image_size = 300px | population = 10% of the population in 2019–2020 according to the data from INSEE<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[Prophet Muhammad|Islamic Prophet Muhammad]] | regions = [[Île-de-France]], [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]], [[Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]], [[Hauts-de-France]], [[Mayotte]] | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|'''Predominantly''':- [[Sunni Islam]] <br />'''Minority''':- [[Shia Islam]], [[Sufism]] and [[Ibadi Islam|Ibadism]]}} | scriptures =[[Quran]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = Mainly [[French language|French]]. Also [[Arabic]], [[Berber languages|Amazigh]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], other languages. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} {{Islam in Europe by country}} {{Islam by country}} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (INSEE جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا). [[Islam]] is the second-largest [[religion in France]] after [[Christianity]]. As of the most recent estimates, it is followed by approximately 10% of the population aged 18–59 in 2019–2020—according to data from [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The majority of Muslims in France belong to the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] denomination and are of foreign origins. Sizeable minorities of [[Shia]] and [[non-denominational Muslim]]s also exist. The French [[overseas region]] of [[Mayotte]] has a majority Muslim population, with 97% of the population following [[Islam]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> According to a survey in which 536 people of Muslim origin participated, 39% of Muslims in France surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily in 2008, a steady rise from 31% in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily ''[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]]''.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23% in 2008, up from 16% in 1994, while [[Ramadan]] observance has reached 70% in 2008 compared to 60% in 1994.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> Alcohol consumption also declined from 39% to 34%.<ref name=":32" /> ==History== ===Early history=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==Integration== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==Statistics== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==French Muslims== {{main category| French Muslims}} ===Athletes=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zinedine Zidane]], prominent football player]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Football player [[Franck Ribery]]]] * [[Nicolas Anelka]], football player, convert * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver ===Arts=== * [[Nasreddine Dinet]], painter, convert ====Actors==== * [[Leïla Bekhti]], award-winning film and television actress, [[L'Oréal]] ambassador * [[Assaad Bouab]], French-Moroccan actor of [[Call My Agent!]] fame * [[Sami Bouajila]], award-winning actor, recipient of two [[César Awards]] * [[Rachida Brakni]], award-winning actress, [[Comédie française]] member, wife of [[Eric Cantona]] * [[Jamel Debbouze]], award-winning actor and stand-up comedian, producer, philanthropist, husband of TV journalist and producer [[Mélissa Theuriau]] * [[Kheiron]], Iranian-born French comedian, actor and film director * [[Sabrina Ouazani]], actress of [[The Hook Up Plan]] and [[Games of Love and Chance]] fame * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==See also== {{Portal|Islam|France}} <!-- * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] --> *[[Demographics of France]] *[[Religion in France]] *[[Freedom of religion in France]] *[[Islam in Marseille]] *[[Islam in Besançon]] *[[Franco-Ottoman alliance]] *[[Turks in France]] *[[Immigration to Besançon]] == Notes == {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist|32em}} ==Further reading== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==External links== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Islam in Europe}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Islam in France| ]] [[Category:Islam by country|France]] 1k4x9m0c3u3k7iankkfckqgvvcquuq1 377063 377057 2026-05-11T16:01:14Z Memon2025 21315 377063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> == تاريخ == * : انضمام: اعداد و شمار: فرانسيسي مسلمان: == پڻ ڏسو == * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت == نوٽ == == حوالو == == وڌيڪ پڙهڻ == == ٻاهرين لنڪس == ==History== ===Early history=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==Integration== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==Statistics== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==French Muslims== {{main category| French Muslims}} ===Athletes=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zinedine Zidane]], prominent football player]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Football player [[Franck Ribery]]]] * [[Nicolas Anelka]], football player, convert * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver ===Arts=== * [[Nasreddine Dinet]], painter, convert ====Actors==== * [[Leïla Bekhti]], award-winning film and television actress, [[L'Oréal]] ambassador * [[Assaad Bouab]], French-Moroccan actor of [[Call My Agent!]] fame * [[Sami Bouajila]], award-winning actor, recipient of two [[César Awards]] * [[Rachida Brakni]], award-winning actress, [[Comédie française]] member, wife of [[Eric Cantona]] * [[Jamel Debbouze]], award-winning actor and stand-up comedian, producer, philanthropist, husband of TV journalist and producer [[Mélissa Theuriau]] * [[Kheiron]], Iranian-born French comedian, actor and film director * [[Sabrina Ouazani]], actress of [[The Hook Up Plan]] and [[Games of Love and Chance]] fame * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==See also== {{Portal|Islam|France}} <!-- * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] --> *[[Demographics of France]] *[[Religion in France]] *[[Freedom of religion in France]] *[[Islam in Marseille]] *[[Islam in Besançon]] *[[Franco-Ottoman alliance]] *[[Turks in France]] *[[Immigration to Besançon]] == Notes == {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist|32em}} ==Further reading== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==External links== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Islam in Europe}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Islam in France| ]] [[Category:Islam by country|France]] p5w5kqwj89w6tyvhhrznxdu2y1f1vi3 377064 377063 2026-05-11T16:03:29Z Memon2025 21315 /* نوٽ */ 377064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> == تاريخ == * : انضمام: اعداد و شمار: فرانسيسي مسلمان: == پڻ ڏسو == * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت == نوٽ == == حوالو == == وڌيڪ پڙهڻ == == ٻاهرين لنڪس == ==History== ===Early history=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==Integration== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==Statistics== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==French Muslims== {{main category| French Muslims}} ===Athletes=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zinedine Zidane]], prominent football player]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Football player [[Franck Ribery]]]] * [[Nicolas Anelka]], football player, convert * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver ===Arts=== * [[Nasreddine Dinet]], painter, convert ====Actors==== * [[Leïla Bekhti]], award-winning film and television actress, [[L'Oréal]] ambassador * [[Assaad Bouab]], French-Moroccan actor of [[Call My Agent!]] fame * [[Sami Bouajila]], award-winning actor, recipient of two [[César Awards]] * [[Rachida Brakni]], award-winning actress, [[Comédie française]] member, wife of [[Eric Cantona]] * [[Jamel Debbouze]], award-winning actor and stand-up comedian, producer, philanthropist, husband of TV journalist and producer [[Mélissa Theuriau]] * [[Kheiron]], Iranian-born French comedian, actor and film director * [[Sabrina Ouazani]], actress of [[The Hook Up Plan]] and [[Games of Love and Chance]] fame * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==See also== {{Portal|Islam|France}} <!-- * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] --> *[[Demographics of France]] *[[Religion in France]] *[[Freedom of religion in France]] *[[Islam in Marseille]] *[[Islam in Besançon]] *[[Franco-Ottoman alliance]] *[[Turks in France]] *[[Immigration to Besançon]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==References== {{Reflist|32em}} ==Further reading== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==External links== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Islam in Europe}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Islam in France| ]] [[Category:Islam by country|France]] j44je6bsf98p2q5y66u43v348ny6234 377066 377064 2026-05-11T16:04:04Z Memon2025 21315 377066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> == تاريخ == * : انضمام: اعداد و شمار: فرانسيسي مسلمان: == پڻ ڏسو == * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت == نوٽ == == حوالو == == وڌيڪ پڙهڻ == == ٻاهرين لنڪس == ==History== ===Early history=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==Integration== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==Statistics== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==French Muslims== {{main category| French Muslims}} ===Athletes=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zinedine Zidane]], prominent football player]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Football player [[Franck Ribery]]]] * [[Nicolas Anelka]], football player, convert * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver ===Arts=== * [[Nasreddine Dinet]], painter, convert ====Actors==== * [[Leïla Bekhti]], award-winning film and television actress, [[L'Oréal]] ambassador * [[Assaad Bouab]], French-Moroccan actor of [[Call My Agent!]] fame * [[Sami Bouajila]], award-winning actor, recipient of two [[César Awards]] * [[Rachida Brakni]], award-winning actress, [[Comédie française]] member, wife of [[Eric Cantona]] * [[Jamel Debbouze]], award-winning actor and stand-up comedian, producer, philanthropist, husband of TV journalist and producer [[Mélissa Theuriau]] * [[Kheiron]], Iranian-born French comedian, actor and film director * [[Sabrina Ouazani]], actress of [[The Hook Up Plan]] and [[Games of Love and Chance]] fame * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==See also== {{Portal|Islam|France}} <!-- * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] --> *[[Demographics of France]] *[[Religion in France]] *[[Freedom of religion in France]] *[[Islam in Marseille]] *[[Islam in Besançon]] *[[Franco-Ottoman alliance]] *[[Turks in France]] *[[Immigration to Besançon]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==Further reading== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==External links== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Islam in Europe}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Islam in France| ]] [[Category:Islam by country|France]] n11ke8wl37j12vaxv7odtkc4l6fv26b 377067 377066 2026-05-11T16:05:12Z Memon2025 21315 377067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> == تاريخ == * : انضمام: اعداد و شمار: فرانسيسي مسلمان: == پڻ ڏسو == * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت == نوٽ == == حوالو == == وڌيڪ پڙهڻ == == ٻاهرين لنڪس == ==History== ===Early history=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==Integration== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==Statistics== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==French Muslims== {{main category| French Muslims}} ===Athletes=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zinedine Zidane]], prominent football player]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Football player [[Franck Ribery]]]] * [[Nicolas Anelka]], football player, convert * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver ===Arts=== * [[Nasreddine Dinet]], painter, convert ====Actors==== * [[Leïla Bekhti]], award-winning film and television actress, [[L'Oréal]] ambassador * [[Assaad Bouab]], French-Moroccan actor of [[Call My Agent!]] fame * [[Sami Bouajila]], award-winning actor, recipient of two [[César Awards]] * [[Rachida Brakni]], award-winning actress, [[Comédie française]] member, wife of [[Eric Cantona]] * [[Jamel Debbouze]], award-winning actor and stand-up comedian, producer, philanthropist, husband of TV journalist and producer [[Mélissa Theuriau]] * [[Kheiron]], Iranian-born French comedian, actor and film director * [[Sabrina Ouazani]], actress of [[The Hook Up Plan]] and [[Games of Love and Chance]] fame * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==See also== {{Portal|Islam|France}} <!-- * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] --> *[[Demographics of France]] *[[Religion in France]] *[[Freedom of religion in France]] *[[Islam in Marseille]] *[[Islam in Besançon]] *[[Franco-Ottoman alliance]] *[[Turks in France]] *[[Immigration to Besançon]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==External links== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Islam in Europe}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Islam in France| ]] [[Category:Islam by country|France]] 9lxy0oherqr925znfdhl34mxxdo7y4x 377068 377067 2026-05-11T16:09:37Z Memon2025 21315 377068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> == تاريخ == * : انضمام: اعداد و شمار: فرانسيسي مسلمان: == پڻ ڏسو == * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت == نوٽ == == حوالو == == وڌيڪ پڙهڻ == == ٻاهرين لنڪس == ==History== ===Early history=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==Integration== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==Statistics== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==French Muslims== {{main category| French Muslims}} ===Athletes=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zinedine Zidane]], prominent football player]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Football player [[Franck Ribery]]]] * [[Nicolas Anelka]], football player, convert * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver ===Arts=== * [[Nasreddine Dinet]], painter, convert ====Actors==== * [[Leïla Bekhti]], award-winning film and television actress, [[L'Oréal]] ambassador * [[Assaad Bouab]], French-Moroccan actor of [[Call My Agent!]] fame * [[Sami Bouajila]], award-winning actor, recipient of two [[César Awards]] * [[Rachida Brakni]], award-winning actress, [[Comédie française]] member, wife of [[Eric Cantona]] * [[Jamel Debbouze]], award-winning actor and stand-up comedian, producer, philanthropist, husband of TV journalist and producer [[Mélissa Theuriau]] * [[Kheiron]], Iranian-born French comedian, actor and film director * [[Sabrina Ouazani]], actress of [[The Hook Up Plan]] and [[Games of Love and Chance]] fame * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==See also== {{Portal|Islam|France}} <!-- * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] --> *[[Demographics of France]] *[[Religion in France]] *[[Freedom of religion in France]] *[[Islam in Marseille]] *[[Islam in Besançon]] *[[Franco-Ottoman alliance]] *[[Turks in France]] *[[Immigration to Besançon]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} f7h4q8dnp5cobokpdd3fklztgs2v7n7 377069 377068 2026-05-11T16:15:30Z Memon2025 21315 377069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> == تاريخ == * : انضمام: اعداد و شمار: فرانسيسي مسلمان: == پڻ ڏسو == * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت == نوٽ == == حوالو == == وڌيڪ پڙهڻ == == ٻاهرين لنڪس == ==History== ===Early history=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==Integration== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==Statistics== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==French Muslims== {{main category| French Muslims}} ===Athletes=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zinedine Zidane]], prominent football player]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Football player [[Franck Ribery]]]] * [[Nicolas Anelka]], football player, convert * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver ===Arts=== * [[Nasreddine Dinet]], painter, convert ====Actors==== * [[Leïla Bekhti]], award-winning film and television actress, [[L'Oréal]] ambassador * [[Assaad Bouab]], French-Moroccan actor of [[Call My Agent!]] fame * [[Sami Bouajila]], award-winning actor, recipient of two [[César Awards]] * [[Rachida Brakni]], award-winning actress, [[Comédie française]] member, wife of [[Eric Cantona]] * [[Jamel Debbouze]], award-winning actor and stand-up comedian, producer, philanthropist, husband of TV journalist and producer [[Mélissa Theuriau]] * [[Kheiron]], Iranian-born French comedian, actor and film director * [[Sabrina Ouazani]], actress of [[The Hook Up Plan]] and [[Games of Love and Chance]] fame * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==See also== {{Portal|Islam|France}} <!-- * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] --> *[[Demographics of France]] *[[Religion in France]] *[[Freedom of religion in France]] *[[Islam in Marseille]] *[[Islam in Besançon]] *[[Franco-Ottoman alliance]] *[[Turks in France]] *[[Immigration to Besançon]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] d94vrq3av5xiqqf83qk5mm68n7pkytd 377074 377069 2026-05-11T18:16:30Z Memon2025 21315 377074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> == تاريخ == * : انضمام: اعداد و شمار: فرانسيسي مسلمان: == نوٽ == == حوالو == == وڌيڪ پڙهڻ == == ٻاهرين لنڪس == ==History== ===Early history=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==Integration== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==Statistics== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==French Muslims== {{main category| French Muslims}} ===Athletes=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zinedine Zidane]], prominent football player]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Football player [[Franck Ribery]]]] * [[Nicolas Anelka]], football player, convert * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver ===Arts=== * [[Nasreddine Dinet]], painter, convert ====Actors==== * [[Leïla Bekhti]], award-winning film and television actress, [[L'Oréal]] ambassador * [[Assaad Bouab]], French-Moroccan actor of [[Call My Agent!]] fame * [[Sami Bouajila]], award-winning actor, recipient of two [[César Awards]] * [[Rachida Brakni]], award-winning actress, [[Comédie française]] member, wife of [[Eric Cantona]] * [[Jamel Debbouze]], award-winning actor and stand-up comedian, producer, philanthropist, husband of TV journalist and producer [[Mélissa Theuriau]] * [[Kheiron]], Iranian-born French comedian, actor and film director * [[Sabrina Ouazani]], actress of [[The Hook Up Plan]] and [[Games of Love and Chance]] fame * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==See also== {{Portal|Islam|France}} <!-- * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] --> *[[Demographics of France]] *[[Religion in France]] *[[Freedom of religion in France]] *[[Islam in Marseille]] *[[Islam in Besançon]] *[[Franco-Ottoman alliance]] *[[Turks in France]] *[[Immigration to Besançon]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] psgo0smplqmrcp3bifjigfhnu9n9hva 377075 377074 2026-05-11T18:18:46Z Memon2025 21315 /* پڻ ڏسو */ 377075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> == تاريخ == * : انضمام: اعداد و شمار: فرانسيسي مسلمان: == نوٽ == == حوالو == == وڌيڪ پڙهڻ == == ٻاهرين لنڪس == ==History== ===Early history=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==Integration== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==Statistics== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==French Muslims== {{main category| French Muslims}} ===Athletes=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zinedine Zidane]], prominent football player]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Football player [[Franck Ribery]]]] * [[Nicolas Anelka]], football player, convert * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver ===Arts=== * [[Nasreddine Dinet]], painter, convert ====Actors==== * [[Leïla Bekhti]], award-winning film and television actress, [[L'Oréal]] ambassador * [[Assaad Bouab]], French-Moroccan actor of [[Call My Agent!]] fame * [[Sami Bouajila]], award-winning actor, recipient of two [[César Awards]] * [[Rachida Brakni]], award-winning actress, [[Comédie française]] member, wife of [[Eric Cantona]] * [[Jamel Debbouze]], award-winning actor and stand-up comedian, producer, philanthropist, husband of TV journalist and producer [[Mélissa Theuriau]] * [[Kheiron]], Iranian-born French comedian, actor and film director * [[Sabrina Ouazani]], actress of [[The Hook Up Plan]] and [[Games of Love and Chance]] fame * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Islam|France}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] *[[Demographics of France]] *[[Religion in France]] *[[Freedom of religion in France]] *[[Islam in Marseille]] *[[Islam in Besançon]] *[[Franco-Ottoman alliance]] *[[Turks in France]] *[[Immigration to Besançon]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] 1rzu4svdyx54dewqd2khb8knah7m5q2 377076 377075 2026-05-11T18:20:16Z Memon2025 21315 377076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> == تاريخ == * : انضمام: اعداد و شمار: فرانسيسي مسلمان: == نوٽ == == حوالو == == وڌيڪ پڙهڻ == == ٻاهرين لنڪس == ==History== ===Early history=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==Integration== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==Statistics== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==French Muslims== {{main category| French Muslims}} ===Athletes=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zinedine Zidane]], prominent football player]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Football player [[Franck Ribery]]]] * [[Nicolas Anelka]], football player, convert * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver ===Arts=== * [[Nasreddine Dinet]], painter, convert ====Actors==== * [[Leïla Bekhti]], award-winning film and television actress, [[L'Oréal]] ambassador * [[Assaad Bouab]], French-Moroccan actor of [[Call My Agent!]] fame * [[Sami Bouajila]], award-winning actor, recipient of two [[César Awards]] * [[Rachida Brakni]], award-winning actress, [[Comédie française]] member, wife of [[Eric Cantona]] * [[Jamel Debbouze]], award-winning actor and stand-up comedian, producer, philanthropist, husband of TV journalist and producer [[Mélissa Theuriau]] * [[Kheiron]], Iranian-born French comedian, actor and film director * [[Sabrina Ouazani]], actress of [[The Hook Up Plan]] and [[Games of Love and Chance]] fame * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] 7bsyw4u2xyipuimiuvsnxhxy3nhdzpn 377077 377076 2026-05-11T18:21:26Z Memon2025 21315 377077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> == تاريخ == * : انضمام: اعداد و شمار: فرانسيسي مسلمان: == نوٽ == == حوالو == == وڌيڪ پڙهڻ == == ٻاهرين لنڪس == ==History== ===Early history=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==Integration== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==Statistics== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==French Muslims== {{main category| French Muslims}} ===Athletes=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zinedine Zidane]], prominent football player]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Football player [[Franck Ribery]]]] * [[Nicolas Anelka]], football player, convert * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver ===Arts=== * [[Nasreddine Dinet]], painter, convert ====Actors==== * [[Leïla Bekhti]], award-winning film and television actress, [[L'Oréal]] ambassador * [[Assaad Bouab]], French-Moroccan actor of [[Call My Agent!]] fame * [[Sami Bouajila]], award-winning actor, recipient of two [[César Awards]] * [[Rachida Brakni]], award-winning actress, [[Comédie française]] member, wife of [[Eric Cantona]] * [[Jamel Debbouze]], award-winning actor and stand-up comedian, producer, philanthropist, husband of TV journalist and producer [[Mélissa Theuriau]] * [[Kheiron]], Iranian-born French comedian, actor and film director * [[Sabrina Ouazani]], actress of [[The Hook Up Plan]] and [[Games of Love and Chance]] fame * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] 0pzgw79ao7pyfsfj5l2uorcd4bnlpt2 377138 377077 2026-05-12T07:46:40Z Ibne maryam 17680 377138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> == تاريخ == * : انضمام: اعداد و شمار: فرانسيسي مسلمان: == حوالو == == وڌيڪ پڙهڻ == == ٻاهرين لنڪس == ==History== ===Early history=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==Integration== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==Statistics== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==French Muslims== {{main category| French Muslims}} ===Athletes=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zinedine Zidane]], prominent football player]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Football player [[Franck Ribery]]]] * [[Nicolas Anelka]], football player, convert * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver ===Arts=== * [[Nasreddine Dinet]], painter, convert ====Actors==== * [[Leïla Bekhti]], award-winning film and television actress, [[L'Oréal]] ambassador * [[Assaad Bouab]], French-Moroccan actor of [[Call My Agent!]] fame * [[Sami Bouajila]], award-winning actor, recipient of two [[César Awards]] * [[Rachida Brakni]], award-winning actress, [[Comédie française]] member, wife of [[Eric Cantona]] * [[Jamel Debbouze]], award-winning actor and stand-up comedian, producer, philanthropist, husband of TV journalist and producer [[Mélissa Theuriau]] * [[Kheiron]], Iranian-born French comedian, actor and film director * [[Sabrina Ouazani]], actress of [[The Hook Up Plan]] and [[Games of Love and Chance]] fame * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] l4kpb08vv62xx33cfgkduopsmzoevnd 377139 377138 2026-05-12T07:47:27Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* تاريخ */ 377139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== == حوالو == == وڌيڪ پڙهڻ == == ٻاهرين لنڪس == ==History== ===Early history=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==Integration== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==Statistics== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==French Muslims== {{main category| French Muslims}} ===Athletes=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zinedine Zidane]], prominent football player]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Football player [[Franck Ribery]]]] * [[Nicolas Anelka]], football player, convert * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver ===Arts=== * [[Nasreddine Dinet]], painter, convert ====Actors==== * [[Leïla Bekhti]], award-winning film and television actress, [[L'Oréal]] ambassador * [[Assaad Bouab]], French-Moroccan actor of [[Call My Agent!]] fame * [[Sami Bouajila]], award-winning actor, recipient of two [[César Awards]] * [[Rachida Brakni]], award-winning actress, [[Comédie française]] member, wife of [[Eric Cantona]] * [[Jamel Debbouze]], award-winning actor and stand-up comedian, producer, philanthropist, husband of TV journalist and producer [[Mélissa Theuriau]] * [[Kheiron]], Iranian-born French comedian, actor and film director * [[Sabrina Ouazani]], actress of [[The Hook Up Plan]] and [[Games of Love and Chance]] fame * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] bzwmrsz71gdhc4itx630lxxp8z4d0go 377140 377139 2026-05-12T07:47:51Z Ibne maryam 17680 377140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== == وڌيڪ پڙهڻ == == ٻاهرين لنڪس == ==History== ===Early history=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==Integration== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==Statistics== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==French Muslims== {{main category| French Muslims}} ===Athletes=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zinedine Zidane]], prominent football player]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Football player [[Franck Ribery]]]] * [[Nicolas Anelka]], football player, convert * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver ===Arts=== * [[Nasreddine Dinet]], painter, convert ====Actors==== * [[Leïla Bekhti]], award-winning film and television actress, [[L'Oréal]] ambassador * [[Assaad Bouab]], French-Moroccan actor of [[Call My Agent!]] fame * [[Sami Bouajila]], award-winning actor, recipient of two [[César Awards]] * [[Rachida Brakni]], award-winning actress, [[Comédie française]] member, wife of [[Eric Cantona]] * [[Jamel Debbouze]], award-winning actor and stand-up comedian, producer, philanthropist, husband of TV journalist and producer [[Mélissa Theuriau]] * [[Kheiron]], Iranian-born French comedian, actor and film director * [[Sabrina Ouazani]], actress of [[The Hook Up Plan]] and [[Games of Love and Chance]] fame * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] 1qt6eseosu86dfonb3jvo5fuhoibua9 377141 377140 2026-05-12T07:48:22Z Ibne maryam 17680 377141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== == ٻاهرين لنڪس == ==History== ===Early history=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==Integration== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==Statistics== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==French Muslims== {{main category| French Muslims}} ===Athletes=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zinedine Zidane]], prominent football player]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Football player [[Franck Ribery]]]] * [[Nicolas Anelka]], football player, convert * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver ===Arts=== * [[Nasreddine Dinet]], painter, convert ====Actors==== * [[Leïla Bekhti]], award-winning film and television actress, [[L'Oréal]] ambassador * [[Assaad Bouab]], French-Moroccan actor of [[Call My Agent!]] fame * [[Sami Bouajila]], award-winning actor, recipient of two [[César Awards]] * [[Rachida Brakni]], award-winning actress, [[Comédie française]] member, wife of [[Eric Cantona]] * [[Jamel Debbouze]], award-winning actor and stand-up comedian, producer, philanthropist, husband of TV journalist and producer [[Mélissa Theuriau]] * [[Kheiron]], Iranian-born French comedian, actor and film director * [[Sabrina Ouazani]], actress of [[The Hook Up Plan]] and [[Games of Love and Chance]] fame * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] bws5xknpy7uahb9o1785jzggwv9n6lk 377142 377141 2026-05-12T07:48:50Z Ibne maryam 17680 377142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ==History== ===Early history=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==Integration== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==Statistics== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==French Muslims== {{main category| French Muslims}} ===Athletes=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zinedine Zidane]], prominent football player]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Football player [[Franck Ribery]]]] * [[Nicolas Anelka]], football player, convert * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver ===Arts=== * [[Nasreddine Dinet]], painter, convert ====Actors==== * [[Leïla Bekhti]], award-winning film and television actress, [[L'Oréal]] ambassador * [[Assaad Bouab]], French-Moroccan actor of [[Call My Agent!]] fame * [[Sami Bouajila]], award-winning actor, recipient of two [[César Awards]] * [[Rachida Brakni]], award-winning actress, [[Comédie française]] member, wife of [[Eric Cantona]] * [[Jamel Debbouze]], award-winning actor and stand-up comedian, producer, philanthropist, husband of TV journalist and producer [[Mélissa Theuriau]] * [[Kheiron]], Iranian-born French comedian, actor and film director * [[Sabrina Ouazani]], actress of [[The Hook Up Plan]] and [[Games of Love and Chance]] fame * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] 20ibh3tyk98z1nfntwmp6dyt4dhjk7g 377143 377142 2026-05-12T07:49:46Z Ibne maryam 17680 377143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي تاريخ=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==Integration== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==Statistics== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==French Muslims== {{main category| French Muslims}} ===Athletes=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zinedine Zidane]], prominent football player]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Football player [[Franck Ribery]]]] * [[Nicolas Anelka]], football player, convert * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver ===Arts=== * [[Nasreddine Dinet]], painter, convert ====Actors==== * [[Leïla Bekhti]], award-winning film and television actress, [[L'Oréal]] ambassador * [[Assaad Bouab]], French-Moroccan actor of [[Call My Agent!]] fame * [[Sami Bouajila]], award-winning actor, recipient of two [[César Awards]] * [[Rachida Brakni]], award-winning actress, [[Comédie française]] member, wife of [[Eric Cantona]] * [[Jamel Debbouze]], award-winning actor and stand-up comedian, producer, philanthropist, husband of TV journalist and producer [[Mélissa Theuriau]] * [[Kheiron]], Iranian-born French comedian, actor and film director * [[Sabrina Ouazani]], actress of [[The Hook Up Plan]] and [[Games of Love and Chance]] fame * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] r8qu1ljk3jexi6p6904mz45zb38k8cp 377145 377143 2026-05-12T07:51:10Z Ibne maryam 17680 377145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي تاريخ=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==انضمام== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==Statistics== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==French Muslims== {{main category| French Muslims}} ===Athletes=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zinedine Zidane]], prominent football player]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Football player [[Franck Ribery]]]] * [[Nicolas Anelka]], football player, convert * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver ===Arts=== * [[Nasreddine Dinet]], painter, convert ====Actors==== * [[Leïla Bekhti]], award-winning film and television actress, [[L'Oréal]] ambassador * [[Assaad Bouab]], French-Moroccan actor of [[Call My Agent!]] fame * [[Sami Bouajila]], award-winning actor, recipient of two [[César Awards]] * [[Rachida Brakni]], award-winning actress, [[Comédie française]] member, wife of [[Eric Cantona]] * [[Jamel Debbouze]], award-winning actor and stand-up comedian, producer, philanthropist, husband of TV journalist and producer [[Mélissa Theuriau]] * [[Kheiron]], Iranian-born French comedian, actor and film director * [[Sabrina Ouazani]], actress of [[The Hook Up Plan]] and [[Games of Love and Chance]] fame * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] frcnncjk60qlgya4p9t94t4fy4z6r99 377146 377145 2026-05-12T07:52:21Z Ibne maryam 17680 377146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي تاريخ=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==انضمام== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==اعداد و شمار== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==French Muslims== {{main category| French Muslims}} ===Athletes=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zinedine Zidane]], prominent football player]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Football player [[Franck Ribery]]]] * [[Nicolas Anelka]], football player, convert * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver ===Arts=== * [[Nasreddine Dinet]], painter, convert ====Actors==== * [[Leïla Bekhti]], award-winning film and television actress, [[L'Oréal]] ambassador * [[Assaad Bouab]], French-Moroccan actor of [[Call My Agent!]] fame * [[Sami Bouajila]], award-winning actor, recipient of two [[César Awards]] * [[Rachida Brakni]], award-winning actress, [[Comédie française]] member, wife of [[Eric Cantona]] * [[Jamel Debbouze]], award-winning actor and stand-up comedian, producer, philanthropist, husband of TV journalist and producer [[Mélissa Theuriau]] * [[Kheiron]], Iranian-born French comedian, actor and film director * [[Sabrina Ouazani]], actress of [[The Hook Up Plan]] and [[Games of Love and Chance]] fame * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] p97m2gxqx2xoylq75x8u43n1u3mgadw 377148 377146 2026-05-12T07:54:47Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* فرانسيسي مسلمان */ 377148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي تاريخ=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==انضمام== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==اعداد و شمار== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==فرانسيسي مسلمان== {{main category|فرانسيسي مسلمان}} ===رانديگر=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zinedine Zidane]], prominent football player]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Football player [[Franck Ribery]]]] * [[Nicolas Anelka]], football player, convert * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver ===Arts=== * [[Nasreddine Dinet]], painter, convert ====Actors==== * [[Leïla Bekhti]], award-winning film and television actress, [[L'Oréal]] ambassador * [[Assaad Bouab]], French-Moroccan actor of [[Call My Agent!]] fame * [[Sami Bouajila]], award-winning actor, recipient of two [[César Awards]] * [[Rachida Brakni]], award-winning actress, [[Comédie française]] member, wife of [[Eric Cantona]] * [[Jamel Debbouze]], award-winning actor and stand-up comedian, producer, philanthropist, husband of TV journalist and producer [[Mélissa Theuriau]] * [[Kheiron]], Iranian-born French comedian, actor and film director * [[Sabrina Ouazani]], actress of [[The Hook Up Plan]] and [[Games of Love and Chance]] fame * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] k8b80g5jzxghr9fbvx44u1y0hvd0fio 377155 377148 2026-05-12T08:28:41Z Ibne maryam 17680 377155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي تاريخ=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==انضمام== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==اعداد و شمار== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==فرانسيسي مسلمان== {{main category|فرانسيسي مسلمان}} ===رانديگر=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال رانديگر، فرانس جي فٽبال ٽيم جو اڳوڻو ڪپتان ]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|فرينڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، (اسلام قبول ڪيو)]] * * نڪولس انيلڪا، فٽبال رانديگر. (اسلام قبول ڪيو) * حاتم بن عرفا، فٽبال رانديگر. * * ڪريم بينزيما، فٽبال رانديگر. * * وِسام بن يدر، فٽبال رانديگر * * اينگولو ڪانٽي، فٽبال رانديگر. * * هشام آور، فٽبال رانديگر * * نبيل فيڪير، فٽبال رانديگر. * محمد حوث، بين الاقوامي رگبي رانديگر. * سمير ناصري، فٽبال رانديگر. * پال پوگبا، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * عادل رامي، فٽبال رانديگر. * سوان ريبيڊجئ، بين الاقوامي رگبي يونين رانديگر. * فرانڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * مامدو ساخو، فٽبال رانديگر. * موسيٰ سيسوڪو، فٽبال رانديگر. * رباح سليماني، اسٽيڊ فرانسيس لاءِ رگبي پليئر ۽ فرانسيسي قومي رگبي يونين ٽيم ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ معاوضو وٺندڙ فرانسيسي پليئر. * زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال پليئر. * عثمان ڊيمبيلي، فٽبال پليئر. * بينجمن مينڊي، فٽبال پليئر. * بڪاري ساگنا، فٽبال پليئر. * جبريل سيديبي، فٽبال پليئر. * سيڊرڪ ڊومبي، ايم ايم اي فائٽر، مسلمان ٿيو. * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver ===Arts=== * [[Nasreddine Dinet]], painter, convert ====Actors==== * [[Leïla Bekhti]], award-winning film and television actress, [[L'Oréal]] ambassador * [[Assaad Bouab]], French-Moroccan actor of [[Call My Agent!]] fame * [[Sami Bouajila]], award-winning actor, recipient of two [[César Awards]] * [[Rachida Brakni]], award-winning actress, [[Comédie française]] member, wife of [[Eric Cantona]] * [[Jamel Debbouze]], award-winning actor and stand-up comedian, producer, philanthropist, husband of TV journalist and producer [[Mélissa Theuriau]] * [[Kheiron]], Iranian-born French comedian, actor and film director * [[Sabrina Ouazani]], actress of [[The Hook Up Plan]] and [[Games of Love and Chance]] fame * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] acgctpbuftg71xay14u7ppnez5rjhfj 377156 377155 2026-05-12T08:32:05Z Ibne maryam 17680 377156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي تاريخ=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==انضمام== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==اعداد و شمار== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==فرانسيسي مسلمان== {{main category|فرانسيسي مسلمان}} ===رانديگر=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال رانديگر، فرانس جي فٽبال ٽيم جو اڳوڻو ڪپتان ]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|فرينڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، (اسلام قبول ڪيو)]] * * نڪولس انيلڪا، فٽبال رانديگر. (اسلام قبول ڪيو) * حاتم بن عرفا، فٽبال رانديگر. * * ڪريم بينزيما، فٽبال رانديگر. * * وِسام بن يدر، فٽبال رانديگر * * اينگولو ڪانٽي، فٽبال رانديگر. * * هشام آور، فٽبال رانديگر * * نبيل فيڪير، فٽبال رانديگر. * محمد حوث، بين الاقوامي رگبي رانديگر. * سمير ناصري، فٽبال رانديگر. * پال پوگبا، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * عادل رامي، فٽبال رانديگر. * سوان ريبيڊجئ، بين الاقوامي رگبي يونين رانديگر. * فرانڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * مامدو ساخو، فٽبال رانديگر. * موسيٰ سيسوڪو، فٽبال رانديگر. * رباح سليماني، اسٽيڊ فرانسيس لاءِ رگبي پليئر ۽ فرانسيسي قومي رگبي يونين ٽيم ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ معاوضو وٺندڙ فرانسيسي پليئر. * زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال پليئر. * عثمان ڊيمبيلي، فٽبال پليئر. * بينجمن مينڊي، فٽبال پليئر. * بڪاري ساگنا، فٽبال پليئر. * جبريل سيديبي، فٽبال پليئر. * سيڊرڪ ڊومبي، ايم ايم اي فائٽر، مسلمان ٿيو. * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver ===Arts=== * [[Nasreddine Dinet]], painter, convert ==== فنڪار ==== * اسحاق هيجر، فارمولا 1 ڊرائيور * نصرالدين ڊينيٽ، مصور، اسلام قبول ڪيو. * * ليلا بختي، ايوارڊ يافته فلم ۽ ٽيليويزن اداڪاره، لورال سفير. * اسد بواب، ڪال مائي ايجنٽ! فيم جو فرانسيسي-مراکشي اداڪار. * سميع بواجلا، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار، ٻه سيزر ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ. * رچيدا برڪني، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪاره، ڪاميڊي فرانسيس ميمبر، ايريڪ ڪينٽونا جي زال * جميل ڊيبوز، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار ۽ اسٽينڊ اپ ڪاميڊين، پروڊيوسر، انسان دوست، ٽي وي صحافي ۽ پروڊيوسر ميليسا ٿيوريو جو مڙس * خيرون، ايراني ڄاول فرانسيسي ڪاميڊين، اداڪار ۽ فلم ڊائريڪٽر * سبرينا اوازاني، دي هُڪ اپ پلان ۽ گيمز آف لو اينڊ چانس فيم جي اداڪاره * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] qtrhmcsycc5eoxk1cfssuml5r9vmpou 377157 377156 2026-05-12T08:33:30Z Ibne maryam 17680 377157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي تاريخ=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==انضمام== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==اعداد و شمار== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==فرانسيسي مسلمان== {{main category|فرانسيسي مسلمان}} ===رانديگر=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال رانديگر، فرانس جي فٽبال ٽيم جو اڳوڻو ڪپتان ]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|فرينڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، (اسلام قبول ڪيو)]] * * نڪولس انيلڪا، فٽبال رانديگر. (اسلام قبول ڪيو) * حاتم بن عرفا، فٽبال رانديگر. * * ڪريم بينزيما، فٽبال رانديگر. * * وِسام بن يدر، فٽبال رانديگر * * اينگولو ڪانٽي، فٽبال رانديگر. * * هشام آور، فٽبال رانديگر * * نبيل فيڪير، فٽبال رانديگر. * محمد حوث، بين الاقوامي رگبي رانديگر. * سمير ناصري، فٽبال رانديگر. * پال پوگبا، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * عادل رامي، فٽبال رانديگر. * سوان ريبيڊجئ، بين الاقوامي رگبي يونين رانديگر. * فرانڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * مامدو ساخو، فٽبال رانديگر. * موسيٰ سيسوڪو، فٽبال رانديگر. * رباح سليماني، اسٽيڊ فرانسيس لاءِ رگبي پليئر ۽ فرانسيسي قومي رگبي يونين ٽيم ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ معاوضو وٺندڙ فرانسيسي پليئر. * زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال پليئر. * عثمان ڊيمبيلي، فٽبال پليئر. * بينجمن مينڊي، فٽبال پليئر. * بڪاري ساگنا، فٽبال پليئر. * جبريل سيديبي، فٽبال پليئر. * سيڊرڪ ڊومبي، ايم ايم اي فائٽر، مسلمان ٿيو. * [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], football player * [[Karim Benzema]], football player * [[Wissam Ben Yedder]], football player * [[N'Golo Kante]], football player * [[Houssem Aouar]], football player * [[Nabil Fekir]], football player * [[Mohamed Haouas]], international rugby player * [[Samir Nasri]], football player * [[Paul Pogba]], football player, convert * [[Adil Rami]], football player * [[Swan Rebbadj]], international rugby union player * [[Franck Ribéry]], football player, convert * [[Mamadou Sakho]], football player * [[Moussa Sissoko]], football player * [[Rabah Slimani]], rugby player (both loose head and tight head prop) for [[Stade Français]] and in the [[French national rugby union team]], highest paid French player<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * [[Zinedine Zidane]], football player * [[Ousmane Dembele]], football player * [[Benjamin Mendy]], football player * [[Bacary Sagna]], football player * [[Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)|Djibril Sidibe]], football player * [[Cédric Doumbé]] MMA fighter, convert * [[Isack Hadjar]], Formula 1 Driver * اسحاق هيجر، فارمولا 1 ڊرائيور ==== فنڪار ==== * نصرالدين ڊينيٽ، مصور، اسلام قبول ڪيو. * ليلا بختي، ايوارڊ يافته فلم ۽ ٽيليويزن اداڪاره، لورال سفير. * اسد بواب، ڪال مائي ايجنٽ! فيم جو فرانسيسي-مراکشي اداڪار. * سميع بواجلا، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار، ٻه سيزر ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ. * رچيدا برڪني، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪاره، ڪاميڊي فرانسيس ميمبر، ايريڪ ڪينٽونا جي زال * جميل ڊيبوز، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار ۽ اسٽينڊ اپ ڪاميڊين، پروڊيوسر، انسان دوست، ٽي وي صحافي ۽ پروڊيوسر ميليسا ٿيوريو جو مڙس * خيرون، ايراني ڄاول فرانسيسي ڪاميڊين، اداڪار ۽ فلم ڊائريڪٽر * سبرينا اوازاني، دي هُڪ اپ پلان ۽ گيمز آف لو اينڊ چانس فيم جي اداڪاره * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] 2xs7guvxjnk30lg03ia37fjzir0hpqi 377158 377157 2026-05-12T08:36:19Z Ibne maryam 17680 377158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي تاريخ=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==انضمام== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==اعداد و شمار== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === Converts === In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==فرانسيسي مسلمان== {{main category|فرانسيسي مسلمان}} ===رانديگر=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[زين الدين زيدان]]، فٽبال رانديگر، فرانس جي فٽبال ٽيم جو اڳوڻو ڪپتان ]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[فرينڪ ريبيري]]، فٽبال رانديگر، (اسلام قبول ڪيو)]] * * نڪولس انيلڪا، فٽبال رانديگر. (اسلام قبول ڪيو) * حاتم بن عرفا، فٽبال رانديگر. * * ڪريم بينزيما، فٽبال رانديگر. * * وِسام بن يدر، فٽبال رانديگر * * اينگولو ڪانٽي، فٽبال رانديگر. * * هشام آور، فٽبال رانديگر * * نبيل فيڪير، فٽبال رانديگر. * محمد حوث، بين الاقوامي رگبي رانديگر. * سمير ناصري، فٽبال رانديگر. * پال پوگبا، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * عادل رامي، فٽبال رانديگر. * سوان ريبيڊجئ، بين الاقوامي رگبي يونين رانديگر. * فرانڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * مامدو ساخو، فٽبال رانديگر. * موسيٰ سيسوڪو، فٽبال رانديگر. * رباح سليماني، اسٽيڊ فرانسيس لاءِ رگبي پليئر ۽ فرانسيسي قومي رگبي يونين ٽيم ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ معاوضو وٺندڙ فرانسيسي پليئر.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال پليئر * عثمان ڊيمبيلي، فٽبال پليئر * بينجمن مينڊي، فٽبال پليئر * بڪاري ساگنا، فٽبال پليئر * جبريل سيديبي، فٽبال پليئر * سيڊرڪ ڊومبي، ايم ايم اي فائٽر، مسلمان ٿيو. * اسحاق هيجر، فارمولا 1 ڊرائيور ==== فنڪار ==== * نصرالدين ڊينيٽ، مصور، اسلام قبول ڪيو. * ليلا بختي، ايوارڊ يافته فلم ۽ ٽيليويزن اداڪاره، لورال سفير * اسد بواب، ڪال مائي ايجنٽ! فيم جو فرانسيسي-مراڪشي اداڪار * سميع بواجلا، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار، ٻه سيزر ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ * رچيدا برڪني، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪاره، ڪاميڊي فرانسيس ميمبر، ايريڪ ڪينٽونا جي زال * جميل ڊيبوز، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار ۽ اسٽينڊ اپ ڪاميڊين، پروڊيوسر، انسان دوست، ٽي وي صحافي ۽ پروڊيوسر ميليسا ٿيوريو جو مڙس * خيرون، ايراني ڄاول فرانسيسي ڪاميڊين، اداڪار ۽ فلم ڊائريڪٽر * سبرينا اوازاني، دي هُڪ اپ پلان ۽ گيمز آف لو اينڊ چانس فيم جي اداڪاره * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] 5m4b3sy6ygeo1t0ygmb68aw5obsjis6 377168 377158 2026-05-12T09:56:47Z Ibne maryam 17680 377168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي تاريخ=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==انضمام== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==اعداد و شمار== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> According to [[Jean-Paul Gourévitch]], there were 8.5&nbsp;million of Muslim origin (about 1/8 of the population), in metropolitan France in 2017.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> In 2017, François Héran, former Head of the Population Surveys Branch at [[INSEE]] and Director of [[INED]] (French National Institute for Demographic Research) between 1999 and 2009, stated that about one eighth of the French population was of Muslim origin in 2017 (8.4&nbsp;million).<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> According to the latest Special Eurobarometer 493 (2019) the Muslim population in France is estimated to be 5% or 3.35 million.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] predicts the Muslim population would rise to 8.6&nbsp;million or 12.7 percent of the country in 2050 with zero immigration, and 13.2&nbsp;million or 18.0 percent with high immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> According to a 2023 report by the INED-[[INSEE]] 91% of those who were raised in Muslim families in France follow the same religion and faith of their parents.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> === اسلام قبول ڪندڙ === سال <small>2013</small>ع ۾، دي نيو يارڪ ٽائمز برنارڊ گوڊارڊ، جيڪو هڪ اڳوڻو فرانسيسي انٽيليجنس آفيسر، اسلامي معاملن ۾ ماهر ۽ ان وقت ملڪ جي گهرو وزارت سان لاڳاپيل هو، جو حوالو ڏنو. جن اندازو لڳايو ته فرانس جي ڪل مسلمان آبادي <small>60</small> لک آهي جنهن مان <small>1</small><small>,00,000</small> فرانسيسي نسل جا مسلمان هئا، جيڪا پنهنجو مذهب تبديل ڪيا (سال <small>1986</small>ع ۾ <small>50,000</small> جي مقابلي ۾)، جڏهن ته مسلم تنظيمون هي تعداد <small>2,00,000</small> تائين ٻڏائڻ ٿيون.<ref name=":3" /> سال <small>2025ع</small> ۾، سماجيات جي ماهر فرينڪ فريگوسي، "گوورنر ايل اسلام اين فرانس" (فرانس ۾ اسلام جي حڪومت) جي ليکڪ، جي "لي پيريسين رپورٽ" جو اندازو آهي ته فرانس ۾ هر سال لڳ ڀڳ <small>5</small><small>,000</small> ماڻهو اسلام قبول ڪندا آهن، اهو انگ مرڪزي رڪارڊن جي بدران سماجي مشاهدي مان نڪتل آهي، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته رجحان گذريل ڏهاڪن جي مقابلي ۾ وڌي رهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> , ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades. مسلم-يهودي لاڳاپا: 2006 ۾ جرمني، فرانس، برطانيه ۽ اسپين ۾ پيو ريسرچ سينٽر پاران ڪيل هڪ سروي ۾ ظاهر ٿيو ته 71 سيڪڙو فرانسيسي مسلمان پنهنجن ساٿي يهودي شهرين بابت مثبت خيال رکندا هئا، مثبت جذبات جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ سيڪڙو، يورپ ۾ پول ڪيل سڀني يورپي مسلمانن مان صرف اڪثريت مثبت طور تي اظهار ڪيو ۽ هڪ فرانسيسي استثنا. فرانس ۾ مسلمانن جي اڪثريت پڻ حماس جي حمايت نه ڪئي (46 سيڪڙو منفي بمقابله 44 سيڪڙو مثبت جواب "ڇا حماس جي فتح فلسطينين لاءِ سٺي آهي؟") ۽ 71 سيڪڙو جواب ڏيندڙن ايران جي ايٽمي هٿيار حاصل ڪرڻ جي منظوري نه ڏني. فرانس ۾ هي مسلم-يهودي اتحاد جزوي طور تي هن حقيقت سان بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته ٻنهي آبادي جو هڪ وڏو سيڪڙو مغرب ۾ پيدا ٿئي ٿو ۽ فرانسيسي لايسيٽي جا اثر vivre-ensemble (يعني "گڏجي گڏ رهڻ") تي ​​گڏيل سول ادارتي جڳهن ۾ مذهبي ۽ سياسي طور تي سڀني لاءِ غير جانبدار رهن ٿا. === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==فرانسيسي مسلمان== {{main category|فرانسيسي مسلمان}} ===رانديگر=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[زين الدين زيدان]]، فٽبال رانديگر، فرانس جي فٽبال ٽيم جو اڳوڻو ڪپتان ]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[فرينڪ ريبيري]]، فٽبال رانديگر، (اسلام قبول ڪيو)]] * * نڪولس انيلڪا، فٽبال رانديگر. (اسلام قبول ڪيو) * حاتم بن عرفا، فٽبال رانديگر. * * ڪريم بينزيما، فٽبال رانديگر. * * وِسام بن يدر، فٽبال رانديگر * * اينگولو ڪانٽي، فٽبال رانديگر. * * هشام آور، فٽبال رانديگر * * نبيل فيڪير، فٽبال رانديگر. * محمد حوث، بين الاقوامي رگبي رانديگر. * سمير ناصري، فٽبال رانديگر. * پال پوگبا، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * عادل رامي، فٽبال رانديگر. * سوان ريبيڊجئ، بين الاقوامي رگبي يونين رانديگر. * فرانڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * مامدو ساخو، فٽبال رانديگر. * موسيٰ سيسوڪو، فٽبال رانديگر. * رباح سليماني، اسٽيڊ فرانسيس لاءِ رگبي پليئر ۽ فرانسيسي قومي رگبي يونين ٽيم ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ معاوضو وٺندڙ فرانسيسي پليئر.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال پليئر * عثمان ڊيمبيلي، فٽبال پليئر * بينجمن مينڊي، فٽبال پليئر * بڪاري ساگنا، فٽبال پليئر * جبريل سيديبي، فٽبال پليئر * سيڊرڪ ڊومبي، ايم ايم اي فائٽر، مسلمان ٿيو. * اسحاق هيجر، فارمولا 1 ڊرائيور ==== فنڪار ==== * نصرالدين ڊينيٽ، مصور، اسلام قبول ڪيو. * ليلا بختي، ايوارڊ يافته فلم ۽ ٽيليويزن اداڪاره، لورال سفير * اسد بواب، ڪال مائي ايجنٽ! فيم جو فرانسيسي-مراڪشي اداڪار * سميع بواجلا، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار، ٻه سيزر ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ * رچيدا برڪني، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪاره، ڪاميڊي فرانسيس ميمبر، ايريڪ ڪينٽونا جي زال * جميل ڊيبوز، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار ۽ اسٽينڊ اپ ڪاميڊين، پروڊيوسر، انسان دوست، ٽي وي صحافي ۽ پروڊيوسر ميليسا ٿيوريو جو مڙس * خيرون، ايراني ڄاول فرانسيسي ڪاميڊين، اداڪار ۽ فلم ڊائريڪٽر * سبرينا اوازاني، دي هُڪ اپ پلان ۽ گيمز آف لو اينڊ چانس فيم جي اداڪاره * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] ofjqrjfsr507cfktp1siq24y7kppb17 377169 377168 2026-05-12T10:04:14Z Ibne maryam 17680 377169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي تاريخ=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==انضمام== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==اعداد و شمار== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ (INED) جي هڪ محقق، مشيل ٽرائبلاٽ جي مطابق، 5 جي قبوليت جين پال گوريويچ جي مطابق، 2017 ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۾ 8.5 ملين مسلمان نسل (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 1/8) هئا.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> سال 2017ع ۾، INSEE ۾ پاپوليشن سروي برانچ جي اڳوڻي سربراهه ۽ سال 1999ع ۽ 2009ع جي وچ ۾ INED (فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ) جي ڊائريڪٽر، فرانسوا هيران چيو ته سال 2017ع ۾ فرانسيسي آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ اٺون حصو (84 لک) مسلمان نسل جو هو.<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> تازو اسپيشل يوروباروميٽر 493 (2019) جي مطابق فرانس ۾ مسلمان آبادي جو اندازو %5 يا 33 لک 50 هزار جو آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> پيو ريسرچ سينٽر اڳڪٿي ڪري ٿو ته <small>2050</small>ع ۾ مسلمان آبادي 86 لک يا ملڪ جو 12.7 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي ويندي جتي ڪا به اميگريشن نه هوندي ۽ هڪ ڪروڙ 32 لک يا 18.0 سيڪڙو وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي، جئين ته لڏپلاڻ کي نه روڪيو ويندو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> <small>INED-INSEE</small> جي سال 2023ع جي رپورٽ موجب، فرانس ۾ مسلمان خاندانن ۾ پرورش پائيندڙ 91 سيڪڙو ماڻهو پنهنجي والدين جي ساڳئي مذهب ۽ عقيدي جي پيروي ڪندا آهن.<ref name="newdailycompass.com" /> === اسلام قبول ڪندڙ === سال <small>2013</small>ع ۾، دي نيو يارڪ ٽائمز برنارڊ گوڊارڊ، جيڪو هڪ اڳوڻو فرانسيسي انٽيليجنس آفيسر، اسلامي معاملن ۾ ماهر ۽ ان وقت ملڪ جي گهرو وزارت سان لاڳاپيل هو، جو حوالو ڏنو. جن اندازو لڳايو ته فرانس جي ڪل مسلمان آبادي <small>60</small> لک آهي جنهن مان <small>1</small><small>,00,000</small> فرانسيسي نسل جا مسلمان هئا، جيڪا پنهنجو مذهب تبديل ڪيا (سال <small>1986</small>ع ۾ <small>50,000</small> جي مقابلي ۾)، جڏهن ته مسلم تنظيمون هي تعداد <small>2,00,000</small> تائين ٻڏائڻ ٿيون.<ref name=":3" /> سال <small>2025ع</small> ۾، سماجيات جي ماهر فرينڪ فريگوسي، "گوورنر ايل اسلام اين فرانس" (فرانس ۾ اسلام جي حڪومت) جي ليکڪ، جي "لي پيريسين رپورٽ" جو اندازو آهي ته فرانس ۾ هر سال لڳ ڀڳ <small>5</small><small>,000</small> ماڻهو اسلام قبول ڪندا آهن، اهو انگ مرڪزي رڪارڊن جي بدران سماجي مشاهدي مان نڪتل آهي، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته رجحان گذريل ڏهاڪن جي مقابلي ۾ وڌي رهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> , ''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted Bernard Godard, a former French intelligence official specializing in Islamic affairs and back then associated with the country's [[Interior Ministry (France)|Interior Ministry]], who estimated France's total Muslim population to be 6 million out of which 100,000 were converts (up from 50,000 in 1986) while Muslim associations talk of 200,000.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2025, a ''[[Le Parisien]]'' report states that specialists such as sociologist Franck Frégosi, author of ''Gouverner l’islam en France'' (To Govern Islam in France), estimate that around 5 000 people convert to Islam in France each year, a figure derived from sociological observation rather than centralized records, and note that the trend appears to be rising compared with previous decades. مسلم-يهودي لاڳاپا: 2006 ۾ جرمني، فرانس، برطانيه ۽ اسپين ۾ پيو ريسرچ سينٽر پاران ڪيل هڪ سروي ۾ ظاهر ٿيو ته 71 سيڪڙو فرانسيسي مسلمان پنهنجن ساٿي يهودي شهرين بابت مثبت خيال رکندا هئا، مثبت جذبات جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ سيڪڙو، يورپ ۾ پول ڪيل سڀني يورپي مسلمانن مان صرف اڪثريت مثبت طور تي اظهار ڪيو ۽ هڪ فرانسيسي استثنا. فرانس ۾ مسلمانن جي اڪثريت پڻ حماس جي حمايت نه ڪئي (46 سيڪڙو منفي بمقابله 44 سيڪڙو مثبت جواب "ڇا حماس جي فتح فلسطينين لاءِ سٺي آهي؟") ۽ 71 سيڪڙو جواب ڏيندڙن ايران جي ايٽمي هٿيار حاصل ڪرڻ جي منظوري نه ڏني. فرانس ۾ هي مسلم-يهودي اتحاد جزوي طور تي هن حقيقت سان بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته ٻنهي آبادي جو هڪ وڏو سيڪڙو مغرب ۾ پيدا ٿئي ٿو ۽ فرانسيسي لايسيٽي جا اثر vivre-ensemble (يعني "گڏجي گڏ رهڻ") تي ​​گڏيل سول ادارتي جڳهن ۾ مذهبي ۽ سياسي طور تي سڀني لاءِ غير جانبدار رهن ٿا. === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==فرانسيسي مسلمان== {{main category|فرانسيسي مسلمان}} ===رانديگر=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[زين الدين زيدان]]، فٽبال رانديگر، فرانس جي فٽبال ٽيم جو اڳوڻو ڪپتان ]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[فرينڪ ريبيري]]، فٽبال رانديگر، (اسلام قبول ڪيو)]] * * نڪولس انيلڪا، فٽبال رانديگر. (اسلام قبول ڪيو) * حاتم بن عرفا، فٽبال رانديگر. * * ڪريم بينزيما، فٽبال رانديگر. * * وِسام بن يدر، فٽبال رانديگر * * اينگولو ڪانٽي، فٽبال رانديگر. * * هشام آور، فٽبال رانديگر * * نبيل فيڪير، فٽبال رانديگر. * محمد حوث، بين الاقوامي رگبي رانديگر. * سمير ناصري، فٽبال رانديگر. * پال پوگبا، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * عادل رامي، فٽبال رانديگر. * سوان ريبيڊجئ، بين الاقوامي رگبي يونين رانديگر. * فرانڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * مامدو ساخو، فٽبال رانديگر. * موسيٰ سيسوڪو، فٽبال رانديگر. * رباح سليماني، اسٽيڊ فرانسيس لاءِ رگبي پليئر ۽ فرانسيسي قومي رگبي يونين ٽيم ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ معاوضو وٺندڙ فرانسيسي پليئر.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال پليئر * عثمان ڊيمبيلي، فٽبال پليئر * بينجمن مينڊي، فٽبال پليئر * بڪاري ساگنا، فٽبال پليئر * جبريل سيديبي، فٽبال پليئر * سيڊرڪ ڊومبي، ايم ايم اي فائٽر، مسلمان ٿيو. * اسحاق هيجر، فارمولا 1 ڊرائيور ==== فنڪار ==== * نصرالدين ڊينيٽ، مصور، اسلام قبول ڪيو. * ليلا بختي، ايوارڊ يافته فلم ۽ ٽيليويزن اداڪاره، لورال سفير * اسد بواب، ڪال مائي ايجنٽ! فيم جو فرانسيسي-مراڪشي اداڪار * سميع بواجلا، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار، ٻه سيزر ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ * رچيدا برڪني، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪاره، ڪاميڊي فرانسيس ميمبر، ايريڪ ڪينٽونا جي زال * جميل ڊيبوز، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار ۽ اسٽينڊ اپ ڪاميڊين، پروڊيوسر، انسان دوست، ٽي وي صحافي ۽ پروڊيوسر ميليسا ٿيوريو جو مڙس * خيرون، ايراني ڄاول فرانسيسي ڪاميڊين، اداڪار ۽ فلم ڊائريڪٽر * سبرينا اوازاني، دي هُڪ اپ پلان ۽ گيمز آف لو اينڊ چانس فيم جي اداڪاره * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] agmp2fkln2rddddme8glrqz1i0s1adi 377170 377169 2026-05-12T10:09:06Z Ibne maryam 17680 377170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي تاريخ=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==انضمام== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==اعداد و شمار== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ (INED) جي هڪ محقق، مشيل ٽرائبلاٽ جي مطابق، 5 جي قبوليت جين پال گوريويچ جي مطابق، 2017 ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۾ 8.5 ملين مسلمان نسل (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 1/8) هئا.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> سال 2017ع ۾، INSEE ۾ پاپوليشن سروي برانچ جي اڳوڻي سربراهه ۽ سال 1999ع ۽ 2009ع جي وچ ۾ INED (فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ) جي ڊائريڪٽر، فرانسوا هيران چيو ته سال 2017ع ۾ فرانسيسي آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ اٺون حصو (84 لک) مسلمان نسل جو هو.<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> تازو اسپيشل يوروباروميٽر 493 (2019) جي مطابق فرانس ۾ مسلمان آبادي جو اندازو %5 يا 33 لک 50 هزار جو آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> پيو ريسرچ سينٽر اڳڪٿي ڪري ٿو ته <small>2050</small>ع ۾ مسلمان آبادي 86 لک يا ملڪ جو 12.7 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي ويندي جتي ڪا به اميگريشن نه هوندي ۽ هڪ ڪروڙ 32 لک يا 18.0 سيڪڙو وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي، جئين ته لڏپلاڻ کي نه روڪيو ويندو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> <small>INED-INSEE</small> جي سال 2023ع جي رپورٽ موجب، فرانس ۾ مسلمان خاندانن ۾ پرورش پائيندڙ 91 سيڪڙو ماڻهو پنهنجي والدين جي ساڳئي مذهب ۽ عقيدي جي پيروي ڪندا آهن.<ref name="newdailycompass.com" /> === اسلام قبول ڪندڙ === سال <small>2013</small>ع ۾، دي [[دي نيو يارڪ ٽائمز|نيو يارڪ ٽائمز]] برنارڊ گوڊارڊ، جيڪو هڪ اڳوڻو فرانسيسي انٽيليجنس آفيسر، اسلامي معاملن ۾ ماهر ۽ ان وقت ملڪ جي گهرو وزارت سان لاڳاپيل هو، جو حوالو ڏنو. جن اندازو لڳايو ته فرانس جي ڪل مسلمان آبادي <small>60</small> لک آهي جنهن مان <small>1</small><small>,00,000</small> فرانسيسي نسل جا مسلمان هئا، جيڪا پنهنجو مذهب تبديل ڪيا (سال <small>1986</small>ع ۾ <small>50,000</small> جي مقابلي ۾)، جڏهن ته مسلم تنظيمون هي تعداد <small>2,00,000</small> تائين ٻڏائڻ ٿيون.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> سال <small>2025ع</small> ۾، [[سماجيات]] جي ماهر فرينڪ فريگوسي، "گوورنر ايل اسلام اين فرانس" (فرانس ۾ اسلام جي حڪومت) جي ليکڪ، جي "لي پيريسين رپورٽ" جو اندازو آهي ته فرانس ۾ هر سال لڳ ڀڳ <small>5</small><small>,000</small> ماڻهو اسلام قبول ڪندا آهن، اهو انگ مرڪزي رڪارڊن جي بدران سماجي مشاهدي مان نڪتل آهي، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته رجحان گذريل ڏهاڪن جي مقابلي ۾ وڌي رهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === Muslim–Jewish relations === {{Further|Antisemitism in France|Antisemitism in Islam}} A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2006 in Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain showed that 71% of French Muslims had a positive view of their fellow Jewish citizens, the highest percentage of positive sentiment, the only majority expressed positively among all the European Muslims polled in Europe and a French exception. A majority of Muslims in France also did not support [[Hamas]] (46% negative vs. 44% positive answers to the question: "Is Hamas' victory good for Palestinians?") and 71% of respondents did not approve of [[Iran]] acquiring [[nuclear weapons]]. This Muslim-Jewish solidarity in France can be partially explained by the fact that a high percentage of both populations share origins in the [[Maghreb]] and the effects of French ''laïcité'' on ''vivre-ensemble'' (i.e "living-together") in shared civil institutional spaces remaining religiously and politically neutral for all.<ref name=allen/> ==فرانسيسي مسلمان== {{main category|فرانسيسي مسلمان}} ===رانديگر=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[زين الدين زيدان]]، فٽبال رانديگر، فرانس جي فٽبال ٽيم جو اڳوڻو ڪپتان ]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[فرينڪ ريبيري]]، فٽبال رانديگر، (اسلام قبول ڪيو)]] * * نڪولس انيلڪا، فٽبال رانديگر. (اسلام قبول ڪيو) * حاتم بن عرفا، فٽبال رانديگر. * * ڪريم بينزيما، فٽبال رانديگر. * * وِسام بن يدر، فٽبال رانديگر * * اينگولو ڪانٽي، فٽبال رانديگر. * * هشام آور، فٽبال رانديگر * * نبيل فيڪير، فٽبال رانديگر. * محمد حوث، بين الاقوامي رگبي رانديگر. * سمير ناصري، فٽبال رانديگر. * پال پوگبا، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * عادل رامي، فٽبال رانديگر. * سوان ريبيڊجئ، بين الاقوامي رگبي يونين رانديگر. * فرانڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * مامدو ساخو، فٽبال رانديگر. * موسيٰ سيسوڪو، فٽبال رانديگر. * رباح سليماني، اسٽيڊ فرانسيس لاءِ رگبي پليئر ۽ فرانسيسي قومي رگبي يونين ٽيم ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ معاوضو وٺندڙ فرانسيسي پليئر.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال پليئر * عثمان ڊيمبيلي، فٽبال پليئر * بينجمن مينڊي، فٽبال پليئر * بڪاري ساگنا، فٽبال پليئر * جبريل سيديبي، فٽبال پليئر * سيڊرڪ ڊومبي، ايم ايم اي فائٽر، مسلمان ٿيو. * اسحاق هيجر، فارمولا 1 ڊرائيور ==== فنڪار ==== * نصرالدين ڊينيٽ، مصور، اسلام قبول ڪيو. * ليلا بختي، ايوارڊ يافته فلم ۽ ٽيليويزن اداڪاره، لورال سفير * اسد بواب، ڪال مائي ايجنٽ! فيم جو فرانسيسي-مراڪشي اداڪار * سميع بواجلا، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار، ٻه سيزر ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ * رچيدا برڪني، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪاره، ڪاميڊي فرانسيس ميمبر، ايريڪ ڪينٽونا جي زال * جميل ڊيبوز، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار ۽ اسٽينڊ اپ ڪاميڊين، پروڊيوسر، انسان دوست، ٽي وي صحافي ۽ پروڊيوسر ميليسا ٿيوريو جو مڙس * خيرون، ايراني ڄاول فرانسيسي ڪاميڊين، اداڪار ۽ فلم ڊائريڪٽر * سبرينا اوازاني، دي هُڪ اپ پلان ۽ گيمز آف لو اينڊ چانس فيم جي اداڪاره * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] sy2rtytiq8jd2v8cvdggivdhx0pz5ak 377173 377170 2026-05-12T10:26:37Z Ibne maryam 17680 377173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي تاريخ=== {{main|Septimania|Franco-Ottoman alliance}} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|Barbarossa's fleet in Toulon, 1543]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|Funeral in Muslim section of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], 1865]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|Muslim section of Père Lachaise, between 1903 and 1914]] During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|conquest of Iberia]] and the [[Umayyad invasion of Gaul|conquest of Gaul]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces would conquer and annex the entirety of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and modern day [[southern France]]. Although they would eventually withdraw in 732 AD, [[Septimania]] remained under Umayyad dominance until 759. During a later battle, the [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalusians]] established the fortress [[Fraxinetum]]. In 838, the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' record that Muslims raided [[Marseille]] in southern France, plundered its religious houses and took captive both men and women, clerical and lay, as slaves. In 842, the ''Annales'' report a raid in the vicinity of [[Arles]]. In 869, raiders returned to Arles and captured the archbishop, [[Roland (archbishop of Arles)|Roland]]. They accepted a ransom in return for the archbishop, but when they handed him over he was already dead{{how|date=April 2024}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> The construction of a castle in the [[Camargue]] following these raids up the Rhône may have induced raiders to try points further east, culminating in the establishment of a permanent base of operations at Fraxinetum.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref> In 887, Muslim forces from [[Al-Andalus]] conquered several bases in France and established the emirate of [[Fraxinet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> They were eventually defeated and expelled in 975.<ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> During the winter of 1543–1544, after the [[siege of Nice]], [[Toulon]] was used as an [[Ottoman navy|Ottoman naval]] base under admiral [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. The Christian population was temporarily evacuated, and [[Toulon Cathedral]] was briefly converted into a mosque until the Ottomans' departure. After the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from Spain in 1609–1614, about 50,000 Moriscos entered France, according to the research of [[Henri Lapeyre]].<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==انضمام== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==اعداد و شمار== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ (INED) جي هڪ محقق، مشيل ٽرائبلاٽ جي مطابق، 5 جي قبوليت جين پال گوريويچ جي مطابق، 2017 ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۾ 8.5 ملين مسلمان نسل (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 1/8) هئا.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> سال 2017ع ۾، INSEE ۾ پاپوليشن سروي برانچ جي اڳوڻي سربراهه ۽ سال 1999ع ۽ 2009ع جي وچ ۾ INED (فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ) جي ڊائريڪٽر، فرانسوا هيران چيو ته سال 2017ع ۾ فرانسيسي آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ اٺون حصو (84 لک) مسلمان نسل جو هو.<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> تازو اسپيشل يوروباروميٽر 493 (2019) جي مطابق فرانس ۾ مسلمان آبادي جو اندازو %5 يا 33 لک 50 هزار جو آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> پيو ريسرچ سينٽر اڳڪٿي ڪري ٿو ته <small>2050</small>ع ۾ مسلمان آبادي 86 لک يا ملڪ جو 12.7 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي ويندي جتي ڪا به اميگريشن نه هوندي ۽ هڪ ڪروڙ 32 لک يا 18.0 سيڪڙو وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي، جئين ته لڏپلاڻ کي نه روڪيو ويندو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> <small>INED-INSEE</small> جي سال 2023ع جي رپورٽ موجب، فرانس ۾ مسلمان خاندانن ۾ پرورش پائيندڙ 91 سيڪڙو ماڻهو پنهنجي والدين جي ساڳئي مذهب ۽ عقيدي جي پيروي ڪندا آهن.<ref name="newdailycompass.com" /> === اسلام قبول ڪندڙ === سال <small>2013</small>ع ۾، دي [[دي نيو يارڪ ٽائمز|نيو يارڪ ٽائمز]] برنارڊ گوڊارڊ، جيڪو هڪ اڳوڻو فرانسيسي انٽيليجنس آفيسر، اسلامي معاملن ۾ ماهر ۽ ان وقت ملڪ جي گهرو وزارت سان لاڳاپيل هو، جو حوالو ڏنو. جن اندازو لڳايو ته فرانس جي ڪل مسلمان آبادي <small>60</small> لک آهي جنهن مان <small>1</small><small>,00,000</small> فرانسيسي نسل جا مسلمان هئا، جيڪا پنهنجو مذهب تبديل ڪيا (سال <small>1986</small>ع ۾ <small>50,000</small> جي مقابلي ۾)، جڏهن ته مسلم تنظيمون هي تعداد <small>2,00,000</small> تائين ٻڏائڻ ٿيون.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> سال <small>2025ع</small> ۾، [[سماجيات]] جي ماهر فرينڪ فريگوسي، "گوورنر ايل اسلام اين فرانس" (فرانس ۾ اسلام جي حڪومت) جي ليکڪ، جي "لي پيريسين رپورٽ" جو اندازو آهي ته فرانس ۾ هر سال لڳ ڀڳ <small>5</small><small>,000</small> ماڻهو اسلام قبول ڪندا آهن، اهو انگ مرڪزي رڪارڊن جي بدران سماجي مشاهدي مان نڪتل آهي، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته رجحان گذريل ڏهاڪن جي مقابلي ۾ وڌي رهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === مسلمانن ۽ يهودين جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپا === سال <small>2006</small>ع ۾ [[جرمني]]، [[فرانس]]، [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۾ پيو ريسرچ سينٽر پاران ڪيل هڪ سروي ۾ ظاهر ٿيو ته %71 فرانسيسي مسلمان، انهن جي ساٿي يهودي شهرين بابت مثبت خيال رکندا هئا. اها مثبت جذبات جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ سيڪڙو ۽ يورپ ۾ پول ڪيل سڀني يورپي مسلمانن طرفان واحد مثبت طور تي اظهار هو. اڪثر فرانس جي مسلمان (%<small>46</small> منفي جواب جي مقابلي ۾ <small>44</small> سيڪڙو مثبت جواب "ڇا [[حماس]] جي فتح فلسطينين لاءِ سٺي آهي؟") پڻ حماس جي حمايت نه ڪئي ۽ 71 سيڪڙو جواب ڏيندڙن [[ايران]] جي [[نيوڪليئر تجربو|ايٽمي هٿيار]] حاصل ڪرڻ جي منظوري نه ڏني. فرانس ۾ هي مسلم-يهودي اتحاد جزوي طور تي هن حقيقت سان بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته ٻنهي آبادي جو هڪ وڏو سيڪڙو يورپ ۾ پيدا ٿيو آهي ۽ فرانسيسي "لايسيٽي جا اثر" (vivre-ensemble) يعني "گڏجي گڏ رهڻ" تي ​​گڏيل سول ادارتي جڳهن ۾ مذهبي ۽ سياسي طور تي سڀني لاءِ غير جانبدار رهن ٿا.<ref name="allen" /> ==فرانسيسي مسلمان== {{main category|فرانسيسي مسلمان}} ===رانديگر=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[زين الدين زيدان]]، فٽبال رانديگر، فرانس جي فٽبال ٽيم جو اڳوڻو ڪپتان ]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[فرينڪ ريبيري]]، فٽبال رانديگر، (اسلام قبول ڪيو)]] * * نڪولس انيلڪا، فٽبال رانديگر. (اسلام قبول ڪيو) * حاتم بن عرفا، فٽبال رانديگر. * * ڪريم بينزيما، فٽبال رانديگر. * * وِسام بن يدر، فٽبال رانديگر * * اينگولو ڪانٽي، فٽبال رانديگر. * * هشام آور، فٽبال رانديگر * * نبيل فيڪير، فٽبال رانديگر. * محمد حوث، بين الاقوامي رگبي رانديگر. * سمير ناصري، فٽبال رانديگر. * پال پوگبا، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * عادل رامي، فٽبال رانديگر. * سوان ريبيڊجئ، بين الاقوامي رگبي يونين رانديگر. * فرانڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * مامدو ساخو، فٽبال رانديگر. * موسيٰ سيسوڪو، فٽبال رانديگر. * رباح سليماني، اسٽيڊ فرانسيس لاءِ رگبي پليئر ۽ فرانسيسي قومي رگبي يونين ٽيم ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ معاوضو وٺندڙ فرانسيسي پليئر.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال پليئر * عثمان ڊيمبيلي، فٽبال پليئر * بينجمن مينڊي، فٽبال پليئر * بڪاري ساگنا، فٽبال پليئر * جبريل سيديبي، فٽبال پليئر * سيڊرڪ ڊومبي، ايم ايم اي فائٽر، مسلمان ٿيو. * اسحاق هيجر، فارمولا 1 ڊرائيور ==== فنڪار ==== * نصرالدين ڊينيٽ، مصور، اسلام قبول ڪيو. * ليلا بختي، ايوارڊ يافته فلم ۽ ٽيليويزن اداڪاره، لورال سفير * اسد بواب، ڪال مائي ايجنٽ! فيم جو فرانسيسي-مراڪشي اداڪار * سميع بواجلا، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار، ٻه سيزر ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ * رچيدا برڪني، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪاره، ڪاميڊي فرانسيس ميمبر، ايريڪ ڪينٽونا جي زال * جميل ڊيبوز، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار ۽ اسٽينڊ اپ ڪاميڊين، پروڊيوسر، انسان دوست، ٽي وي صحافي ۽ پروڊيوسر ميليسا ٿيوريو جو مڙس * خيرون، ايراني ڄاول فرانسيسي ڪاميڊين، اداڪار ۽ فلم ڊائريڪٽر * سبرينا اوازاني، دي هُڪ اپ پلان ۽ گيمز آف لو اينڊ چانس فيم جي اداڪاره * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] 3g4u50j2f6crktfn0t18gikzh37av3r 377181 377173 2026-05-12T11:07:21Z Ibne maryam 17680 377181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي تاريخ=== {{main|سيپٽيمانيا|فرانسيسي-عثماني اتحاد }} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|طولون ۾ خيرالدين بارباروسا جو سامونڊي ٻيڙو، 1543ع]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|پيري لاچيس قبرستان جي مسلم حصي ۾ تدفين جو هڪ منظر، 1865ع]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|سال 1903ع ۽ 1914ع جي وچ ۾ پيري لاچيس قبرستان جو مسلم حصو ]] [[جزیرو نما آئیبیریا|آئبيريائي جزيري نما]] ۽ گال جي فتح دوران، [[اموي خلافت]] جون فوجون سڃي آئبيرين جزيري نما کي فتح ڪندي، ان کي جديد دور جي ڏکڻ فرانس سان ملائي ڇڏيو. جيتوڻيڪ اها آخرڪار 732 عيسوي ۾ پوئتي هٽي ويا، پر سيپٽيمانيا 759 تائين اموي تسلط هيٺ رهيو. بعد ۾ هڪ جنگ دوران، [[اندلس]] وارا هڪ قلعو، "فريڪسينيٽم" قائم ڪيو. سال 838ع ۾، اينالس برٽينياني رڪارڊ ڪيو ته، مسلمانن ڏکڻ فرانس ۾ مارسيل تي حملو ڪيو، مذهبي گهرن کي لُٽيو ۽ مردن ۽ عورتن ٻنهي کي قيد ڪيو، عالمن ۽ عام ماڻهن کي غلام بڻائي ورتو. سال 842ع ۾، اينالس، آرلس جي آس پاس ۾ هڪ حملي جي رپورٽ ڪئي ٿو ته سال 869ع ۾، حملي آور آرلس ڏانهن موٽي آيا ۽ آرچ بشپ، رولينڊو کي گرفتار ڪيو. انهن آرچ بشپ جي بدلي ۾ تاوان قبول ڪيو، پر جڏهن انهن کيس حوالي ڪيو ته هو اڳ ۾ ئي مري چڪو هو.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> رائن علائقي تي انهن ڇاپن کانپوءِ، ڪيمارگ ۾ هڪ قلعي جي تعمير، حملي آور فوجن کي وڌيڪ اوڀر ۾ پوائنٽون آزمائڻ لاءِ مجبور ڪيو هجي.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> <ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> فريڪسينيٽم ۾ آپريشن جو هڪ مستقل بنياد قائم ڪرڻ جي نتيجي ۾، 887ع ۾، الاندلس جي مسلمان فوجون فرانس ۾ ڪيترائي اڏا فتح ڪيا ۽ فريڪسينيٽ جي امارت قائم ڪئي ۽ آخرڪار انهن کي 975 ۾ شڪست ڏني وئي ۽ ڪڍيو ويو. سال 1543-1544ع جي سياري دوران، نيس جي محاصري کان پوءِ، طولون کي ايڊمرل هير الدين بارباروسا جي سربراهي ۾ عثماني بحري اڏي طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. عيسائي آبادي کي عارضي طور تي بيدخل ڪيو ويو ۽ طولون جي چرچ کي مختصر طور تي، عثمانين جي روانگي تائين، مسجد ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو. سال 1609-1614ع ۾ اسپين مان موريسڪوس جي نيڪالي کان پوءِ، هينري لاپيري جي تحقيق موجب، لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 موريسڪوس فرانس ۾ داخل ٿيا.<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> ===1960–1970s labor immigration=== Muslim immigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==انضمام== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==اعداد و شمار== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ (INED) جي هڪ محقق، مشيل ٽرائبلاٽ جي مطابق، 5 جي قبوليت جين پال گوريويچ جي مطابق، 2017 ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۾ 8.5 ملين مسلمان نسل (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 1/8) هئا.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> سال 2017ع ۾، INSEE ۾ پاپوليشن سروي برانچ جي اڳوڻي سربراهه ۽ سال 1999ع ۽ 2009ع جي وچ ۾ INED (فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ) جي ڊائريڪٽر، فرانسوا هيران چيو ته سال 2017ع ۾ فرانسيسي آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ اٺون حصو (84 لک) مسلمان نسل جو هو.<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> تازو اسپيشل يوروباروميٽر 493 (2019) جي مطابق فرانس ۾ مسلمان آبادي جو اندازو %5 يا 33 لک 50 هزار جو آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> پيو ريسرچ سينٽر اڳڪٿي ڪري ٿو ته <small>2050</small>ع ۾ مسلمان آبادي 86 لک يا ملڪ جو 12.7 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي ويندي جتي ڪا به اميگريشن نه هوندي ۽ هڪ ڪروڙ 32 لک يا 18.0 سيڪڙو وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي، جئين ته لڏپلاڻ کي نه روڪيو ويندو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> <small>INED-INSEE</small> جي سال 2023ع جي رپورٽ موجب، فرانس ۾ مسلمان خاندانن ۾ پرورش پائيندڙ 91 سيڪڙو ماڻهو پنهنجي والدين جي ساڳئي مذهب ۽ عقيدي جي پيروي ڪندا آهن.<ref name="newdailycompass.com" /> === اسلام قبول ڪندڙ === سال <small>2013</small>ع ۾، دي [[دي نيو يارڪ ٽائمز|نيو يارڪ ٽائمز]] برنارڊ گوڊارڊ، جيڪو هڪ اڳوڻو فرانسيسي انٽيليجنس آفيسر، اسلامي معاملن ۾ ماهر ۽ ان وقت ملڪ جي گهرو وزارت سان لاڳاپيل هو، جو حوالو ڏنو. جن اندازو لڳايو ته فرانس جي ڪل مسلمان آبادي <small>60</small> لک آهي جنهن مان <small>1</small><small>,00,000</small> فرانسيسي نسل جا مسلمان هئا، جيڪا پنهنجو مذهب تبديل ڪيا (سال <small>1986</small>ع ۾ <small>50,000</small> جي مقابلي ۾)، جڏهن ته مسلم تنظيمون هي تعداد <small>2,00,000</small> تائين ٻڏائڻ ٿيون.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> سال <small>2025ع</small> ۾، [[سماجيات]] جي ماهر فرينڪ فريگوسي، "گوورنر ايل اسلام اين فرانس" (فرانس ۾ اسلام جي حڪومت) جي ليکڪ، جي "لي پيريسين رپورٽ" جو اندازو آهي ته فرانس ۾ هر سال لڳ ڀڳ <small>5</small><small>,000</small> ماڻهو اسلام قبول ڪندا آهن، اهو انگ مرڪزي رڪارڊن جي بدران سماجي مشاهدي مان نڪتل آهي، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته رجحان گذريل ڏهاڪن جي مقابلي ۾ وڌي رهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === مسلمانن ۽ يهودين جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپا === سال <small>2006</small>ع ۾ [[جرمني]]، [[فرانس]]، [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۾ پيو ريسرچ سينٽر پاران ڪيل هڪ سروي ۾ ظاهر ٿيو ته %71 فرانسيسي مسلمان، انهن جي ساٿي يهودي شهرين بابت مثبت خيال رکندا هئا. اها مثبت جذبات جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ سيڪڙو ۽ يورپ ۾ پول ڪيل سڀني يورپي مسلمانن طرفان واحد مثبت طور تي اظهار هو. اڪثر فرانس جي مسلمان (%<small>46</small> منفي جواب جي مقابلي ۾ <small>44</small> سيڪڙو مثبت جواب "ڇا [[حماس]] جي فتح فلسطينين لاءِ سٺي آهي؟") پڻ حماس جي حمايت نه ڪئي ۽ 71 سيڪڙو جواب ڏيندڙن [[ايران]] جي [[نيوڪليئر تجربو|ايٽمي هٿيار]] حاصل ڪرڻ جي منظوري نه ڏني. فرانس ۾ هي مسلم-يهودي اتحاد جزوي طور تي هن حقيقت سان بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته ٻنهي آبادي جو هڪ وڏو سيڪڙو يورپ ۾ پيدا ٿيو آهي ۽ فرانسيسي "لايسيٽي جا اثر" (vivre-ensemble) يعني "گڏجي گڏ رهڻ" تي ​​گڏيل سول ادارتي جڳهن ۾ مذهبي ۽ سياسي طور تي سڀني لاءِ غير جانبدار رهن ٿا.<ref name="allen" /> ==فرانسيسي مسلمان== {{main category|فرانسيسي مسلمان}} ===رانديگر=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[زين الدين زيدان]]، فٽبال رانديگر، فرانس جي فٽبال ٽيم جو اڳوڻو ڪپتان ]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[فرينڪ ريبيري]]، فٽبال رانديگر، (اسلام قبول ڪيو)]] * * نڪولس انيلڪا، فٽبال رانديگر. (اسلام قبول ڪيو) * حاتم بن عرفا، فٽبال رانديگر. * * ڪريم بينزيما، فٽبال رانديگر. * * وِسام بن يدر، فٽبال رانديگر * * اينگولو ڪانٽي، فٽبال رانديگر. * * هشام آور، فٽبال رانديگر * * نبيل فيڪير، فٽبال رانديگر. * محمد حوث، بين الاقوامي رگبي رانديگر. * سمير ناصري، فٽبال رانديگر. * پال پوگبا، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * عادل رامي، فٽبال رانديگر. * سوان ريبيڊجئ، بين الاقوامي رگبي يونين رانديگر. * فرانڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * مامدو ساخو، فٽبال رانديگر. * موسيٰ سيسوڪو، فٽبال رانديگر. * رباح سليماني، اسٽيڊ فرانسيس لاءِ رگبي پليئر ۽ فرانسيسي قومي رگبي يونين ٽيم ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ معاوضو وٺندڙ فرانسيسي پليئر.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال پليئر * عثمان ڊيمبيلي، فٽبال پليئر * بينجمن مينڊي، فٽبال پليئر * بڪاري ساگنا، فٽبال پليئر * جبريل سيديبي، فٽبال پليئر * سيڊرڪ ڊومبي، ايم ايم اي فائٽر، مسلمان ٿيو. * اسحاق هيجر، فارمولا 1 ڊرائيور ==== فنڪار ==== * نصرالدين ڊينيٽ، مصور، اسلام قبول ڪيو. * ليلا بختي، ايوارڊ يافته فلم ۽ ٽيليويزن اداڪاره، لورال سفير * اسد بواب، ڪال مائي ايجنٽ! فيم جو فرانسيسي-مراڪشي اداڪار * سميع بواجلا، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار، ٻه سيزر ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ * رچيدا برڪني، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪاره، ڪاميڊي فرانسيس ميمبر، ايريڪ ڪينٽونا جي زال * جميل ڊيبوز، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار ۽ اسٽينڊ اپ ڪاميڊين، پروڊيوسر، انسان دوست، ٽي وي صحافي ۽ پروڊيوسر ميليسا ٿيوريو جو مڙس * خيرون، ايراني ڄاول فرانسيسي ڪاميڊين، اداڪار ۽ فلم ڊائريڪٽر * سبرينا اوازاني، دي هُڪ اپ پلان ۽ گيمز آف لو اينڊ چانس فيم جي اداڪاره * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] a0q34p6s6wldvwel8y3b8p42banvyem 377182 377181 2026-05-12T11:13:52Z Ibne maryam 17680 377182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي تاريخ=== {{main|سيپٽيمانيا|فرانسيسي-عثماني اتحاد }} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|طولون ۾ خيرالدين بارباروسا جو سامونڊي ٻيڙو، 1543ع]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|پيري لاچيس قبرستان جي مسلم حصي ۾ تدفين جو هڪ منظر، 1865ع]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|سال 1903ع ۽ 1914ع جي وچ ۾ پيري لاچيس قبرستان جو مسلم حصو ]] [[جزیرو نما آئیبیریا|آئبيريائي جزيري نما]] ۽ گال جي فتح دوران، [[اموي خلافت]] جون فوجون سڃي آئبيرين جزيري نما کي فتح ڪندي، ان کي جديد دور جي ڏکڻ فرانس سان ملائي ڇڏيو. جيتوڻيڪ اها آخرڪار 732 عيسوي ۾ پوئتي هٽي ويا، پر سيپٽيمانيا 759 تائين اموي تسلط هيٺ رهيو. بعد ۾ هڪ جنگ دوران، [[اندلس]] وارا هڪ قلعو، "فريڪسينيٽم" قائم ڪيو. سال 838ع ۾، اينالس برٽينياني رڪارڊ ڪيو ته، مسلمانن ڏکڻ فرانس ۾ مارسيل تي حملو ڪيو، مذهبي گهرن کي لُٽيو ۽ مردن ۽ عورتن ٻنهي کي قيد ڪيو، عالمن ۽ عام ماڻهن کي غلام بڻائي ورتو. سال 842ع ۾، اينالس، آرلس جي آس پاس ۾ هڪ حملي جي رپورٽ ڪئي ٿو ته سال 869ع ۾، حملي آور آرلس ڏانهن موٽي آيا ۽ آرچ بشپ، رولينڊو کي گرفتار ڪيو. انهن آرچ بشپ جي بدلي ۾ تاوان قبول ڪيو، پر جڏهن انهن کيس حوالي ڪيو ته هو اڳ ۾ ئي مري چڪو هو.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> رائن علائقي تي انهن ڇاپن کانپوءِ، ڪيمارگ ۾ هڪ قلعي جي تعمير، حملي آور فوجن کي وڌيڪ اوڀر ۾ پوائنٽون آزمائڻ لاءِ مجبور ڪيو هجي.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> <ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> فريڪسينيٽم ۾ آپريشن جو هڪ مستقل بنياد قائم ڪرڻ جي نتيجي ۾، 887ع ۾، الاندلس جي مسلمان فوجون فرانس ۾ ڪيترائي اڏا فتح ڪيا ۽ فريڪسينيٽ جي امارت قائم ڪئي ۽ آخرڪار انهن کي 975 ۾ شڪست ڏني وئي ۽ ڪڍيو ويو. سال 1543-1544ع جي سياري دوران، نيس جي محاصري کان پوءِ، طولون کي ايڊمرل هير الدين بارباروسا جي سربراهي ۾ عثماني بحري اڏي طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. عيسائي آبادي کي عارضي طور تي بيدخل ڪيو ويو ۽ طولون جي چرچ کي مختصر طور تي، عثمانين جي روانگي تائين، مسجد ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو. سال 1609-1614ع ۾ اسپين مان موريسڪوس جي نيڪالي کان پوءِ، هينري لاپيري جي تحقيق موجب، لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 موريسڪوس فرانس ۾ داخل ٿيا.<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> === 1960–1970 جي ڏهاڪي جي مزدورن جي لڏپلاڻ === <small>1960</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۽ <small>1970</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾ مسلمان لڏپلاڻ (گهڻو ڪري مرد) وڌيڪ هئي. اهي مهاجر گهڻو ڪري [[الجزائر|الجيريا]] ۽ [[اتر آفريڪا]] ۾ ٻين اڳوڻي فرانسيسي ڪالونين مان هئا. تنهن هوندي به، فرانس ۾ اسلام جي تاريخ، فرانسيسي جمهوريه کان سڃاڻپ جي نشاني طور، پيرس جي عظيم مسجد 1922 ۾ ٺاهڻ کان گر ٿيل مسلمان ٽيريلرز تائين، جيڪا خاص طور تي الجيريا کان، خاص طور تي وردون جي جنگ ۽ ڊوومونٽ قلعي جي قبضي ۾، آيا هئا، هڪ پراڻي تاريخ رهي آهي. mmigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. ===French Council of the Muslim Faith=== Though the French State is secular, in recent years the government has tried to organize a representation of French Muslims. In 2002, the then Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] initiated the creation of a "[[French Council of the Muslim Faith]]" (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman''&nbsp;– CFCM), though wide criticism claimed this would only encourage [[communitarianism]]. Though the CFCM is informally recognized by the national government, it is a private nonprofit association with no special legal status. {{As of|2004}}, it is headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==انضمام== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==اعداد و شمار== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ (INED) جي هڪ محقق، مشيل ٽرائبلاٽ جي مطابق، 5 جي قبوليت جين پال گوريويچ جي مطابق، 2017 ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۾ 8.5 ملين مسلمان نسل (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 1/8) هئا.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> سال 2017ع ۾، INSEE ۾ پاپوليشن سروي برانچ جي اڳوڻي سربراهه ۽ سال 1999ع ۽ 2009ع جي وچ ۾ INED (فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ) جي ڊائريڪٽر، فرانسوا هيران چيو ته سال 2017ع ۾ فرانسيسي آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ اٺون حصو (84 لک) مسلمان نسل جو هو.<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> تازو اسپيشل يوروباروميٽر 493 (2019) جي مطابق فرانس ۾ مسلمان آبادي جو اندازو %5 يا 33 لک 50 هزار جو آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> پيو ريسرچ سينٽر اڳڪٿي ڪري ٿو ته <small>2050</small>ع ۾ مسلمان آبادي 86 لک يا ملڪ جو 12.7 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي ويندي جتي ڪا به اميگريشن نه هوندي ۽ هڪ ڪروڙ 32 لک يا 18.0 سيڪڙو وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي، جئين ته لڏپلاڻ کي نه روڪيو ويندو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> <small>INED-INSEE</small> جي سال 2023ع جي رپورٽ موجب، فرانس ۾ مسلمان خاندانن ۾ پرورش پائيندڙ 91 سيڪڙو ماڻهو پنهنجي والدين جي ساڳئي مذهب ۽ عقيدي جي پيروي ڪندا آهن.<ref name="newdailycompass.com" /> === اسلام قبول ڪندڙ === سال <small>2013</small>ع ۾، دي [[دي نيو يارڪ ٽائمز|نيو يارڪ ٽائمز]] برنارڊ گوڊارڊ، جيڪو هڪ اڳوڻو فرانسيسي انٽيليجنس آفيسر، اسلامي معاملن ۾ ماهر ۽ ان وقت ملڪ جي گهرو وزارت سان لاڳاپيل هو، جو حوالو ڏنو. جن اندازو لڳايو ته فرانس جي ڪل مسلمان آبادي <small>60</small> لک آهي جنهن مان <small>1</small><small>,00,000</small> فرانسيسي نسل جا مسلمان هئا، جيڪا پنهنجو مذهب تبديل ڪيا (سال <small>1986</small>ع ۾ <small>50,000</small> جي مقابلي ۾)، جڏهن ته مسلم تنظيمون هي تعداد <small>2,00,000</small> تائين ٻڏائڻ ٿيون.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> سال <small>2025ع</small> ۾، [[سماجيات]] جي ماهر فرينڪ فريگوسي، "گوورنر ايل اسلام اين فرانس" (فرانس ۾ اسلام جي حڪومت) جي ليکڪ، جي "لي پيريسين رپورٽ" جو اندازو آهي ته فرانس ۾ هر سال لڳ ڀڳ <small>5</small><small>,000</small> ماڻهو اسلام قبول ڪندا آهن، اهو انگ مرڪزي رڪارڊن جي بدران سماجي مشاهدي مان نڪتل آهي، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته رجحان گذريل ڏهاڪن جي مقابلي ۾ وڌي رهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === مسلمانن ۽ يهودين جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپا === سال <small>2006</small>ع ۾ [[جرمني]]، [[فرانس]]، [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۾ پيو ريسرچ سينٽر پاران ڪيل هڪ سروي ۾ ظاهر ٿيو ته %71 فرانسيسي مسلمان، انهن جي ساٿي يهودي شهرين بابت مثبت خيال رکندا هئا. اها مثبت جذبات جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ سيڪڙو ۽ يورپ ۾ پول ڪيل سڀني يورپي مسلمانن طرفان واحد مثبت طور تي اظهار هو. اڪثر فرانس جي مسلمان (%<small>46</small> منفي جواب جي مقابلي ۾ <small>44</small> سيڪڙو مثبت جواب "ڇا [[حماس]] جي فتح فلسطينين لاءِ سٺي آهي؟") پڻ حماس جي حمايت نه ڪئي ۽ 71 سيڪڙو جواب ڏيندڙن [[ايران]] جي [[نيوڪليئر تجربو|ايٽمي هٿيار]] حاصل ڪرڻ جي منظوري نه ڏني. فرانس ۾ هي مسلم-يهودي اتحاد جزوي طور تي هن حقيقت سان بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته ٻنهي آبادي جو هڪ وڏو سيڪڙو يورپ ۾ پيدا ٿيو آهي ۽ فرانسيسي "لايسيٽي جا اثر" (vivre-ensemble) يعني "گڏجي گڏ رهڻ" تي ​​گڏيل سول ادارتي جڳهن ۾ مذهبي ۽ سياسي طور تي سڀني لاءِ غير جانبدار رهن ٿا.<ref name="allen" /> ==فرانسيسي مسلمان== {{main category|فرانسيسي مسلمان}} ===رانديگر=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[زين الدين زيدان]]، فٽبال رانديگر، فرانس جي فٽبال ٽيم جو اڳوڻو ڪپتان ]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[فرينڪ ريبيري]]، فٽبال رانديگر، (اسلام قبول ڪيو)]] * * نڪولس انيلڪا، فٽبال رانديگر. (اسلام قبول ڪيو) * حاتم بن عرفا، فٽبال رانديگر. * * ڪريم بينزيما، فٽبال رانديگر. * * وِسام بن يدر، فٽبال رانديگر * * اينگولو ڪانٽي، فٽبال رانديگر. * * هشام آور، فٽبال رانديگر * * نبيل فيڪير، فٽبال رانديگر. * محمد حوث، بين الاقوامي رگبي رانديگر. * سمير ناصري، فٽبال رانديگر. * پال پوگبا، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * عادل رامي، فٽبال رانديگر. * سوان ريبيڊجئ، بين الاقوامي رگبي يونين رانديگر. * فرانڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * مامدو ساخو، فٽبال رانديگر. * موسيٰ سيسوڪو، فٽبال رانديگر. * رباح سليماني، اسٽيڊ فرانسيس لاءِ رگبي پليئر ۽ فرانسيسي قومي رگبي يونين ٽيم ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ معاوضو وٺندڙ فرانسيسي پليئر.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال پليئر * عثمان ڊيمبيلي، فٽبال پليئر * بينجمن مينڊي، فٽبال پليئر * بڪاري ساگنا، فٽبال پليئر * جبريل سيديبي، فٽبال پليئر * سيڊرڪ ڊومبي، ايم ايم اي فائٽر، مسلمان ٿيو. * اسحاق هيجر، فارمولا 1 ڊرائيور ==== فنڪار ==== * نصرالدين ڊينيٽ، مصور، اسلام قبول ڪيو. * ليلا بختي، ايوارڊ يافته فلم ۽ ٽيليويزن اداڪاره، لورال سفير * اسد بواب، ڪال مائي ايجنٽ! فيم جو فرانسيسي-مراڪشي اداڪار * سميع بواجلا، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار، ٻه سيزر ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ * رچيدا برڪني، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪاره، ڪاميڊي فرانسيس ميمبر، ايريڪ ڪينٽونا جي زال * جميل ڊيبوز، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار ۽ اسٽينڊ اپ ڪاميڊين، پروڊيوسر، انسان دوست، ٽي وي صحافي ۽ پروڊيوسر ميليسا ٿيوريو جو مڙس * خيرون، ايراني ڄاول فرانسيسي ڪاميڊين، اداڪار ۽ فلم ڊائريڪٽر * سبرينا اوازاني، دي هُڪ اپ پلان ۽ گيمز آف لو اينڊ چانس فيم جي اداڪاره * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] ra32w96oc2l83oln1tphnq2pz039nro 377183 377182 2026-05-12T11:17:36Z Ibne maryam 17680 377183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي تاريخ=== {{main|سيپٽيمانيا|فرانسيسي-عثماني اتحاد }} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|طولون ۾ خيرالدين بارباروسا جو سامونڊي ٻيڙو، 1543ع]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|پيري لاچيس قبرستان جي مسلم حصي ۾ تدفين جو هڪ منظر، 1865ع]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|سال 1903ع ۽ 1914ع جي وچ ۾ پيري لاچيس قبرستان جو مسلم حصو ]] [[جزیرو نما آئیبیریا|آئبيريائي جزيري نما]] ۽ گال جي فتح دوران، [[اموي خلافت]] جون فوجون سڃي آئبيرين جزيري نما کي فتح ڪندي، ان کي جديد دور جي ڏکڻ فرانس سان ملائي ڇڏيو. جيتوڻيڪ اها آخرڪار 732 عيسوي ۾ پوئتي هٽي ويا، پر سيپٽيمانيا 759 تائين اموي تسلط هيٺ رهيو. بعد ۾ هڪ جنگ دوران، [[اندلس]] وارا هڪ قلعو، "فريڪسينيٽم" قائم ڪيو. سال 838ع ۾، اينالس برٽينياني رڪارڊ ڪيو ته، مسلمانن ڏکڻ فرانس ۾ مارسيل تي حملو ڪيو، مذهبي گهرن کي لُٽيو ۽ مردن ۽ عورتن ٻنهي کي قيد ڪيو، عالمن ۽ عام ماڻهن کي غلام بڻائي ورتو. سال 842ع ۾، اينالس، آرلس جي آس پاس ۾ هڪ حملي جي رپورٽ ڪئي ٿو ته سال 869ع ۾، حملي آور آرلس ڏانهن موٽي آيا ۽ آرچ بشپ، رولينڊو کي گرفتار ڪيو. انهن آرچ بشپ جي بدلي ۾ تاوان قبول ڪيو، پر جڏهن انهن کيس حوالي ڪيو ته هو اڳ ۾ ئي مري چڪو هو.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> رائن علائقي تي انهن ڇاپن کانپوءِ، ڪيمارگ ۾ هڪ قلعي جي تعمير، حملي آور فوجن کي وڌيڪ اوڀر ۾ پوائنٽون آزمائڻ لاءِ مجبور ڪيو هجي.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> <ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> فريڪسينيٽم ۾ آپريشن جو هڪ مستقل بنياد قائم ڪرڻ جي نتيجي ۾، 887ع ۾، الاندلس جي مسلمان فوجون فرانس ۾ ڪيترائي اڏا فتح ڪيا ۽ فريڪسينيٽ جي امارت قائم ڪئي ۽ آخرڪار انهن کي 975 ۾ شڪست ڏني وئي ۽ ڪڍيو ويو. سال 1543-1544ع جي سياري دوران، نيس جي محاصري کان پوءِ، طولون کي ايڊمرل هير الدين بارباروسا جي سربراهي ۾ عثماني بحري اڏي طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. عيسائي آبادي کي عارضي طور تي بيدخل ڪيو ويو ۽ طولون جي چرچ کي مختصر طور تي، عثمانين جي روانگي تائين، مسجد ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو. سال 1609-1614ع ۾ اسپين مان موريسڪوس جي نيڪالي کان پوءِ، هينري لاپيري جي تحقيق موجب، لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 موريسڪوس فرانس ۾ داخل ٿيا.<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> === 1960–1970 جي ڏهاڪي جي مزدورن جي لڏپلاڻ === <small>1960</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۽ <small>1970</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾ مسلمان لڏپلاڻ (گهڻو ڪري مرد) وڌيڪ هئي. اهي مهاجر گهڻو ڪري [[الجزائر|الجيريا]] ۽ [[اتر آفريڪا]] ۾ ٻين اڳوڻي فرانسيسي ڪالونين مان هئا. تنهن هوندي به، فرانس ۾ اسلام جي تاريخ، فرانسيسي جمهوريه کان سڃاڻپ جي نشاني طور، پيرس جي عظيم مسجد 1922 ۾ ٺاهڻ کان گر ٿيل مسلمان ٽيريلرز تائين، جيڪا خاص طور تي الجيريا کان، خاص طور تي وردون جي جنگ ۽ ڊوومونٽ قلعي جي قبضي ۾، آيا هئا، هڪ پراڻي تاريخ رهي آهي. mmigration, mostly male, was high in the late 1960s and 1970s. These immigrants mostly hailed from [[Algeria]] and other former French colonies in North Africa; however, Islam has had an older history in France, since the [[Paris Mosque|Great Mosque of Paris]] was built in 1922, as a sign of recognition from the French Republic to the fallen Muslim ''[[tirailleur]]s'' mainly coming from Algeria, in particular at the battle of [[Verdun]] and the takeover of the [[Douaumont]] fort. === مسلمانن جي فرانسيسي ڪائونسل === جيتوڻيڪ فرانسيسي رياست هڪ سيڪيولر آهي، تازن سالن ۾ حڪومت فرانسيسي مسلمانن جي نمائندگي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي آهي. سال 2002ع ۾، ان وقت جي گهرو وزير نڪولس سرڪوزي "مسلمانن جي فرانسيسي ڪائونسل" (Conseil Français du Culte Musulman - CFCM) جي قيام جي شروعات ڪئي، جيتوڻيڪ وسيع تنقيد دعويٰ ڪئي ته اهو صرف ڪميونٽيريزم کي هٿي ڏيندو. جيتوڻيڪ CFCM کي قومي حڪومت طرفان غير رسمي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي، اها هڪ خانگي غير منافع بخش تنظيم آهي. headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==انضمام== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==اعداد و شمار== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ (INED) جي هڪ محقق، مشيل ٽرائبلاٽ جي مطابق، 5 جي قبوليت جين پال گوريويچ جي مطابق، 2017 ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۾ 8.5 ملين مسلمان نسل (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 1/8) هئا.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> سال 2017ع ۾، INSEE ۾ پاپوليشن سروي برانچ جي اڳوڻي سربراهه ۽ سال 1999ع ۽ 2009ع جي وچ ۾ INED (فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ) جي ڊائريڪٽر، فرانسوا هيران چيو ته سال 2017ع ۾ فرانسيسي آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ اٺون حصو (84 لک) مسلمان نسل جو هو.<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> تازو اسپيشل يوروباروميٽر 493 (2019) جي مطابق فرانس ۾ مسلمان آبادي جو اندازو %5 يا 33 لک 50 هزار جو آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> پيو ريسرچ سينٽر اڳڪٿي ڪري ٿو ته <small>2050</small>ع ۾ مسلمان آبادي 86 لک يا ملڪ جو 12.7 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي ويندي جتي ڪا به اميگريشن نه هوندي ۽ هڪ ڪروڙ 32 لک يا 18.0 سيڪڙو وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي، جئين ته لڏپلاڻ کي نه روڪيو ويندو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> <small>INED-INSEE</small> جي سال 2023ع جي رپورٽ موجب، فرانس ۾ مسلمان خاندانن ۾ پرورش پائيندڙ 91 سيڪڙو ماڻهو پنهنجي والدين جي ساڳئي مذهب ۽ عقيدي جي پيروي ڪندا آهن.<ref name="newdailycompass.com" /> === اسلام قبول ڪندڙ === سال <small>2013</small>ع ۾، دي [[دي نيو يارڪ ٽائمز|نيو يارڪ ٽائمز]] برنارڊ گوڊارڊ، جيڪو هڪ اڳوڻو فرانسيسي انٽيليجنس آفيسر، اسلامي معاملن ۾ ماهر ۽ ان وقت ملڪ جي گهرو وزارت سان لاڳاپيل هو، جو حوالو ڏنو. جن اندازو لڳايو ته فرانس جي ڪل مسلمان آبادي <small>60</small> لک آهي جنهن مان <small>1</small><small>,00,000</small> فرانسيسي نسل جا مسلمان هئا، جيڪا پنهنجو مذهب تبديل ڪيا (سال <small>1986</small>ع ۾ <small>50,000</small> جي مقابلي ۾)، جڏهن ته مسلم تنظيمون هي تعداد <small>2,00,000</small> تائين ٻڏائڻ ٿيون.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> سال <small>2025ع</small> ۾، [[سماجيات]] جي ماهر فرينڪ فريگوسي، "گوورنر ايل اسلام اين فرانس" (فرانس ۾ اسلام جي حڪومت) جي ليکڪ، جي "لي پيريسين رپورٽ" جو اندازو آهي ته فرانس ۾ هر سال لڳ ڀڳ <small>5</small><small>,000</small> ماڻهو اسلام قبول ڪندا آهن، اهو انگ مرڪزي رڪارڊن جي بدران سماجي مشاهدي مان نڪتل آهي، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته رجحان گذريل ڏهاڪن جي مقابلي ۾ وڌي رهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === مسلمانن ۽ يهودين جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپا === سال <small>2006</small>ع ۾ [[جرمني]]، [[فرانس]]، [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۾ پيو ريسرچ سينٽر پاران ڪيل هڪ سروي ۾ ظاهر ٿيو ته %71 فرانسيسي مسلمان، انهن جي ساٿي يهودي شهرين بابت مثبت خيال رکندا هئا. اها مثبت جذبات جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ سيڪڙو ۽ يورپ ۾ پول ڪيل سڀني يورپي مسلمانن طرفان واحد مثبت طور تي اظهار هو. اڪثر فرانس جي مسلمان (%<small>46</small> منفي جواب جي مقابلي ۾ <small>44</small> سيڪڙو مثبت جواب "ڇا [[حماس]] جي فتح فلسطينين لاءِ سٺي آهي؟") پڻ حماس جي حمايت نه ڪئي ۽ 71 سيڪڙو جواب ڏيندڙن [[ايران]] جي [[نيوڪليئر تجربو|ايٽمي هٿيار]] حاصل ڪرڻ جي منظوري نه ڏني. فرانس ۾ هي مسلم-يهودي اتحاد جزوي طور تي هن حقيقت سان بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته ٻنهي آبادي جو هڪ وڏو سيڪڙو يورپ ۾ پيدا ٿيو آهي ۽ فرانسيسي "لايسيٽي جا اثر" (vivre-ensemble) يعني "گڏجي گڏ رهڻ" تي ​​گڏيل سول ادارتي جڳهن ۾ مذهبي ۽ سياسي طور تي سڀني لاءِ غير جانبدار رهن ٿا.<ref name="allen" /> ==فرانسيسي مسلمان== {{main category|فرانسيسي مسلمان}} ===رانديگر=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[زين الدين زيدان]]، فٽبال رانديگر، فرانس جي فٽبال ٽيم جو اڳوڻو ڪپتان ]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[فرينڪ ريبيري]]، فٽبال رانديگر، (اسلام قبول ڪيو)]] * * نڪولس انيلڪا، فٽبال رانديگر. (اسلام قبول ڪيو) * حاتم بن عرفا، فٽبال رانديگر. * * ڪريم بينزيما، فٽبال رانديگر. * * وِسام بن يدر، فٽبال رانديگر * * اينگولو ڪانٽي، فٽبال رانديگر. * * هشام آور، فٽبال رانديگر * * نبيل فيڪير، فٽبال رانديگر. * محمد حوث، بين الاقوامي رگبي رانديگر. * سمير ناصري، فٽبال رانديگر. * پال پوگبا، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * عادل رامي، فٽبال رانديگر. * سوان ريبيڊجئ، بين الاقوامي رگبي يونين رانديگر. * فرانڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * مامدو ساخو، فٽبال رانديگر. * موسيٰ سيسوڪو، فٽبال رانديگر. * رباح سليماني، اسٽيڊ فرانسيس لاءِ رگبي پليئر ۽ فرانسيسي قومي رگبي يونين ٽيم ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ معاوضو وٺندڙ فرانسيسي پليئر.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال پليئر * عثمان ڊيمبيلي، فٽبال پليئر * بينجمن مينڊي، فٽبال پليئر * بڪاري ساگنا، فٽبال پليئر * جبريل سيديبي، فٽبال پليئر * سيڊرڪ ڊومبي، ايم ايم اي فائٽر، مسلمان ٿيو. * اسحاق هيجر، فارمولا 1 ڊرائيور ==== فنڪار ==== * نصرالدين ڊينيٽ، مصور، اسلام قبول ڪيو. * ليلا بختي، ايوارڊ يافته فلم ۽ ٽيليويزن اداڪاره، لورال سفير * اسد بواب، ڪال مائي ايجنٽ! فيم جو فرانسيسي-مراڪشي اداڪار * سميع بواجلا، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار، ٻه سيزر ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ * رچيدا برڪني، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪاره، ڪاميڊي فرانسيس ميمبر، ايريڪ ڪينٽونا جي زال * جميل ڊيبوز، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار ۽ اسٽينڊ اپ ڪاميڊين، پروڊيوسر، انسان دوست، ٽي وي صحافي ۽ پروڊيوسر ميليسا ٿيوريو جو مڙس * خيرون، ايراني ڄاول فرانسيسي ڪاميڊين، اداڪار ۽ فلم ڊائريڪٽر * سبرينا اوازاني، دي هُڪ اپ پلان ۽ گيمز آف لو اينڊ چانس فيم جي اداڪاره * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] 0lrzz83yc2ojwmmjjrhpwn6zcyodwfm 377184 377183 2026-05-12T11:18:43Z Ibne maryam 17680 377184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي تاريخ=== {{main|سيپٽيمانيا|فرانسيسي-عثماني اتحاد }} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|طولون ۾ خيرالدين بارباروسا جو سامونڊي ٻيڙو، 1543ع]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|پيري لاچيس قبرستان جي مسلم حصي ۾ تدفين جو هڪ منظر، 1865ع]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|سال 1903ع ۽ 1914ع جي وچ ۾ پيري لاچيس قبرستان جو مسلم حصو ]] [[جزیرو نما آئیبیریا|آئبيريائي جزيري نما]] ۽ گال جي فتح دوران، [[اموي خلافت]] جون فوجون سڃي آئبيرين جزيري نما کي فتح ڪندي، ان کي جديد دور جي ڏکڻ فرانس سان ملائي ڇڏيو. جيتوڻيڪ اها آخرڪار 732 عيسوي ۾ پوئتي هٽي ويا، پر سيپٽيمانيا 759 تائين اموي تسلط هيٺ رهيو. بعد ۾ هڪ جنگ دوران، [[اندلس]] وارا هڪ قلعو، "فريڪسينيٽم" قائم ڪيو. سال 838ع ۾، اينالس برٽينياني رڪارڊ ڪيو ته، مسلمانن ڏکڻ فرانس ۾ مارسيل تي حملو ڪيو، مذهبي گهرن کي لُٽيو ۽ مردن ۽ عورتن ٻنهي کي قيد ڪيو، عالمن ۽ عام ماڻهن کي غلام بڻائي ورتو. سال 842ع ۾، اينالس، آرلس جي آس پاس ۾ هڪ حملي جي رپورٽ ڪئي ٿو ته سال 869ع ۾، حملي آور آرلس ڏانهن موٽي آيا ۽ آرچ بشپ، رولينڊو کي گرفتار ڪيو. انهن آرچ بشپ جي بدلي ۾ تاوان قبول ڪيو، پر جڏهن انهن کيس حوالي ڪيو ته هو اڳ ۾ ئي مري چڪو هو.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> رائن علائقي تي انهن ڇاپن کانپوءِ، ڪيمارگ ۾ هڪ قلعي جي تعمير، حملي آور فوجن کي وڌيڪ اوڀر ۾ پوائنٽون آزمائڻ لاءِ مجبور ڪيو هجي.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> <ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> فريڪسينيٽم ۾ آپريشن جو هڪ مستقل بنياد قائم ڪرڻ جي نتيجي ۾، 887ع ۾، الاندلس جي مسلمان فوجون فرانس ۾ ڪيترائي اڏا فتح ڪيا ۽ فريڪسينيٽ جي امارت قائم ڪئي ۽ آخرڪار انهن کي 975 ۾ شڪست ڏني وئي ۽ ڪڍيو ويو. سال 1543-1544ع جي سياري دوران، نيس جي محاصري کان پوءِ، طولون کي ايڊمرل هير الدين بارباروسا جي سربراهي ۾ عثماني بحري اڏي طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. عيسائي آبادي کي عارضي طور تي بيدخل ڪيو ويو ۽ طولون جي چرچ کي مختصر طور تي، عثمانين جي روانگي تائين، مسجد ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو. سال 1609-1614ع ۾ اسپين مان موريسڪوس جي نيڪالي کان پوءِ، هينري لاپيري جي تحقيق موجب، لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 موريسڪوس فرانس ۾ داخل ٿيا.<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> === 1960–1970 جي ڏهاڪي جي مزدورن جي لڏپلاڻ === <small>1960</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۽ <small>1970</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾ مسلمان لڏپلاڻ (گهڻو ڪري مرد) وڌيڪ هئي. اهي مهاجر گهڻو ڪري [[الجزائر|الجيريا]] ۽ [[اتر آفريڪا]] ۾ ٻين اڳوڻي فرانسيسي ڪالونين مان هئا. تنهن هوندي به، فرانس ۾ اسلام جي تاريخ، فرانسيسي جمهوريه کان سڃاڻپ جي نشاني طور، پيرس جي عظيم مسجد 1922 ۾ ٺاهڻ کان گر ٿيل مسلمان ٽيريلرز تائين، جيڪا خاص طور تي الجيريا کان، خاص طور تي وردون جي جنگ ۽ ڊوومونٽ قلعي جي قبضي ۾، آيا هئا، هڪ پراڻي تاريخ رهي آهي. === مسلمانن جي فرانسيسي ڪائونسل === جيتوڻيڪ فرانسيسي رياست هڪ سيڪيولر آهي، تازن سالن ۾ حڪومت فرانسيسي مسلمانن جي نمائندگي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي آهي. سال 2002ع ۾، ان وقت جي گهرو وزير نڪولس سرڪوزي "مسلمانن جي فرانسيسي ڪائونسل" (Conseil Français du Culte Musulman - CFCM) جي قيام جي شروعات ڪئي، جيتوڻيڪ وسيع تنقيد دعويٰ ڪئي ته اهو صرف ڪميونٽيريزم کي هٿي ڏيندو. جيتوڻيڪ CFCM کي قومي حڪومت طرفان غير رسمي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي، اها هڪ خانگي غير منافع بخش تنظيم آهي. headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==انضمام== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==اعداد و شمار== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ (INED) جي هڪ محقق، مشيل ٽرائبلاٽ جي مطابق، 5 جي قبوليت جين پال گوريويچ جي مطابق، 2017 ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۾ 8.5 ملين مسلمان نسل (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 1/8) هئا.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> سال 2017ع ۾، INSEE ۾ پاپوليشن سروي برانچ جي اڳوڻي سربراهه ۽ سال 1999ع ۽ 2009ع جي وچ ۾ INED (فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ) جي ڊائريڪٽر، فرانسوا هيران چيو ته سال 2017ع ۾ فرانسيسي آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ اٺون حصو (84 لک) مسلمان نسل جو هو.<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> تازو اسپيشل يوروباروميٽر 493 (2019) جي مطابق فرانس ۾ مسلمان آبادي جو اندازو %5 يا 33 لک 50 هزار جو آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> پيو ريسرچ سينٽر اڳڪٿي ڪري ٿو ته <small>2050</small>ع ۾ مسلمان آبادي 86 لک يا ملڪ جو 12.7 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي ويندي جتي ڪا به اميگريشن نه هوندي ۽ هڪ ڪروڙ 32 لک يا 18.0 سيڪڙو وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي، جئين ته لڏپلاڻ کي نه روڪيو ويندو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> <small>INED-INSEE</small> جي سال 2023ع جي رپورٽ موجب، فرانس ۾ مسلمان خاندانن ۾ پرورش پائيندڙ 91 سيڪڙو ماڻهو پنهنجي والدين جي ساڳئي مذهب ۽ عقيدي جي پيروي ڪندا آهن.<ref name="newdailycompass.com" /> === اسلام قبول ڪندڙ === سال <small>2013</small>ع ۾، دي [[دي نيو يارڪ ٽائمز|نيو يارڪ ٽائمز]] برنارڊ گوڊارڊ، جيڪو هڪ اڳوڻو فرانسيسي انٽيليجنس آفيسر، اسلامي معاملن ۾ ماهر ۽ ان وقت ملڪ جي گهرو وزارت سان لاڳاپيل هو، جو حوالو ڏنو. جن اندازو لڳايو ته فرانس جي ڪل مسلمان آبادي <small>60</small> لک آهي جنهن مان <small>1</small><small>,00,000</small> فرانسيسي نسل جا مسلمان هئا، جيڪا پنهنجو مذهب تبديل ڪيا (سال <small>1986</small>ع ۾ <small>50,000</small> جي مقابلي ۾)، جڏهن ته مسلم تنظيمون هي تعداد <small>2,00,000</small> تائين ٻڏائڻ ٿيون.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> سال <small>2025ع</small> ۾، [[سماجيات]] جي ماهر فرينڪ فريگوسي، "گوورنر ايل اسلام اين فرانس" (فرانس ۾ اسلام جي حڪومت) جي ليکڪ، جي "لي پيريسين رپورٽ" جو اندازو آهي ته فرانس ۾ هر سال لڳ ڀڳ <small>5</small><small>,000</small> ماڻهو اسلام قبول ڪندا آهن، اهو انگ مرڪزي رڪارڊن جي بدران سماجي مشاهدي مان نڪتل آهي، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته رجحان گذريل ڏهاڪن جي مقابلي ۾ وڌي رهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === مسلمانن ۽ يهودين جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپا === سال <small>2006</small>ع ۾ [[جرمني]]، [[فرانس]]، [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۾ پيو ريسرچ سينٽر پاران ڪيل هڪ سروي ۾ ظاهر ٿيو ته %71 فرانسيسي مسلمان، انهن جي ساٿي يهودي شهرين بابت مثبت خيال رکندا هئا. اها مثبت جذبات جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ سيڪڙو ۽ يورپ ۾ پول ڪيل سڀني يورپي مسلمانن طرفان واحد مثبت طور تي اظهار هو. اڪثر فرانس جي مسلمان (%<small>46</small> منفي جواب جي مقابلي ۾ <small>44</small> سيڪڙو مثبت جواب "ڇا [[حماس]] جي فتح فلسطينين لاءِ سٺي آهي؟") پڻ حماس جي حمايت نه ڪئي ۽ 71 سيڪڙو جواب ڏيندڙن [[ايران]] جي [[نيوڪليئر تجربو|ايٽمي هٿيار]] حاصل ڪرڻ جي منظوري نه ڏني. فرانس ۾ هي مسلم-يهودي اتحاد جزوي طور تي هن حقيقت سان بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته ٻنهي آبادي جو هڪ وڏو سيڪڙو يورپ ۾ پيدا ٿيو آهي ۽ فرانسيسي "لايسيٽي جا اثر" (vivre-ensemble) يعني "گڏجي گڏ رهڻ" تي ​​گڏيل سول ادارتي جڳهن ۾ مذهبي ۽ سياسي طور تي سڀني لاءِ غير جانبدار رهن ٿا.<ref name="allen" /> ==فرانسيسي مسلمان== {{main category|فرانسيسي مسلمان}} ===رانديگر=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[زين الدين زيدان]]، فٽبال رانديگر، فرانس جي فٽبال ٽيم جو اڳوڻو ڪپتان ]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[فرينڪ ريبيري]]، فٽبال رانديگر، (اسلام قبول ڪيو)]] * * نڪولس انيلڪا، فٽبال رانديگر. (اسلام قبول ڪيو) * حاتم بن عرفا، فٽبال رانديگر. * * ڪريم بينزيما، فٽبال رانديگر. * * وِسام بن يدر، فٽبال رانديگر * * اينگولو ڪانٽي، فٽبال رانديگر. * * هشام آور، فٽبال رانديگر * * نبيل فيڪير، فٽبال رانديگر. * محمد حوث، بين الاقوامي رگبي رانديگر. * سمير ناصري، فٽبال رانديگر. * پال پوگبا، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * عادل رامي، فٽبال رانديگر. * سوان ريبيڊجئ، بين الاقوامي رگبي يونين رانديگر. * فرانڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * مامدو ساخو، فٽبال رانديگر. * موسيٰ سيسوڪو، فٽبال رانديگر. * رباح سليماني، اسٽيڊ فرانسيس لاءِ رگبي پليئر ۽ فرانسيسي قومي رگبي يونين ٽيم ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ معاوضو وٺندڙ فرانسيسي پليئر.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال پليئر * عثمان ڊيمبيلي، فٽبال پليئر * بينجمن مينڊي، فٽبال پليئر * بڪاري ساگنا، فٽبال پليئر * جبريل سيديبي، فٽبال پليئر * سيڊرڪ ڊومبي، ايم ايم اي فائٽر، مسلمان ٿيو. * اسحاق هيجر، فارمولا 1 ڊرائيور ==== فنڪار ==== * نصرالدين ڊينيٽ، مصور، اسلام قبول ڪيو. * ليلا بختي، ايوارڊ يافته فلم ۽ ٽيليويزن اداڪاره، لورال سفير * اسد بواب، ڪال مائي ايجنٽ! فيم جو فرانسيسي-مراڪشي اداڪار * سميع بواجلا، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار، ٻه سيزر ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ * رچيدا برڪني، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪاره، ڪاميڊي فرانسيس ميمبر، ايريڪ ڪينٽونا جي زال * جميل ڊيبوز، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار ۽ اسٽينڊ اپ ڪاميڊين، پروڊيوسر، انسان دوست، ٽي وي صحافي ۽ پروڊيوسر ميليسا ٿيوريو جو مڙس * خيرون، ايراني ڄاول فرانسيسي ڪاميڊين، اداڪار ۽ فلم ڊائريڪٽر * سبرينا اوازاني، دي هُڪ اپ پلان ۽ گيمز آف لو اينڊ چانس فيم جي اداڪاره * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ ملڪ]] lsvhldk0qiq2s35km2fzad1t5z43sqa 0 96484 377056 2026-05-11T14:08:49Z Memon2025 21315 Memon2025 صفحي [[Islam in France]] کي [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] ڏانھن چوريو 377056 wikitext text/x-wiki #چوريو [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] jjn0iauo5zx72sc2nffpxwpkdmshzpw 10 96485 377058 2026-05-11T15:25:44Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Navbox | name = Unicode templates | bodyclass = hlist | title = [[Unicode|يونيڪوڊ]] سانچا | basestyle = background:#cef2e0; | state = {{{state|{{{1|expanded}}}}}} | group1 = عام | list1 = * {{tl|Unicode navigation}} | group2 = سِٽ اندر | list2 = * {{tl|Unichar}} * {{tl|Unichar2}} * {{tl|U+}} * {{tl|GB18030}} * {{tl|Ucname}} * {{Module link|Unicode convert|}} | group3 = اکرن جون<br/>خاصيتون | list3 = * {{Template link bare|Bidi Clas... 377058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Unicode templates | bodyclass = hlist | title = [[Unicode|يونيڪوڊ]] سانچا | basestyle = background:#cef2e0; | state = {{{state|{{{1|expanded}}}}}} | group1 = عام | list1 = * {{tl|Unicode navigation}} | group2 = سِٽ اندر | list2 = * {{tl|Unichar}} * {{tl|Unichar2}} * {{tl|U+}} * {{tl|GB18030}} * {{tl|Ucname}} * {{Module link|Unicode convert|}} | group3 = اکرن جون<br/>خاصيتون | list3 = * {{Template link bare|Bidi Class (Unicode)|Bidi Class}} * {{Template link bare|General Category (Unicode)|General Category}} ** {{Template link bare|Punctuation marks in Unicode}} * {{Template link bare|Hexadecimal digit (Unicode)|Hexadecimal digit}} * {{Template link bare|Numeric Type (Unicode)|Numeric Type}} * {{Template link bare|Whitespace (Unicode)|Whitespace}} * {{Template link bare|Unicode alias|متبادل نالا ۽ مخفف}} | group4 = [[Code point|ڪوڊ پوائنٽ]] | list4 = * {{Template link bare|Planes (Unicode)|Planes}} * {{Template link bare|Unicode blocks}} | group5 = رسم الخط | list5 = * {{tl|ISO 15924 script codes and related Unicode data}} | group6 = [[CJK characters|CJK-مخصوص]] | list6 = * {{tl|CJK ideographs in Unicode}} * {{tl|CJKV}} * {{tl|Unihan}} * {{tl|Hani}} * {{tl|Lang-zh}} * {{tl|Nihongo}} * {{tl|Korean}} * {{tl|Vi-nom}} | group7 = وڪيپيڊيا سان لاڳاپيل | list7 = * {{tl|Contains special characters}} <small>('Uncommon Unicode' يا وڌيڪ مخصوص وضاحت سان)</small> * {{tl|PUA}} <small>Private Use Area، پر [[MOS:PUA]] بہ ڏسو</small> * {{tl|Cite Unicode}} <small>معيار کي عام طور، ان جي ڪنھن نسخي، يا ڪنھن باب جي حوالي لاءِ</small> | below = * {{icon|Category}} {{Category link without namespace|Unicode blocks}} * {{icon|Category}} {{Category link without namespace|Unicode charts}} * {{icon|Category}} {{Category link without namespace|Unicode templates}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> fewqtgn2wo61sf4igkxcrelsh385sfs 377060 377058 2026-05-11T15:39:22Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Unicode navigation | title = [[يونيڪوڊ]] | state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} | bodyclass = hlist | group1 = يونيڪوڊ | list1 = * [[يونيڪوڊ ڪنسورشيم]] * [[عالمي ڪوڊ ٿيل اکرن جو مجموعو|ISO/IEC 10646 (عالمي اکرن جو مجموعو)]] * [[يونيڪوڊ#نسخا|نسخا]] | group2 = [[ڪوڊ پوائنٽ|ڪوڊ<br/>پوائنٽ]] | list2 = {{Navbox|subgroup | group1 = | list1 = * [[يونيڪوڊ بلاڪ|بلاڪ]] ** [[:زمرو:يونيڪوڊ بلاڪ|فهرست]] * [[عالمي اکرن جي مجموعي جا اکر|عالمي اکرن جو مجموعو]] * [[:زمرو:يونيڪوڊ چارٽ|اکرن جا چارٽ]] * [[يونيڪوڊ اکرن جون خاصيتون|اکر جي خاصيت]] * [[پلين (يونيڪوڊ)|پلين]] * [[خانگي استعمال جا علائقا|خانگي استعمال وارو علائقو]] | group2 = جوڙا | list2 = * [[گڏجندڙ اکر]] * [[يونيڪوڊ مطابقت وارا اکر|مطابقت وارا اکر]] * [[يونيڪوڊ ۾ ورجايل اکر|ورجايل اکر]] * [[يونيڪوڊ برابري|برابري]] * [[ھوموگلف]] * [[اڳ-ٺھيل اکر]] ** [[يونيڪوڊ ۾ اڳ-ٺھيل لاطيني اکرن جي فهرست|فهرست]] * [[زي-ويرينٽ]] * [[ويرينٽ روپ (يونيڪوڊ)|تبديليءَ وارا سلسلا]] * [[علائقائي اشارتي نشان]] * [[ايموجي#چمڙي جو رنگ|ايموجي چمڙيءَ جو رنگ]] }} | group3 = اکر | list3 = {{Navbox|subgroup | name = اکر | group1 = [[عالمي اکرن جي مجموعي جا اکر#خاص مقصد وارا اکر|خاص<br/>مقصد]] | list1 = * [[بائيٽ آرڊر مارڪ]] * [[گڏجندڙ گرافيم جوائنر]] * [[کاٻي کان ساڄي نشان]] – [[ساڄي کان کاٻي نشان]] * [[نرم ھائفن]] * [[ويرينٽ روپ (يونيڪوڊ)|تبديلي وارو روپ]] * [[لفظ جوائنر]] * [[صفر-ويڪر جوائنر]] * [[صفر-ويڪر نان-جوائنر]] * [[صفر-ويڪر خالي جڳھ]] | group2 = فهرستون | list2 = * [[يونيڪوڊ اکرن جي فهرست|اکر]] * [[سي جي ڪي گڏيل آئيڊيوگراف]] * [[گڏجندڙ اکر]] * [[يونيڪوڊ ۾ ورجايل اکر|ورجايل اکر]] * [[يونيڪوڊ ۾ انگ|انگ]] * [[رسم الخط (يونيڪوڊ)|رسم الخط]] * [[خالي جڳھ (اوقاف)#يونيڪوڊ ۾ خالي جايون|خالي جايون]] * [[يونيڪوڊ نشان|نشان]] * [[اڌ ويڪر ۽ مڪمل ويڪر وارا روپ|اڌ ويڪر – مڪمل ويڪر]] * [[يونيڪوڊ متبادل نالا ۽ مخفف|متبادل نالا – مخفف]] * [[خالي جڳھ وارو اکر#يونيڪوڊ|خالي جڳھ وارا اکر]] }} | group4 = پروسيسنگ | list4 = {{Navbox|subgroup | name = يونيڪوڊ پروسيسنگ | group1 = الگورٿم | list1 = * [[ٻه-رخي متن]] * [[يونيڪوڊ ڪوليشن الگورٿم|ترتيب]] ** [[آء ايس او/آء اي سي 14651]] * [[يونيڪوڊ برابري|برابري]] * [[ويرينٽ روپ (يونيڪوڊ)|تبديليءَ وارا سلسلا]] * [[بين الاقوامي آئيڊيوگراف ڪور]] | group2 = [[يونيڪوڊ انڪوڊنگن جو ڀيٽ|انڪوڊنگ<br/>ڀيٽ]] | list2 = * [[يونيڪوڊ لاءِ بائنري آرڊرڊ ڪمپريشن|بي او سي يو -1]] * [[سي اي ايس يو-8]] * [[پني ڪوڊ]] * [[يونيڪوڊ لاءِ معياري ڪمپريشن اسڪيم|ايس سي ايس يو]] * [[يو ٽي ايف-1]] * [[يو ٽي ايف-7]] * [[يو ٽي ايف-8]] * [[يو ٽي ايف-16|يو ٽي ايف-16/يو ايس سي-2]] * [[يو ٽي ايف-32|يو ٽي ايف-32/يو ايس سي-4]] * [[يو ٽي ايف-اي بي سي ڊي آء سي]] }} | group5 = استعمال | list5 = * [[بين الاقوامي ڊومين نالو|ڊومين نالا (آء ڊي اين)]] * [[يونيڪوڊ ۽ اي ميل|اي ميل]] * [[يونيڪوڊ فونٽ|فونٽ]] * [[يونيڪوڊ ۽ ايڇ ٽي ايم ايل|ايڇ ٽي ايم ايل]] ** [[ايڪس ايم ايل ۽ ايڇ ٽي ايم ايل اکر اينٽيٽي حوالن جي فهرست|اينٽيٽي حوالا]] ** [[عددي اکر حوالو|عددي حوالا]] * [[يونيڪوڊ اِن پُٽ|اِن پُٽ]] * [[بين الاقوامي آئيڊيوگراف ڪور]] | group6 = لاڳاپيل<br/>معيار | list6 = * [[ڪامن لوڪل ڊيٽا ريپوزٽري]] (CLDR) * [[جي بي 18030]] * [آء ايس او/آء اي سي 8859]] * [[ڊي آء اين 91379]] * [[آء ايس او 15924]] | group7 = لاڳاپيل<br/>موضوع | list7 = * [[يونيڪوڊ بي قاعدگي|بي قاعدگيون]] * [[ڪان اسڪرپٽ يونيڪوڊ رجسٽري]] * [[آئيڊيوگرافڪ ريسرچ گروپ]] * [[يونيڪوڊ لاءِ بين الاقوامي جزا]] * [[:زمرو:يونيڪوڊ سان لاڳاپيل ماڻهو|يونيڪوڊ سان لاڳاپيل ماڻهو]] * [[ھان يڪجائي]] | group8 = | list8 = {{Navbox|subgroup | name = يونيڪوڊ ۾ رسم الخط ۽ نشان | navbar = plain | title = [[رسم الخط (يونيڪوڊ)|رسم الخط]] ۽ نشان يونيڪوڊ ۾ | state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}} | group1 = رسم الخط | list1 = {{Navbox|subgroup | group1 = [[رسم الخط (يونيڪوڊ)#عام ۽ وراثتي رسم الخط|عام،<br/>وراثتي]] | list1 = * [[گڏجندڙ اکر|گڏجندڙ نشان]] * [[اعرابي نشان]] * [[اوقاف#يونيڪوڊ ۾ اوقاف جا نشان|اوقاف جا نشان]] * [[خالي جڳھ (اوقاف)#يونيڪوڊ ۾ خالي جايون|خالي جايون]] * [[يونيڪوڊ ۾ انگ|انگ]] | group2 = جديد | list2 = * [[عدلام رسم الخط|عدلام]] * [[عربي رسم الخط|عربي]] * [[آرمينيائي الفابيٽ|آرمينيائي]] * [[باليني رسم الخط|باليني]] * [[بامم رسم الخط|بامم]] * [[باتڪ رسم الخط|باتڪ]] * [[بنگالي-آسامي رسم الخط|بنگالي]] * [[بيريا ايرفي]] * [[بوپوموفو]] * [[بريل]] * [[بوھد رسم الخط|بوھد]] * [[مون-برمي رسم الخط|برمي]] * [[ڪينيڊين ابوريجنل سليبيڪس|ڪينيڊين ابوريجنل]] * [[چڪما رسم الخط|چڪما]] * [[چام رسم الخط|چام]] * [[چيروڪي سليبي|چيروڪي]] * [[سي جي ڪي گڏيل آئيڊيوگراف|سي جي ڪي گڏيل آئيڊيوگراف (ھان)]] * [[يونيڪوڊ ۾ سيريلڪ رسم الخط|سيريلڪ]] * [[ڊيزرٽ الفابيٽ|ڊيزرٽ]] * [[ديوناگري]] * [[گارائي الفابيٽ|گارائي]] * [[گعز رسم الخط|گعز]] * [[جارجيايي رسم الخط|جارجيايي]] * [[يونيڪوڊ ۾ يوناني رسم الخط|يوناني]] * [[گجراتي رسم الخط|گجراتي]] * [[گنجالا گونڊي رسم الخط|گنجالا گونڊي]] * [[گرمکي]] * [[گرونگ کيما]] * [[ھانگول]] * [[حنفي روھنگيا رسم الخط|حنفي روھنگيا]] * [[ھانجا]] * [[ھانونُو رسم الخط|ھانونُو]] * [[عبراني الفابيٽ|عبراني]] * [[ھيراگانا]] * [[جاوي رسم الخط|جاوي]] * [[ڪانجي]] * [[ڪنڙ رسم الخط|ڪنڙ]] * [[ڪاتاڪانا]] * [[ڪايا لي الفابيٽ|ڪايا لي]] * [[خمير رسم الخط|خمير]] * [[ڪرات رائي]] * [[لائو رسم الخط|لائو]] * [[يونيڪوڊ ۾ لاطيني رسم الخط|لاطيني]] * [[ليپچا رسم الخط|ليپچا]] * [[لمبو رسم الخط|لمبو]] * [[فريزر رسم الخط|ليسو (فريزر)]] * [[لونتارا رسم الخط|لونتارا]] * [[مليالم رسم الخط|مليالم]] * [[گونڊي لکڻ#منشي منگل سنگھ مسارام رسم الخط|مسارام گونڊي]] * [[مينڊي ڪيڪاڪُئي رسم الخط|مينڊي ڪيڪاڪُئي]] * [[ميديفيدرِن]] * [[پولارڊ رسم الخط|مياو (پولارڊ)]] * [[منگوليائي رسم الخط|منگوليائي]] * [[مرو ٻولي#الفابيٽ|مرو]] * [[نڪو رسم الخط|نڪو]] * [[ناگ منڊاري]] * [[نئون تائي لو الفابيٽ|نئون تائي لو]] * [[نوشو]] * [[نياڪينگ پواچو ھمونگ]] * [[اوڊيا رسم الخط|اوڊيا]] * [[اول چڪي رسم الخط|اول چڪي]] * [[اول اونال]] * [[اوسيج رسم الخط|اوسيج]] * [[عثمانيا الفابيٽ|عثمانيا]] * [[پھاھو ھمونگ]] * [[پائو سين ھائو رسم الخط|پائو سين ھائو]] * [[پراچاليت رسم الخط|پراچاليت (نيوا)]] * [[رنجنا رسم الخط|رنجنا]] * [[ريجانگ الفابيٽ|ريجانگ]] * [[سامري رسم الخط|سامري]] * [[سوراشٽر رسم الخط|سوراشٽر]] * [[شيوين الفابيٽ|شيوين]] * [[سنھالا رسم الخط|سنھالا]] * [[سورانگ سومپينگ رسم الخط|سورانگ سومپينگ]] * [[سنڊاني رسم الخط|سنڊاني]] * [[سونوار ٻولي|سونوار]] * [[سرياني الفابيٽ|سرياني]] * [[ٽاگبانوا رسم الخط|ٽاگبانوا]] * [[تائي لي رسم الخط|تائي لي]] * [[تائي ٿام رسم الخط|تائي ٿام]] * [[تائي ڊام ٻولي#لکڻ جو نظام|تائي ويت]] * [[تائي يو]] * [[تامل رسم الخط|تامل]] * [[تانگسا ٻولي|تانگسا]] * [[تيلگو رسم الخط|تيلگو]] * [[ٿانا]] * [[ٿائي رسم الخط|ٿائي]] * [[تبتي رسم الخط|تبتي]] * [[تفناغ]] * [[ترھوتا رسم الخط|ترھوتا]] * [[ٽولونگ سڪي]] * [[ٽوٽو ٻولي#لکڻ جو نظام|ٽوٽو]] * [[وائي سليبي|وائي]] * [[وانچو رسم الخط|وانچو]] * [[وارانگ چٽي]] * [[يي رسم الخط|يي]] | group3 = قديم،<br/>تاريخي | list3 = * [[اھوم رسم الخط|اھوم]] * [[اناتوليائي ھائروگلف]] * [[قديم اتر عربي]] * [[اوستائي الفابيٽ|اوستائي]] * [[باسا واھ الفابيٽ|باسا واھ]] * [[ڀيڪسوڪي رسم الخط|ڀيڪسوڪي]] * [[براھمي رسم الخط|براھمي]] * [[ڪيرين الفابيٽ|ڪيرين]] * [[قفقازي البانيائي رسم الخط|قفقازي البانيائي]] * [[قبطي رسم الخط|قبطي]] * [[ميخي خط]] * [[قبرصي سليبي|قبرصي]] * [[قبرصي-مينوئي سليبي|قبرصي-مينوئي]] * [[ڌويز اڪورو|ديوز اڪورو]] * [[ڊوگري رسم الخط|ڊوگرا]] * [[مصري ھائروگلف]] * [[ايلباسان]] * [[ايليمائيڪ]] * [[گلاگوليٽڪ رسم الخط|گلاگوليٽڪ]] * [[گوٿڪ الفابيٽ|گوٿڪ]] * [[گرانٿا رسم الخط|گرانٿا]] * [[ھتران الفابيٽ|ھتران]] * [[آرامي الفابيٽ|شاھي آرامي]] * [[پھلوي رسم الخط#ڪتباتي پھلوي|ڪتباتي پھلوي]] * [[پارٿي ٻولي#لکيل پارٿي|ڪتباتي پارٿي]] * [[ڪيٿي]] * [[ڪاوي رسم الخط|ڪاوي]] * [[خروشتي]] * [[خيتان ننڍو رسم الخط]] * [[خوجڪي رسم الخط|خوجڪي]] * [[خداوادي رسم الخط|خداوادي]] * [[خوارزمي ٻولي|خوارزمي]] (خوراسمي) * [[لينيئر اي]] * [[لينيئر بي]] * [[ليسين الفابيٽ|ليسين]] * [[ليڊين الفابيٽ|ليڊين]] * [[مھاجني]] * [[مڪاسري ٻولي#لکڻ جا نظام|مڪاسر]] * [[مندائي الفابيٽ|مندائي]] * [[مانيخي رسم الخط|مانيخي]] * [[مارچن رسم الخط|مارچن]] * [[ميتي رسم الخط|ميتي مائيڪ]] * [[ميرويٽڪ رسم الخط|ميرويٽڪ]] * [[مودي رسم الخط|مودي]] * [[ملتاني رسم الخط|ملتاني]] * [[نبطي رسم الخط|نبطي]] * [[نندي ناگري]] * [[اوگھام]] * [[قديم ھنگريائي رسم الخط|قديم ھنگريائي]] * [[قديم اٽالڪ رسم الخط|قديم اٽالڪ]] * [[قديم پرمڪ رسم الخط|قديم پرمڪ]] * [[قديم فارسي ميخي خط]] * [[سغدي الفابيٽ|قديم سغدي]] * [[قديم ترڪي رسم الخط|قديم ترڪي]] * [[قديم اويغور]] * [[پالميريني الفابيٽ|پالميريني]] * [[فاگس-پا رسم الخط|فاگس-پا]] * [[فونيشيائي الفابيٽ|فونيشيائي]] * [[پھلوي رسم الخط#زبور پھلوي|زبور پھلوي]] * [[رون|رونڪ]] * [[شاردا رسم الخط|شاردا]] * [[سدڌم رسم الخط|سدڌم]] * [[سائڊيٽڪ]] * [[سغدي الفابيٽ|سغدي]] * [[قديم ڏکڻ عربي رسم الخط|ڏکڻ عربي]] * [[سويومبو رسم الخط|سويومبو]] * [[سلهٽي ناگري]] * [[بايبايين|ٽاگالاگ (بايبايين)]] * [[ٽڪري رسم الخط|ٽڪري]] * [[تانگوت رسم الخط|تانگوت]] * [[تودھري الفابيٽ|تودھري]] * [[تگالاري رسم الخط|تولو تگالاري]] * [[اوگارٽڪ الفابيٽ|اوگارٽڪ]] * [[وٿڪوقي الفابيٽ|وٿڪوقي]] * [[يزيدي (رسم الخط)|يزيدي]] * [[زنابازار اسڪوائر رسم الخط|زنابازار اسڪوائر]] | group4 = نوٽيشنل | list4 = * [[ڊوپلويان شارٽ ھينڊ|ڊوپلويان]] * [[سائن رائيٽنگ]] }} | group5 = نشان،<br/>ايموجي | list5 = * [[يونيڪوڊ ۾ مذھبي ۽ سياسي نشان|ثقافتي، سياسي، مذھبي نشان]] * [[ڪرنسي نشان]] * [[ڪنٽرول تصويرون]] * [[يونيڪوڊ ۾ رياضيائي آپريٽر ۽ نشان|رياضيائي آپريٽر، نشان]] **[[رياضيائي نشانن جي لغت|لغت]] * [[يونيڪوڊ ۾ صوتياتي نشان|صوتياتي نشان (IPA سميت)]] * [[ايموجي]] | below= * {{category-inline|يونيڪوڊ}} * {{category-inline|يونيڪوڊ بلاڪ}} }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 9cvpt0gs35c000mv52c417ej0y7jzrd 10 96486 377059 2026-05-11T15:27:54Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مھرباني ڪري زمرا ھن صفحي جي ھيٺان ڏنل جڳھ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪون Wikidata تي شامل ڪريو (ڏسو [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{info|''ھي ھڪ جائزو سانچو آھي جيڪو /doc صفحن تي استعمال لاءِ تيار ڪيو ويو آھي۔''}} {{Collapsible option |statename=optional |default=expanded}} <!-- == ھي بہ ڏسو == --> <includeonly... 377059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مھرباني ڪري زمرا ھن صفحي جي ھيٺان ڏنل جڳھ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪون Wikidata تي شامل ڪريو (ڏسو [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{info|''ھي ھڪ جائزو سانچو آھي جيڪو /doc صفحن تي استعمال لاءِ تيار ڪيو ويو آھي۔''}} {{Collapsible option |statename=optional |default=expanded}} <!-- == ھي بہ ڏسو == --> <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- ھن لڪير کان ھيٺ زمرا شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي لنڪون Wikidata تي --> [[زمرو:Unicode templates| ]] [[زمرو:Documentation see also templates]] }}</includeonly> 0q1grzqexzj4yiit0bno4v39r9yuik4 10 96487 377061 2026-05-11T15:48:24Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} ھي دستاويز {{tl|Unicode blocks}} ۽ {{tl|ISO 15924 script codes and related Unicode data}} سانچن جي وچ ۾ گڏيل طور استعمال ٿيندو آھي. == استعمال == سانچو عام طريقي سان استعمال ڪري سگھجي ٿو. ھي navigation box نہ آھي، تنھنڪري اھو مضمون ۾ ڪٿي بہ استعمال ڪري سگھجي ٿو. نوٽس سانچي اندر شامل آھن، ۽ مکيه... 377061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} ھي دستاويز {{tl|Unicode blocks}} ۽ {{tl|ISO 15924 script codes and related Unicode data}} سانچن جي وچ ۾ گڏيل طور استعمال ٿيندو آھي. == استعمال == سانچو عام طريقي سان استعمال ڪري سگھجي ٿو. ھي navigation box نہ آھي، تنھنڪري اھو مضمون ۾ ڪٿي بہ استعمال ڪري سگھجي ٿو. نوٽس سانچي اندر شامل آھن، ۽ مکيه حوالن واري حصي ۾ ظاھر نہ ٿيندا. :''نوٽ: ڳاڙھا لنڪ يا غلط لنڪ درست ڪرڻ وقت {{tlx|ISO 15924/wp-article}} ۾ ترميم ڪريو. اتي ISO ڪوڊ ۽ وڪيپيڊيا مضمون جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپو ٺھيل آھي.'' ==آئي ايس او 15924 سانچا== {{ISO 15924/overview-templates|state=collapsed}} ==سانچائي ڊيٽا== {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": {} } } </templatedata> ==پس منظر: ھي جدول ڪيئن ٺھيل آھي== ياد رکو تہ ''رسم الخط''، ''ٻولي'' نہ آھي. ھڪ ئي رسم الخط، جيئن لاطيني الفابيٽ، گھڻين ٻولين ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آھي. يونيڪوڊ جو تعلق صرف رسم الخطن سان آھي، انھن ٻولين سان نہ جيڪي اھو رسم الخط استعمال ڪن ٿيون. پوءِ بہ ڪجھ فرق ٿي سگھن ٿا، جيئن انگريزي ۽ پولش ''ٻولي'' ۾ اکرن تي اعرابي نشانن جو استعمال. ===قدم 1: آئي ايس او ھڪ رسم الخط بيان ڪري ٿو=== آئي ايس او [[ISO 15924]] فهرست ۾ ھڪ رسم الخط بيان ۽ شايع ڪري ٿو. اھو ھر منظور ٿيل رسم الخط لاءِ '''الفا-4 ڪوڊ''' (Aaaa-Zzzz)، '''عددي ڪوڊ''' (000-999)، ۽ رسمي '''نالو''' بيان ڪري ٿو. ھن وقت ھن فهرست ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 160 رسم الخط بيان ٿيل آھن. ان ۾ "Mathematical notation (Zmth)" ۽ "Code for undetermined script (a.k.a. Common, Zyyy)" جھڙا رسم الخط بہ شامل آھن. فهرست رسمي طور آئي ايس او، ۽ عملي طور يونيڪوڊ ڪنسورشيم جي آفيس طرفان سنڀالي ۽ شايع ڪئي ويندي آھي. اھا يونيڪوڊ ويب سائيٽ تي شايع ٿيندي آھي. فني طور، ھي فهرست {{code|iso15924.txt}} فائل آھي. ===قدم 2: يونيڪوڊ Alias نالو ڳنڍي ٿو=== پوءِ، يونيڪوڊ (آئي ايس او نہ) ISO طرفان بيان ڪيل رسم الخطن جي ڀرسان ''Alias'' رسم الخط نالن جي فهرست سنڀالي ٿو، ھر ان رسم الخط لاءِ جيڪو يونيڪوڊ ۾ انڪوڊ ٿيل آھي. Alias نالو ان رسم الخط جو انگريزي نالو آھي. تنھنڪري ISO الفا-4 ڪوڊ کي يونيڪوڊ طرفان ھڪ منفرد Alias نالو ملي ٿو: {{code|<nowiki>Mymr:ISO Name=Myanmar (Burmese), Alias=Myanmar</nowiki>}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr24/|title=UTR #24: Unicode Script Property|publisher=Unicode Consortium|date=2023-08-14}}</ref> ھي Alias نالا بہ تعريف واري فائل {{code|iso15924.txt}} ۾ موجود آھن. ===قدم 3: يونيڪوڊ طرفان استعمال=== ان فهرست مان، يونيڪوڊ ڪنھن بہ alpha4-code کي رسم الخط جي Alias نالي ۾، ۽ ان جي ابتڙ، تبديل ڪري سگھي ٿو. يونيڪوڊ رسمي ISO نالو استعمال نٿو ڪري. رسم الخط جو نالو ڪنھن اکر جي يونيڪوڊ نالي ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آھي: "{{unichar|05BF|HEBREW POINT RAFE}}". ====ھر اکر لاءِ==== يونيڪوڊ ڊيٽابيس ۾، يونيڪوڊ ''ھر الڳ رسم الخط واري اکر'' سان ھڪ مناسب الفا-4 ڪوڊ ڳنڍي ٿو. تنھنڪري ڪنھن رسم الخط جو ھر اکر، اوقاف، انگ وغيره اھو ڪوڊ حاصل ڪري ٿو. اھي اکر جيڪي ڪيترن رسم الخطن ۾ استعمال ٿين ٿا، جھڙوڪ نقطو (.)، انھن جو script code "Zyyy" (Common) ھوندو آھي. Mathematical ۽ Symbol لاءِ "script" ڪوڊ يونيڪوڊ طرفان ''استعمال نہ'' ڪيا ويندا آھن؛ نشانن ۽ رياضيائي اکرن وٽ property script="Unknown" ھوندي آھي. پوءِ، {{code|Scripts.txt}} فائل ۾، يونيڪوڊ ھر اکر لاءِ Alias رسم الخط نالو شايع ڪري ٿو، ممڪن آھي تہ اکرن جي حد جي صورت ۾. ان فائل جو ھڪ حصو ھيئن ڏسڻ ۾ اچي ٿو: <pre> ... 0591..05BD ; Hebrew # Mn [45] HEBREW ACCENT ETNAHTA..HEBREW POINT METEG 05BE ; Hebrew # Pd HEBREW PUNCTUATION MAQAF 05BF ; Hebrew # Mn HEBREW POINT RAFE 05C0 ; Hebrew # Po HEBREW PUNCTUATION PASEQ 05C1..05C2 ; Hebrew # Mn [2] HEBREW POINT SHIN DOT..HEBREW POINT SIN DOT 05C3 ; Hebrew # Po HEBREW PUNCTUATION SOF PASUQ ... </pre> ھي ڊيٽا فائل بيان ڪري ٿي تہ يونيڪوڊ ۾ ڪھڙا رسم الخط موجود آھن، ۽ ڪنھن خاص code point تي ڪھڙو رسم الخط آھي. ====بلاڪ ۾==== ڪوڊ پوائنٽن جي [[بلاڪ (يونيڪوڊ)|بلاڪ]] حد ڏني وڃي، تہ ان بلاڪ ۾ ڪھڙا رسم الخط موجود آھن؟ ڏسو {{tl|Unicode blocks}}: ھي جدول ھر ان رسم الخط کي، جيڪو بلاڪ ۾ موجود آھي، ھڪ ڀيرو نشان لڳائي ٺاھيو ويو آھي. رسم الخط جي نالي ۽ بلاڪ جي نالي جي وچ ۾ ڪو محفوظ لاڳاپو نہ آھي. ڪجھ رسم الخط ھڪ ئي بلاڪ ۾ آھن، پر ٻيا رسم الخط ڪيترن بلاڪن ۾ پکڙيل آھن. == ھي بہ ڏسو == * {{tl|Unicode blocks}} * [[يونيڪوڊ اکرن جون خاصيتون]] * {{tl|Script}} :* {{tl|ISO 15924 script codes and related Unicode data/header}} (فني ذيلي سانچو) :* {{tl|ISO 15924 script codes and related Unicode data/row}} (فني ذيلي سانچو) {{ISO 15924 templates}} {{Unicode templates}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- ھن لڪير کان ھيٺ زمرا شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي لنڪون Wikidata تي --> [[زمرو:Unicode templates]] [[زمرو:ISO 15924 templates|*]] }}</includeonly> nm1tkna29fa6iuinbsf153gh3jyrjsc 10 96488 377062 2026-05-11T15:58:34Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=<templatestyles src="Script/styles_lisu.css" />}}<span class="script-lisu">{{{1}}}</span><!-- --><noinclude>{{Script/basic documentation}}</noinclude> 377062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=<templatestyles src="Script/styles_lisu.css" />}}<span class="script-lisu">{{{1}}}</span><!-- --><noinclude>{{Script/basic documentation}}</noinclude> 7wds1amuxevd3f9gox64eo0dab1stw4 10 96489 377070 2026-05-11T16:28:01Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: .script-lisu { font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'Lisu Unicode', 'Miao Unicode', 'Noto Sans Lisu', 'Segoe UI'; } 377070 sanitized-css text/css .script-lisu { font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'Lisu Unicode', 'Miao Unicode', 'Noto Sans Lisu', 'Segoe UI'; } 9ltqthfvfj7470phj80isvgnt5a5rbr 10 96490 377071 2026-05-11T16:28:59Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=<templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />}}<span class="script-myanmar">{{{1}}}</span><!-- --><noinclude>{{Script/basic documentation}}</noinclude> 377071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=<templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />}}<span class="script-myanmar">{{{1}}}</span><!-- --><noinclude>{{Script/basic documentation}}</noinclude> 0y22c0m8uzdfycco4ja5r0hwxvjx2xs 10 96491 377072 2026-05-11T16:30:45Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: /* {{pp-template}} */ .script-myanmar { line-height: 100%; font-family: Pyidaungsu, 'Myanmar Text', Myanmar3, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, Padauk, 'Noto Sans Myanmar', mm3web, TharLon, 'Masterpiece Uni Sans', Parabaik, Yunghkio, Thanlwin, 'Win Uni Innwa', 'MyMyanmar Unicode', 'WinUni Innwa'; } 377072 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ .script-myanmar { line-height: 100%; font-family: Pyidaungsu, 'Myanmar Text', Myanmar3, Myanmar2, Myanmar1, Padauk, 'Noto Sans Myanmar', mm3web, TharLon, 'Masterpiece Uni Sans', Parabaik, Yunghkio, Thanlwin, 'Win Uni Innwa', 'MyMyanmar Unicode', 'WinUni Innwa'; } 9woboexyyy320tp4lb1z56327t5d9k6 14 96492 377078 2026-05-11T18:25:11Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] 377078 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] ptgh7hutjugrk0pbavi840qoap0y52x 14 96493 377079 2026-05-11T18:27:26Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:مذهب بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] 377079 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فرانس جو سماج]] [[زمرو:مذهب بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] 5isykf0p3qhwylgrft3k1z17h7mhfh4 14 96494 377080 2026-05-11T18:28:57Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:سماج بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] 377080 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فرانس جي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:سماج بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] f6iymi06nw4dnygcc48vhueft307zv5 14 96495 377082 2026-05-11T18:31:59Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:انتظامي ورهاستون]] 377082 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:انتظامي ورهاستون]] m096fz6ygg482dp4ashjj2bys3wjmlv 14 96496 377085 2026-05-11T18:34:50Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:فرانس جا اوورسيز مجموعا]] 377085 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فرانس جا اوورسيز مجموعا]] s1vuxi8o1j54z21zphpzjt0xdf8vvf7 14 96497 377087 2026-05-11T18:37:18Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:فرانس جا اوورسيز مجموعا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا ڊپارٽمينٽ]] 377087 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فرانس جا اوورسيز مجموعا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا ڊپارٽمينٽ]] 4bni5gvodhj7cgb0w6q4reqiaajoo0e 14 96498 377088 2026-05-11T18:37:38Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:فرانس جا علائقا]] 377088 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فرانس جا علائقا]] 2j8yco5fo7htzv37qi0xrh90aupb978 10 96499 377089 2026-05-11T21:06:14Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=<templatestyles src="Script/styles_runic.css" />}}<span class="script-runic" style="{{#switch: {{{3|}}} |mirrorY=display: inline-block; -moz-transform: scaleX(-1); -ms-transform: scaleX(-1); -webkit-transform: scaleX(-1); transform: scaleX(-1); |mirrorX=display: inline-block; -moz-transform: scaleY(-1); -ms-transform: scaleY(-1); -webkit-transform: scaleY(-1); transform: scaleY(-1); |#default=}}">{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|rtl|&#x202E;|}}{{{1}}}{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|rtl|&#x202C;|}}</span><!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 8ng4vvtwoe4en8kj17y55i2d7uyfgcb 10 96500 377090 2026-05-11T21:07:55Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Script/styles runic.css}} === استعمال === هيءُ سانچو ڪنهن متن کي [[روني لکت|روني رسم الخط]] طور نشان لڳائڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. هي {{tl|script}} يا متبادل طور {{tl|runic}} وسيلي ٽرانسڪليوڊ ڪيو ويندو آهي. هن سانچي کي سڌو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي، بلڪه هيئن استعمال ڪيو... 377090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Script/styles runic.css}} === استعمال === هيءُ سانچو ڪنهن متن کي [[روني لکت|روني رسم الخط]] طور نشان لڳائڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. هي {{tl|script}} يا متبادل طور {{tl|runic}} وسيلي ٽرانسڪليوڊ ڪيو ويندو آهي. هن سانچي کي سڌو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي، بلڪه هيئن استعمال ڪيو وڃي: {{tlx|script|Runr|‹روني رسم الخط جو متن›}}. === اندروني طريقيڪار === هن سانچي ۾ <code>class="script-runic"</code> شامل آهي، جيڪو استعمال ڪندڙن کي روني رسم الخط لاءِ پنهنجي مرضيءَ جو انداز مقرر ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو. اکرن جي صحيح ڏيک explicit فونٽ اعلانن وسيلي حاصل ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن⁠تہ Junicode فونٽ پاڻمرادو [[:meta:Universal Language Selector|يونيورسل لينگويج سليڪٽر]] طرفان مهيا ڪيو ويندو آهي. {{para|rtl}} پيراميٽر متن جي رخ کي ساڄي کان کاٻي طرف (RTL) تبديل ڪندو آهي. رجسٽرڊ وڪيپيڊيا استعمال ڪندڙ پنهنجي يوزر CSS ۾ <code>.script-runic</code> لاءِ مخصوص فونٽ اعلان شامل ڪري روني رسم الخط جي متن جو پنهنجو انداز مقرر ڪري سگهن ٿا، ڏسو [[Help:User style]]. === مثال === روني متن کي {{tl|script}} ۾ رکڻ: {{tlx|script|Runr|ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ}} نتيجي طور هڪ span ٺهندو جنهن ۾ class attribute هوندو، هيئن: <nowiki><span title="runes" lang="gem-Runr" class="script-runic">ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ</span></nowiki> جيڪو توهان جي برائوزر ۾ هيئن ظاهر ٿيندو: : {{script|Runr|ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ}} : ٻيو مثال جتي {{script|Runr|ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ}} inline ڏيکاريل آهي. مهرباني ڪري سڀني روني متنن کي {{tlx|script|Runr}} سان نشان لڳايو. ائين ڪرڻ سان استعمال ڪندڙ پنهنجي پسند موجب سڀني روني متنن کي هڪجهڙي انداز، فونٽن، رنگن وغيره سان ڏيکاري سگهندا. === RTL مثال === روني متن کي ساڄي کان کاٻي طرف ڏيکارڻ لاءِ روني متن کان '''پوءِ''' "rtl" پيراميٽر شامل ڪيو وڃي: {{tlx|script|Runr|ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ|rtl}} نتيجو هي ٿيندو تہ روني متن ساڄي کان کاٻي طرف پڙهڻ جهڙو ڏيکاربو: : {{script|Runr|ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ|rtl}} نوٽ ڪريو تہ RTL layout ۾ روني اکرن کي mirrored هجڻ گهرجي، پر glyph mirroring فونٽ جي سطح تي OpenType ٽيڪنالاجي (''rtlm'' خصوصيت) ذريعي ٿيندي آهي، ۽ تمام ٿورا فونٽ RTL ماحول ۾ glyph mirroring جي حمايت ڪن ٿا. جيتوڻيڪ ڪو روني فونٽ RTL ماحول ۾ mirrored glyphs جي حمايت ڪري، ڪجهہ برائوزر (مثال طور IE ۽ Edge) ''rtlm'' خصوصيت لاڳو نٿا ڪن، تنهنڪري RTL متن ۾ mirroring نٿي ٿئي. اهي فونٽ جيڪي ''rtlm'' خصوصيت جي حمايت ڪن ٿا، انهن سان Firefox ۽ Chrome جي جديد نسخن ۾ روني متن mirrored glyphs سان صحيح نموني ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي (تفصيل لاءِ [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Fonts/AngloSaxon.html#Mirroring هتي] ڏسو). === Mirror مثال === اهي روني اکر جيڪي افقي يا عمودي طور اُلٽايا وڃن، انهن کي ٽئين پيراميٽر وسيلي شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جنهن سان runes کي mirror ڪرڻ جا وڌيڪ امڪان پيدا ٿين ٿا. هتي مثال ''rtl'' پيراميٽر سان گڏ ڏنو ويو آهي. {{tlx|script|Runr|ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ|rtl|mirrorY}} نتيجو هي ٿيندو تہ روني متن mirrored ڏيکاربو: : {{Script/Runic|ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ|rtl|mirrorY}} <code>mirrorX</code> روني اکرن کي ابتو ڪري ڇڏيندو. <code>mirrorY</code> روني اکرن کي افقي طور اُلٽائيندو. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن روني سلسلي ۾ صرف ڪجهه اکر mirrored هجن تہ هيءُ سانچو ڪيترائي ڀيرا استعمال ڪرڻو پوندو. ==Template data== {{Template data header}} {{cot|title=سانچي جو ڊيٽا|bg=#ddd}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": {} } } </templatedata> {{cob}} == پڻ ڏسو == *{{tl|MUFI}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[زمرو:Script–font templates|R]] }}</includeonly> owkkgq2wtloqkl1bayzhrif8gnl38na 377092 377090 2026-05-11T21:09:37Z Intisar Ali 8681 377092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Script/styles runic.css}} === استعمال === هيءُ سانچو ڪنهن متن کي [[روني لکت|روني رسم الخط]] طور نشان لڳائڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. هي {{tl|script}} يا متبادل طور {{tl|runic}} وسيلي ٽرانسڪليوڊ ڪيو ويندو آهي. هن سانچي کي سڌو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي، بلڪه هيئن استعمال ڪيو وڃي: {{tlx|script|Runr|‹روني رسم الخط جو متن›}}. === اندروني طريقيڪار === هن سانچي ۾ <code>class="script-runic"</code> شامل آهي، جيڪو استعمال ڪندڙن کي روني رسم الخط لاءِ پنهنجي مرضيءَ جو انداز مقرر ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو. اکرن جي صحيح ڏيک explicit فونٽ اعلانن وسيلي حاصل ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن⁠تہ Junicode فونٽ پاڻمرادو [[:meta:Universal Language Selector|يونيورسل لينگويج سليڪٽر]] طرفان مهيا ڪيو ويندو آهي. {{para|rtl}} پيراميٽر متن جي رخ کي ساڄي کان کاٻي طرف (RTL) تبديل ڪندو آهي. رجسٽرڊ وڪيپيڊيا استعمال ڪندڙ پنهنجي يوزر CSS ۾ <code>.script-runic</code> لاءِ مخصوص فونٽ اعلان شامل ڪري روني رسم الخط جي متن جو پنهنجو انداز مقرر ڪري سگهن ٿا، ڏسو [[مدد:User style]]. === مثال === روني متن کي {{tl|script}} ۾ رکڻ: {{tlx|script|Runr|ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ}} نتيجي طور هڪ span ٺهندو جنهن ۾ class attribute هوندو، هيئن: <nowiki><span title="runes" lang="gem-Runr" class="script-runic">ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ</span></nowiki> جيڪو توهان جي برائوزر ۾ هيئن ظاهر ٿيندو: : {{script|Runr|ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ}} : ٻيو مثال جتي {{script|Runr|ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ}} inline ڏيکاريل آهي. مهرباني ڪري سڀني روني متنن کي {{tlx|script|Runr}} سان نشان لڳايو. ائين ڪرڻ سان استعمال ڪندڙ پنهنجي پسند موجب سڀني روني متنن کي هڪجهڙي انداز، فونٽن، رنگن وغيره سان ڏيکاري سگهندا. === RTL مثال === روني متن کي ساڄي کان کاٻي طرف ڏيکارڻ لاءِ روني متن کان '''پوءِ''' "rtl" پيراميٽر شامل ڪيو وڃي: {{tlx|script|Runr|ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ|rtl}} نتيجو هي ٿيندو تہ روني متن ساڄي کان کاٻي طرف پڙهڻ جهڙو ڏيکاربو: : {{script|Runr|ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ|rtl}} نوٽ ڪريو تہ RTL layout ۾ روني اکرن کي mirrored هجڻ گهرجي، پر glyph mirroring فونٽ جي سطح تي OpenType ٽيڪنالاجي (''rtlm'' خصوصيت) ذريعي ٿيندي آهي، ۽ تمام ٿورا فونٽ RTL ماحول ۾ glyph mirroring جي حمايت ڪن ٿا. جيتوڻيڪ ڪو روني فونٽ RTL ماحول ۾ mirrored glyphs جي حمايت ڪري، ڪجهہ برائوزر (مثال طور IE ۽ Edge) ''rtlm'' خصوصيت لاڳو نٿا ڪن، تنهنڪري RTL متن ۾ mirroring نٿي ٿئي. اهي فونٽ جيڪي ''rtlm'' خصوصيت جي حمايت ڪن ٿا، انهن سان Firefox ۽ Chrome جي جديد نسخن ۾ روني متن mirrored glyphs سان صحيح نموني ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي (تفصيل لاءِ [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Fonts/AngloSaxon.html#Mirroring هتي] ڏسو). === Mirror مثال === اهي روني اکر جيڪي افقي يا عمودي طور اُلٽايا وڃن، انهن کي ٽئين پيراميٽر وسيلي شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جنهن سان runes کي mirror ڪرڻ جا وڌيڪ امڪان پيدا ٿين ٿا. هتي مثال ''rtl'' پيراميٽر سان گڏ ڏنو ويو آهي. {{tlx|script|Runr|ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ|rtl|mirrorY}} نتيجو هي ٿيندو تہ روني متن mirrored ڏيکاربو: : {{Script/Runic|ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ|rtl|mirrorY}} <code>mirrorX</code> روني اکرن کي ابتو ڪري ڇڏيندو. <code>mirrorY</code> روني اکرن کي افقي طور اُلٽائيندو. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن روني سلسلي ۾ صرف ڪجهه اکر mirrored هجن تہ هيءُ سانچو ڪيترائي ڀيرا استعمال ڪرڻو پوندو. ==Template data== {{Template data header}} {{cot|title=سانچي جو ڊيٽا|bg=#ddd}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": {} } } </templatedata> {{cob}} == پڻ ڏسو == *{{tl|MUFI}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[زمرو:Script–font templates|R]] }}</includeonly> 53uz59v36rg8nc7p9apbq6c4k7kxwm2 377093 377092 2026-05-11T21:10:05Z Intisar Ali 8681 377093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Script/styles runic.css}} === استعمال === هيءُ سانچو ڪنهن متن کي [[روني لکت|روني رسم الخط]] طور نشان لڳائڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. هي {{tl|script}} يا متبادل طور {{tl|runic}} وسيلي ٽرانسڪليوڊ ڪيو ويندو آهي. هن سانچي کي سڌو شامل نه ڪيو وڃي، بلڪه هيئن استعمال ڪيو وڃي: {{tlx|script|Runr|‹روني رسم الخط جو متن›}}. === اندروني طريقيڪار === هن سانچي ۾ <code>class="script-runic"</code> شامل آهي، جيڪو استعمال ڪندڙن کي روني رسم الخط لاءِ پنهنجي مرضيءَ جو انداز مقرر ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو. اکرن جي صحيح ڏيک explicit فونٽ اعلانن وسيلي حاصل ڪئي ويندي آهي، جڏهن⁠تہ Junicode فونٽ پاڻمرادو [[:meta:Universal Language Selector|يونيورسل لينگويج سليڪٽر]] طرفان مهيا ڪيو ويندو آهي. {{para|rtl}} پيراميٽر متن جي رخ کي ساڄي کان کاٻي طرف (RTL) تبديل ڪندو آهي. رجسٽرڊ وڪيپيڊيا استعمال ڪندڙ پنهنجي يوزر CSS ۾ <code>.script-runic</code> لاءِ مخصوص فونٽ اعلان شامل ڪري روني رسم الخط جي متن جو پنهنجو انداز مقرر ڪري سگهن ٿا، ڏسو [[مدد:User style]]. === مثال === روني متن کي {{tl|script}} ۾ رکڻ: {{tlx|script|Runr|ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ}} نتيجي طور هڪ span ٺهندو جنهن ۾ class attribute هوندو، هيئن: <nowiki><span title="runes" lang="gem-Runr" class="script-runic">ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ</span></nowiki> جيڪو توهان جي برائوزر ۾ هيئن ظاهر ٿيندو: : {{script|Runr|ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ}} : ٻيو مثال جتي {{script|Runr|ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ}} inline ڏيکاريل آهي. مهرباني ڪري سڀني روني متنن کي {{tlx|script|Runr}} سان نشان لڳايو. ائين ڪرڻ سان استعمال ڪندڙ پنهنجي پسند موجب سڀني روني متنن کي هڪجهڙي انداز، فونٽن، رنگن وغيره سان ڏيکاري سگهندا. === RTL مثال === روني متن کي ساڄي کان کاٻي طرف ڏيکارڻ لاءِ روني متن کان '''پوءِ''' "rtl" پيراميٽر شامل ڪيو وڃي: {{tlx|script|Runr|ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ|rtl}} نتيجو هي ٿيندو تہ روني متن ساڄي کان کاٻي طرف پڙهڻ جهڙو ڏيکاربو: : {{script|Runr|ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ|rtl}} نوٽ ڪريو تہ RTL layout ۾ روني اکرن کي mirrored هجڻ گهرجي، پر glyph mirroring فونٽ جي سطح تي OpenType ٽيڪنالاجي (''rtlm'' خصوصيت) ذريعي ٿيندي آهي، ۽ تمام ٿورا فونٽ RTL ماحول ۾ glyph mirroring جي حمايت ڪن ٿا. جيتوڻيڪ ڪو روني فونٽ RTL ماحول ۾ mirrored glyphs جي حمايت ڪري، ڪجهہ برائوزر (مثال طور IE ۽ Edge) ''rtlm'' خصوصيت لاڳو نٿا ڪن، تنهنڪري RTL متن ۾ mirroring نٿي ٿئي. اهي فونٽ جيڪي ''rtlm'' خصوصيت جي حمايت ڪن ٿا، انهن سان Firefox ۽ Chrome جي جديد نسخن ۾ روني متن mirrored glyphs سان صحيح نموني ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي (تفصيل لاءِ [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Fonts/AngloSaxon.html#Mirroring هتي] ڏسو). === Mirror مثال === اهي روني اکر جيڪي افقي يا عمودي طور اُلٽايا وڃن، انهن کي ٽئين پيراميٽر وسيلي شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جنهن سان runes کي mirror ڪرڻ جا وڌيڪ امڪان پيدا ٿين ٿا. هتي مثال ''rtl'' پيراميٽر سان گڏ ڏنو ويو آهي. {{tlx|script|Runr|ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ|rtl|mirrorY}} نتيجو هي ٿيندو تہ روني متن mirrored ڏيکاربو: : {{Script/Runic|ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ|rtl|mirrorY}} <code>mirrorX</code> روني اکرن کي ابتو ڪري ڇڏيندو. <code>mirrorY</code> روني اکرن کي افقي طور اُلٽائيندو. جيڪڏهن ڪنهن روني سلسلي ۾ صرف ڪجهه اکر mirrored هجن تہ هيءُ سانچو ڪيترائي ڀيرا استعمال ڪرڻو پوندو. ==Template data== {{TemplateData header}} {{cot|title=سانچي جو ڊيٽا|bg=#ddd}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": {} } } </templatedata> {{cob}} == پڻ ڏسو == *{{tl|MUFI}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[زمرو:Script–font templates|R]] }}</includeonly> ll56j5jrkgsxpv0r8ybessl1t3cpxx4 10 96501 377091 2026-05-11T21:09:00Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: .script-runic { font-family: 'BabelStone Runic', 'FreeMono', Junicode, Code2000, Hnias, 'Noto Sans Runic', 'San Francisco', 'New York'; } 377091 sanitized-css text/css .script-runic { font-family: 'BabelStone Runic', 'FreeMono', Junicode, Code2000, Hnias, 'Noto Sans Runic', 'San Francisco', 'New York'; } eduvci2xrhm6ket4yoipqoatmks2w1n 10 96502 377094 2026-05-11T21:18:53Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=<templatestyles src="Script/styles_khmer.css" />}}<span class="script-khmer">{{{1}}}</span><noinclude>{{Script/basic documentation}} [[Category:Austroasiatic multilingual support templates]] </noinclude> 377094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=<templatestyles src="Script/styles_khmer.css" />}}<span class="script-khmer">{{{1}}}</span><noinclude>{{Script/basic documentation}} [[Category:Austroasiatic multilingual support templates]] </noinclude> ret94ttslpgula0c9jg7k459stcg65t 10 96503 377095 2026-05-11T21:21:38Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: .script-khmer { font-family: 'Khmer Busra', 'Khmer Mondulkiri', 'Khmer OS', 'Khmer OS Battambang', 'Khmer OS Boker', 'Khmer OS Content', 'Khmer OS Fasthand', 'Khmer OS Freehand', 'Khmer OS Metal Chrieng', 'Khmer OS Muol', 'Khmer OS Muol Pali', 'Khmer OS Siemreap', 'Khmer OS System', 'Khmer Oureang', 'Khmer Ratanakiri', 'KH Freehand', 'Kh Metal Chrieng', 'Kh Bokor', Hanuman, 'Noto Serif Khmer', 'Khmer UI', 'Leelawadee UI', DaunPenh, 'Noto Sans Khmer'; } 377095 sanitized-css text/css .script-khmer { font-family: 'Khmer Busra', 'Khmer Mondulkiri', 'Khmer OS', 'Khmer OS Battambang', 'Khmer OS Boker', 'Khmer OS Content', 'Khmer OS Fasthand', 'Khmer OS Freehand', 'Khmer OS Metal Chrieng', 'Khmer OS Muol', 'Khmer OS Muol Pali', 'Khmer OS Siemreap', 'Khmer OS System', 'Khmer Oureang', 'Khmer Ratanakiri', 'KH Freehand', 'Kh Metal Chrieng', 'Kh Bokor', Hanuman, 'Noto Serif Khmer', 'Khmer UI', 'Leelawadee UI', DaunPenh, 'Noto Sans Khmer'; } bx9rk8jmbs51pgosa85veq2y3mwv5wk 10 96504 377096 2026-05-11T21:24:42Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=<templatestyles src="Script/styles_sundanese.css" />}}<span lang="su" class="script-sunda" style="{{#if:{{{small|}}}||font-size:{{{size|16px}}}}}; line-height:{{{height|2.1em}}}; word-wrap: break-word;">{{{1}}}</span><!-- --><noinclude>{{Script/basic documentation}} [[Category:Austronesian multilingual support templates]] </noinclude> 377096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=<templatestyles src="Script/styles_sundanese.css" />}}<span lang="su" class="script-sunda" style="{{#if:{{{small|}}}||font-size:{{{size|16px}}}}}; line-height:{{{height|2.1em}}}; word-wrap: break-word;">{{{1}}}</span><!-- --><noinclude>{{Script/basic documentation}} [[Category:Austronesian multilingual support templates]] </noinclude> lcy29au5go90vtcb78th5p2elmtvol1 10 96505 377097 2026-05-11T21:25:45Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: .script-sunda { font-family:'Sundanese Unicode 2013', 'Noto Sans Sundanese', 'Sundanese Unicode'; } 377097 sanitized-css text/css .script-sunda { font-family:'Sundanese Unicode 2013', 'Noto Sans Sundanese', 'Sundanese Unicode'; } mrnf2stetkyq7xu072qph43o5ywypuu 10 96506 377098 2026-05-11T21:29:26Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <span class="script-batak" style="{{#if:{{{small|}}}||font-size:{{{size|16px}}}}}; line-height:{{{height|2.1em}}}; word-wrap: break-word; font-family:'Pangururan','Batak Unicode','Batak-Unicode Regular','Noto Sans Batak','Prada';">{{{1}}}</span><!-- --><noinclude>{{Script/basic documentation}} [[Category:Austronesian multilingual support templates]] </noinclude> 377098 wikitext text/x-wiki <span class="script-batak" style="{{#if:{{{small|}}}||font-size:{{{size|16px}}}}}; line-height:{{{height|2.1em}}}; word-wrap: break-word; font-family:'Pangururan','Batak Unicode','Batak-Unicode Regular','Noto Sans Batak','Prada';">{{{1}}}</span><!-- --><noinclude>{{Script/basic documentation}} [[Category:Austronesian multilingual support templates]] </noinclude> bjccqxm2g114ulj6v0e9roftact7qv6 10 96507 377099 2026-05-11T21:33:11Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=<templatestyles src="Script/styles_khutsuri.css" />}}<span class="script-khutsuri">{{{1}}}</span><noinclude>{{Script/basic documentation}}</noinclude> 377099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=<templatestyles src="Script/styles_khutsuri.css" />}}<span class="script-khutsuri">{{{1}}}</span><noinclude>{{Script/basic documentation}}</noinclude> mj3wiekaw0i8su1s9n49c2yh3li7cxd 10 96508 377100 2026-05-11T21:35:36Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: .script-khutsuri { font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', 'Kelvinch', 'Noto Sans Georgian', 'Noto Serif Georgian','Segoe WP','Segoe UI','Sylfaen',Quivira,'MPH 2B Damase'; } 377100 sanitized-css text/css .script-khutsuri { font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', 'Kelvinch', 'Noto Sans Georgian', 'Noto Serif Georgian','Segoe WP','Segoe UI','Sylfaen',Quivira,'MPH 2B Damase'; } slrfoo79vbhl8x0qu3o4xglpsouvo7n 10 96509 377101 2026-05-11T21:37:03Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=<templatestyles src="Script/styles_old_italic.css" />}}<span class="script-old-italic">{{#if:{{{rtl|}}}|&#x202E;}}{{{1}}}{{#if:{{{rtl|}}}|&#x202C;}}</span><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 377101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=<templatestyles src="Script/styles_old_italic.css" />}}<span class="script-old-italic">{{#if:{{{rtl|}}}|&#x202E;}}{{{1}}}{{#if:{{{rtl|}}}|&#x202C;}}</span><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 84h8e7cwt5mhltwly9d0fm30jljtzv5 10 96510 377102 2026-05-11T21:38:47Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: .script-old-italic { font-size: 1.25em; font-family: 'Italica Vetus', 'Italica Vetus SN', Cardo, FreeMono, 'DejaVu Sans', 'Noto Sans Old Italic', 'Quivira', 'Aegean', 'Segoe UI Historic'; } .script-old-italic[style*="direction: rtl"] { font-size: 1.25em; font-family: 'Italica Vetus SN', 'Italica Vetus', Cardo, FreeMono, 'DejaVu Sans', 'Noto Sans Old Italic', 'Quivira', 'Aegean', 'Segoe UI Historic'; } 377102 sanitized-css text/css .script-old-italic { font-size: 1.25em; font-family: 'Italica Vetus', 'Italica Vetus SN', Cardo, FreeMono, 'DejaVu Sans', 'Noto Sans Old Italic', 'Quivira', 'Aegean', 'Segoe UI Historic'; } .script-old-italic[style*="direction: rtl"] { font-size: 1.25em; font-family: 'Italica Vetus SN', 'Italica Vetus', Cardo, FreeMono, 'DejaVu Sans', 'Noto Sans Old Italic', 'Quivira', 'Aegean', 'Segoe UI Historic'; } 4tjmbpyj96bbcxoerra3v8e5vd3h2bh 10 96511 377103 2026-05-11T21:42:15Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Script/styles old italic.css}} ==سانچي جو ڊيٽا== {{Template data header}} {{cot|title=سانچي جو ڊيٽا|bg=#ddd}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": {} } } </templatedata> {{cob}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| [[زمرو:Italic multilingual support templates]] [[زمرو:Script–font templates|O]] }}</includeonly> 377103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Script/styles old italic.css}} ==سانچي جو ڊيٽا== {{Template data header}} {{cot|title=سانچي جو ڊيٽا|bg=#ddd}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": {} } } </templatedata> {{cob}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| [[زمرو:Italic multilingual support templates]] [[زمرو:Script–font templates|O]] }}</includeonly> se0383h806bhrfowcmak7844rvtxlm8 377104 377103 2026-05-11T21:42:30Z Intisar Ali 8681 377104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Script/styles old italic.css}} ==سانچي جو ڊيٽا== {{TemplateData header}} {{cot|title=سانچي جو ڊيٽا|bg=#ddd}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": {} } } </templatedata> {{cob}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| [[زمرو:Italic multilingual support templates]] [[زمرو:Script–font templates|O]] }}</includeonly> 0a593pb5wwuw2mbyuxvxsxzyr6fcimo 10 96512 377105 2026-05-11T21:43:46Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=<templatestyles src="Script/styles_osmanya.css" />}}<span class="script-osmanya">{{{1}}}</span><!-- --><noinclude>{{Script/basic documentation}}</noinclude> 377105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=<templatestyles src="Script/styles_osmanya.css" />}}<span class="script-osmanya">{{{1}}}</span><!-- --><noinclude>{{Script/basic documentation}}</noinclude> 2jc9wzws5jnmo0hw8ei0bjcivq2ull0 10 96513 377106 2026-05-11T21:45:40Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: .script-osmanya { font-family: Ebrima, FreeSans, 'Noto Sans Osmanya'; } 377106 sanitized-css text/css .script-osmanya { font-family: Ebrima, FreeSans, 'Noto Sans Osmanya'; } oyhi2728vwafivq8hld5ic7w18ftdfr 10 96514 377107 2026-05-11T21:46:58Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=<templatestyles src="Script/styles_gaelic.css" />}}<span class="script-gaelic">{{{1}}}</span><!-- --><noinclude>{{Script/basic documentation|script_link=Gaelic type}}</noinclude> 377107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=<templatestyles src="Script/styles_gaelic.css" />}}<span class="script-gaelic">{{{1}}}</span><!-- --><noinclude>{{Script/basic documentation|script_link=Gaelic type}}</noinclude> 4jc5b09z18ehfeu87dz0xma4q6sfymj 10 96515 377108 2026-05-11T21:48:39Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: .script-gaelic { font-size: 1.25em; font-family: Duibhlinn, Ceanannas, Corcaigh, 'Bunchló Ársa GC', 'Bunchlo Arsa GC', Gaelic, Gadelica, Junicode, Cardo; } 377108 sanitized-css text/css .script-gaelic { font-size: 1.25em; font-family: Duibhlinn, Ceanannas, Corcaigh, 'Bunchló Ársa GC', 'Bunchlo Arsa GC', Gaelic, Gadelica, Junicode, Cardo; } 4694ybxnvmwd2mhrqu6jl0c5b0lz3w6 10 96516 377110 2026-05-11T22:17:22Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- هن لڪير کان پوءِ سانچي جي دستاويز ۾ ترميم ڪريو --> {{High-risk}} {{cascade-protected template}} هيءُ ميٽا-سانچو'''انلائين ٽيگ''' ٺاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيڪي صفائي يا سڌاري وارا پيغام لڪير بلڪير بنياد تي مقالن ۾ لڳائڻ لاءِ ڪم اچن ٿا. ڪيترائي سانچا هن تي ٻڌل آهن،... 377110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- هن لڪير کان پوءِ سانچي جي دستاويز ۾ ترميم ڪريو --> {{High-risk}} {{cascade-protected template}} هيءُ ميٽا-سانچو'''انلائين ٽيگ''' ٺاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيڪي صفائي يا سڌاري وارا پيغام لڪير بلڪير بنياد تي مقالن ۾ لڳائڻ لاءِ ڪم اچن ٿا. ڪيترائي سانچا هن تي ٻڌل آهن، جهڙوڪ {{Tl|Citation needed}}. هن کي صفحن تي سڌو سنئون استعمال {{strong|نه}} ڪيو وڃي، سواءِ سانچا ٺاهڻ جي مقصد لاءِ. ان جي بدران، جيڪڏهن ممڪن هجي تہ اڳواٽ موجود مشتقق سانچن مان ڪنهن هڪ کي استعمال ڪيو وڃي. جيڪڏهن ڪو مناسب مشتقق موجود نه هجي، تہ هيٺ ڏنل نحو استعمال ڪندي نوان سانچا ٺاهي سگهجن ٿا، پر ان کان اڳ [[وڪيپيڊيا ڳالھ ٻولھ:وڪي پراجيڪٽ انلائين سانچا]] تي ان جي ضرورت بابت بحث ڪرڻ گهرجي. ٻي صورت ۾، اهو ذيلي سانچو [[وڪيپيڊيا:بحث لاء سانچا]] تي آندو وڃي سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪيپيڊيا لاءِ هڪ محدود ۽ چڱيءَ طرح آزمودل انلائين ٽيگن جو مجموعو رکڻ بهتر آهي، بجاءِ بي انتها قسمن جي اجازت ڏيڻ جي. == استعمال == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow: auto"> {{Fix | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly> | link = <!-- اهو صفحو جنهن ڏانهن متن لنڪ ٿئي، بغير brackets جي (ڊفالٽ = [[وڪيپيڊيا:صفائي]]) --> | text = <!-- اهو متن جيڪو لنڪ طور ڏيکاريو وڃي --> | pre-text = <!-- اختياري متن جيڪو linked text کان اڳ ڏيکاريو وڃي --> | post-text = <!-- اختياري متن جيڪو linked text کان پوءِ ڏيکاريو وڃي --> | class = <!-- CSS class(es) جيڪي ڊفالٽ "noprint" ۽ "Inline-Template" سان گڏ شامل ڪيا وڃن --> | title = <!-- Tool-tip متن جيڪو mouse hover ڪرڻ تي ڏيکاريو وڃي --> | special = <!-- متن، لنڪ، عنوان، pre-text ۽ post-text جي اختياري متبادل صورت --> | date = <!-- اختياري تاريخي پيراميٽر جيڪو 'ٽائيٽل' ۽/يا cat-date جي آخر ۾ ڏيکاريو وڃي --> | cat = [[<!-- زمري جو نالو جنهن ۾ صفحو شامل ڪيو وڃي -->]] | cat-date = <!-- زمري جي نالي جو پهريون حصو؛ اختياري تاريخ وارو پيراميٽر سان --> }}</syntaxhighlight> جيڪڏهن سانچو ڪنهن ڳالهه ٻولهه واري صفحي يا ڪنهن ٻئي غير-مقالي صفحي تي استعمال ٿئي، تہ زمرا نظرانداز ڪيا ويندا. * <code>|cat=</code> وسيلي ڏنل value wikicode ۾ هجڻ گهرجي، {{em|چورس ڏنگين سميت}}. * <code>|cat-date=</code> وسيلي ڏنل value زمري جي نالي جي حصي طور استعمال ٿيندي آهي. اها {{em|بغير}} چورس ڏنگين جي هجڻ گهرجي، پر {{em|"زمرو:" پريفڪس سان}}. * مڪمل زمري جو نالو cat-date value، لفظ "from"، ۽ date value مان ٺهندو. *: مثال طور، جيڪڏهن <code>|cat-date=زمرو:Articles with dead external links |date={{#time:F Y}}</code> ڏنو وڃي، تہ مقالو [[:زمرو:Articles with dead external links from {{#time:F Y}}]] ۾ شامل ٿيندو. *: {{para|date}} پيراميٽر عام طور تي {{tlx|Fix}} يا {{tlx|Fix-span}} استعمال ڪندڙ سانچن ۾ اڳواٽ ڀريل نه هوندو؛ بلڪه مشتقق (derivative) سانچن ۾ ان کي {{para|date|{{param|date}}}} طور لکيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن ايڊيٽر طرفان ڏنل تاريخ pass-through ٿي سگهي (يا خالي رهي). ==سانچائي ڊيٽا== <templatedata> { "params": { "nocat": {}, "cat-date": {}, "cat": {}, "cat-date2": {}, "cat2": {}, "cat-date3": {}, "cat3": {}, "date": {}, "name": {}, "text": { "label": "متن", "description": "اهو متن جيڪو لنڪ لاءِ ڏيکاريو وڃي" }, "class": { "description": "ٽيگ ۾ شامل ڪرڻ لاءِ اضافي CSS classes", "type": "string" }, "pre-text": { "label": "اڳيون متن", "description": "اختياري غير-linked متن جيڪو linked text کان اڳ ڏيکاريو وڃي", "type": "line" }, "link": { "label": "لنڪ", "description": "اهو صفحو جنهن ڏانهن متن لنڪ ٿئي", "type": "wiki-page-name", "default": "وڪيپيڊيا:صفائي" }, "title": { "label": "Hover متن", "description": "اهو متن جيڪو لنڪ تي hover ڪرڻ وقت ڏيکاريو وڃي", "type": "string", "default": "پيراميٽر {{{link}}} جي value" }, "post-text": { "label": "پويون متن", "description": "اختياري غير-linked متن جيڪو linked text کان پوءِ ڏيکاريو وڃي", "type": "line" }, "special": {} }, "format": "{{_|_=_}}" } </templatedata> == پڻ ڏسو == * [[وڪيپيڊيا:صفائي عمل]] {{Inline tags}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- هن لڪير کان پوءِ زمرا شامل ڪريو --> [[زمرو: انلائين صفائي وارا سانچا| ]] [[زمرو: وڪيپيڊيا ميٽا سانچا]] }}</includeonly> gd8klsamksui430yt7fr8y2ij2kakfz 10 96517 377112 2026-05-11T22:33:46Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: /* {{pp-template}} Styling for Template:Smallcaps */ span.smallcaps { font-variant: small-caps; } span.smallcaps-smaller { font-size: 85%; } 377112 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} Styling for Template:Smallcaps */ span.smallcaps { font-variant: small-caps; } span.smallcaps-smaller { font-size: 85%; } 8lffmue4iv1b62pje3u895huur4gnpe 10 96518 377113 2026-05-11T22:57:46Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺان شامل ڪريو، ۽ بين الوڪيز وڪيڊيٽا ۾ --> {{hatnote|{{tl|sc}} هتي موٽايو وڃي ٿو. [[سانچو:Shortcut]] جي شارٽ ڪٽ لاءِ {{tl|sh}}، {{tl|shc}}، يا {{tl|short}} ڏسو.}} {{High-use}} {{template shortcut|sc|sm|aut}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|سانچو:Smallcaps/styles.css}} {{tlx|Smallcaps}} گهڻن متنن جي ننڍن اکرن... 377113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺان شامل ڪريو، ۽ بين الوڪيز وڪيڊيٽا ۾ --> {{hatnote|{{tl|sc}} هتي موٽايو وڃي ٿو. [[سانچو:Shortcut]] جي شارٽ ڪٽ لاءِ {{tl|sh}}، {{tl|shc}}، يا {{tl|short}} ڏسو.}} {{High-use}} {{template shortcut|sc|sm|aut}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|سانچو:Smallcaps/styles.css}} {{tlx|Smallcaps}} گهڻن متنن جي ننڍن اکرن واري حصي کي typographical {{Smallcaps|[[small caps]]}} جي نرم صورت ۾ ڏيکاريندو.<br /> مثال طور: {{tlx|Smallcaps|Beware of Dog}} → {{Smallcaps|Beware of Dog}}. هيءُ سانچو انهن اڪثر رسم الخطن سان ڪم ڪندو آهي جن ۾ casing موجود هجي، سواءِ يوناني الفابيٽ جي اڌ حصي جي (خاص طور accent کان سواءِ اکر α β γ δ θ λ μ ρ σ (پر ς نه) φ χ ω). ان کان علاوه، يوناني ΐ ۽ ΰ جا اچار به غلط جڳهه تي ظاهر ٿين ٿا: {{sc1|ΐ ΰ}}. هن سانچي کي مقالن ۾ گهٽ استعمال ڪرڻ يا احتياط سان استعمال ڪرڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ [[MOS:SMALLCAPS|Manual of Style]] مطابق small caps کان پاسو ڪرڻ گهرجي ۽ markup کي سادو رکڻ گهرجي. {{em|مخففن/ابتدائي اکرن جي ڏيک لاءِ}} small caps ۾ {{tlx|Smallcaps2}} (يعني {{tlx|sc2}}) استعمال ڪيو وڃي. == استعمال == {{COinS safe|n|}} توهان جي اصل متن کي نتيجي ۾ تبديل نه ڪيو ويندو، صرف ان جي ڏيک بدلبي. جيڪڏهن متن کي ڪاپي-پيسٽ ڪيو وڃي تہ اصل متن ئي حاصل ٿيندو؛ اهڙي طرح پراڻا يا غير-CSS برائوزر صرف اصل متن ڏيکاريندا. ; ڪوڊ : <code><nowiki>{{Smallcaps|Utada}} Hikaru</nowiki></code> ; ڏيک : {{Smallcaps|Utada}} Hikaru ; پيسٽ : Utada Hikaru هيءُ سانچو ٽائپوگرافڪ انداز طور ڪيپس استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي، جيئن ببلوگرافي ۾ خاندان جي نالن کي ننڍڙن ڪيپس ۾ ڏيکارڻ. اهو مخففن يا اختصارن لاءِ استعمال نه ڪيو وڃي جيڪي هر حال ۾ capitalized هجڻ گهرجن. اهڙين حالتن لاءِ {{tl|Smallcaps2}} استعمال ڪريو. [[MOS:ERA]] مطابق BC، AD، BCE، CE وغيره لاءِ ننڍڙا اکر استعمال نه ڪيا وڃن. {{As of|2016|02|post=،}} هيءُ سانچو citation templates جهڙوڪ {{tlx|Cite journal}} ۾ ليکڪ جي نالن يا عنوانن کي ننڍڙن اکرن يا ڪيپس ۾ ڏيکارڻ لاءِ استعمال نٿو ٿي سگهي. تفصيل لاءِ هيٺ “نوٽ” ڏسو. == فني نوٽس == {{Anchors|Technical|Notes}} * [[ڊائڪرٽڪ]]s (å، ç، é، ğ، ı، ñ، ø، ş، ü وغيره) کي سنڀاليو وڃي ٿو. بهرحال، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ متن جي فارميٽنگ هر پڙهندڙ جي برائوزر ۽ فونٽ وسيلي ڪئي ويندي آهي، تنهنڪري [[ڪيسڪيڊنگ اسٽائل شيٽون|CSS]] عملدرآمد جي فرق سبب ڪجهہ برائوزر ڪجهه ناياب ڊائڪرٽڪس کي صحيح تبديل نٿا ڪن. * هن سانچي جو استعمال ڪنهن به خودڪار زمربندي جو سبب نٿو بڻجي. ٻين ڪيترن ئي سانچن وانگر، جيڪڏهن بحث ۾ <code>=</code> موجود هجي تہ ان کي {{[[سانچو:=|=]]}} سان مٽايو وڃي يا مڪمل بحث کي {{para|1}} سان prefix ڪيو وڃي. وڪي ڳنڍڻن لاءِ پائيپنگ ضروري آهي. * [[ٽٻڪا ۽ بغير ٽٻڪا I]] سان مسئلو موجود آهي. <code><nowiki>{{Lang|tr|{{</nowiki>Smallcaps|ı i}}}}</code> شايد {{Smallcaps|ı ı}} ڏيکاري، جيتوڻيڪ ٻولي ترڪي مقرر هجي، جيستائين فونٽ مقامي ٻولي ۾ ترجمو ڪيل گلفس glyphs جي حمايت نه ڪري. * هن کي {{cs1}} يا {{cs2}} سانچن اندر استعمال نه ڪيو وڃي، ٻي صورت ۾ مارڪ اپ [[COinS]] ميٽا ڊيٽا ۾ شامل ٿي ويندو، جنهن سان [[ريفرنس مينيجمينٽ سافٽويئر]] جهڙوڪ [[زوٽيرو]] ۾ خراب ميٽا ڊيٽا محفوظ ٿي سگهي ٿي. * هيءُ سانچو ايڇ ٽي ايم ايل ڪردار واريون شيون جهڙوڪ <code>&amp;nbsp;</code> تي اثر نٿو وجهي. * فني طور، هيءُ سانچو هن CSS ريپر لاءِ آهي: <code>font-variant: small-caps</code>. * هڪ متبادل CSS انداز <code>font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;</code> استعمال نه ڪيو ويو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مختلف برائوزرن ۾ ان جو رويو مختلف آهي. === ننڍڙن اکرن کي غيرفعال ڪرڻ === جيڪڏهن توهان پنهنجي برائوزر ۾ ننڍڙن ڪيپس جي ڏيک کي بند ڪرڻ چاهيو ٿا، تہ لاگ ٿيل-واپرائيندڙ طور [[Special:MyPage/common.css|پنهنجي common.css]] ۾ هي شامل ڪريو: span.smallcaps { font-variant-caps: normal !important; } == مثال == {| class="wikitable" |- ! !! ڪوڊ !! ڏيک (اسڪرين) |- |{{Y}}|| <nowiki>{{Smallcaps|The ''Name'' of the 2nd Game}}</nowiki> || {{Smallcaps|The ''Name'' of the 2nd Game}} |- |{{Y}}|| <nowiki>Leonardo {{Smallcaps|DiCaprio}} (born 1974)</nowiki> || Leonardo {{Smallcaps|DiCaprio}} (born 1974) |- |{{Y}}|| <nowiki>José {{Smallcaps|Álvarez de Toledo y Gonzaga}}</nowiki> || José {{Smallcaps|Álvarez de Toledo y Gonzaga}} |- |{{Y}}|| <nowiki>{{Smallcaps|Nesbø, Vågen, Louÿs, Zúñiga, Kabaağaçlı}}</nowiki> || {{Smallcaps|Nesbø, Vågen, Louÿs, Zúñiga, Kabaağaçlı}} |- |colspan=3 align=center| ''جڏهن متن ۾ = نشاني هجي:'' |- |{{N}}|| <nowiki>{{Smallcaps|You and Me = Us}}</nowiki> || {{Smallcaps|You and Me = Us}} |- |{{Y}}|| <nowiki>{{Smallcaps|You and Me &amp;#61; Us}}</nowiki> || {{Smallcaps|You and Me &#61; Us}} |- |{{Y}}|| <nowiki>{{Smallcaps|You and Me {{=}} Us}}</nowiki> || {{Smallcaps|You and Me {{=}} Us}} |- |{{Y}}|| <nowiki>{{Smallcaps|1=You and Me = Us}}</nowiki> || {{Smallcaps|1=You and Me = Us}} |} <references group=Table /> ياد رهي تہ انهن مان گهڻا استعمال [[وڪيپيڊيا:طرز جو مينيوئل]] مطابق منظور ٿيل ناهن، تنهنڪري مقالن جي نثري متن ۾ انهن کان پاسو ڪرڻ گهرجي. == ننڍڙا اکر استعمال ڪرڻ جا سبب == [[ننڍڙا اکر]] انسائيڪلوپيڊڪ ۽ ٽائپوگرافڪ استعمالن لاءِ فائديمند آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: ; حوالي جي طرز موجب ALL-CAPS خانداني نالا کي نرم ڏيک ڏيڻ هيءُ سانچو CS1 يا CS2 حوالي وارا سانچا جهڙوڪ {{tl|cite book}} يا {{tl|citation}} اندر استعمال نه ڪيو وڃي. ; مغربي نالن ۽ خانداني نالا۾ فرق واضح ڪرڻ * ڪيترائي [[اسپيني نالا]] پيچيده هوندا آهن: ** [[Jorge Luis Borges|Jorge Luis {{smallcaps|Borges}}]] ** [[Adolfo Bioy Casares|Adolfo {{smallcaps|Bioy| C|asares}}]] ; مشرقي خانداني نالا ۽ ڏنل نالن ۾ فرق واضح ڪرڻ * گهڻا [[چيني نالو]] ۽ [[ڪورين نالو]] surname-first ترتيب برقرار رکن ٿا: ** [[مائو زيتنگ|{{smallcaps|Mao}} Zedong]] ** [[چيانگ ڪائي-شيڪ|{{smallcaps|Chiang}} Kai-shek]] ; [[يونيڪوڊ]] ڪردار وارن نالن کي صحيح ڏيکارڻ * اهڙن نالن کي يونيڪوڊ معيار مطابق ڪيپيٽل اکرن ۾ لکڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. ان لاءِ {{tl|Smallcaps2}} استعمال ڪيو وڃي. == اکر تبديل ڪرڻ وارن سانچن جو مقابلو == {{anchor|Comparison of the small caps templates}} {{Case templates table}} == سانچائي ڊيٽا== {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "متن", "required": true, "description": "اهو متن جيڪو small caps ۾ ڏيکاريو وڃي", "type": "string" } }, "format": "inline", "description": "داخل ڪيل متن جي ننڍن اکرن واري حصي کي ننڍڙن اکرن طور ڏيکاري ٿو" } </templatedata> == پڻ ڏسو == * {{tl|Smallcaps2}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| [[زمرو: مخصوص-متن جي فارميٽنگ ۽ فنڪشن وارا سانچا]] }} </includeonly> 2ib3uxlvbcbpsxfnkd2lignmkwa4prh 377114 377113 2026-05-11T23:00:37Z Intisar Ali 8681 377114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن صفحي جي هيٺان شامل ڪريو، ۽ بين الوڪيز وڪيڊيٽا ۾ --> {{hatnote|{{tl|sc}} هتي موٽايو وڃي ٿو. [[سانچو:Shortcut]] جي شارٽ ڪٽ لاءِ {{tl|sh}}، {{tl|shc}}، يا {{tl|short}} ڏسو.}} {{High-use}} {{template shortcut|sc|sm|aut}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|سانچو:Smallcaps/styles.css}} {{tlx|Smallcaps}} گهڻن متنن جي ننڍن اکرن واري حصي کي typographical {{Smallcaps|[[small caps]]}} جي نرم صورت ۾ ڏيکاريندو.<br /> مثال طور: {{tlx|Smallcaps|Beware of Dog}} → {{Smallcaps|Beware of Dog}}. هيءُ سانچو انهن اڪثر رسم الخطن سان ڪم ڪندو آهي جن ۾ casing موجود هجي، سواءِ يوناني الفابيٽ جي اڌ حصي جي (خاص طور accent کان سواءِ اکر α β γ δ θ λ μ ρ σ (پر ς نه) φ χ ω). ان کان علاوه، يوناني ΐ ۽ ΰ جا اچار به غلط جڳهه تي ظاهر ٿين ٿا: {{sc1|ΐ ΰ}}. هن سانچي کي مقالن ۾ گهٽ استعمال ڪرڻ يا احتياط سان استعمال ڪرڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ [[MOS:SMALLCAPS|Manual of Style]] مطابق small caps کان پاسو ڪرڻ گهرجي ۽ markup کي سادو رکڻ گهرجي. {{em|مخففن/ابتدائي اکرن جي ڏيک لاءِ}} small caps ۾ {{tlx|Smallcaps2}} (يعني {{tlx|sc2}}) استعمال ڪيو وڃي. == استعمال == {{COinS safe|n|}} توهان جي اصل متن کي نتيجي ۾ تبديل نه ڪيو ويندو، صرف ان جي ڏيک بدلبي. جيڪڏهن متن کي ڪاپي-پيسٽ ڪيو وڃي تہ اصل متن ئي حاصل ٿيندو؛ اهڙي طرح پراڻا يا غير-CSS برائوزر صرف اصل متن ڏيکاريندا. ; ڪوڊ : <code><nowiki>{{Smallcaps|Utada}} Hikaru</nowiki></code> ; ڏيک : {{Smallcaps|Utada}} Hikaru ; پيسٽ : Utada Hikaru هيءُ سانچو ٽائپوگرافڪ انداز طور ڪيپس استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي، جيئن ببلوگرافي ۾ خاندان جي نالن کي ننڍڙن ڪيپس ۾ ڏيکارڻ. اهو مخففن يا اختصارن لاءِ استعمال نه ڪيو وڃي جيڪي هر حال ۾ وڏن اکرن هجڻ گهرجن. اهڙين حالتن لاءِ {{tl|Smallcaps2}} استعمال ڪريو. [[MOS:ERA]] مطابق BC، AD، BCE، CE وغيره لاءِ ننڍڙا اکر استعمال نه ڪيا وڃن. بمطابق 2016 هيءُ سانچو حوالن وارا سانچا جهڙوڪ {{tlx|Cite journal}} ۾ ليکڪ جي نالن يا عنوانن کي ننڍڙن اکرن يا ڪيپس ۾ ڏيکارڻ لاءِ استعمال نٿو ٿي سگهي. تفصيل لاءِ هيٺ “نوٽ” ڏسو. == فني نوٽس == {{Anchors|Technical|Notes}} * [[ڊائڪرٽڪ]]s (å، ç، é، ğ، ı، ñ، ø، ş، ü وغيره) کي سنڀاليو وڃي ٿو. بهرحال، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ متن جي فارميٽنگ هر پڙهندڙ جي برائوزر ۽ فونٽ وسيلي ڪئي ويندي آهي، تنهنڪري [[ڪيسڪيڊنگ اسٽائل شيٽون|CSS]] عملدرآمد جي فرق سبب ڪجهہ برائوزر ڪجهه ناياب ڊائڪرٽڪس کي صحيح تبديل نٿا ڪن. * هن سانچي جو استعمال ڪنهن به خودڪار زمربندي جو سبب نٿو بڻجي. ٻين ڪيترن ئي سانچن وانگر، جيڪڏهن بحث ۾ <code>=</code> موجود هجي تہ ان کي {{[[سانچو:=|=]]}} سان مٽايو وڃي يا مڪمل بحث کي {{para|1}} سان prefix ڪيو وڃي. وڪي ڳنڍڻن لاءِ پائيپنگ ضروري آهي. * [[ٽٻڪا ۽ بغير ٽٻڪا I]] سان مسئلو موجود آهي. <code><nowiki>{{Lang|tr|{{</nowiki>Smallcaps|ı i}}}}</code> شايد {{Smallcaps|ı ı}} ڏيکاري، جيتوڻيڪ ٻولي ترڪي مقرر هجي، جيستائين فونٽ مقامي ٻولي ۾ ترجمو ڪيل گلفس glyphs جي حمايت نه ڪري. * هن کي {{cs1}} يا {{cs2}} سانچن اندر استعمال نه ڪيو وڃي، ٻي صورت ۾ مارڪ اپ [[COinS]] ميٽا ڊيٽا ۾ شامل ٿي ويندو، جنهن سان [[ريفرنس مينيجمينٽ سافٽويئر]] جهڙوڪ [[زوٽيرو]] ۾ خراب ميٽا ڊيٽا محفوظ ٿي سگهي ٿي. * هيءُ سانچو ايڇ ٽي ايم ايل ڪردار واريون شيون جهڙوڪ <code>&amp;nbsp;</code> تي اثر نٿو وجهي. * فني طور، هيءُ سانچو هن CSS ريپر لاءِ آهي: <code>font-variant: small-caps</code>. * هڪ متبادل CSS انداز <code>font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;</code> استعمال نه ڪيو ويو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مختلف برائوزرن ۾ ان جو رويو مختلف آهي. === ننڍڙن اکرن کي غيرفعال ڪرڻ === جيڪڏهن توهان پنهنجي برائوزر ۾ ننڍڙن ڪيپس جي ڏيک کي بند ڪرڻ چاهيو ٿا، تہ لاگ ٿيل-واپرائيندڙ طور [[Special:MyPage/common.css|پنهنجي common.css]] ۾ هي شامل ڪريو: span.smallcaps { font-variant-caps: normal !important; } == مثال == {| class="wikitable" |- ! !! ڪوڊ !! ڏيک (اسڪرين) |- |{{Y}}|| <nowiki>{{Smallcaps|The ''Name'' of the 2nd Game}}</nowiki> || {{Smallcaps|The ''Name'' of the 2nd Game}} |- |{{Y}}|| <nowiki>Leonardo {{Smallcaps|DiCaprio}} (born 1974)</nowiki> || Leonardo {{Smallcaps|DiCaprio}} (born 1974) |- |{{Y}}|| <nowiki>José {{Smallcaps|Álvarez de Toledo y Gonzaga}}</nowiki> || José {{Smallcaps|Álvarez de Toledo y Gonzaga}} |- |{{Y}}|| <nowiki>{{Smallcaps|Nesbø, Vågen, Louÿs, Zúñiga, Kabaağaçlı}}</nowiki> || {{Smallcaps|Nesbø, Vågen, Louÿs, Zúñiga, Kabaağaçlı}} |- |colspan=3 align=center| ''جڏهن متن ۾ = نشاني هجي:'' |- |{{N}}|| <nowiki>{{Smallcaps|You and Me = Us}}</nowiki> || {{Smallcaps|You and Me = Us}} |- |{{Y}}|| <nowiki>{{Smallcaps|You and Me &amp;#61; Us}}</nowiki> || {{Smallcaps|You and Me &#61; Us}} |- |{{Y}}|| <nowiki>{{Smallcaps|You and Me {{=}} Us}}</nowiki> || {{Smallcaps|You and Me {{=}} Us}} |- |{{Y}}|| <nowiki>{{Smallcaps|1=You and Me = Us}}</nowiki> || {{Smallcaps|1=You and Me = Us}} |} <references group=Table /> ياد رهي تہ انهن مان گهڻا استعمال [[وڪيپيڊيا:طرز جو مينيوئل]] مطابق منظور ٿيل ناهن، تنهنڪري مقالن جي نثري متن ۾ انهن کان پاسو ڪرڻ گهرجي. == ننڍڙا اکر استعمال ڪرڻ جا سبب == [[ننڍڙا اکر]] انسائيڪلوپيڊڪ ۽ ٽائپوگرافڪ استعمالن لاءِ فائديمند آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: ; حوالي جي طرز موجب ALL-CAPS خانداني نالا کي نرم ڏيک ڏيڻ هيءُ سانچو CS1 يا CS2 حوالي وارا سانچا جهڙوڪ {{tl|cite book}} يا {{tl|citation}} اندر استعمال نه ڪيو وڃي. ; مغربي نالن ۽ خانداني نالا۾ فرق واضح ڪرڻ * ڪيترائي [[اسپيني نالا]] پيچيده هوندا آهن: ** [[Jorge Luis Borges|Jorge Luis {{smallcaps|Borges}}]] ** [[Adolfo Bioy Casares|Adolfo {{smallcaps|Bioy| C|asares}}]] ; مشرقي خانداني نالا ۽ ڏنل نالن ۾ فرق واضح ڪرڻ * گهڻا [[چيني نالو]] ۽ [[ڪورين نالو]] surname-first ترتيب برقرار رکن ٿا: ** [[مائو زيتنگ|{{smallcaps|Mao}} Zedong]] ** [[چيانگ ڪائي-شيڪ|{{smallcaps|Chiang}} Kai-shek]] ; [[يونيڪوڊ]] ڪردار وارن نالن کي صحيح ڏيکارڻ * اهڙن نالن کي يونيڪوڊ معيار مطابق ڪيپيٽل اکرن ۾ لکڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. ان لاءِ {{tl|Smallcaps2}} استعمال ڪيو وڃي. == اکر تبديل ڪرڻ وارن سانچن جو مقابلو == {{anchor|Comparison of the small caps templates}} {{Case templates table}} == سانچائي ڊيٽا== {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "متن", "required": true, "description": "اهو متن جيڪو small caps ۾ ڏيکاريو وڃي", "type": "string" } }, "format": "inline", "description": "داخل ڪيل متن جي ننڍن اکرن واري حصي کي ننڍڙن اکرن طور ڏيکاري ٿو" } </templatedata> == پڻ ڏسو == * {{tl|Smallcaps2}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| [[زمرو: مخصوص-متن جي فارميٽنگ ۽ فنڪشن وارا سانچا]] }} </includeonly> s3xr3c7z5svygg7zx283cngzgkhrg2j 828 96519 377116 2026-05-11T23:09:53Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Module rating|protected}} {{High-use|demo=ماڊيول:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}} {{Lua|ماڊيول:Shortcut/config|ماڊيول:List|ماڊيول:Yesno|ماڊيول:Arguments}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|ماڊيول:Shortcut/styles.css}} {{Lua sidebar}} هي ماڊيول ڪنهن صفحي لاءِ شارٽ ڪٽ لنڪن جو دٻو (box) ڏيکاريندو آهي. == استعمال == === Wikitext مان === وڪي متن مان، هي ماڊيول عام طور ڪنهن سا... 377116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Module rating|protected}} {{High-use|demo=ماڊيول:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}} {{Lua|ماڊيول:Shortcut/config|ماڊيول:List|ماڊيول:Yesno|ماڊيول:Arguments}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|ماڊيول:Shortcut/styles.css}} {{Lua sidebar}} هي ماڊيول ڪنهن صفحي لاءِ شارٽ ڪٽ لنڪن جو دٻو (box) ڏيکاريندو آهي. == استعمال == === Wikitext مان === وڪي متن مان، هي ماڊيول عام طور ڪنهن سانچي وسيلي سڏيو ويندو آهي، اڪثر ڪري {{tl|shortcut}} ذريعي. تفصيلي دستاويز لاءِ سانچي جو صفحو ڏسو. بهرحال، ان کي سڌو هيئن به استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو: <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:shortcut|main|</nowiki>''arguments''<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> === لوا مان === لوا مان هن ماڊيول کي استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ، پهرين ان کي لوڊ ڪيو وڃي. <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> local mShortcut = require('Module:Shortcut') </syntaxhighlight> ان کان پوءِ shortcut box هيٺين syntax سان ٺاهي سگهجن ٿا: <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> mShortcut._main(shortcuts, options, frame, cfg) </syntaxhighlight> * <var>shortcuts</var> shortcut صفحن جي نالن جي نمبروار ترتيب آهي. (گهربل) * <var>options</var> اختيارن جي table آهي. هيٺيون ڪنجيون سهائتا يافته آهن: ** <code>msg</code> — shortcut فهرست کان پوءِ ڏيکارڻ لاءِ پيغام. ** <code>category</code> — جيڪڏهن فالس (يا [[ماڊيول:Yesno]] موجب فالس سمجهي ويندڙ ويليو، جهڙوڪ "no") تي مقرر ڪيو وڃي، تہ زمرا غيرفعال ڪيا ويندا. * <var>frame</var> هڪ فريم آبجيڪٽ آهي. هي اختياري آهي ۽ صرف اندروني استعمال لاءِ آهي. * <var>cfg</var> config values جي جدول آهي. هي به اختياري آهي ۽ صرف آزمائش لاءِ استعمال ٿيندي آهي. == فني تفصيل == هن ماڊيول جي ترتيب فائل [[ماڊيول:Shortcut/config]] تي موجود آهي. ان کي هن ماڊيول کي مختلف ٻولين ۾ ترجمو ڪرڻ يا زمري جي نالن جهڙيون تفصيلون تبديل ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| <!-- زمرا هتي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الوڪيز وڪيڊيٽا ۾ وڃن. --> }}</includeonly> 4lfhqwb1v17ovoqjvgqgjiy6utgp64h 10 96520 377117 2026-05-11T23:31:52Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{Template shortcut|zh}} <!-- زمرا ھيٺ شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪون Wikidata تي رکو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:Wikidata]]) --> {{Lua|ماڊيول:Lang-zh}} {{High-use| سوين}} {{COinS safe|n}} ھي مختلف [[چيني ٻوليءَ جون قسمن|چيني ٻوليءَ جي قسمن]] کي مختلف [[چيني لکت|چيني لکتن]] ۾ ڏيکارڻ لاءِ ھڪ گڏيل سانچو آھي. ھي ڏيک... 377117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Template shortcut|zh}} <!-- زمرا ھيٺ شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي لنڪون Wikidata تي رکو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:Wikidata]]) --> {{Lua|ماڊيول:Lang-zh}} {{High-use| سوين}} {{COinS safe|n}} ھي مختلف [[چيني ٻوليءَ جون قسمن|چيني ٻوليءَ جي قسمن]] کي مختلف [[چيني لکت|چيني لکتن]] ۾ ڏيکارڻ لاءِ ھڪ گڏيل سانچو آھي. ھي ڏيکاري (۽ لنڪ ڪري) سگھي ٿو: سادي ۽ روايتي [[چيني اکر]]؛ لفظي ترجمو؛ [[بوپوموفو|زوئين (بوپوموفو)]]؛ [[مينڊرين چيني]] جي [[پنين|ھانيو پنين]]، [[تونگ يونگ پنين]]، ۽ [[ويڊ–جائلز]] رومنائيزيشن؛ [[ڪينٽونيز]] جي [[جيوٽپنگ]]، [[ڪينٽونيز جي ييل رومنائيزيشن]]، ۽ [[سڊني لائو رومنائيزيشن]]؛ ۽ [[ھوڪين]] جي [[پيھ-اوئي-جي]] ۽ [[تائي-لو]] رومنائيزيشن. ھي مختلف استعمالن لاءِ آئوٽ پُٽ جي ترتيب ۽ فارميٽنگ جي حمايت ڪري ٿو. == استعمال == === پيراميٽر === {{Hatnote|ھيٺين گھڻن پيراميٽر مثالن ۾ "چين" کي پليس ھولڊر طور استعمال ڪيو ويو آھي.}} سانچي کي استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ {{tlx|Lang-zh}} سان شروع ڪريو ۽ جيڪي پيراميٽر چاھيو تن سان گڏ ڏيکارڻ وارو متن شامل ڪريو. سانچو صرف اھي پيراميٽر ڏيکاريندو جيڪي توھان ڏنا ھوندا. ھيٺيان پيراميٽر سپورٽ ٿيل آھن: {| class="wikitable" |- ! پيراميٽر ! colspan="2" | وضاحت ! مثال |- | {{para|t}}<br>يا {{para|t_hk}}<br>يا {{para|t_tw}}<ref>جيڪڏھن ضرورت ھجي تہ {{para|t_hk}} يا {{para|t_tw}} استعمال ڪريو ته جيئن املا جو فرق بيان ڪري سگھجي. مثال لاءِ [[Media:Source_Han_Sans_Version_Difference.svg|ھي تصوير]] ڏسو.</ref> | colspan="2" | [[روايتي چيني اکر]]<ref name="same" /> || {{tlx|Lang-zh|t{{=}}中國}}<br />{{Lang-zh|t=中國}} |- | {{para|s}} | colspan="2" | [[سادي چيني جا اکر]]<ref name="same">جيڪڏھن {{para|s}} ۽ {{para|t}} ٻئي ڏنا وڃن ۽ ساڳيا ھجن — يعني سادي ۽ روايتي اکر ساڳيا ھجن — تہ اھي رڳو ھڪ ڀيرو ظاھر ٿيندا: {{tlx|Lang-zh|s{{=}}北京|t{{=}}北京}} ڏئي ٿو {{Lang-zh|s=北京|t=北京}}.</ref> || {{tlx|Lang-zh|s{{=}}中国}}<br />{{Lang-zh|s=中国}} |- | {{para|c}}<ref name=unnamed>جيڪڏھن رڳو ھڪ اڻ ناليل پيراميٽر ڏنو وڃي، تہ ان کي {{para|c}} ڏانھن موڪليل سمجھيو ويندو.</ref> | colspan="2" | [[چيني ٻولي]] (ھتي سادي صورتون) || {{tlx|Lang-zh|c{{=}}中国}}<br />{{Lang-zh|c=中国}} |- | {{para|p}} يا {{para|hp}} || [[pinyin]]<ref>جيڪڏھن Tongyong Pinyin بہ شامل ھجي تہ ھي "Hanyu Pinyin" طور ڏيکاريندو، رڳو "pinyin" نہ؛ ان طريقي سان ٻنهي قسمن جي پنين ۾ فرق ظاھر ٿيندو.</ref> | rowspan="3" | مينڊرين | {{tlx|Lang-zh|p{{=}}Zhōngguó}}<br />{{Lang-zh|p=Zhōngguó}} |- | {{para|tp}} || [[Tongyong Pinyin]] || {{tlx|Lang-zh|tp{{=}}Jhongguó}}<br />{{Lang-zh|tp=Jhongguó}} |- | {{para|w}} || [[Wade–Giles]]<ref name=sup>Wade-Giles ۽ Sidney Lau رومنائيزيشن ۾ سُرن لاءِ superscript انگ استعمال ٿيندا آھن. سانچو خودڪار طور عام انگن کي سپر رسم الخط ۾ تبديل ڪندو.</ref> || {{tlx|Lang-zh|w{{=}}Chung1kuo2}}<br />{{Lang-zh|w=Chung1kuo2}} |- | {{para|j}} || [[Jyutping]]<ref>خودڪار طور ٺھي سگھي ٿو: {{tlx|kCantonese|廣州|_show_result=y}}</ref> | rowspan="3" | ڪينٽونيز | {{tlx|Lang-zh|j{{=}}Gwong2zau1}}<br />{{Lang-zh|j=Gwong2zau1}} |- | {{para|cy}} || [[ڪينٽونيز جي ييل رومنائيزيشن]] || {{tlx|Lang-zh|cy{{=}}Gwóngjāu}}<br />{{Lang-zh|cy=Gwóngjāu}} |- | {{para|sl}} || [[Sidney Lau romanisation|Sidney Lau]]<ref name=sup /> || {{tlx|Lang-zh|sl{{=}}Gwong2jau1}}<br />{{Lang-zh|sl=Gwong2jau1}} |- | {{para|poj}} || [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]] | rowspan="2" | ھوڪين | {{tlx|Lang-zh|poj{{=}}Tâi-tiong-koān}}<br />{{Lang-zh|poj=Tâi-tiong-koān}} |- | {{para|tl}} || [[Tâi-lô]] || {{tlx|Lang-zh|tl{{=}}Tâi-tiong-kuān}}<br />{{Lang-zh|tl=Tâi-tiong-kuān}} |- | {{para|zhu}} | colspan="2" | [[Bopomofo|Zhuyin Fuhao]] | {{tlx|Lang-zh|zhu{{=}}ㄊㄠˊ ㄩㄢˊ ㄒㄧㄢˋ}}<br />{{Lang-zh|zhu=ㄊㄠˊ ㄩㄢˊ ㄒㄧㄢˋ}} |- | {{para|l}} | colspan="2" | لفظي معنيٰ | {{tlx|Lang-zh|l{{=}}Middle Kingdom}}<br />{{Lang-zh|l=Middle Kingdom}} |- | {{para|tr}} | colspan="2" | ترجمو | {{tlx|Lang-zh|tr{{=}}China}}<br />{{Lang-zh|tr=China}} |- | {{para|labels}} | colspan="2" | ٻوليءَ جا ليبل ڏيکاريو | ھيٺ [[#ليبل وارا اختيار|ڏسو]] |- | {{para|links}} | colspan="2" | ٻوليءَ جا لنڪ ڏيکاريو | ھيٺ [[#ليبل وارا اختيار|ڏسو]] |- | {{para|first}} | colspan="2" | اڳواٽ ترتيب تبديل ڪريو | ھيٺ [[#ترتيب|ڏسو]] |- | {{para|scase}} | colspan="2" | جملي واري حالت استعمال ڪريو | ھيٺ [[#ليبل وارا اختيار|ڏسو]] |- | {{para|out}} | colspan="2" | ڪنھن پيراميٽر کي قوسين کان ٻاھر ڏيکارڻ لاءِ چونڊيو | ھيٺ [[#بريڪيٽنگ|ڏسو]] |} <references /> === ليبل جا اختيار === {{para|labels|no}} شامل ڪريو تہ ليبل بند ٿي وڃن، پوءِ رڳو ڏنل متن سيمي ڪولونسان الڳ ٿي ڏيکاربو. ھن سان سانچي جي ڊيگھ گھٽ ٿيندي، ۽ جڏھن ھڪ ئي مضمون ۾ سانچو بار بار استعمال ٿئي تہ ان جو اثر گھٽ ٿيندو. ليبل بند ڪرڻ سان لنڪ بہ لِڪي ويندا. :{{tlx |Lang-zh| t{{=}}中國 | s{{=}}中国 | hp{{=}}Zhōngguó | tp{{=}}Jhongguó | labels{{=}}no}} :{{Lang-zh| t=中國 | s=中国 | hp=Zhōngguó | tp=Jhongguó | labels=no}} {{para|links|no}} شامل ڪريو تہ ليبل لنڪ بند ٿي وڃن. ھي [[وڪيپيڊيا:گھڻ ڳنڍڻا|گهڻن لنڪن]] کان بچڻ لاءِ مفيد آھي جڏھن ھڪ ئي مضمون يا حصي ۾ سانچو بار بار استعمال ٿئي. :{{tlx |Lang-zh| t{{=}}中國 | s{{=}}中国 | hp{{=}}Zhōngguó | tp{{=}}Jhongguó | links{{=}}no}} :{{Lang-zh| t=中國 | s=中国 | hp=Zhōngguó | tp=Jhongguó | links=no}} {{para|scase|yes}} شامل ڪريو تہ [[جملي جي ڪيسنگ]] استعمال ٿئي، يعني پھريون ليبل وڏي اکر سان شروع ٿئي. اھڙيءَ طرح سانچو جملي جي شروعات ۾ بہ استعمال ڪري سگھجي ٿو. :{{tlx |Lang-zh| t{{=}}中國 | s{{=}}中国 | hp{{=}}Zhōngguó | tp{{=}}Jhongguó | scase{{=}}yes}} :{{Lang-zh| t=中國 | s=中国 | hp=Zhōngguó | tp=Jhongguó | scase=yes}} === ترتيب === سانچي کي ھڪ کان وڌيڪ قدر ڏنا وڃن ٿا (مثال طور [[Special:PermanentLink/314754415|China]] واري مضمون ۾ '''s'''، '''t'''، '''hp'''، '''tp'''، ۽ '''w''' استعمال ٿيل آھن). اڳواٽ طور، ڪيترائي پيراميٽر ھيٺين جدول واري ترتيب سان ڏيکاريا ويندا: پھريان چيني اکر (سادي، پوءِ روايتي)، پوءِ رومنائيزيشن (ھانيو ۽ ٽونگيانگ پنين کان شروع). ھن ترتيب کي {{para|first}} سان تبديل ڪري سگھجي ٿو (مثال طور ھانگ ڪانگ يا تائيوان وارن مضمونن لاءِ). اھو ڪاما سان جدا ڪيل ھيٺين قدرن کي قبول ڪري ٿو: * {{para|first|t}} روايتي اکرن کي سادن اکرن کان اڳ رکي ٿو * {{para|first|j}} ڪينٽونيز رومنائيزيشن (جيوٽپنگ، ييل، ۽ سڊني لوا) کي مينڊرين ۽ ھوڪين کان اڳ رکي ٿو * {{para|first|poj}} ھوڪين رومنائيزيشن (POJ ۽ Tâi-lô) کي مينڊرين ۽ ڪينٽونيز کان اڳ رکي ٿو اھي ڪنھن بہ ترتيب ۾ گڏ ڪري سگھجن ٿا، مثال طور: {{para|first|j,t}} يا {{para|first|t,j}} مثال: : {{tlx |Lang-zh| t{{=}}臺北 | s{{=}}台北 | hp{{=}}Táiběi}} : {{Lang-zh| t=臺北 | s=台北 | hp=Táiběi}} : {{tlx |Lang-zh| t{{=}}臺北 | s{{=}}台北 | hp{{=}}Táiběi|first{{=}}t}} : {{Lang-zh| t=臺北 | s=台北 | hp=Táiběi|first=t}} : {{tlx |Lang-zh| t{{=}}九龍 | s{{=}}九龙 | p{{=}}Jiǔlóng||j{{=}}gau2lung4}} : {{Lang-zh| t=九龍 | s=九龙 | hp=Jiǔlóng||j=gau2lung4}} : {{tlx |Lang-zh| t{{=}}九龍 | s{{=}}九龙 | hp{{=}}Jiǔlóng||j{{=}}gau2lung4|first{{=}}t, j}} : {{Lang-zh| t=九龍 | s=九龙 | hp=Jiǔlóng||j=gau2lung4|first=t, j}} پوري مضمون لاءِ بہ اڳواٽ ترتيب تبديل ڪري سگھجي ٿي، جيئن {{para|first|t}} (روايتي اکر سادن کان اڳ) ھر استعمال ۾ لاڳو ٿئي. اھو [[ماڊيول:Lang-zh]] جي مٿئين حصي ۾ <code>t1st</code> فهرست ۾ مضمون شامل ڪري ڪيو ويندو. ماڊيول محفوظيل-ايڊٽ آھي، تنھنڪري جيڪڏھن توھان پاڻ شامل نہ ڪري سگھو تہ [[ماڊيول بحث:Lang-zh]] تي {{tl|edit template-protected}} استعمال ڪري درخواست ڏيو. === قوسون === {{para|out}} استعمال ڪري ڪنھن پيراميٽر کي قوسين کان ٻاھر، ۽ باقي مواد کي قوسين اندر ڏيکاري سگھجي ٿو. ھي ان وقت مفيد آھي جڏھن ڪنھن خاص حصي کي نمايان ڪرڻو ھجي. جيڪڏھن {{para|s}} ۽ {{para|t}} ٻئي ڏنا وڃن، ۽ {{para|out|c}} مقرر ھجي، تہ ٻنھي قسمن جا اکر قوسين کان ٻاھر رکيا ويندا. مثال: : {{tlx |Lang-zh| t{{=}}馬來西亞 | s{{=}}马来西亚 | hp{{=}}Mǎláixīyà | tr{{=}}Malaysia | labels{{=}}no | out{{=}}tr}} : {{Lang-zh| t=馬來西亞 | s=马来西亚 | hp=Mǎláixīyà | tr=Malaysia | labels=no | out=tr}} == سانچائي ڊيٽا== {{collapse top|[[وڪيپيڊيا:TemplateData|TemplateData]] دستاويز جيڪي [[وڪيپيڊيا:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] ۽ ٻين اوزارن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آھن}} {{TemplateData header|noheader=1}} <templatedata> { "description": "چيني متن ۽ ان جي رومنائيزيشن جي مستقل ترتيب، صحيح فارميٽنگ، زمربندي، ۽ ٻوليءَ جي ليبلنگ کي آسان بڻائڻ لاءِ سانچو", "params": { "c": { "label": "چيني", "description": "چيني اکر", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "example": "大明", "aliases": [ "1" ] }, "s": { "label": "سادي چيني", "description": "سادي چيني اکر", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "example": "中国" }, "t": { "label": "روايتي چيني", "description": "روايتي چيني اکر", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "example": "中國" }, "p": { "label": "پنين", "description": "ھانيو پنين رومنائيزيشن (مينڊرين)", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "hp" ], "example": "Zhōngguó", "suggested": true } }, "format": "inline" } </templatedata> {{collapse bottom}} == ٽريڪنگ زمرا == * {{clc|Articles containing Chinese-language text}} * {{clc|Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text}} * {{clc|Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text}} * {{clc|Pages using template Zh with sup tags}} == ھي بہ ڏسو == * {{tlx|Infobox Chinese}}، ھڪ infobox جيڪو روايتي ۽ سادي چيني سان گڏ ٻين عام رومنائيزيشن جي بہ حمايت ڪري ٿو * {{tlx|Old Chinese}}، reconstructed [[Old Chinese phonology]] لاءِ * {{tlx|Rarely-used Chinese characters}}، اھڙن اکرن لاءِ جيڪي صحيح render ٿيڻ ۾ مسئلو ڏين === متبادل نالا === * {{tlx|zhc}} → {{tlx|lang-zh|labels{{=}}no|out{{=}}c}} * {{tlx|zhi}} → {{tlx|lang-zh|labels{{=}}no}} * {{tlx|zht}} → {{tlx|lang-zh|labels{{=}}no|out{{=}}tr}} * {{tlx|zhp}} → {{tlx|lang-zh|labels{{=}}no|out{{=}}p}} === ساڳيا سانچا === {{CJKV/All inline language templates}} {{Unicode templates}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- ھن لڪير کان ھيٺ زمرا شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي لنڪون Wikidata تي --> [[زمرو:Chinese multilingual support templates]] <!-- [[زمرو:Lang-x templates|zh]] [[زمرو:Templates that add a tracking category]] --> }}</includeonly> baby4gts5uqpk9r0m81p3fy0stfmol2 10 96521 377118 2026-05-11T23:34:44Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <includeonly>{{#invoke:Unihan pronunciation|kCantonese|{{{1}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 377118 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Unihan pronunciation|kCantonese|{{{1}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> d9rq4fsxfz03m1wut5o190myacpxbtj 10 96522 377119 2026-05-11T23:36:12Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Lua|ماڊيول:Unihan pronunciation}} {{Documentation subpage}} == استعمال == ھي سانچو ڪنھن لکت جي يونيھان kCantonese اُچار ڏيکاري ٿو. === مثال === {{tlx|kCantonese|香港|_show_result=y}} {{tlx|kCantonese|廣州|3=tone=sup|_show_result=y}} {{tlx|kCantonese|楚人有鬻盾与矛者|_show_result=y}} === پڻ ڏسو === * [[سانچو:Lang-zh]] <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا ھن سٽ کان ھيٺ --> [... 377119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lua|ماڊيول:Unihan pronunciation}} {{Documentation subpage}} == استعمال == ھي سانچو ڪنھن لکت جي يونيھان kCantonese اُچار ڏيکاري ٿو. === مثال === {{tlx|kCantonese|香港|_show_result=y}} {{tlx|kCantonese|廣州|3=tone=sup|_show_result=y}} {{tlx|kCantonese|楚人有鬻盾与矛者|_show_result=y}} === پڻ ڏسو === * [[سانچو:Lang-zh]] <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا ھن سٽ کان ھيٺ --> [[زمرو:چيني گهڻ-لساني سهائتا سانچا]] }}</includeonly> fr9tjupt8jjq0yzz5rgeuqq6nmmcguw 828 96523 377120 2026-05-11T23:37:21Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: local p = {} local unicode_data = require("Module:Unicode data") local passthrough = { [","] = true, ["-"] = true, [":"] = true } -- Helper: format a syllable, optionally putting tone as superscript local function format_syllable(syllable, tone_mode) if tone_mode == "sup" and syllable then -- Move the last character (tone number) into <sup> local base = syllable:sub(1, -2) local tone = syllable:sub(-1) return base .. "<sup... 377120 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local unicode_data = require("Module:Unicode data") local passthrough = { [","] = true, ["-"] = true, [":"] = true } -- Helper: format a syllable, optionally putting tone as superscript local function format_syllable(syllable, tone_mode) if tone_mode == "sup" and syllable then -- Move the last character (tone number) into <sup> local base = syllable:sub(1, -2) local tone = syllable:sub(-1) return base .. "^{" .. tone .. "}" else return syllable end end --- @param frame table function p.kCantonese(frame) local text = frame.args[1] local tone_mode = frame:getParent().args["tone"] local result = {} for char in mw.text.gsplit(text, "", true) do if char == " " then -- ignore whitespace elseif passthrough[char] then table.insert(result, char) else local code = mw.ustring.codepoint(char) local syllable = unicode_data.lookup_kCantonese(code) table.insert(result, format_syllable(syllable, tone_mode)) end end return table.concat(result, " ") end return p ilt9cz68dwn812mf0nqzbnzrbpxlvir 828 96524 377121 2026-05-11T23:38:55Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{lua|ماڊيول:Unicode data}} ڏسو {{سانچو|kCantonese}}. == استعمال == <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>#invoke:Unihan pronunciation|kCantonese|''اکر''<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا ھن سٽ کان ھيٺ؛ بين الويڪي وارا ڳنڍڻ وڪيڊيٽا تي --> }}</includeonly> <noinclude> [[زمرو:ماڊيول دستاويزي صفحا]] </noinclude> 377121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{lua|ماڊيول:Unicode data}} ڏسو {{سانچو|kCantonese}}. == استعمال == <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>#invoke:Unihan pronunciation|kCantonese|''اکر''<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا ھن سٽ کان ھيٺ؛ بين الويڪي وارا ڳنڍڻ وڪيڊيٽا تي --> }}</includeonly> <noinclude> [[زمرو:ماڊيول دستاويزي صفحا]] </noinclude> j3vk2iokbi5mthq9yzblpcqar8w7cjg 377122 377121 2026-05-11T23:41:17Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{lua|ماڊيول:Unicode data}} ڏسو {{سانچو|kCantonese}}. == استعمال == <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>#invoke:Unihan pronunciation|kCantonese|''اکر''<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا ھن سٽ کان ھيٺ؛ بين الويڪي وارا ڳنڍڻ وڪيڊيٽا تي --> }}</includeonly> <noinclude> [[زمرو:ماڊيول دستاويزي صفحا]] </noinclude> izusycs8yu02j00yq0ei4llvsghl3zb 377123 377122 2026-05-11T23:41:36Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation}} {{lua|ماڊيول:Unicode data}} ڏسو {{سانچو|kCantonese}}. == استعمال == <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>#invoke:Unihan pronunciation|kCantonese|''اکر''<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا ھن سٽ کان ھيٺ؛ بين الويڪي وارا ڳنڍڻ وڪيڊيٽا تي --> }}</includeonly> <noinclude> [[زمرو:ماڊيول دستاويزي صفحا]] </noinclude> 0mhq600fsg0ehsttfben4diu36qsoru 10 96525 377126 2026-05-12T00:05:32Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{Anchor|ombox}} {{ombox |type= content |imageright= [[File:Emblem-money.svg|42px]] |text= هي سانچو بنيادي طور [[صارف قيمت اشاريي]] جي قدرن جي مهانگائي ڳڻڻ لاءِ مقرر ٿيل آهي: بنيادي ضرورتون، مزدورن جو ڪرايو، ننڍا خدمتي بل (ڊاڪٽرن جا خرچ، ريل جون ٽڪيٽون). '''سرمائي خرچن، حڪومتي خرچن، يا اميرن ج... 377126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Anchor|ombox}} {{ombox |type= content |imageright= [[File:Emblem-money.svg|42px]] |text= هي سانچو بنيادي طور [[صارف قيمت اشاريي]] جي قدرن جي مهانگائي ڳڻڻ لاءِ مقرر ٿيل آهي: بنيادي ضرورتون، مزدورن جو ڪرايو، ننڍا خدمتي بل (ڊاڪٽرن جا خرچ، ريل جون ٽڪيٽون). '''سرمائي خرچن، حڪومتي خرچن، يا اميرن جي ذاتي دولت ۽ خرچن کي مهانگائي مطابق وڌائڻ لاءِ''' US-GDP يا UK-GDP اشاري استعمال ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي ترتيبوار [[گڏيل رياستون|گڏيل رياستن]] ۽ [[گڏيل بادشاهت]] لاءِ [[مجموعي گھريلو پيداوار]] (GDP) جي بنياد تي مهانگائي ڳڻين ٿا.}} {{ombox |type= content |imageright= [[File:Current event warning.svg|42px]] |text= <strong>اهو فرض نه ڪريو تہ هن سانچي جي استعمال سان ڳڻيل قدر لازمي طور <em>"موجوده"</em></strong>، <em>"{{CURRENTYEAR}}ع مطابق"</em>، <em>"{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}ع مطابق"</em> يا لازمي طور <em>"تازو"</em> ٿيندو. [[MOS:REALTIME]] موجب، هن سانچي ذريعي ڪيل بيانن ۾ يا تہ <code>end_year</code> مخصوص ڪرڻ گهرجي، يا {{para|fmt|eq}} يا <strong>{{tlx|Inflation/year}}</strong> تي ڀاڙڻ گهرجي تہ جيئن پاڻمرادو اهو تازو سال ظاهر ٿئي جنهن تائين هي سانچو مهانگائي جي ڳڻپ مهيا ڪري ٿو. <strong><code><nowiki>{{CURRENTYEAR}}</nowiki></code> استعمال نه ڪريو.</strong>}} {{High-use}} {{Never substitute}} {{TOC right}} هي سانچو ڪيترن ئي [[قيمت اشاريي|مهانگائي اشاريي]] جي ڊيٽا سيٽن جي بنياد تي مهانگائي ڳڻي ٿو. سانچو مهانگائي جي <code>index</code> لاءِ سڃاڻپ ڪوڊ (عام طور تي [[ملڪن جي ڪوڊن جون فهرستون|ملڪ جو ڪوڊ]])، اصل <code>value</code>، اصل <code>start_year</code> ۽ يا تہ مخصوص حوالا <code>end_year</code> يا بنيادي طور تازو موجود آخري سال استعمال ڪري ٿو،<ref>تازگي جو دارومدار ان ڳالهه تي آهي تہ هر ملڪ لاءِ ڊيٽا سيٽ ڪيئن ٺاهيو ويو آهي، ۽ اندروني جدولون هر جنوري ۾ ان مطابق ڪيئن اپڊيٽ ڪيون وڃن ٿيون. ڪجهه ڊيٽا جدول 31 ڊسمبر {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}} تائين مهانگائي ڊيٽا مهيا ڪن ٿا، ڪجهه لڳ ڀڳ جون-جولاءِ {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}} تائين، ۽ ڪجهه وري 31 ڊسمبر {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-2}} تائين.</ref> ۽ اصل ۽ حوالا سالن جي وچ ۾ تاريخي معاشي تبديلين مان برابر قدر ڳڻي ٿو. مثال طور، هي سانچو گڏيل رياستن جي ڳڻپ ڪرڻ لاءِ ذيلي سانچي [[سانچو:Inflation/US/dataset]] ۾ موجود گڏيل رياستن جي مهانگائي جدول کي سڏي ٿو. مختلف مخصوص وقتي دورن مان قدر ڳڻڻ جي هڪ آسان طريقي کان علاوه، هي سانچو تازو موجود مهانگائي ڊيٽا جي بنياد تي قدر جي باقاعده پاڻمرادو اپڊيٽ ٿيندڙ ڳڻپ جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو. جڏهن به مهانگائي جدولون اپڊيٽ ٿين ٿيون، ممڪن طور سالياني بنياد تي، هن سانچي کي استعمال ڪندڙ سڀني مضمونن ۾ ڏيکاريل قدر پڻ ان مطابق اپڊيٽ ٿي وڃن ٿا. آمريڪي ڪرنسي لاءِ (US-GDP کان مختلف)، هڪ سولو ريپر سانچو {{tl|USDCY}} موجود آهي، جيڪو مثال طور "<code><nowiki>{{USDCY|6.66|1899}}</nowiki></code>" کي "{{USDCY|6.66|1899}}" ۾ بدلائي ٿو. == استعمال == {{Tlx|Inflation|''اشاريو''|''قدر''|''شروعاتي_سال''}} {{Tlx|Inflation|''اشاريو''|''قدر''|''شروعاتي_سال''|''آخري_سال''}} {{Tlx|Inflation|''اشاريو''|''قدر''|''شروعاتي_سال''|5=r=''ڏهاڪي انگ''|6=fmt=c}} {{Tlx|Inflation|''اشاريو''|''قدر''|''شروعاتي_سال''|5=r=''ڏهاڪي انگ''|6=fmt=eq}} {{Tlx|Inflation|''اشاريو''|''قدر''|''شروعاتي_سال''|5=r=''ڏهاڪي انگ''|6=fmt=eq|7=cursign=X}} حمايت يافته ملڪ هيٺ ڏنل آهن، سندن <code>index</code> ۽ موجود ڊيٽا دورن سان گڏ: {| class="wikitable sortable" ! scope="col" | <code>index</code> !! scope="col" | ملڪ !! scope="col" | <code>start_year</code> گھٽ ۾ گھٽ !! scope="col" | <code>end_year</code> وڌ ۾ وڌ |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/AR|AR]] |ارجنٽينا{{Inflation/fn|AR}} |{{Inflation/AR/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|AR}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/AT|AT]] |آسٽريا{{Inflation/fn|AT}} |{{Inflation/AT/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|AT}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/AU|AU]] | style="text-align:left;" | آسٽريليا{{Inflation/fn|AU}} || {{Inflation/AU/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|AU}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/AU-road|AU-road]] | style="text-align:left;" | آسٽريليا [...?]{{Inflation/fn|AU-road}} || {{Inflation/AU-road/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|AU-road}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/BD|BD]] | style="text-align:left;" | بنگلاديش{{Inflation/fn|BD}} || {{Inflation/BD/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|BD}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/BE|BE]] |بيلجيم{{Inflation/fn|BE}} |{{Inflation/BE/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|BE}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/BR|BR]] |برازيل{{Inflation/fn|BR}} |{{Inflation/BR/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|BR}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/CA|CA]] | style="text-align:left;" | ڪينيڊا{{Inflation/fn|CA}} || {{Inflation/CA/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|CA}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/CH|CH]] |سوئٽزرلينڊ{{Inflation/fn|CH}} |{{Inflation/CH/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|CH}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/CL|CL]] |چلي{{Inflation/fn|CL}} |{{Inflation/CL/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|CL}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/CN|CN]] |چين{{Inflation/fn|CN}} |{{Inflation/CN/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|CN}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/DE|DE]] | style="text-align:left;" | جرمني{{Inflation/fn|DE}}{{dl}} || {{Inflation/DE/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|DE}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/DK|DK]] |ڊينمارڪ{{Inflation/fn|DK}} |{{Inflation/DK/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|DK}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/EG|EG]] |مصر{{Inflation/fn|EG}} |{{Inflation/EG/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|EG}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/ES|ES]] |اسپين{{Inflation/fn|ES}} |{{Inflation/ES/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|ES}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/EU|EU]] |يورو ([[يورپي يونين]]){{Inflation/fn|EU}} |{{Inflation/EU/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|EU}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/FI|FI]] |فنلينڊ{{Inflation/fn|FI}} |{{Inflation/FI/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|FI}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/FR|FR]] |فرانس{{Inflation/fn|FR}} |{{Inflation/FR/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|FR}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/GR|GR]] |يونان{{Inflation/fn|GR}} |{{Inflation/GR/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|GR}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/HK|HK]] |هانگ ڪانگ{{Inflation/fn|HK}} |{{Inflation/HK/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|HK}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/ID|ID]] |انڊونيشيا{{Inflation/fn|ID}} |{{Inflation/ID/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|ID}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/IL|IL]] |اسرائيل{{Inflation/fn|IL}} |{{Inflation/IL/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|IL}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/IN|IN]] | style="text-align:left;" | ڀارت{{Inflation/fn|IN}} || {{Inflation/IN/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|IN}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/IR|IR]] | style="text-align:left;" | ايران{{Inflation/fn|IR}}{{dl}} || {{Inflation/IR/startyear}}<ref name="IR calendar note">[[ايران]] جو CPI رڳو [[هجري شمسي ڪئلينڊر]] ۾ ڳڻيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو [[عام دور]] کان -621/622 سال پوئتي آهي</ref> || {{Inflation/year|IR}}<ref name="IR calendar note"/> |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/IS|IS]] |آئس لينڊ{{Inflation/fn|IS}} |{{Inflation/IS/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|IS}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/IT|IT]] |اٽلي{{Inflation/fn|IT}} |{{Inflation/IT/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|IT}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/JP|JP]] | style="text-align:left;" | جاپان{{Inflation/fn|JP}} || {{Inflation/JP/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|JP}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/MX|MX]] |ميڪسيڪو{{Inflation/fn|MX}} |{{Inflation/MX/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|MX}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/NL|NL]] |نيدرلينڊز{{Inflation/fn|NL}} |{{Inflation/NL/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|NL}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/NO|NO]] |ناروي{{Inflation/fn|NO}} |{{Inflation/NO/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|NO}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/NZ|NZ]] |نيوزيلينڊ{{Inflation/fn|NZ}} |{{Inflation/NZ/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|NZ}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/PE|PE]] |پيرو{{Inflation/fn|PE}} |{{Inflation/PE/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|PE}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/PH|PH]] | style="text-align:left;" | فلپائن{{Inflation/fn|PH}} || {{Inflation/PH/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|PH}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/PK|PK]] | style="text-align:left;" | پاڪستان{{Inflation/fn|PK}} || {{Inflation/PK/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|PK}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/PL|PL]] |پولينڊ{{Inflation/fn|PL}} |{{Inflation/PL/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|PL}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/PT|PT]] |پرتگال{{Inflation/fn|PT}} |{{Inflation/PT/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|PT}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/RU|RU]] |روس{{Inflation/fn|RU}} |{{Inflation/RU/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|RU}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/SE|SE]] |سويڊن{{Inflation/fn|SE}} |{{Inflation/SE/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|SE}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/SG|SG]] | style="text-align:left;" | سنگاپور{{Inflation/fn|SG}} || {{Inflation/SG/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|SG}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/TH|TH]] |ٿائيلينڊ{{Inflation/fn|TH}} |{{Inflation/TH/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|TH}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/TR|TR]] |ترڪي{{Inflation/fn|TR}} |{{Inflation/TR/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|TR}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/TW|TW]] |تائيوان{{Inflation/fn|TW}} |{{Inflation/TW/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|TW}}<!-- |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/TEST|TEST]] | style="text-align:left;" | TEST{{Inflation/fn|TEST}} || {{Inflation/TEST/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|TEST}} --> |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/UK|UK]] | style="text-align:left;" | گڏيل بادشاهت{{Inflation/fn|UK}} || {{Inflation/UK/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|UK}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/UK-GDP|UK-GDP]] | style="text-align:left;" | گڏيل بادشاهت [[مجموعي گھريلو پيداوار ڊفليٽر]]{{Inflation/fn|UK-GDP}} || {{Inflation/UK-GDP/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|UK-GDP}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/US|US]] | style="text-align:left;" | گڏيل رياستون{{Inflation/fn|US}} || {{Inflation/US/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|US}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/US-GDP|US-GDP]] | style="text-align:left;" | گڏيل رياستون [[مجموعي گھريلو پيداوار ڊفليٽر]]{{Inflation/fn|US-GDP}} || {{Inflation/US-GDP/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/ZAR|ZAR]] | style="text-align:left;" | ڏکڻ آفريڪا{{Inflation/fn|ZAR}} || {{Inflation/ZAR/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|ZAR}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/KRW|KRW]] | style="text-align:left;" | ڏکڻ ڪوريا{{Inflation/fn|KRW}} || {{Inflation/KRW/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|KRW}} |- |} === پيراميٽر === * {{para|index}} (پيراميٽر 1)، <strong>لازمي</strong>، موجود ڪيترن ئي مهانگائي اشارين مان ڪنهن هڪ لاءِ اشاريو ڪوڊ. * {{para|value}} (پيراميٽر 2)، <strong>لازمي</strong>، اصل قيمت يا قدر، جنهن جي بنياد تي مهانگائي جي ڳڻپ ڪئي ويندي. هي ڪاما نظرانداز ڪندو، پر ان ۾ [[ڪرنسي نشان]] نه هجڻ گهرجي. * {{para|start_year}} (پيراميٽر 3)، <strong>لازمي</strong>، اصل سال، جنهن جي بنياد تي مهانگائي جي ڳڻپ ڪئي ويندي. اهو چونڊيل مهانگائي اشاري ۾ موجود سال هجڻ گهرجي. ان جي هڪ استثنا طور، جيڪڏهن <em>موجوده</em> سال ڏنو وڃي ۽ ڪو <code>end_year</code> نه ڏنو وڃي، تہ سانچو <code>value</code> کي بنا تبديلي ڏيکاريندو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ مهانگائي کي صفر فرض ڪري سگهجي ٿو. * {{para|end_year}} (پيراميٽر 4)، <strong>اختياري</strong>، حوالا سال جنهن لاءِ مهانگائي ڳڻڻي آهي. اهو <code>start_year</code> کان مٿي (بعد وارو) هجڻ گهرجي، پر چونڊيل مهانگائي اشاري ۾ موجود سڀ کان مٿي (سڀ کان تازو) سال کان مٿي نه هجڻ گهرجي، ۽ جيڪڏهن ڇڏي ڏنو وڃي تہ اهو بنيادي طور موجود سڀ کان مٿي (سڀ کان تازو) سال وٺندو. * {{para|r|digit}} اهي انگ مقرر ڪري ٿو، جن تائين قدر کي گول ڪيو وڃي. منفي قدر مٿئين اهم انگ تائين گول ڪرڻ ظاهر ڪري ٿو، ۽ مثبت قدر [[ڪسري انگ]]، بشمول [[پڇاڙي وارا صفر]]، ظاهر ڪري ٿو. بنيادي قدر <code>0</code> آهي، يعني سينٽن کان سواءِ. * {{para|fmt|c}} ڳڻيل قدر ۾ [[هزارن جو جدا ڪندڙ]] ڪاما داخل ڪندو. * {{para|fmt|eq}} برابر-جي-معنيٰ وارو فقرو ڏيکاريندو، هن صورت ۾: "{{xtn|equivalent to <code>cursign</code><code>end_value</code> in <code>end_year</code>}}". [[هزارن جو جدا ڪندڙ]] ڪاما استعمال ڪري ٿو. ** {{para|cursign}} ڏيکاريل [[ڪرنسي نشان]] مقرر ڪندو. رڳو تڏهن ڪم ڪندو جڏهن {{para|fmt|eq}} استعمال ٿئي. جديد نشان فارميٽ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا، پر اهي رڳو ڳڻيل قدر کان اڳ اچي سگهن ٿا. بنيادي نشان <code>$</code> آهي. ** {{para|orig|yes}} ڪرنسي نشان سان گڏ اصل قدر به ڏيکاريندو. === مثال === * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|KRW|100|2000}}}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|KRW|100|2000}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|DE|100|2000}}}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|DE|100|2000}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|US|595|1982}}}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|US|595|1982}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|US|595|1982|5=fmt=eq}}}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=eq}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|US|800|1942|5=fmt=eq|6=r=-3}}}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|US|800|1942|fmt=eq|r=-3}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|US|100|2010|2012|6=fmt=eq|7=r=2}}}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|US|100|2010|2012|fmt=eq|r=2}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>US$595</nowiki> ({{tlf|Inflation|US|595|1982|5=fmt=eq}})}}</code> → {{xt|US$595 ({{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=eq}})}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>US$595</nowiki> ({{tlf|Inflation|US|595|1982|5=fmt=eq|6=cursign=<nowiki>[[گڏيل رياستن جو ڊالر|US$]]</nowiki>}})}}</code> → {{xt|US$595 ({{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=eq|cursign=[[گڏيل رياستن جو ڊالر|US$]]}})}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>$21&amp;nbsp;million</nowiki> (equivalent to ${{tlf|Inflation|US|21|2005|5=r=2}}&amp;nbsp;million in {{tlf|Inflation/year|US}})}}</code> → {{xt|$21&nbsp;million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|21|2005|r=2}}&nbsp;million in {{Inflation/year|US}})}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|UK|1|1209|5=fmt=eq|6=cursign=£}}}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|UK|1|1209|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|AU|100|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|5=fmt=eq}}}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|AU|100|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|fmt=eq}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|${{tlf|Inflation|US|100|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}} in {{mxt|{{tlf|Inflation/year|US}}}}</code> → {{xt|${{Inflation|US|100|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|UK|100|1982|5=fmt=eq|6=orig=yes|7=cursign=£}}}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|UK|100|1982|fmt=eq|orig=yes|cursign=£}}}} غلطي جا پيغام پيدا ڪرڻ کان سواءِ به سانچي کي غلط طريقن سان استعمال ڪرڻ ممڪن آهي. <strong>[[#ombox|مهرباني ڪري سانچي جي وضاحت جي شروعات ۾ هن سانچي بابت خبرداريون ۽ مناسب استعمال پڙهو]].</strong> * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|UK|10|1971|5=fmt=eq}}}}</code> → {{!xt|{{Inflation|UK|10|1971|fmt=eq}}}} ({{para|cursign}} پيراميٽر ڇڏڻ سان بنيادي طور $ نشان ڏيکاريندو، جيڪو برطانوي ڪرنسي لاءِ غلط ڪرنسي نشان آهي) * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|UK|10|1971|5=fmt=eq|6=cursign=£}}}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|UK|10|1971|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|$595 (${{tlf|Inflation|US|595|1982|5=fmt=c}} today)}}</code> → {{!xt|$595 (${{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=c}} today)}} (وقت جو گمراه ڪندڙ حوالو) * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|$595 (${{tlf|Inflation|US|595|1982|5=fmt=c}} in {{tlf|CURRENTYEAR}})}}</code> → {{!xt|$595 (${{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=c}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}})}} (وقت جو گمراه ڪندڙ حوالو) * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|$100 (${{tlf|Inflation|US|595|1982|5=fmt=c}} adjusted for inflation)}}</code> → {{!xt|$100 (${{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=c}} adjusted for inflation)}} (وقت جو گمراه ڪندڙ حوالو) * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|$595 ({{tlf|Inflation|US|595|1982|5=fmt=eq}})}}</code> → {{xt|$595 ({{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=eq}})}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|$595 (equivalent to ${{tlf|Inflation|US|595|1982|5=fmt=c}} in {{tlf|Inflation/year|US}})}}</code> → {{xt|$595 (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=c}} in {{Inflation/year|US}})}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|Jane Doe amassed a fortune of $1 billion in 1975, making her worth ${{tlf|Inflation|US|1|1975|5=fmt=c}} billion in {{tlf|Inflation/year|US}}.}}</code> → {{!xt|Jane Doe amassed a fortune of $1 billion in 1975, making her worth ${{Inflation|US|1|1975|fmt=c}} billion in {{Inflation/year|US}}.}} (CPI اميرن جي ذاتي دولت لاءِ ناهي – ان بدران GDP ڊفليٽر استعمال ڪريو) * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|Jane Doe amassed a fortune of $1 billion in 1975, equivalent to ${{tlf|Inflation|US|1|1975|5=fmt=c}} billion in {{tlf|Inflation/year|US}}.}}</code> → {{!xt|Jane Doe amassed a fortune of $1 billion in 1975, equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|1|1975|fmt=c}} billion in {{Inflation/year|US}}.}} (CPI اميرن جي ذاتي دولت لاءِ ناهي – ان بدران GDP ڊفليٽر استعمال ڪريو) * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|Jane Doe amassed a fortune of $1 billion in 1975, equivalent to ${{tlf|Inflation|US-GDP|1|1975|5=fmt=c}} billion in {{tlf|Inflation/year|US-GDP}}.}}</code> → {{xt|Jane Doe amassed a fortune of $1 billion in 1975, equivalent to ${{Inflation|US-GDP|1|1975|fmt=c}} billion in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}.}} غلط پيراميٽر داخل ڪرڻ يا لازمي پيراميٽر ڇڏڻ سان غلطي جو پيغام ظاهر ٿيندو ۽ صفحو [[:زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطيون رکندڙ صفحا]] ۾ شامل ٿيندو. * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|nocat=y}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|abc}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|abc|nocat=y}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|AU}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|AU|nocat=y}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|AU|100}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|AU|100|nocat=y}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|abc|€100|1980}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|abc|€100|1980|nocat=y}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|DE|€100|1980}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|DE|€100|1980|nocat=y}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|DE|€100|zzzz|zzzz|6=r=zzzz}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|DE|€100|zzzz|zzzz|r=zzzz|nocat=y}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|AU|100|1200|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|AU|100|1200|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}|nocat=y}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|AU|100|2005|2004}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|AU|100|2005|2004|nocat=y}} (هيٺ حدن وارو ڀاڱو ڏسو) * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|AU|100|2005|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}|6=fmt=eq}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|AU|100|2005|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}|fmt=eq|nocat=y}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|AU|100|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}|6=fmt=eq}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|AU|100|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}|fmt=eq|nocat=y}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|AU|100|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|1905|6=fmt=eq}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|AU|100|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|1905|fmt=eq|nocat=y}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|AU|100|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}|5=fmt=eq}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|AU|100|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}|fmt=eq|nocat=y}} === ٽوٽڪا ۽ طريقا === ==== ڪرنسي مٽاسٽا ==== ڪيترائي ڊيٽا سيٽ ڪرنسي کان آزاد هوندا آهن، جنهن جو مطلب آهي تہ اهي مختلف ڪرنسين جي وچ ۾ مٽاسٽا نٿا ڪن (يا ڪرنسي جي نئين نالي/نئين ماليت لاءِ به نٿا ڪن). تنهنڪري، جيڪڏهن توهان 1960ع ۾ 1,000.00 [[آسٽريائي شلنگ]] جي اڄوڪي برابر قدر ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا، تہ {{Tlx|Inflation|AT|1000|1960|5=r=2}} داخل ڪرڻ سان نتيجو ({{xtn|{{Inflation|AT|1000|1960|r=2}}}}) اڃا به شلنگن ۾ ملندو، [[يورو]] ۾ نه. تنهنڪري، جيڪڏهن توهان کي اهڙي ڪرنسي ۾ نتيجو گهرجي جيڪا اصل قدر واري ڪرنسي کان مختلف آهي، تہ هن وقت توهان کي مٽاسٽا هٿ سان ڪرڻي پوندي، جيئن هيٺين مثال ۾ ڪيو ويو آهي، جنهن ۾ هڪ يورو لاءِ 13.7603 شلنگن جي مقرر ڪيل مٽاسٽا شرح استعمال ڪئي وئي آهي: * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>{{Euro| {{#expr:</nowiki>({{tlf|Inflation|AT|1000|1960|5=r=2}}<nowiki> / 13.7603) round 2}}</nowiki>}} }}</code> → {{xt|{{Euro| {{#expr:({{Inflation|AT|1000|1960|r=2}} / 13.7603) round 2}} }}}} قومي ڪرنسي مان يورو لاءِ مٽاسٽا هٿ سان داخل ڪرڻ بدران، {{Tlx|FixedEuroRate}} سان ورهائڻ به ممڪن آهي؛ آمريڪي ڊالر ۾ مٽاسٽا لاءِ {{Tlx|International dollars}} استعمال ڪريو. * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>{{Euro| {{#expr:</nowiki>({{tlf|Inflation|AT|1000|1960|5=r=2}}<nowiki> / {{FixedEuroRate|ATS}}) round 2}}</nowiki>}} }}</code> → {{xt|{{Euro| {{#expr:({{Inflation|AT|1000|1960|r=2}} / {{FixedEuroRate|ATS}}) round 2}} }}}} ڪجهه ڊيٽا سيٽ ڪرنسي کان آزاد نه هوندا آهن؛ هر ڊيٽا سيٽ لاءِ ذريعن کي ڏسو تہ اهو طئي ڪري سگهجي. {{Tlx|FXConvert}} مهانگائي سانچي ۾ هن وقت استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪجهه ڪرنسين/اشارين جي وچ ۾ مٽاسٽا جي سهولت ڏئي ٿو. پڻ ڏسو: {{tl|To USD}} ۽ {{tl|To USD round}}. ==== غير ڏهاڪي داخلائون ==== هي سانچو غير ڏهاڪي داخلائون، جهڙوڪ [[پائونڊ، شلنگ ۽ پينس|£sd]]، قبول نٿو ڪري؛ انهن کي اڳواٽ ڏهاڪي صورت ۾ بدلائڻو پوندو. مثال طور، جيڪڏهن توهان 1950ع ۾ ٽي شلنگ ۽ ڇهه پينس (3s 6d) اسٽرلنگ جي 2018ع واري قدر ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا، تہ سانچي ۾ استعمال لاءِ مناسب ڏهاڪي قدر (هن صورت ۾ £0.175) ۾ تبديل ڪرڻو پوندو: * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>{{Inflation|GBP|0.175|1950|2018}}</nowiki>}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|GBP|0.175|1950|2018}}}} خاص طور £sd لاءِ {{tl|Pounds, shillings, and pence}} کي ڏهاڪي قدر ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ٻين غير ڏهاڪي ڪرنسين لاءِ، جهڙوڪ پراڻو [[ڀارتي رپيو]]، درخواست تي ڏهاڪي ڪرڻ لاءِ سانچا ٺاهي سگهجن ٿا. * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>{{Inflation|GBP|{{Pounds, shillings, and pence|s=3|d=6}}|1950|2018|r=0|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}</nowiki>}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|UK|{{Pounds, shillings, and pence|s=3|d=6}}|1950|2018|r=0|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>{{Inflation|UK|{{Pounds, shillings, and pence|s=10|d=6}}|1865|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}</nowiki>}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|UK|{{Pounds, shillings, and pence|s=10|d=6}}|1865|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}}} ==== گول ڪرڻ ==== بنيادي طور قدر ايڪي تائين ڳڻيا ويندا آهن، ڇاڪاڻ تہ تمام گهٽ قدرن کان سواءِ سينٽ عام طور ناپسنديده هوندا آهن. توهان {{para|r}} پيراميٽر سان گولائي مقرر ڪري سگهو ٿا، جيڪو ڏهاڪي انگن جو تعداد طئي ڪري ٿو. سينٽ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ {{para|r|2}} استعمال ڪريو، پر ٻيا قدر به استعمال ٿي سگهن ٿا، جن ۾ منفي قدر به شامل آهن: مثال طور {{para|r|-3}} ويجهي هزار تائين گول ڪندو، {{para|r|-6}} ويجهي ملين تائين، ۽ ائين اڳتي. [[ڪوڙي درستگي]] کان پاسو ڪرڻ مناسب آهي؛ جيتوڻيڪ شروعاتي قدر صحيح طور معلوم هجي، سانچي جو نتيجو اهڙو نه هوندو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ مهانگائي اشاري جون جدولون اڪثر لڳ ڀڳ 1 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ درست نه هونديون آهن، ۽ پوري سالن جي داني دار سطح استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. ;گولائي جا مثال *<code><nowiki>{{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|</nowiki>'''r=3'''<nowiki>}}}}</nowiki></code> &rarr; {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|r=3}}}} (3 ڏهاڪي جايون) *<code><nowiki>{{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|</nowiki>'''r=2'''<nowiki>}}}}</nowiki></code> &rarr; {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|r=2}}}} (2 ڏهاڪي جايون) *<code><nowiki>{{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|</nowiki>'''r=1'''<nowiki>}}}}</nowiki></code> &rarr; {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|r=1}}}} (1 ڏهاڪي جاءِ) *<code><nowiki>{{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|</nowiki>'''r=0'''<nowiki>}}}}</nowiki></code> &rarr; {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|r=0}}}} (پورو عدد) *<code><nowiki>{{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|</nowiki>'''r=-1'''<nowiki>}}}}</nowiki></code> &rarr; {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|r=-1}}}} (-1 ڏهاڪي جاءِ) *<code><nowiki>{{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|</nowiki>'''r=-2'''<nowiki>}}}}</nowiki></code> &rarr; {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|r=-2}}}} (-2 ڏهاڪي جايون) *<code><nowiki>{{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|</nowiki>'''r=-3'''<nowiki>}}}}</nowiki></code> &rarr; {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|r=-3}}}} (-3 ڏهاڪي جايون) ==== تمام وڏا نتيجا ==== تمام وڏا نتيجا سائنسي علامت نگاري ۾ ظاهر ٿيندا آهن ("1.2E+14" بدران "120000000000000")، جيڪو عام طور پسنديده نه هوندو آهي. ان جو حل اهو آهي تہ مهانگائي لاءِ قدر کي گهٽ انگن سان ظاهر ڪيو وڃي، ۽ نتيجي کان پوءِ "trillion" جهڙو ضرب وارو متن شامل ڪيو وڃي، "Show preview" بٽڻ کي ضرورت موجب ڪيترائي ڀيرا استعمال ڪيو وڃي، ۽ پيراميٽرن کي بدلائي بهتر نتيجو ڳوليو وڃي: * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|${{tlf|Inflation|US-GDP|1000000000000|1900|5=r=-11|6=fmt=c}}}}</code> → {{xt|${{Inflation|US-GDP|1000000000000|1900|r=-11|fmt=c}}}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|${{tlf|Inflation|US-GDP|10000000000000|1900|5=r=-12|6=fmt=c}}}}</code> → {{!xt|${{Inflation|US-GDP|10000000000000|1900|r=-12|fmt=c}}}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|${{tlf|Inflation|US-GDP|10000000000|1900|5=r=-9|6=fmt=c}}&amp;nbsp;'''thousand'''}}</code> → {{!xt|${{Inflation|US-GDP|10000000000|1900|r=-9|fmt=c}}&nbsp;thousand}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|${{tlf|Inflation|US-GDP|10000000|1900|5=r=-6|6=fmt=c}}&amp;nbsp;'''million'''}}</code> → {{xt|${{Inflation|US-GDP|10000000|1900|r=-6|fmt=c}}&nbsp;million}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|${{tlf|Inflation|US-GDP|10000|1900|5=r=-3|6=fmt=c}}&amp;nbsp;'''billion'''}}</code> → {{xt|${{Inflation|US-GDP|10000|1900|r=-3|fmt=c}}&nbsp;billion}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|${{tlf|Inflation|US-GDP|10|1900|5=fmt=c}}&amp;nbsp;'''trillion'''}}</code> → {{xt|${{Inflation|US-GDP|10|1900|fmt=c}}&nbsp;trillion}} هيٺيون ڀاڱو هن آزمائش ۽ غلطي واري حالت کان بچڻ جو پاڻمرادو طريقو مهيا ڪري ٿو. ==== قيمت فارميٽ ڪريو ==== {{Tlx|Format price}} اهڙو سانچو آهي جيڪو خاص طور قيمتن جي قدرن کي، وڏن توڙي ننڍن، پڙهڻ لائق نموني ڏيکارڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. مثال طور، "953,783,409,856.12" جهڙو وڏو عدد پورو ڏيکارڻ بدران، اهو ان کي "{{Format price|953783409856.12}}" طور ڏيکاريندو، جڏهن تہ ننڍن عددن ۾ سينٽ وارو حصو اميد مطابق ظاهر ٿيندو، يعني "1234.5" کي صحيح طرح "{{Format price|1234.5}}" طور ڏيکاريو ويندو. * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|$<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[سانچو:Format price|Format price]]<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{tlf|Inflation|US-GDP|10000000000000|1900}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki>}}</code> → {{xt|${{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|10000000000000|1900}}}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|$<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[سانچو:Format price|Format price]]<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{tlf|Inflation|US-GDP|1000000|1990}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki>}}</code> → {{xt|${{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|1000000|1990}}}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|DM <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[سانچو:Format price|Format price]]<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{tlf|Inflation|DE|1000000|1957|1978}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki>}}</code> → {{xt|DM {{Format price|{{Inflation|DE|1000000|1957|1978}}}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|£<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[سانچو:Format price|Format price]]<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{tlf|Inflation|UK-GDP|1000|1323}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki>}}</code> → {{xt|£{{Format price|{{Inflation|UK|1000|1323}}}}}} ==== مهانگائي ڊيٽا ذريعن جو حوالو ڏيڻ ==== جن مضمونن ۾ هي سانچو استعمال ٿئي، انهن ۾ هن سانچي سان ڳڻيل قيمتن لاءِ صحيح حوالو مهيا ڪرڻ سٺي مشق آهي. هن ڪم کي آسان ڪرڻ لاءِ {{Tl|Inflation/fn|''ملڪ''}} سانچو ٺاهيو ويو. اهو پنهنجي واحد پيراميٽر طور اهي ئي ملڪ ڪوڊ قبول ڪري ٿو، جيڪي هتي استعمال ڪيا ويا آهن، ۽ هڪ يا وڌيڪ مناسب حاشيا پيدا ڪندو. عام طور، ان کي استعمال ڪندڙ متن هن طرح نظر ايندو آهي: * <code><nowiki>1985ع ۾ هڪ ايڪي جي اوسط قيمت $1,040 هئي. هي {{Inflation|US|1040|1985|fmt=eq}} آهي.{{Inflation/fn|US}}</nowiki></code> جنهن جو نتيجو هي تبديل ٿيل ڪوڊ ٿيندو (آخر ۾ حاشيي جي ڳنڍ ڏسو): * 1985ع ۾ هڪ ايڪي جي اوسط قيمت $1,040 هئي. هي {{Inflation|US|1040|1985|fmt=eq}} آهي.{{Inflation/fn|US}} اهڙي طرح پيدا ٿيل حاشيو تڏهن ظاهر ٿيندو آهي جڏهن ڪنهن مضمون ۾ {{Tlx|reflist}} يا <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> استعمال ڪيو وڃي، عام طور ان جي "حوالا" ڀاڱي ۾. هن دستاويز جي پنهنجي [[سانچو:Inflation#حوالا|حوالا]] ڀاڱي ۾ هيٺ زنده مثال ڏسو، يا مٿي پيدا ٿيل حاشيي تي ڪلڪ ڪري اتي وڃو. === حدون === # هن وقت ڪنهن قدر کي اڳئين سال واري ممڪن قدر تائين "مهانگائي گهٽائي" واپس ڳڻڻ ممڪن ناهي. جيڪڏهن توهان کي اها سهولت گهربل آهي، تہ مهرباني ڪري [[سانچو بحث:Inflation|بحث صفحي]] تي درخواست ڏيو. ان کي شامل ڪرڻ ڏکيو نه هوندو، پر ڪنهن جي واقعي ضرورت کان اڳ ان کي ڪرڻ جو ڪو فائدو ناهي. # [[وڪيپيڊيا:متبادل داخل ڪرڻ|متبادل داخل ڪرڻ]] بلڪل حمايت يافته ناهي. <code><nowiki>{{subst:</nowiki>[[سانچو:Inflation|Inflation]]<nowiki>|...}}</nowiki></code> ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش سان سڌي فائدي کان سواءِ رڳو ايمبيڊڊ پارسر ڪوڊ جو ڊگهو سلسلو پيدا ٿيندو. جيڪڏهن توهان کي وڌايل قيمت فقط هڪ ڀيرو حاصل ڪرڻي آهي، تہ مهرباني ڪري خاص [[خاص:ExpandTemplates|ExpandTemplates]] صفحو استعمال ڪريو، پوءِ نتيجو نقل ڪري گهربل هنڌ تي لڳايو. == ڊولپر دستاويز == مهانگائي سيريز هيٺين زمرا ۾ سانچن جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿي: * Template:Inflation/''index'' * Template:Inflation/''index''/dataset * Template:Inflation/''index''/startyear * Template:Inflation/doc/''index'' (جيڪو پوءِ Inflation/name/dataset تي دستاويز طور ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي، ۽ ان ۾ اصل ڊيٽا ذريعي جو حوالو ڏيڻ ضروري آهي) تبديليون هنن ۾ ڪرڻ گهرجن: * [[سانچو:Inflation/fn]] * [[سانچو:Inflation/year]] موجوده ذيلي صفحا: {{list subpages|Inflation|Template}} === ڪارائتا ذريعا === * [https://www.bis.org/statistics/cp.htm بئنڪ آف انٽرنيشنل سيٽلمينٽس]: 50 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن لاءِ ڊگهي مدي واري ڊيٽا رکي ٿي ۽ باقاعده اپڊيٽ ٿئي ٿي. * [http://gpih.ucdavis.edu/Datafilelist.htm گلوبل پرائس اينڊ اِنڪم هسٽري گروپ]: مٿين ذريعن کي جزوي طور ٻيڻو ڪري ٿو، پر دنيا جي ڪيترن حصن بابت 1950ع کان اڳ جي وڏي مقدار ۾ ڊيٽا رکي ٿو. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230327191500/https://iisg.amsterdam/en/blog/research/projects/hpw/datafiles تاريخي قيمتون ۽ اجرتون (HPW): ڊيٽا فائلون]: هن ۾ [https://dataverse.nl/file.xhtml?fileId=601566&version=2.0 مهانگائي 1800–2000] شامل آهي، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ملڪن جي ڊيٽا آهي، گهڻي ڀاڱي 20هين صدي جي شروعات کان 2007ع تائين، ۽ ٻيون مختلف تمام ڊگهي مدي واريون ڊيٽا فائلون به شامل آهن. == سانچائي ڊيٽا== {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "value": { "aliases": [ "2" ], "label": "قدر", "description": "اصل قيمت يا قدر، جنهن جي بنياد تي مهانگائي جي ڳڻپ ڪئي ويندي. ڪاما نظرانداز ڪيا ويندا.", "example": "1000", "type": "number", "required": true }, "start_year": { "aliases": [ "3" ], "label": "شروعاتي سال", "description": "اصل سال، جنهن جي بنياد تي مهانگائي جي ڳڻپ ڪئي ويندي. اهو چونڊيل مهانگائي اشاري ۾ موجود سال هجڻ گهرجي. ان جي هڪ استثنا طور، جيڪڏهن موجوده سال ڏنو وڃي ۽ ڪو 'آخري سال' نه ڏنو وڃي، تہ سانچو قدر کي بنا تبديلي ڏيکاريندو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ مهانگائي کي صفر فرض ڪري سگهجي ٿو.", "example": "1975", "type": "number", "required": true }, "index": { "aliases": [ "1" ], "label": "اشاريو", "description": "موجود ڪيترن ئي مهانگائي اشارين مان ڪنهن هڪ لاءِ اشاريو ڪوڊ. انهن مان هڪ: AU، AU-road، BD، CA، DE، IN، JP، PH، PK، UK، UK-GDP، US، US-GDP، ZAR، ۽ ٻيا مختلف.", "example": "US", "type": "string", "required": true }, "end_year": { "aliases": [ "4" ], "label": "آخري سال", "description": "حوالا سال جنهن لاءِ مهانگائي ڳڻڻي آهي. اهو 'شروعاتي سال' کان مٿي (بعد وارو) هجڻ گهرجي، پر چونڊيل مهانگائي اشاري ۾ موجود سڀ کان مٿي (سڀ کان تازو) سال کان مٿي نه هجڻ گهرجي، ۽ جيڪڏهن ڇڏي ڏنو وڃي تہ بنيادي طور موجود سڀ کان مٿي (سڀ کان تازو) سال وٺندو.", "example": "2015", "type": "number" }, "r": { "label": "انگن جو تعداد", "description": "اهي انگ مقرر ڪري ٿو، جن تائين قدر کي گول ڪيو وڃي. منفي قدر مٿئين اهم انگ تائين گول ڪرڻ ظاهر ڪري ٿو، ۽ مثبت قدر ڪسري انگ، بشمول پڇاڙي وارا صفر، ظاهر ڪري ٿو. بنيادي قدر 0 آهي. جڏهن مکيه نالي واري جاءِ ۾ استعمال ٿئي، تہ هن کي ماخذ قدر جي اهم انگن جي تعداد تي مقرر ڪرڻ گهرجي.", "example": "1", "type": "number", "default": "0", "required": true }, "fmt": { "label": "فارميٽ", "description": "\"c\" ڳڻيل قدر ۾ هزارن جا جدا ڪندڙ ڪاما داخل ڪندو. \"eq\" برابر-جي-معنيٰ وارو فقرو ڏيکاريندو، هن صورت ۾: \"equivalent to (cursign)(end_value) in (end_year)\". هزارن جا جدا ڪندڙ ڪاما استعمال ڪري ٿو.", "example": "eq", "type": "string" }, "cursign": { "label": "ڪرنسي نشان", "description": "ڏيکاريل ڪرنسي نشان مقرر ڪري ٿو. رڳو تڏهن ڪم ڪندو جڏهن فارميٽ \"eq\" استعمال ٿئي. جديد نشان فارميٽ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا، پر اهي رڳو ڳڻيل قدر کان اڳ اچي سگهن ٿا. بنيادي نشان $ آهي.", "example": "¥، €، $، £", "type": "string", "default": "$" } }, "paramOrder": [ "index", "value", "start_year", "end_year", "r", "fmt", "cursign" ], "format": "inline", "description": "هي سانچو ڪيترن ئي مهانگائي اشاري ڊيٽا سيٽن جي بنياد تي مهانگائي ڳڻي ٿو. \n\nياد رکو تہ هي سانچو بنيادي طور صارف قيمت اشاريي جي قدرن جي مهانگائي ڳڻڻ لاءِ مقرر ٿيل آهي: بنيادي ضرورتون، مزدورن جو ڪرايو، ننڍا خدمتي بل (ڊاڪٽرن جا خرچ، ريل جون ٽڪيٽون). سرمائي خرچن، حڪومتي خرچن، يا اميرن جي ذاتي دولت ۽ خرچن کي مهانگائي مطابق وڌائڻ لاءِ، US-GDP يا UK-GDP اشاري استعمال ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي ترتيبوار [[مجموعي گھريلو پيداوار]] (GDP) جي بنياد تي [[گڏيل رياستون|گڏيل رياستن]] ۽ [[گڏيل بادشاهت]] لاءِ مهانگائي ڳڻين ٿا." } </templatedata> == پڻ ڏسو == * {{Cl|Currency conversion templates}} * [[:زمرو:ڪرنسي سانچا]] * [[c:Category:Tabular data of consumer price indices|صارف قيمت اشارين جو جدولي ڊيٽا]] * [[صارف قيمت اشاريو (گڏيل بادشاهت)]] * [[صارف قيمت اشاريو]] * {{Tl|Format price}} * [[مجموعي گھريلو پيداوار ڊفليٽر]] * [[صارف قيمتن جو هم آهنگ اشاريو]] * [[مهانگائي]] * {{Tl|Inflation/fn}} * {{Tl|Inflation/year}} * [[گردش ۾ موجود ڪرنسين جي فهرست]] * [[ملڪن جي ڪوڊن جون فهرستون]] * [[گڏيل رياستن جو صارف قيمت اشاريو]] == حوالا == {{Reflist|33em}} {{Math templates|conversion}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!--زمرا هن لڪير کان هيٺ، مهرباني؛ بين الوڪي ڳنڍون وڪيڊيٽا تي--> [[زمرو:مهانگائي ڳڻپ سانچا]] [[زمرو:اقتصاديات فارميٽنگ ۽ فنڪشن سانچا]] [[زمرو:ماليات فارميٽنگ ۽ فنڪشن سانچا]] [[زمرو:گڏيل رياستن جا معاشي سانچا]] }}</includeonly> 0kmoo34471t00nanmxv6hqy0kmgn7qq 377127 377126 2026-05-12T00:07:41Z Intisar Ali 8681 377127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Anchor|ombox}} {{ombox |type= content |imageright= [[File:Emblem-money.svg|42px]] |text= هي سانچو بنيادي طور [[صارف قيمت اشاريي]] جي قدرن جي مهانگائي ڳڻڻ لاءِ مقرر ٿيل آهي: بنيادي ضرورتون، مزدورن جو ڪرايو، ننڍا خدمتي بل (ڊاڪٽرن جا خرچ، ريل جون ٽڪيٽون). '''سرمائي خرچن، حڪومتي خرچن، يا اميرن جي ذاتي دولت ۽ خرچن کي مهانگائي مطابق وڌائڻ لاءِ''' US-GDP يا UK-GDP اشاري استعمال ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي ترتيبوار [[گڏيل رياستون|گڏيل رياستن]] ۽ [[گڏيل بادشاهت]] لاءِ [[مجموعي گھريلو پيداوار]] (GDP) جي بنياد تي مهانگائي ڳڻين ٿا.}} {{ombox |type= content |imageright= [[File:Current event warning.svg|42px]] |text= <strong>اهو فرض نه ڪريو تہ هن سانچي جي استعمال سان ڳڻيل قدر لازمي طور <em>"موجوده"</em></strong>، <em>"{{CURRENTYEAR}}ع مطابق"</em>، <em>"{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}ع مطابق"</em> يا لازمي طور <em>"تازو"</em> ٿيندو. [[MOS:REALTIME]] موجب، هن سانچي ذريعي ڪيل بيانن ۾ يا تہ <code>end_year</code> مخصوص ڪرڻ گهرجي، يا {{para|fmt|eq}} يا <strong>{{tlx|Inflation/year}}</strong> تي ڀاڙڻ گهرجي تہ جيئن پاڻمرادو اهو تازو سال ظاهر ٿئي جنهن تائين هي سانچو مهانگائي جي ڳڻپ مهيا ڪري ٿو. <strong><code><nowiki>{{CURRENTYEAR}}</nowiki></code> استعمال نه ڪريو.</strong>}} {{High-use}} {{Never substitute}} {{TOC right}} هي سانچو ڪيترن ئي [[قيمت اشاريي|مهانگائي اشاريي]] جي ڊيٽا سيٽن جي بنياد تي مهانگائي ڳڻي ٿو. سانچو مهانگائي جي <code>index</code> لاءِ سڃاڻپ ڪوڊ (عام طور تي [[ملڪن جي ڪوڊن جون فهرستون|ملڪ جو ڪوڊ]])، اصل <code>value</code>، اصل <code>start_year</code> ۽ يا تہ مخصوص حوالا <code>end_year</code> يا بنيادي طور تازو موجود آخري سال استعمال ڪري ٿو،<ref>تازگي جو دارومدار ان ڳالهه تي آهي تہ هر ملڪ لاءِ ڊيٽا سيٽ ڪيئن ٺاهيو ويو آهي، ۽ اندروني جدولون هر جنوري ۾ ان مطابق ڪيئن اپڊيٽ ڪيون وڃن ٿيون. ڪجهه ڊيٽا جدول 31 ڊسمبر {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}} تائين مهانگائي ڊيٽا مهيا ڪن ٿا، ڪجهه لڳ ڀڳ جون-جولاءِ {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}} تائين، ۽ ڪجهه وري 31 ڊسمبر {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-2}} تائين.</ref> ۽ اصل ۽ حوالا سالن جي وچ ۾ تاريخي معاشي تبديلين مان برابر قدر ڳڻي ٿو. مثال طور، هي سانچو گڏيل رياستن جي ڳڻپ ڪرڻ لاءِ ذيلي سانچي [[سانچو:Inflation/US/dataset]] ۾ موجود گڏيل رياستن جي مهانگائي جدول کي سڏي ٿو. مختلف مخصوص وقتي دورن مان قدر ڳڻڻ جي هڪ آسان طريقي کان علاوه، هي سانچو تازو موجود مهانگائي ڊيٽا جي بنياد تي قدر جي باقاعده پاڻمرادو اپڊيٽ ٿيندڙ ڳڻپ جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو. جڏهن به مهانگائي جدولون اپڊيٽ ٿين ٿيون، ممڪن طور سالياني بنياد تي، هن سانچي کي استعمال ڪندڙ سڀني مضمونن ۾ ڏيکاريل قدر پڻ ان مطابق اپڊيٽ ٿي وڃن ٿا. آمريڪي ڪرنسي لاءِ (US-GDP کان مختلف)، هڪ سولو ريپر سانچو {{tl|USDCY}} موجود آهي، جيڪو مثال طور "<code><nowiki>{{USDCY|6.66|1899}}</nowiki></code>" کي "{{USDCY|6.66|1899}}" ۾ بدلائي ٿو. == استعمال == {{Tlx|Inflation|''اشاريو''|''قدر''|''شروعاتي_سال''}} {{Tlx|Inflation|''اشاريو''|''قدر''|''شروعاتي_سال''|''آخري_سال''}} {{Tlx|Inflation|''اشاريو''|''قدر''|''شروعاتي_سال''|5=r=''ڏهاڪي انگ''|6=fmt=c}} {{Tlx|Inflation|''اشاريو''|''قدر''|''شروعاتي_سال''|5=r=''ڏهاڪي انگ''|6=fmt=eq}} {{Tlx|Inflation|''اشاريو''|''قدر''|''شروعاتي_سال''|5=r=''ڏهاڪي انگ''|6=fmt=eq|7=cursign=X}} حمايت يافته ملڪ هيٺ ڏنل آهن، سندن <code>index</code> ۽ موجود ڊيٽا دورن سان گڏ: {| class="wikitable sortable" ! scope="col" | <code>index</code> !! scope="col" | ملڪ !! scope="col" | <code>start_year</code> گھٽ ۾ گھٽ !! scope="col" | <code>end_year</code> وڌ ۾ وڌ |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/AR|AR]] |ارجنٽينا{{Inflation/fn|AR}} |{{Inflation/AR/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|AR}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/AT|AT]] |آسٽريا{{Inflation/fn|AT}} |{{Inflation/AT/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|AT}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/AU|AU]] | style="text-align:left;" | آسٽريليا{{Inflation/fn|AU}} || {{Inflation/AU/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|AU}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/AU-road|AU-road]] | style="text-align:left;" | آسٽريليا [...?]{{Inflation/fn|AU-road}} || {{Inflation/AU-road/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|AU-road}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/BD|BD]] | style="text-align:left;" | بنگلاديش{{Inflation/fn|BD}} || {{Inflation/BD/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|BD}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/BE|BE]] |بيلجيم{{Inflation/fn|BE}} |{{Inflation/BE/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|BE}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/BR|BR]] |برازيل{{Inflation/fn|BR}} |{{Inflation/BR/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|BR}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/CA|CA]] | style="text-align:left;" | ڪينيڊا{{Inflation/fn|CA}} || {{Inflation/CA/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|CA}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/CH|CH]] |سوئٽزرلينڊ{{Inflation/fn|CH}} |{{Inflation/CH/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|CH}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/CL|CL]] |چلي{{Inflation/fn|CL}} |{{Inflation/CL/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|CL}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/CN|CN]] |چين{{Inflation/fn|CN}} |{{Inflation/CN/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|CN}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/DE|DE]] | style="text-align:left;" | جرمني{{Inflation/fn|DE}}{{dl}} || {{Inflation/DE/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|DE}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/DK|DK]] |ڊينمارڪ{{Inflation/fn|DK}} |{{Inflation/DK/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|DK}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/EG|EG]] |مصر{{Inflation/fn|EG}} |{{Inflation/EG/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|EG}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/ES|ES]] |اسپين{{Inflation/fn|ES}} |{{Inflation/ES/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|ES}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/EU|EU]] |يورو ([[يورپي يونين]]){{Inflation/fn|EU}} |{{Inflation/EU/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|EU}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/FI|FI]] |فنلينڊ{{Inflation/fn|FI}} |{{Inflation/FI/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|FI}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/FR|FR]] |فرانس{{Inflation/fn|FR}} |{{Inflation/FR/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|FR}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/GR|GR]] |يونان{{Inflation/fn|GR}} |{{Inflation/GR/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|GR}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/HK|HK]] |هانگ ڪانگ{{Inflation/fn|HK}} |{{Inflation/HK/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|HK}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/ID|ID]] |انڊونيشيا{{Inflation/fn|ID}} |{{Inflation/ID/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|ID}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/IL|IL]] |اسرائيل{{Inflation/fn|IL}} |{{Inflation/IL/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|IL}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/IN|IN]] | style="text-align:left;" | ڀارت{{Inflation/fn|IN}} || {{Inflation/IN/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|IN}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/IR|IR]] | style="text-align:left;" | ايران{{Inflation/fn|IR}}{{dl}} || {{Inflation/IR/startyear}}<ref name="IR calendar note">[[ايران]] جو CPI رڳو [[هجري شمسي ڪئلينڊر]] ۾ ڳڻيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو [[عام دور]] کان -621/622 سال پوئتي آهي</ref> || {{Inflation/year|IR}}<ref name="IR calendar note"/> |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/IS|IS]] |آئس لينڊ{{Inflation/fn|IS}} |{{Inflation/IS/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|IS}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/IT|IT]] |اٽلي{{Inflation/fn|IT}} |{{Inflation/IT/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|IT}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/JP|JP]] | style="text-align:left;" | جاپان{{Inflation/fn|JP}} || {{Inflation/JP/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|JP}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/MX|MX]] |ميڪسيڪو{{Inflation/fn|MX}} |{{Inflation/MX/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|MX}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/NL|NL]] |نيدرلينڊز{{Inflation/fn|NL}} |{{Inflation/NL/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|NL}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/NO|NO]] |ناروي{{Inflation/fn|NO}} |{{Inflation/NO/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|NO}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/NZ|NZ]] |نيوزيلينڊ{{Inflation/fn|NZ}} |{{Inflation/NZ/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|NZ}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/PE|PE]] |پيرو{{Inflation/fn|PE}} |{{Inflation/PE/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|PE}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/PH|PH]] | style="text-align:left;" | فلپائن{{Inflation/fn|PH}} || {{Inflation/PH/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|PH}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/PK|PK]] | style="text-align:left;" | پاڪستان{{Inflation/fn|PK}} || {{Inflation/PK/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|PK}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/PL|PL]] |پولينڊ{{Inflation/fn|PL}} |{{Inflation/PL/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|PL}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/PT|PT]] |پرتگال{{Inflation/fn|PT}} |{{Inflation/PT/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|PT}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/RU|RU]] |روس{{Inflation/fn|RU}} |{{Inflation/RU/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|RU}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/SE|SE]] |سويڊن{{Inflation/fn|SE}} |{{Inflation/SE/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|SE}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/SG|SG]] | style="text-align:left;" | سنگاپور{{Inflation/fn|SG}} || {{Inflation/SG/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|SG}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/TH|TH]] |ٿائيلينڊ{{Inflation/fn|TH}} |{{Inflation/TH/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|TH}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/TR|TR]] |ترڪي{{Inflation/fn|TR}} |{{Inflation/TR/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|TR}} |- ![[سانچو:Inflation/TW|TW]] |تائيوان{{Inflation/fn|TW}} |{{Inflation/TW/startyear}} |{{Inflation/year|TW}}<!-- |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/TEST|TEST]] | style="text-align:left;" | TEST{{Inflation/fn|TEST}} || {{Inflation/TEST/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|TEST}} --> |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/UK|UK]] | style="text-align:left;" | گڏيل بادشاهت{{Inflation/fn|UK}} || {{Inflation/UK/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|UK}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/UK-GDP|UK-GDP]] | style="text-align:left;" | گڏيل بادشاهت [[مجموعي گھريلو پيداوار ڊفليٽر]]{{Inflation/fn|UK-GDP}} || {{Inflation/UK-GDP/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|UK-GDP}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/US|US]] | style="text-align:left;" | گڏيل رياستون{{Inflation/fn|US}} || {{Inflation/US/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|US}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/US-GDP|US-GDP]] | style="text-align:left;" | گڏيل رياستون [[مجموعي گھريلو پيداوار ڊفليٽر]]{{Inflation/fn|US-GDP}} || {{Inflation/US-GDP/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/ZAR|ZAR]] | style="text-align:left;" | ڏکڻ آفريڪا{{Inflation/fn|ZAR}} || {{Inflation/ZAR/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|ZAR}} |- ! scope="row" | [[سانچو:Inflation/KRW|KRW]] | style="text-align:left;" | ڏکڻ ڪوريا{{Inflation/fn|KRW}} || {{Inflation/KRW/startyear}} || {{Inflation/year|KRW}} |- |} === پيراميٽر === * {{para|index}} (پيراميٽر 1)، <strong>لازمي</strong>، موجود ڪيترن ئي مهانگائي اشارين مان ڪنهن هڪ لاءِ اشاريو ڪوڊ. * {{para|value}} (پيراميٽر 2)، <strong>لازمي</strong>، اصل قيمت يا قدر، جنهن جي بنياد تي مهانگائي جي ڳڻپ ڪئي ويندي. هي ڪاما نظرانداز ڪندو، پر ان ۾ [[ڪرنسي نشان]] نه هجڻ گهرجي. * {{para|start_year}} (پيراميٽر 3)، <strong>لازمي</strong>، اصل سال، جنهن جي بنياد تي مهانگائي جي ڳڻپ ڪئي ويندي. اهو چونڊيل مهانگائي اشاري ۾ موجود سال هجڻ گهرجي. ان جي هڪ استثنا طور، جيڪڏهن <em>موجوده</em> سال ڏنو وڃي ۽ ڪو <code>end_year</code> نه ڏنو وڃي، تہ سانچو <code>value</code> کي بنا تبديلي ڏيکاريندو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ مهانگائي کي صفر فرض ڪري سگهجي ٿو. * {{para|end_year}} (پيراميٽر 4)، <strong>اختياري</strong>، حوالا سال جنهن لاءِ مهانگائي ڳڻڻي آهي. اهو <code>start_year</code> کان مٿي (بعد وارو) هجڻ گهرجي، پر چونڊيل مهانگائي اشاري ۾ موجود سڀ کان مٿي (سڀ کان تازو) سال کان مٿي نه هجڻ گهرجي، ۽ جيڪڏهن ڇڏي ڏنو وڃي تہ اهو بنيادي طور موجود سڀ کان مٿي (سڀ کان تازو) سال وٺندو. * {{para|r|digit}} اهي انگ مقرر ڪري ٿو، جن تائين قدر کي گول ڪيو وڃي. منفي قدر مٿئين اهم انگ تائين گول ڪرڻ ظاهر ڪري ٿو، ۽ مثبت قدر [[ڪسري انگ]]، بشمول [[پڇاڙي وارا صفر]]، ظاهر ڪري ٿو. بنيادي قدر <code>0</code> آهي، يعني سينٽن کان سواءِ. * {{para|fmt|c}} ڳڻيل قدر ۾ [[هزارن جو جدا ڪندڙ]] ڪاما داخل ڪندو. * {{para|fmt|eq}} برابر-جي-معنيٰ وارو فقرو ڏيکاريندو، هن صورت ۾: "{{xtn|equivalent to <code>cursign</code><code>end_value</code> in <code>end_year</code>}}". [[هزارن جو جدا ڪندڙ]] ڪاما استعمال ڪري ٿو. ** {{para|cursign}} ڏيکاريل [[ڪرنسي نشان]] مقرر ڪندو. رڳو تڏهن ڪم ڪندو جڏهن {{para|fmt|eq}} استعمال ٿئي. جديد نشان فارميٽ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا، پر اهي رڳو ڳڻيل قدر کان اڳ اچي سگهن ٿا. بنيادي نشان <code>$</code> آهي. ** {{para|orig|yes}} ڪرنسي نشان سان گڏ اصل قدر به ڏيکاريندو. === مثال === * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|KRW|100|2000}}}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|KRW|100|2000}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|DE|100|2000}}}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|DE|100|2000}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|US|595|1982}}}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|US|595|1982}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|US|595|1982|5=fmt=eq}}}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=eq}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|US|800|1942|5=fmt=eq|6=r=-3}}}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|US|800|1942|fmt=eq|r=-3}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|US|100|2010|2012|6=fmt=eq|7=r=2}}}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|US|100|2010|2012|fmt=eq|r=2}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>US$595</nowiki> ({{tlf|Inflation|US|595|1982|5=fmt=eq}})}}</code> → {{xt|US$595 ({{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=eq}})}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>US$595</nowiki> ({{tlf|Inflation|US|595|1982|5=fmt=eq|6=cursign=<nowiki>[[United States dollar|US$]]</nowiki>}})}}</code> → {{xt|US$595 ({{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=eq|cursign=[[United States dollar|US$]]}})}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>$21&amp;nbsp;million</nowiki> (equivalent to ${{tlf|Inflation|US|21|2005|5=r=2}}&amp;nbsp;million in {{tlf|Inflation/year|US}})}}</code> → {{xt|$21&nbsp;million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|21|2005|r=2}}&nbsp;million in {{Inflation/year|US}})}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|UK|1|1209|5=fmt=eq|6=cursign=£}}}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|UK|1|1209|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|AU|100|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|5=fmt=eq}}}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|AU|100|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|fmt=eq}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|${{tlf|Inflation|US|100|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}} in {{mxt|{{tlf|Inflation/year|US}}}}</code> → {{xt|${{Inflation|US|100|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|UK|100|1982|5=fmt=eq|6=orig=yes|7=cursign=£}}}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|UK|100|1982|fmt=eq|orig=yes|cursign=£}}}} It is possible to use the template in incorrect ways without producing error messages. <strong>[[#ombox|Please read the warnings and appropriate uses of this template at the beginning of the template description]].</strong> * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|UK|10|1971|5=fmt=eq}}}}</code> → {{!xt|{{Inflation|UK|10|1971|fmt=eq}}}} (Omitting the {{para|cursign}} parameter will show the $ symbol by default, which is the wrong currency symbol for British currency) * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|UK|10|1971|5=fmt=eq|6=cursign=£}}}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|UK|10|1971|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|$595 (${{tlf|Inflation|US|595|1982|5=fmt=c}} today)}}</code> → {{!xt|$595 (${{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=c}} today)}} (Misleading time reference) * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|$595 (${{tlf|Inflation|US|595|1982|5=fmt=c}} in {{tlf|CURRENTYEAR}})}}</code> → {{!xt|$595 (${{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=c}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}})}} (Misleading time reference) * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|$100 (${{tlf|Inflation|US|595|1982|5=fmt=c}} adjusted for inflation)}}</code> → {{!xt|$100 (${{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=c}} adjusted for inflation)}} (Misleading time reference) * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|$595 ({{tlf|Inflation|US|595|1982|5=fmt=eq}})}}</code> → {{xt|$595 ({{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=eq}})}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|$595 (equivalent to ${{tlf|Inflation|US|595|1982|5=fmt=c}} in {{tlf|Inflation/year|US}})}}</code> → {{xt|$595 (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=c}} in {{Inflation/year|US}})}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|Jane Doe amassed a fortune of $1 billion in 1975, making her worth ${{tlf|Inflation|US|1|1975|5=fmt=c}} billion in {{tlf|Inflation/year|US}}.}}</code> → {{!xt|Jane Doe amassed a fortune of $1 billion in 1975, making her worth ${{Inflation|US|1|1975|fmt=c}} billion in {{Inflation/year|US}}.}} (CPI is not for personal wealth of the wealthy – use GDP deflator instead) * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|Jane Doe amassed a fortune of $1 billion in 1975, equivalent to ${{tlf|Inflation|US|1|1975|5=fmt=c}} billion in {{tlf|Inflation/year|US}}.}}</code> → {{!xt|Jane Doe amassed a fortune of $1 billion in 1975, equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|1|1975|fmt=c}} billion in {{Inflation/year|US}}.}} (CPI is not for personal wealth of the wealthy – use GDP deflator instead) * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|Jane Doe amassed a fortune of $1 billion in 1975, equivalent to ${{tlf|Inflation|US-GDP|1|1975|5=fmt=c}} billion in {{tlf|Inflation/year|US-GDP}}.}}</code> → {{xt|Jane Doe amassed a fortune of $1 billion in 1975, equivalent to ${{Inflation|US-GDP|1|1975|fmt=c}} billion in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}}} Entering invalid parameters or omitting required parameters will result in an error message and categorization into [[:Category:Pages with errors in inflation template]]. * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|nocat=y}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|abc}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|abc|nocat=y}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|AU}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|AU|nocat=y}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|AU|100}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|AU|100|nocat=y}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|abc|€100|1980}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|abc|€100|1980|nocat=y}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|DE|€100|1980}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|DE|€100|1980|nocat=y}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|DE|€100|zzzz|zzzz|6=r=zzzz}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|DE|€100|zzzz|zzzz|r=zzzz|nocat=y}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|AU|100|1200|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|AU|100|1200|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}|nocat=y}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|AU|100|2005|2004}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|AU|100|2005|2004|nocat=y}} (see the Limitations section below) * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|AU|100|2005|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}|6=fmt=eq}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|AU|100|2005|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}|fmt=eq|nocat=y}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|AU|100|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}|6=fmt=eq}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|AU|100|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}|fmt=eq|nocat=y}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|AU|100|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|1905|6=fmt=eq}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|AU|100|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|1905|fmt=eq|nocat=y}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|{{tlf|Inflation|AU|100|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}|5=fmt=eq}}}}</code> → {{Inflation|AU|100|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}|fmt=eq|nocat=y}} === ٽوٽڪا ۽ طريقا === ==== ڪرنسي مٽاسٽا ==== ڪيترائي ڊيٽا سيٽ ڪرنسي کان آزاد هوندا آهن، جنهن جو مطلب آهي تہ اهي مختلف ڪرنسين جي وچ ۾ مٽاسٽا نٿا ڪن (يا ڪرنسي جي نئين نالي/نئين ماليت لاءِ به نٿا ڪن). تنهنڪري، جيڪڏهن توهان 1960ع ۾ 1,000.00 [[آسٽريائي شلنگ]] جي اڄوڪي برابر قدر ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا، تہ {{Tlx|Inflation|AT|1000|1960|5=r=2}} داخل ڪرڻ سان نتيجو ({{xtn|{{Inflation|AT|1000|1960|r=2}}}}) اڃا به شلنگن ۾ ملندو، [[يورو]] ۾ نه. تنهنڪري، جيڪڏهن توهان کي اهڙي ڪرنسي ۾ نتيجو گهرجي جيڪا اصل قدر واري ڪرنسي کان مختلف آهي، تہ هن وقت توهان کي مٽاسٽا هٿ سان ڪرڻي پوندي، جيئن هيٺين مثال ۾ ڪيو ويو آهي، جنهن ۾ هڪ يورو لاءِ 13.7603 شلنگن جي مقرر ڪيل مٽاسٽا شرح استعمال ڪئي وئي آهي: * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>{{Euro| {{#expr:</nowiki>({{tlf|Inflation|AT|1000|1960|5=r=2}}<nowiki> / 13.7603) round 2}}</nowiki>}} }}</code> → {{xt|{{Euro| {{#expr:({{Inflation|AT|1000|1960|r=2}} / 13.7603) round 2}} }}}} قومي ڪرنسي مان يورو لاءِ مٽاسٽا هٿ سان داخل ڪرڻ بدران، {{Tlx|FixedEuroRate}} سان ورهائڻ به ممڪن آهي؛ آمريڪي ڊالر ۾ مٽاسٽا لاءِ {{Tlx|International dollars}} استعمال ڪريو. * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>{{Euro| {{#expr:</nowiki>({{tlf|Inflation|AT|1000|1960|5=r=2}}<nowiki> / {{FixedEuroRate|ATS}}) round 2}}</nowiki>}} }}</code> → {{xt|{{Euro| {{#expr:({{Inflation|AT|1000|1960|r=2}} / {{FixedEuroRate|ATS}}) round 2}} }}}} ڪجهه ڊيٽا سيٽ ڪرنسي کان آزاد نه هوندا آهن؛ هر ڊيٽا سيٽ لاءِ ذريعن کي ڏسو تہ اهو طئي ڪري سگهجي. {{Tlx|FXConvert}} مهانگائي سانچي ۾ هن وقت استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪجهه ڪرنسين/اشارين جي وچ ۾ مٽاسٽا جي سهولت ڏئي ٿو. پڻ ڏسو: {{tl|To USD}} ۽ {{tl|To USD round}}. ==== غير ڏهاڪي داخلائون ==== هي سانچو غير ڏهاڪي داخلائون، جهڙوڪ [[پائونڊ، شلنگ ۽ پينس|£sd]]، قبول نٿو ڪري؛ انهن کي اڳواٽ ڏهاڪي صورت ۾ بدلائڻو پوندو. مثال طور، جيڪڏهن توهان 1950ع ۾ ٽي شلنگ ۽ ڇهه پينس (3s 6d) اسٽرلنگ جي 2018ع واري قدر ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا، تہ سانچي ۾ استعمال لاءِ مناسب ڏهاڪي قدر (هن صورت ۾ £0.175) ۾ تبديل ڪرڻو پوندو: * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>{{Inflation|GBP|0.175|1950|2018}}</nowiki>}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|GBP|0.175|1950|2018}}}} خاص طور £sd لاءِ {{tl|Pounds, shillings, and pence}} کي ڏهاڪي قدر ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ٻين غير ڏهاڪي ڪرنسين لاءِ، جهڙوڪ پراڻو [[ڀارتي رپيو]]، درخواست تي ڏهاڪي ڪرڻ لاءِ سانچا ٺاهي سگهجن ٿا. * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>{{Inflation|GBP|{{Pounds, shillings, and pence|s=3|d=6}}|1950|2018|r=0|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}</nowiki>}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|UK|{{Pounds, shillings, and pence|s=3|d=6}}|1950|2018|r=0|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|<nowiki>{{Inflation|UK|{{Pounds, shillings, and pence|s=10|d=6}}|1865|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}</nowiki>}}</code> → {{xt|{{Inflation|UK|{{Pounds, shillings, and pence|s=10|d=6}}|1865|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}}} ==== گول ڪرڻ ==== بنيادي طور قدر ايڪي تائين ڳڻيا ويندا آهن، ڇاڪاڻ تہ تمام گهٽ قدرن کان سواءِ سينٽ عام طور ناپسنديده هوندا آهن. توهان {{para|r}} پيراميٽر سان گولائي مقرر ڪري سگهو ٿا، جيڪو ڏهاڪي انگن جو تعداد طئي ڪري ٿو. سينٽ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ {{para|r|2}} استعمال ڪريو، پر ٻيا قدر به استعمال ٿي سگهن ٿا، جن ۾ منفي قدر به شامل آهن: مثال طور {{para|r|-3}} ويجهي هزار تائين گول ڪندو، {{para|r|-6}} ويجهي ملين تائين، ۽ ائين اڳتي. [[ڪوڙي درستگي]] کان پاسو ڪرڻ مناسب آهي؛ جيتوڻيڪ شروعاتي قدر صحيح طور معلوم هجي، سانچي جو نتيجو اهڙو نه هوندو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ مهانگائي اشاري جون جدولون اڪثر لڳ ڀڳ 1 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ درست نه هونديون آهن، ۽ پوري سالن جي داني دار سطح استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. ;گولائي جا مثال *<code><nowiki>{{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|</nowiki>'''r=3'''<nowiki>}}}}</nowiki></code> &rarr; {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|r=3}}}} (3 ڏهاڪي جايون) *<code><nowiki>{{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|</nowiki>'''r=2'''<nowiki>}}}}</nowiki></code> &rarr; {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|r=2}}}} (2 ڏهاڪي جايون) *<code><nowiki>{{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|</nowiki>'''r=1'''<nowiki>}}}}</nowiki></code> &rarr; {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|r=1}}}} (1 ڏهاڪي جاءِ) *<code><nowiki>{{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|</nowiki>'''r=0'''<nowiki>}}}}</nowiki></code> &rarr; {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|r=0}}}} (پورو عدد) *<code><nowiki>{{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|</nowiki>'''r=-1'''<nowiki>}}}}</nowiki></code> &rarr; {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|r=-1}}}} (-1 ڏهاڪي جاءِ) *<code><nowiki>{{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|</nowiki>'''r=-2'''<nowiki>}}}}</nowiki></code> &rarr; {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|r=-2}}}} (-2 ڏهاڪي جايون) *<code><nowiki>{{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|</nowiki>'''r=-3'''<nowiki>}}}}</nowiki></code> &rarr; {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2923706.9|2009|2023|r=-3}}}} (-3 ڏهاڪي جايون) ==== تمام وڏا نتيجا ==== تمام وڏا نتيجا سائنسي علامت نگاري ۾ ظاهر ٿيندا آهن ("1.2E+14" بدران "120000000000000")، جيڪو عام طور پسنديده نه هوندو آهي. ان جو حل اهو آهي تہ مهانگائي لاءِ قدر کي گهٽ انگن سان ظاهر ڪيو وڃي، ۽ نتيجي کان پوءِ "trillion" جهڙو ضرب وارو متن شامل ڪيو وڃي، "Show preview" بٽڻ کي ضرورت موجب ڪيترائي ڀيرا استعمال ڪيو وڃي، ۽ پيراميٽرن کي بدلائي بهتر نتيجو ڳوليو وڃي: * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|${{tlf|Inflation|US-GDP|1000000000000|1900|5=r=-11|6=fmt=c}}}}</code> → {{xt|${{Inflation|US-GDP|1000000000000|1900|r=-11|fmt=c}}}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|${{tlf|Inflation|US-GDP|10000000000000|1900|5=r=-12|6=fmt=c}}}}</code> → {{!xt|${{Inflation|US-GDP|10000000000000|1900|r=-12|fmt=c}}}} * {{Nay}} <code>{{!mxt|${{tlf|Inflation|US-GDP|10000000000|1900|5=r=-9|6=fmt=c}}&amp;nbsp;'''thousand'''}}</code> → {{!xt|${{Inflation|US-GDP|10000000000|1900|r=-9|fmt=c}}&nbsp;thousand}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|${{tlf|Inflation|US-GDP|10000000|1900|5=r=-6|6=fmt=c}}&amp;nbsp;'''million'''}}</code> → {{xt|${{Inflation|US-GDP|10000000|1900|r=-6|fmt=c}}&nbsp;million}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|${{tlf|Inflation|US-GDP|10000|1900|5=r=-3|6=fmt=c}}&amp;nbsp;'''billion'''}}</code> → {{xt|${{Inflation|US-GDP|10000|1900|r=-3|fmt=c}}&nbsp;billion}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|${{tlf|Inflation|US-GDP|10|1900|5=fmt=c}}&amp;nbsp;'''trillion'''}}</code> → {{xt|${{Inflation|US-GDP|10|1900|fmt=c}}&nbsp;trillion}} هيٺيون ڀاڱو هن آزمائش ۽ غلطي واري حالت کان بچڻ جو پاڻمرادو طريقو مهيا ڪري ٿو. ==== قيمت فارميٽ ڪريو ==== {{Tlx|Format price}} اهڙو سانچو آهي جيڪو خاص طور قيمتن جي قدرن کي، وڏن توڙي ننڍن، پڙهڻ لائق نموني ڏيکارڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. مثال طور، "953,783,409,856.12" جهڙو وڏو عدد پورو ڏيکارڻ بدران، اهو ان کي "{{Format price|953783409856.12}}" طور ڏيکاريندو، جڏهن تہ ننڍن عددن ۾ سينٽ وارو حصو اميد مطابق ظاهر ٿيندو، يعني "1234.5" کي صحيح طرح "{{Format price|1234.5}}" طور ڏيکاريو ويندو. * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|$<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[سانچو:Format price|Format price]]<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{tlf|Inflation|US-GDP|10000000000000|1900}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki>}}</code> → {{xt|${{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|10000000000000|1900}}}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|$<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[سانچو:Format price|Format price]]<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{tlf|Inflation|US-GDP|1000000|1990}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki>}}</code> → {{xt|${{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|1000000|1990}}}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|DM <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[سانچو:Format price|Format price]]<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{tlf|Inflation|DE|1000000|1957|1978}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki>}}</code> → {{xt|DM {{Format price|{{Inflation|DE|1000000|1957|1978}}}}}} * {{Aye}} <code>{{mxt|£<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[سانچو:Format price|Format price]]<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{tlf|Inflation|UK-GDP|1000|1323}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki>}}</code> → {{xt|£{{Format price|{{Inflation|UK|1000|1323}}}}}} ==== مهانگائي ڊيٽا ذريعن جو حوالو ڏيڻ ==== جن مضمونن ۾ هي سانچو استعمال ٿئي، انهن ۾ هن سانچي سان ڳڻيل قيمتن لاءِ صحيح حوالو مهيا ڪرڻ سٺي مشق آهي. هن ڪم کي آسان ڪرڻ لاءِ {{Tl|Inflation/fn|''ملڪ''}} سانچو ٺاهيو ويو. اهو پنهنجي واحد پيراميٽر طور اهي ئي ملڪ ڪوڊ قبول ڪري ٿو، جيڪي هتي استعمال ڪيا ويا آهن، ۽ هڪ يا وڌيڪ مناسب حاشيا پيدا ڪندو. عام طور، ان کي استعمال ڪندڙ متن هن طرح نظر ايندو آهي: * <code><nowiki>1985ع ۾ هڪ ايڪي جي اوسط قيمت $1,040 هئي. هي {{Inflation|US|1040|1985|fmt=eq}} آهي.{{Inflation/fn|US}}</nowiki></code> جنهن جو نتيجو هي تبديل ٿيل ڪوڊ ٿيندو (آخر ۾ حاشيي جي ڳنڍ ڏسو): * 1985ع ۾ هڪ ايڪي جي اوسط قيمت $1,040 هئي. هي {{Inflation|US|1040|1985|fmt=eq}} آهي.{{Inflation/fn|US}} اهڙي طرح پيدا ٿيل حاشيو تڏهن ظاهر ٿيندو آهي جڏهن ڪنهن مضمون ۾ {{Tlx|reflist}} يا <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> استعمال ڪيو وڃي، عام طور ان جي "حوالا" ڀاڱي ۾. هن دستاويز جي پنهنجي [[سانچو:Inflation#حوالا|حوالا]] ڀاڱي ۾ هيٺ زنده مثال ڏسو، يا مٿي پيدا ٿيل حاشيي تي ڪلڪ ڪري اتي وڃو. === حدون === # هن وقت ڪنهن قدر کي اڳئين سال واري ممڪن قدر تائين "مهانگائي گهٽائي" واپس ڳڻڻ ممڪن ناهي. جيڪڏهن توهان کي اها سهولت گهربل آهي، تہ مهرباني ڪري [[سانچو بحث:Inflation|بحث صفحي]] تي درخواست ڏيو. ان کي شامل ڪرڻ ڏکيو نه هوندو، پر ڪنهن جي واقعي ضرورت کان اڳ ان کي ڪرڻ جو ڪو فائدو ناهي. # [[وڪيپيڊيا:متبادل داخل ڪرڻ|متبادل داخل ڪرڻ]] بلڪل حمايت يافته ناهي. <code><nowiki>{{subst:</nowiki>[[سانچو:Inflation|Inflation]]<nowiki>|...}}</nowiki></code> ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش سان سڌي فائدي کان سواءِ رڳو ايمبيڊڊ پارسر ڪوڊ جو ڊگهو سلسلو پيدا ٿيندو. جيڪڏهن توهان کي وڌايل قيمت فقط هڪ ڀيرو حاصل ڪرڻي آهي، تہ مهرباني ڪري خاص [[خاص:ExpandTemplates|ExpandTemplates]] صفحو استعمال ڪريو، پوءِ نتيجو نقل ڪري گهربل هنڌ تي لڳايو. == ڊولپر دستاويز == مهانگائي سيريز هيٺين زمرا ۾ سانچن جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿي: * Template:Inflation/''index'' * Template:Inflation/''index''/dataset * Template:Inflation/''index''/startyear * Template:Inflation/doc/''index'' (جيڪو پوءِ Inflation/name/dataset تي دستاويز طور ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي، ۽ ان ۾ اصل ڊيٽا ذريعي جو حوالو ڏيڻ ضروري آهي) تبديليون هنن ۾ ڪرڻ گهرجن: * [[سانچو:Inflation/fn]] * [[سانچو:Inflation/year]] موجوده ذيلي صفحا: {{list subpages|Inflation|Template}} === ڪارائتا ذريعا === * [https://www.bis.org/statistics/cp.htm بئنڪ آف انٽرنيشنل سيٽلمينٽس]: 50 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن لاءِ ڊگهي مدي واري ڊيٽا رکي ٿي ۽ باقاعده اپڊيٽ ٿئي ٿي. * [http://gpih.ucdavis.edu/Datafilelist.htm گلوبل پرائس اينڊ اِنڪم هسٽري گروپ]: مٿين ذريعن کي جزوي طور ٻيڻو ڪري ٿو، پر دنيا جي ڪيترن حصن بابت 1950ع کان اڳ جي وڏي مقدار ۾ ڊيٽا رکي ٿو. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230327191500/https://iisg.amsterdam/en/blog/research/projects/hpw/datafiles تاريخي قيمتون ۽ اجرتون (HPW): ڊيٽا فائلون]: هن ۾ [https://dataverse.nl/file.xhtml?fileId=601566&version=2.0 مهانگائي 1800–2000] شامل آهي، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ملڪن جي ڊيٽا آهي، گهڻي ڀاڱي 20هين صدي جي شروعات کان 2007ع تائين، ۽ ٻيون مختلف تمام ڊگهي مدي واريون ڊيٽا فائلون به شامل آهن. == سانچائي ڊيٽا== {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "value": { "aliases": [ "2" ], "label": "قدر", "description": "اصل قيمت يا قدر، جنهن جي بنياد تي مهانگائي جي ڳڻپ ڪئي ويندي. ڪاما نظرانداز ڪيا ويندا.", "example": "1000", "type": "number", "required": true }, "start_year": { "aliases": [ "3" ], "label": "شروعاتي سال", "description": "اصل سال، جنهن جي بنياد تي مهانگائي جي ڳڻپ ڪئي ويندي. اهو چونڊيل مهانگائي اشاري ۾ موجود سال هجڻ گهرجي. ان جي هڪ استثنا طور، جيڪڏهن موجوده سال ڏنو وڃي ۽ ڪو 'آخري سال' نه ڏنو وڃي، تہ سانچو قدر کي بنا تبديلي ڏيکاريندو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ مهانگائي کي صفر فرض ڪري سگهجي ٿو.", "example": "1975", "type": "number", "required": true }, "index": { "aliases": [ "1" ], "label": "اشاريو", "description": "موجود ڪيترن ئي مهانگائي اشارين مان ڪنهن هڪ لاءِ اشاريو ڪوڊ. انهن مان هڪ: AU، AU-road، BD، CA، DE، IN، JP، PH، PK، UK، UK-GDP، US، US-GDP، ZAR، ۽ ٻيا مختلف.", "example": "US", "type": "string", "required": true }, "end_year": { "aliases": [ "4" ], "label": "آخري سال", "description": "حوالا سال جنهن لاءِ مهانگائي ڳڻڻي آهي. اهو 'شروعاتي سال' کان مٿي (بعد وارو) هجڻ گهرجي، پر چونڊيل مهانگائي اشاري ۾ موجود سڀ کان مٿي (سڀ کان تازو) سال کان مٿي نه هجڻ گهرجي، ۽ جيڪڏهن ڇڏي ڏنو وڃي تہ بنيادي طور موجود سڀ کان مٿي (سڀ کان تازو) سال وٺندو.", "example": "2015", "type": "number" }, "r": { "label": "انگن جو تعداد", "description": "اهي انگ مقرر ڪري ٿو، جن تائين قدر کي گول ڪيو وڃي. منفي قدر مٿئين اهم انگ تائين گول ڪرڻ ظاهر ڪري ٿو، ۽ مثبت قدر ڪسري انگ، بشمول پڇاڙي وارا صفر، ظاهر ڪري ٿو. بنيادي قدر 0 آهي. جڏهن مکيه نالي واري جاءِ ۾ استعمال ٿئي، تہ هن کي ماخذ قدر جي اهم انگن جي تعداد تي مقرر ڪرڻ گهرجي.", "example": "1", "type": "number", "default": "0", "required": true }, "fmt": { "label": "فارميٽ", "description": "\"c\" ڳڻيل قدر ۾ هزارن جا جدا ڪندڙ ڪاما داخل ڪندو. \"eq\" برابر-جي-معنيٰ وارو فقرو ڏيکاريندو، هن صورت ۾: \"equivalent to (cursign)(end_value) in (end_year)\". هزارن جا جدا ڪندڙ ڪاما استعمال ڪري ٿو.", "example": "eq", "type": "string" }, "cursign": { "label": "ڪرنسي نشان", "description": "ڏيکاريل ڪرنسي نشان مقرر ڪري ٿو. رڳو تڏهن ڪم ڪندو جڏهن فارميٽ \"eq\" استعمال ٿئي. جديد نشان فارميٽ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا، پر اهي رڳو ڳڻيل قدر کان اڳ اچي سگهن ٿا. بنيادي نشان $ آهي.", "example": "¥، €، $، £", "type": "string", "default": "$" } }, "paramOrder": [ "index", "value", "start_year", "end_year", "r", "fmt", "cursign" ], "format": "inline", "description": "هي سانچو ڪيترن ئي مهانگائي اشاري ڊيٽا سيٽن جي بنياد تي مهانگائي ڳڻي ٿو. \n\nياد رکو تہ هي سانچو بنيادي طور صارف قيمت اشاريي جي قدرن جي مهانگائي ڳڻڻ لاءِ مقرر ٿيل آهي: بنيادي ضرورتون، مزدورن جو ڪرايو، ننڍا خدمتي بل (ڊاڪٽرن جا خرچ، ريل جون ٽڪيٽون). سرمائي خرچن، حڪومتي خرچن، يا اميرن جي ذاتي دولت ۽ خرچن کي مهانگائي مطابق وڌائڻ لاءِ، US-GDP يا UK-GDP اشاري استعمال ڪرڻ گهرجن، جيڪي ترتيبوار [[مجموعي گھريلو پيداوار]] (GDP) جي بنياد تي [[گڏيل رياستون|گڏيل رياستن]] ۽ [[گڏيل بادشاهت]] لاءِ مهانگائي ڳڻين ٿا." } </templatedata> == پڻ ڏسو == * {{Cl|Currency conversion templates}} * [[:زمرو:ڪرنسي سانچا]] * [[c:Category:Tabular data of consumer price indices|صارف قيمت اشارين جو جدولي ڊيٽا]] * [[صارف قيمت اشاريو (گڏيل بادشاهت)]] * [[صارف قيمت اشاريو]] * {{Tl|Format price}} * [[مجموعي گھريلو پيداوار ڊفليٽر]] * [[صارف قيمتن جو هم آهنگ اشاريو]] * [[مهانگائي]] * {{Tl|Inflation/fn}} * {{Tl|Inflation/year}} * [[گردش ۾ موجود ڪرنسين جي فهرست]] * [[ملڪن جي ڪوڊن جون فهرستون]] * [[گڏيل رياستن جو صارف قيمت اشاريو]] == حوالا == {{Reflist|33em}} {{Math templates|conversion}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!--زمرا هن لڪير کان هيٺ، مهرباني؛ بين الوڪي ڳنڍون وڪيڊيٽا تي--> [[زمرو:مهانگائي ڳڻپ سانچا]] [[زمرو:اقتصاديات فارميٽنگ ۽ فنڪشن سانچا]] [[زمرو:ماليات فارميٽنگ ۽ فنڪشن سانچا]] [[زمرو:گڏيل رياستن جا معاشي سانچا]] }}</includeonly> tqar2f7b1exfvny3hfi1gmsl2c923x6 10 96526 377128 2026-05-12T00:10:55Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <includeonly>{{#switch:{{{index|{{{1|none}}}}}} <!-- *** جڏهن هي تبديل ڪيو وڃي، تڏهن [[سانچو:Inflation]] لاءِ ڊيٽا سيٽ ۽ [[سانچو:Inflation-year]] ۾ تازو سال به اپڊيٽ ڪريو! *** --> | AU = {{#tag:ref|آسٽريليا جي صارف قيمت مهانگائي جا انگ آسٽريلين بيورو آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس (2011) ''6461.0 – Consumer Price Index: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2011'' ۾ ڏنل لا... 377128 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch:{{{index|{{{1|none}}}}}} <!-- *** جڏهن هي تبديل ڪيو وڃي، تڏهن [[سانچو:Inflation]] لاءِ ڊيٽا سيٽ ۽ [[سانچو:Inflation-year]] ۾ تازو سال به اپڊيٽ ڪريو! *** --> | AU = {{#tag:ref|آسٽريليا جي صارف قيمت مهانگائي جا انگ آسٽريلين بيورو آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس (2011) ''6461.0 – Consumer Price Index: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2011'' ۾ ڏنل لانگ ٽرم لنڪڊ سيريز جي پيروي ڪن ٿا، جيئن §§3.10–3.11 ۾ وضاحت ڪيل آهي؛ هي سيريز "1901ع کان 1914ع تائين، A سيريز ريٽيل پرائس انڊيڪس؛ 1914ع کان 1946–47ع تائين، C سيريز ريٽيل پرائس انڊيڪس؛ 1946–47ع کان 1948–49ع تائين، C سيريز انڊيڪس، ڪرايي کان سواءِ، ۽ CPI جي هائوسنگ گروپ جو گڏيل مجموعو؛ ۽ 1948–49ع کان پوءِ، CPI" تي مشتمل آهي. (3.10). حاصل ڪيل 4 مئي 2015ع|name="inflation-AU"|group={{{group |}}}}} | AU-road = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]] آهن، "3101 Road and bridge construction Australia" سيريز استعمال ڪندي، جيڪا آسٽريلين بيورو آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس (2014) ''[http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6427.0Main+Features1Mar%202014 6427.0 – Producer Price Indexes, Australia, Mar 2014]'' ۾ ڏنل آهي: جدول 17، تعميراتي صنعتن جي پيداوار، ذيلي ورڇ ۽ ڪلاس انڊيڪس نمبر. حاصل ڪيل 14 جون 2014ع.|name="inflation-AU-road"|group={{{group |}}}}} | BD = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/bangladesh/consumer-price-index بنگلاديش – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، انٽرنيشنل مانيٽري فنڊ، انٽرنيشنل فنانشل اسٽيٽسٽڪس ۽ ڊيٽا فائلون.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-BD" |group={{{group|}}}}} | CA = {{#tag:ref|ڪينيڊا جي مهانگائي جا انگ اسٽيٽسٽڪس ڪينيڊا تي ٻڌل آهن. {{cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/econ46a-eng.htm |title=Consumer Price Index, historical summary|accessdate=April 26, 2018}} CANSIM، جدول (فيس لاءِ) 326-0021 ۽ ڪيٽلاگ نمبر 62-001-X، 62-010-X ۽ 62-557-X. ۽ {{cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/cpis01a-eng.htm |title=Consumer Price Index, by province (monthly) (Canada) |accessdate=April 26, 2018}} |name = "inflation-CA" |group={{{group|}}}}} | DE = {{#tag:ref|جرمني جي مهانگائي جا انگ [https://web.archive.org/web/20070707170154/https://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Statistiken/Zeitreihen/LangeReihen/LebensunterhaltKonsum/Content100/lrleb02a,templateId=renderPrint.psml {{lang|de|Deutsches Statistisches Bundesamt|italic=no|nocat=y}}] وٽ موجود ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن.|name="inflation-DE" |group= {{{group |}}}}} | IN = {{#tag:ref|{{Citation|title=Historic inflation India – CPI inflation|publisher=Inflation.eu|url=http://www.inflation.eu/inflation-rates/india/historic-inflation/cpi-inflation-india.aspx|accessdate=24 January 2017|mode= {{{mode|}}} }}|name = "inflation-IN" |group={{{group|}}}}} | JP = {{#tag:ref|جاپاني تاريخي صارف قيمت اشاريو جا انگ جاپاني اسٽيٽسٽڪس بيورو وٽ موجود ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن. [http://www.rateinflation.com/consumer-price-index/japan-historical-cpi Japan Historical Consumer Price Index (CPI) – 1970 to 2014] حاصل ڪيل 30 جولاءِ 2014ع. 1946ع کان 1970ع جي وچ لاءِ، {{cite web|url=http://shouwashi.com/transition-consumerprice.html|title=昭和戦後史|accessdate=2015-01-24}} مان|name="inflation-JP"|group={{{group|}}}}} | KRW = {{#tag:ref|صارف قيمت اشاريو [[اسٽيٽسٽڪس ڪوريا]] مان. [http://www.index.go.kr/potal/stts/idxMain/selectPoSttsIdxSearch.do?idx_cd=2909 سال وار صارف قيمت اشاريو]. حاصل ڪيل 3 اپريل 2018ع |name="inflation-KRW"|group={{{group|}}}}} | PH = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.bsp.gov.ph/statistics/spei_new/tab33_cpi.htm صارف قيمت اشاريو، مهانگائي شرح ۽ پيسو جي خريداري طاقت] (قومي اوسطون)|name=inflation-PH|group={{{group|}}}}} | PK = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/pakistan/consumer-price-index پاڪستان – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، انٽرنيشنل مانيٽري فنڊ، انٽرنيشنل فنانشل اسٽيٽسٽڪس ۽ ڊيٽا فائلون.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-PK" |group={{{group|}}}}} | UK = {{#tag:ref|گڏيل بادشاهت جا [[ريٽيل پرائس انڊيڪس]] مهانگائي انگ {{cite web |first = Gregory |last = Clark |year = 2017 |url = https://measuringworth.com/ukearncpi/ |title = The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series) |work = MeasuringWorth |accessdate= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|27 January 2019|January 27, 2019}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} }} جي ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن|name="inflation-UK" |group={{{group |}}}}} | UKGDP|UK-GDP|UK-CAP = {{#tag:ref|گڏيل بادشاهت جا [[مجموعي گھريلو پيداوار ڊفليٽر]] جا انگ ''Measuring Worth'' جي "consistent series" جي پيروي ڪن ٿا، جيڪا {{cite web |first1= Ryland |last1= Thomas |first2= Samuel H. |last2= Williamson |title= What Was the U.K. GDP Then? |url= http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/ukgdp/ |work= MeasuringWorth |year= 2018 |accessdate= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|5 January 2018|January 5, 2018}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} }} ۾ ڏنل آهي|name="inflation-UKGDP" | group ={{{group |}}}}} | US = {{#tag:ref|{{cite web |author= Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project |url= https://www.minneapolisfed.org/community/financial-and-economic-education/cpi-calculator-information/consumer-price-index-1800 |title= Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800– |publisher= Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis |access-date= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|2 January 2019| January 2, 2019}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} }}|name="inflation-US" |group={{{group |}}}}} | USGDP|US-GDP|US-CAP = {{#tag:ref|{{cite web |first1= Ryland |last1= Thomas |first2= Samuel H. |last2= Williamson |title= What Was the U.S. GDP Then? |url= http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |work= MeasuringWorth |year= 2018 |accessdate= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|5 January, 2018|January 5, 2018}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} |postscript = {{#ifeq: {{{mode|}}} | cs2 |.}}<!--ضرورت پوڻ تي آخري فل اسٽاپ لڳائي ٿو.--> }} گڏيل رياستن جا [[مجموعي گھريلو پيداوار ڊفليٽر]] جا انگ ''Measuring Worth'' سيريز جي پيروي ڪن ٿا. |name="inflation-USGDP" | group ={{{group |}}}}} | ZAR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/south-africa/consumer-price-index ڏکڻ آفريڪا – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، انٽرنيشنل مانيٽري فنڊ، انٽرنيشنل فنانشل اسٽيٽسٽڪس ۽ ڊيٽا فائلون.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-ZAR" |group={{{group|}}}}} | none = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]]. {{Citation error|no index specified|Inflation/fn}}|name="inflation/fn" |group={{{group|}}}{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطيون رکندڙ صفحا]]}}}} |#default = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]]. {{Citation error|undefined index "{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}"|Inflation/fn}}|name="inflation/fn-{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}" |group={{{group|}}}{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطيون رکندڙ صفحا]]}}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 9liwq62y1ujfs83c6iwanr2bwgi8xaf 377152 377128 2026-05-12T08:15:53Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377152 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch:{{{index|{{{1|none}}}}}} <!-- *** جڏهن هن ۾ تبديلي ڪئي وڃي، تڏهن [[سانچو:Inflation]] لاءِ ڊيٽا سيٽ ۽ [[سانچو:Inflation-year]] ۾ تازو سال پڻ اپڊيٽ ڪريو! *** --> | AU = {{#tag:ref|آسٽريليا جي صارف قيمت مهانگائي جا انگ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) جي مهيا ڪيل Long Term Linked Series تي ٻڌل آهن، ''6461.0 – Consumer Price Index: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2011''، جيئن §§3.10–3.11 ۾ بيان ڪيو ويو آهي؛ هن سيريز ۾ "1901 کان 1914 تائين A Series Retail Price Index؛ 1914 کان 1946–47 تائين C Series Retail Price Index؛ 1946–47 کان 1948–49 تائين C Series Index (ڪرائي کان سواءِ) ۽ CPI جي هائوسنگ گروپ جو گڏيل استعمال؛ ۽ 1948–49 کان پوءِ CPI" شامل آهي. (3.10). حاصل ڪيل: 4 مئي 2015|name="inflation-AU"|group={{{group |}}}}} | AU-road = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]] آهن، "3101 Road and bridge construction Australia" سيريز استعمال ڪندي، جيڪا Australian Bureau of Statistics (2014) پاران مهيا ڪئي وئي آهي، ''[http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6427.0Main+Features1Mar%202014 6427.0 – Producer Price Indexes, Australia, Mar 2014]''، جدول 17: تعميراتي صنعتن، ذيلي ورهاست ۽ درجي وار اشاري انگ. حاصل ڪيل: 14 جون 2014.|name="inflation-AU-road"|group={{{group |}}}}} | BD = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/bangladesh/consumer-price-index بنگلاديش – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-BD" |group={{{group|}}}}} | CA = {{#tag:ref|ڪينيڊين مهانگائي جا انگ Statistics Canada جي ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن. {{cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/econ46a-eng.htm |title=Consumer Price Index, historical summary|accessdate=April 26, 2018}} CANSIM، جدول (في سان) 326-0021 ۽ Catalogue نمبر 62-001-X، 62-010-X ۽ 62-557-X. ۽ {{cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/cpis01a-eng.htm |title=Consumer Price Index, by province (monthly) (Canada) |accessdate=April 26, 2018}} |name = "inflation-CA" |group={{{group|}}}}} | DE = {{#tag:ref|جرمن مهانگائي جا انگ هن ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن جيڪا [https://web.archive.org/web/20070707170154/https://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Statistiken/Zeitreihen/LangeReihen/LebensunterhaltKonsum/Content100/lrleb02a,templateId=renderPrint.psml {{lang|de|ڊيوئچس اسٽيٽسٽشس بُنڊس اَمٽ|italic=no|nocat=y}}] تان دستياب آهي.|name="inflation-DE" |group= {{{group |}}}}} | IN = {{#tag:ref|{{Citation|title=Historic inflation India – CPI inflation|publisher=Inflation.eu|url=http://www.inflation.eu/inflation-rates/india/historic-inflation/cpi-inflation-india.aspx|accessdate=24 January 2017|mode= {{{mode|}}} }}|name = "inflation-IN" |group={{{group|}}}}} | JP = {{#tag:ref|جاپاني تاريخي صارف قيمت اشاريا جا انگ Japanese Statistics Bureau جي دستياب ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن. [http://www.rateinflation.com/consumer-price-index/japan-historical-cpi Japan Historical Consumer Price Index (CPI) – 1970 to 2014] حاصل ڪيل: 30 جولاءِ 2014. 1946 ۽ 1970 جي وچ واري عرصي لاءِ {{cite web|url=http://shouwashi.com/transition-consumerprice.html|title=昭和戦後史|accessdate=2015-01-24}} مان.|name="inflation-JP"|group={{{group|}}}}} | KRW = {{#tag:ref|صارف قيمت اشاريو [[Statistics Korea]] مان. [http://www.index.go.kr/potal/stts/idxMain/selectPoSttsIdxSearch.do?idx_cd=2909 سال وار صارف قيمت اشاريو]. حاصل ڪيل: 3 اپريل 2018 |name="inflation-KRW"|group={{{group|}}}}} | PH = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.bsp.gov.ph/statistics/spei_new/tab33_cpi.htm صارف قيمت اشاريو، مهانگائي شرح ۽ Peso جي خريداري قوت] (قومي اوسط)|name=inflation-PH|group={{{group|}}}}} | PK = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/pakistan/consumer-price-index پاڪستان – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-PK" |group={{{group|}}}}} | UK = {{#tag:ref|برطانيا جا [[Retail Price Index]] مهانگائي انگ هن ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن: {{cite web |first = Gregory |last = Clark |year = 2017 |url = https://measuringworth.com/ukearncpi/ |title = The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series) |work = MeasuringWorth |accessdate= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|27 January 2019|January 27, 2019}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} }}|name="inflation-UK" |group={{{group |}}}}} | UKGDP|UK-GDP|UK-CAP = {{#tag:ref|گڏيل بادشاهت جا [[Gross Domestic Product deflator]] انگ ''Measuring Worth'' جي "consistent series" تي ٻڌل آهن، جيڪا {{cite web |first1= Ryland |last1= Thomas |first2= Samuel H. |last2= Williamson |title= What Was the U.K. GDP Then? |url= http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/ukgdp/ |work= MeasuringWorth |year= 2018 |accessdate= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|5 January 2018|January 5, 2018}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} }} ۾ مهيا ڪئي وئي آهي.|name="inflation-UKGDP" | group ={{{group |}}}}} | US = {{#tag:ref|{{cite web |author= Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project |url= https://www.minneapolisfed.org/community/financial-and-economic-education/cpi-calculator-information/consumer-price-index-1800 |title= Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800– |publisher= Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis |access-date= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|2 January 2019| January 2, 2019}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} }}|name="inflation-US" |group={{{group |}}}}} | USGDP|US-GDP|US-CAP = {{#tag:ref|{{cite web |first1= Ryland |last1= Thomas |first2= Samuel H. |last2= Williamson |title= What Was the U.S. GDP Then? |url= http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |work= MeasuringWorth |year= 2018 |accessdate= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|5 January, 2018|January 5, 2018}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} |postscript = {{#ifeq: {{{mode|}}} | cs2 |.}}<!-- ضروري هجي ته آخري نقطو مقرر ڪري ٿو --> }} گڏيل رياستن جا [[Gross Domestic Product deflator]] انگ ''Measuring Worth'' سيريز تي ٻڌل آهن. |name="inflation-USGDP" | group ={{{group |}}}}} | ZAR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/south-africa/consumer-price-index ڏکڻ آفريڪا – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-ZAR" |group={{{group|}}}}} | none = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]]. {{Citation error|ڪو اشاريو مقرر نه ڪيو ويو|Inflation/fn}}|name="inflation/fn" |group={{{group|}}}{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}}} |#default = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]]. {{Citation error|اڻڄاتل اشاريو "{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}"|Inflation/fn}}|name="inflation/fn-{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}" |group={{{group|}}}{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 55pn9vq1u4pxhavxp1b3n6mhiy21v79 377153 377152 2026-05-12T08:18:37Z Intisar Ali 8681 377153 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch:{{{index|{{{1|none}}}}}} <!-- *** جڏهن هن ۾ تبديلي ڪئي وڃي، تڏهن [[سانچو:Inflation]] لاءِ ڊيٽا سيٽ ۽ [[سانچو:Inflation-year]] ۾ تازو سال پڻ اپڊيٽ ڪريو! *** --> | AU = {{#tag:ref|آسٽريليا جي صارف قيمت مهانگائي جا انگ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) جي مهيا ڪيل Long Term Linked Series تي ٻڌل آهن، ''6461.0 – Consumer Price Index: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2011''، جيئن §§3.10–3.11 ۾ بيان ڪيو ويو آهي؛ هن سيريز ۾ "1901 کان 1914 تائين A Series Retail Price Index؛ 1914 کان 1946–47 تائين C Series Retail Price Index؛ 1946–47 کان 1948–49 تائين C Series Index (ڪرائي کان سواءِ) ۽ CPI جي هائوسنگ گروپ جو گڏيل استعمال؛ ۽ 1948–49 کان پوءِ CPI" شامل آهي. (3.10). حاصل ڪيل: 4 مئي 2015|name="inflation-AU"|group={{{group |}}}}} | AU-road = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]] آهن، "3101 Road and bridge construction Australia" سيريز استعمال ڪندي، جيڪا Australian Bureau of Statistics (2014) پاران مهيا ڪئي وئي آهي، ''[http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6427.0Main+Features1Mar%202014 6427.0 – Producer Price Indexes, Australia, Mar 2014]''، جدول 17: تعميراتي صنعتن، ذيلي ورهاست ۽ درجي وار اشاري انگ. حاصل ڪيل: 14 جون 2014.|name="inflation-AU-road"|group={{{group |}}}}} | BD = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/bangladesh/consumer-price-index بنگلاديش – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-BD" |group={{{group|}}}}} | CA = {{#tag:ref|ڪينيڊين مهانگائي جا انگ Statistics Canada جي ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن. {{cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/econ46a-eng.htm |title=Consumer Price Index, historical summary|accessdate=April 26, 2018}} CANSIM، جدول (في سان) 326-0021 ۽ Catalogue نمبر 62-001-X، 62-010-X ۽ 62-557-X. ۽ {{cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/cpis01a-eng.htm |title=Consumer Price Index, by province (monthly) (Canada) |accessdate=April 26, 2018}} |name = "inflation-CA" |group={{{group|}}}}} | DE = {{#tag:ref|جرمن مهانگائي جا انگ هن ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن جيڪا [https://web.archive.org/web/20070707170154/https://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Statistiken/Zeitreihen/LangeReihen/LebensunterhaltKonsum/Content100/lrleb02a,templateId=renderPrint.psml {{lang|de|ڊيوئچس اسٽيٽسٽشس بُنڊس اَمٽ|italic=no|nocat=y}}] تان دستياب آهي.|name="inflation-DE" |group= {{{group |}}}}} | IN = {{#tag:ref|{{Citation|title=Historic inflation India – CPI inflation|publisher=Inflation.eu|url=http://www.inflation.eu/inflation-rates/india/historic-inflation/cpi-inflation-india.aspx|accessdate=24 January 2017|mode= {{{mode|}}} }}|name = "inflation-IN" |group={{{group|}}}}} | JP = {{#tag:ref|جاپاني تاريخي صارف قيمت اشاريا جا انگ Japanese Statistics Bureau جي دستياب ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن. [http://www.rateinflation.com/consumer-price-index/japan-historical-cpi Japan Historical Consumer Price Index (CPI) – 1970 to 2014] حاصل ڪيل: 30 جولاءِ 2014. 1946 ۽ 1970 جي وچ واري عرصي لاءِ {{cite web|url=http://shouwashi.com/transition-consumerprice.html|title=昭和戦後史|accessdate=2015-01-24}} مان.|name="inflation-JP"|group={{{group|}}}}} | KRW = {{#tag:ref|صارف قيمت اشاريو [[Statistics Korea]] مان. [http://www.index.go.kr/potal/stts/idxMain/selectPoSttsIdxSearch.do?idx_cd=2909 سال وار صارف قيمت اشاريو]. حاصل ڪيل: 3 اپريل 2018 |name="inflation-KRW"|group={{{group|}}}}} | PH = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.bsp.gov.ph/statistics/spei_new/tab33_cpi.htm صارف قيمت اشاريو، مهانگائي شرح ۽ Peso جي خريداري قوت] (قومي اوسط)|name=inflation-PH|group={{{group|}}}}} | PK = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/pakistan/consumer-price-index پاڪستان – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-PK" |group={{{group|}}}}} | UK = {{#tag:ref|برطانيا جا [[Retail Price Index]] مهانگائي انگ هن ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن: {{cite web |first = Gregory |last = Clark |year = 2017 |url = https://measuringworth.com/ukearncpi/ |title = The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series) |work = MeasuringWorth |accessdate= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|27 January 2019|January 27, 2019}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} }}|name="inflation-UK" |group={{{group |}}}}} | UKGDP|UK-GDP|UK-CAP = {{#tag:ref|گڏيل بادشاهت جا [[Gross Domestic Product deflator]] انگ ''Measuring Worth'' جي "consistent series" تي ٻڌل آهن، جيڪا {{cite web |first1= Ryland |last1= Thomas |first2= Samuel H. |last2= Williamson |title= What Was the U.K. GDP Then? |url= http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/ukgdp/ |work= MeasuringWorth |year= 2018 |accessdate= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|5 January 2018|January 5, 2018}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} }} ۾ مهيا ڪئي وئي آهي.|name="inflation-UKGDP" | group ={{{group |}}}}} | US = {{#tag:ref|{{cite web |author= Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project |url= https://www.minneapolisfed.org/community/financial-and-economic-education/cpi-calculator-information/consumer-price-index-1800 |title= Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800– |publisher= Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis |access-date= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|2 January 2019| January 2, 2019}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} }}|name="inflation-US" |group={{{group |}}}}} | USGDP|US-GDP|US-CAP = {{#tag:ref|{{cite web |first1= Ryland |last1= Thomas |first2= Samuel H. |last2= Williamson |title= What Was the U.S. GDP Then? |url= http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |work= MeasuringWorth |year= 2018 |accessdate= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|5 January, 2018|January 5, 2018}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} |postscript = {{#ifeq: {{{mode|}}} | cs2 |.}}<!-- ضروري هجي ته آخري نقطو مقرر ڪري ٿو --> }} گڏيل رياستن جا [[Gross Domestic Product deflator]] انگ ''Measuring Worth'' سيريز تي ٻڌل آهن. |name="inflation-USGDP" | group ={{{group |}}}}} | ZAR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/south-africa/consumer-price-index ڏکڻ آفريڪا – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-ZAR" |group={{{group|}}}}} | none = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]]. {{Citation error|ڪو اشاريو مقرر نه ڪيو ويو|Inflation/fn}}|name="inflation/fn" |group={{{group|}}}{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}}} |#default = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]]. {{Citation error|اڻڄاتل اشاريو "{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}"|Inflation/fn}}|name="inflation/fn-{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}" |group={{{group|}}}{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation subpage}} </noinclude> 7ru6y219hk09paj85kvitsbnxewopds 377154 377153 2026-05-12T08:18:56Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377154 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch:{{{index|{{{1|none}}}}}} <!-- *** جڏهن هن ۾ تبديلي ڪئي وڃي، تڏهن [[سانچو:Inflation]] لاءِ ڊيٽا سيٽ ۽ [[سانچو:Inflation-year]] ۾ تازو سال پڻ اپڊيٽ ڪريو! *** --> | AU = {{#tag:ref|آسٽريليا جي صارف قيمت مهانگائي جا انگ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) جي مهيا ڪيل Long Term Linked Series تي ٻڌل آهن، ''6461.0 – Consumer Price Index: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2011''، جيئن §§3.10–3.11 ۾ بيان ڪيو ويو آهي؛ هن سيريز ۾ "1901 کان 1914 تائين A Series Retail Price Index؛ 1914 کان 1946–47 تائين C Series Retail Price Index؛ 1946–47 کان 1948–49 تائين C Series Index (ڪرائي کان سواءِ) ۽ CPI جي هائوسنگ گروپ جو گڏيل استعمال؛ ۽ 1948–49 کان پوءِ CPI" شامل آهي. (3.10). حاصل ڪيل: 4 مئي 2015|name="inflation-AU"|group={{{group |}}}}} | AU-road = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]] آهن، "3101 Road and bridge construction Australia" سيريز استعمال ڪندي، جيڪا Australian Bureau of Statistics (2014) پاران مهيا ڪئي وئي آهي، ''[http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6427.0Main+Features1Mar%202014 6427.0 – Producer Price Indexes, Australia, Mar 2014]''، جدول 17: تعميراتي صنعتن، ذيلي ورهاست ۽ درجي وار اشاري انگ. حاصل ڪيل: 14 جون 2014.|name="inflation-AU-road"|group={{{group |}}}}} | BD = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/bangladesh/consumer-price-index بنگلاديش – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-BD" |group={{{group|}}}}} | CA = {{#tag:ref|ڪينيڊين مهانگائي جا انگ Statistics Canada جي ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن. {{cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/econ46a-eng.htm |title=Consumer Price Index, historical summary|accessdate=April 26, 2018}} CANSIM، جدول (في سان) 326-0021 ۽ Catalogue نمبر 62-001-X، 62-010-X ۽ 62-557-X. ۽ {{cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/cpis01a-eng.htm |title=Consumer Price Index, by province (monthly) (Canada) |accessdate=April 26, 2018}} |name = "inflation-CA" |group={{{group|}}}}} | DE = {{#tag:ref|جرمن مهانگائي جا انگ هن ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن جيڪا [https://web.archive.org/web/20070707170154/https://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Statistiken/Zeitreihen/LangeReihen/LebensunterhaltKonsum/Content100/lrleb02a,templateId=renderPrint.psml {{lang|de|ڊيوئچس اسٽيٽسٽشس بُنڊس اَمٽ|italic=no|nocat=y}}] تان دستياب آهي.|name="inflation-DE" |group= {{{group |}}}}} | IN = {{#tag:ref|{{Citation|title=Historic inflation India – CPI inflation|publisher=Inflation.eu|url=http://www.inflation.eu/inflation-rates/india/historic-inflation/cpi-inflation-india.aspx|accessdate=24 January 2017|mode= {{{mode|}}} }}|name = "inflation-IN" |group={{{group|}}}}} | JP = {{#tag:ref|جاپاني تاريخي صارف قيمت اشاريا جا انگ Japanese Statistics Bureau جي دستياب ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن. [http://www.rateinflation.com/consumer-price-index/japan-historical-cpi Japan Historical Consumer Price Index (CPI) – 1970 to 2014] حاصل ڪيل: 30 جولاءِ 2014. 1946 ۽ 1970 جي وچ واري عرصي لاءِ {{cite web|url=http://shouwashi.com/transition-consumerprice.html|title=昭和戦後史|accessdate=2015-01-24}} مان.|name="inflation-JP"|group={{{group|}}}}} | KRW = {{#tag:ref|صارف قيمت اشاريو [[Statistics Korea]] مان. [http://www.index.go.kr/potal/stts/idxMain/selectPoSttsIdxSearch.do?idx_cd=2909 سال وار صارف قيمت اشاريو]. حاصل ڪيل: 3 اپريل 2018 |name="inflation-KRW"|group={{{group|}}}}} | PH = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.bsp.gov.ph/statistics/spei_new/tab33_cpi.htm صارف قيمت اشاريو، مهانگائي شرح ۽ Peso جي خريداري قوت] (قومي اوسط)|name=inflation-PH|group={{{group|}}}}} | PK = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/pakistan/consumer-price-index پاڪستان – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-PK" |group={{{group|}}}}} | UK = {{#tag:ref|برطانيا جا [[Retail Price Index]] مهانگائي انگ هن ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن: {{cite web |first = Gregory |last = Clark |year = 2017 |url = https://measuringworth.com/ukearncpi/ |title = The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series) |work = MeasuringWorth |accessdate= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|27 January 2019|January 27, 2019}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} }}|name="inflation-UK" |group={{{group |}}}}} | UKGDP|UK-GDP|UK-CAP = {{#tag:ref|گڏيل بادشاهت جا [[Gross Domestic Product deflator]] انگ ''Measuring Worth'' جي "consistent series" تي ٻڌل آهن، جيڪا {{cite web |first1= Ryland |last1= Thomas |first2= Samuel H. |last2= Williamson |title= What Was the U.K. GDP Then? |url= http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/ukgdp/ |work= MeasuringWorth |year= 2018 |accessdate= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|5 January 2018|January 5, 2018}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} }} ۾ مهيا ڪئي وئي آهي.|name="inflation-UKGDP" | group ={{{group |}}}}} | US = {{#tag:ref|{{cite web |author= Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project |url= https://www.minneapolisfed.org/community/financial-and-economic-education/cpi-calculator-information/consumer-price-index-1800 |title= Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800– |publisher= Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis |access-date= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|2 January 2019| January 2, 2019}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} }}|name="inflation-US" |group={{{group |}}}}} | USGDP|US-GDP|US-CAP = {{#tag:ref|{{cite web |first1= Ryland |last1= Thomas |first2= Samuel H. |last2= Williamson |title= What Was the U.S. GDP Then? |url= http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |work= MeasuringWorth |year= 2018 |accessdate= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|5 January, 2018|January 5, 2018}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} |postscript = {{#ifeq: {{{mode|}}} | cs2 |.}}<!-- ضروري هجي ته آخري نقطو مقرر ڪري ٿو --> }} گڏيل رياستن جا [[Gross Domestic Product deflator]] انگ ''Measuring Worth'' سيريز تي ٻڌل آهن. |name="inflation-USGDP" | group ={{{group |}}}}} | ZAR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/south-africa/consumer-price-index ڏکڻ آفريڪا – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-ZAR" |group={{{group|}}}}} | none = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]]. {{Citation error|ڪو اشاريو مقرر نه ڪيو ويو|Inflation/fn}}|name="inflation/fn" |group={{{group|}}}{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}}} |#default = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]]. {{Citation error|اڻڄاتل اشاريو "{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}"|Inflation/fn}}|name="inflation/fn-{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}" |group={{{group|}}}{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 55pn9vq1u4pxhavxp1b3n6mhiy21v79 377172 377154 2026-05-12T10:24:36Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377172 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch:{{{index|{{{1|none}}}}}} <!-- *** جڏهن هن ۾ تبديلي ڪئي وڃي، تڏهن [[سانچو:Inflation]] لاءِ ڊيٽا سيٽ ۽ [[سانچو:Inflation-year]] ۾ تازو سال پڻ اپڊيٽ ڪريو! *** --> | AU = {{#tag:ref|آسٽريليا جي صارف قيمت مهانگائي جا انگ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) جي مهيا ڪيل Long Term Linked Series تي ٻڌل آهن، ''6461.0 – Consumer Price Index: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2011''، جيئن §§3.10–3.11 ۾ بيان ڪيو ويو آهي؛ هن سيريز ۾ "1901 کان 1914 تائين A Series Retail Price Index؛ 1914 کان 1946–47 تائين C Series Retail Price Index؛ 1946–47 کان 1948–49 تائين C Series Index (ڪرائي کان سواءِ) ۽ CPI جي هائوسنگ گروپ جو گڏيل استعمال؛ ۽ 1948–49 کان پوءِ CPI" شامل آهي. (3.10). حاصل ڪيل: 4 مئي 2015|name="inflation-AU"|group={{{group |}}}}} | AU-road = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]] آهن، "3101 Road and bridge construction Australia" سيريز استعمال ڪندي، جيڪا Australian Bureau of Statistics (2014) پاران مهيا ڪئي وئي آهي، ''[http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6427.0Main+Features1Mar%202014 6427.0 – Producer Price Indexes, Australia, Mar 2014]''، جدول 17: تعميراتي صنعتن، ذيلي ورهاست ۽ درجي وار اشاري انگ. حاصل ڪيل: 14 جون 2014.|name="inflation-AU-road"|group={{{group |}}}}} | BD = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/bangladesh/consumer-price-index بنگلاديش – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-BD" |group={{{group|}}}}} | CA = {{#tag:ref|ڪينيڊين مهانگائي جا انگ Statistics Canada جي ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن. {{cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/econ46a-eng.htm |title=Consumer Price Index, historical summary|accessdate=April 26, 2018}} CANSIM، جدول (في سان) 326-0021 ۽ Catalogue نمبر 62-001-X، 62-010-X ۽ 62-557-X. ۽ {{cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/cpis01a-eng.htm |title=Consumer Price Index, by province (monthly) (Canada) |accessdate=April 26, 2018}} |name = "inflation-CA" |group={{{group|}}}}} | DE = {{#tag:ref|جرمن مهانگائي جا انگ هن ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن جيڪا [https://web.archive.org/web/20070707170154/https://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Statistiken/Zeitreihen/LangeReihen/LebensunterhaltKonsum/Content100/lrleb02a,templateId=renderPrint.psml {{lang|de|ڊيوئچس اسٽيٽسٽشس بُنڊس اَمٽ|italic=no|nocat=y}}] تان دستياب آهي.|name="inflation-DE" |group= {{{group |}}}}} | IN = {{#tag:ref|{{Citation|title=Historic inflation India – CPI inflation|publisher=Inflation.eu|url=http://www.inflation.eu/inflation-rates/india/historic-inflation/cpi-inflation-india.aspx|accessdate=24 January 2017|mode= {{{mode|}}} }}|name = "inflation-IN" |group={{{group|}}}}} | JP = {{#tag:ref|جاپاني تاريخي صارف قيمت اشاريا جا انگ Japanese Statistics Bureau جي دستياب ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن. [http://www.rateinflation.com/consumer-price-index/japan-historical-cpi Japan Historical Consumer Price Index (CPI) – 1970 to 2014] حاصل ڪيل: 30 جولاءِ 2014. 1946 ۽ 1970 جي وچ واري عرصي لاءِ {{cite web|url=http://shouwashi.com/transition-consumerprice.html|title=昭和戦後史|accessdate=2015-01-24}} مان.|name="inflation-JP"|group={{{group|}}}}} | KRW = {{#tag:ref|صارف قيمت اشاريو [[Statistics Korea]] مان. [http://www.index.go.kr/potal/stts/idxMain/selectPoSttsIdxSearch.do?idx_cd=2909 سال وار صارف قيمت اشاريو]. حاصل ڪيل: 3 اپريل 2018 |name="inflation-KRW"|group={{{group|}}}}} | PH = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.bsp.gov.ph/statistics/spei_new/tab33_cpi.htm صارف قيمت اشاريو، مهانگائي شرح ۽ Peso جي خريداري قوت] (قومي اوسط)|name=inflation-PH|group={{{group|}}}}} | PK = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/pakistan/consumer-price-index پاڪستان – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-PK" |group={{{group|}}}}} | UK = {{#tag:ref|برطانيا جا [[Retail Price Index]] مهانگائي انگ هن ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن: {{cite web |first = Gregory |last = Clark |year = 2017 |url = https://measuringworth.com/ukearncpi/ |title = The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series) |work = MeasuringWorth |accessdate= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|27 January 2019|January 27, 2019}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} }}|name="inflation-UK" |group={{{group |}}}}} | UKGDP|UK-GDP|UK-CAP = {{#tag:ref|گڏيل بادشاهت جا [[Gross Domestic Product deflator]] انگ ''Measuring Worth'' جي "consistent series" تي ٻڌل آهن، جيڪا {{cite web |first1= Ryland |last1= Thomas |first2= Samuel H. |last2= Williamson |title= What Was the U.K. GDP Then? |url= http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/ukgdp/ |work= MeasuringWorth |year= 2018 |accessdate= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|5 January 2018|January 5, 2018}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} }} ۾ مهيا ڪئي وئي آهي.|name="inflation-UKGDP" | group ={{{group |}}}}} | US = {{#tag:ref|{{cite web |author= Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project |url= https://www.minneapolisfed.org/community/financial-and-economic-education/cpi-calculator-information/consumer-price-index-1800 |title= Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800– |publisher= Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis |access-date= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|2 January 2019| January 2, 2019}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} }}|name="inflation-US" |group={{{group |}}}}} | USGDP|US-GDP|US-CAP = {{#tag:ref|{{cite web |first1= Ryland |last1= Thomas |first2= Samuel H. |last2= Williamson |title= What Was the U.S. GDP Then? |url= http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |work= MeasuringWorth |year= 2018 |accessdate= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|5 January, 2018|January 5, 2018}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} |postscript = {{#ifeq: {{{mode|}}} | cs2 |.}}<!-- ضروري هجي ته آخري نقطو مقرر ڪري ٿو --> }} گڏيل رياستن جا [[Gross Domestic Product deflator]] انگ ''Measuring Worth'' سيريز تي ٻڌل آهن. |name="inflation-USGDP" | group ={{{group |}}}}} | ZAR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/south-africa/consumer-price-index ڏکڻ آفريڪا – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-ZAR" |group={{{group|}}}}} | PL = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/poland/consumer-price-index پولينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-PL" |group={{{group|}}}}} | PT = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/portugal/consumer-price-index پرتگال – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-PT" |group={{{group|}}}}} | RU = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/russia/consumer-price-index روس – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-RU" |group={{{group|}}}}} | SE = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/sweden/consumer-price-index سويڊن – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-SE" |group={{{group|}}}}} | SG = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/singapore/consumer-price-index سنگاپور – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-SG" |group={{{group|}}}}} | TH = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/thailand/consumer-price-index ٿائيلينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-TH" |group={{{group|}}}}} | none = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]]. {{Citation error|ڪو اشاريو مقرر نه ڪيو ويو|Inflation/fn}}|name="inflation/fn" |group={{{group|}}}{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}}} |#default = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]]. {{Citation error|اڻڄاتل اشاريو "{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}"|Inflation/fn}}|name="inflation/fn-{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}" |group={{{group|}}}{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> a09mwr38t2zkd8eeh2sus29349l3tz0 377174 377172 2026-05-12T10:28:53Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377174 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch:{{{index|{{{1|none}}}}}} <!-- *** جڏهن هن ۾ تبديلي ڪئي وڃي، تڏهن [[سانچو:Inflation]] لاءِ ڊيٽا سيٽ ۽ [[سانچو:Inflation-year]] ۾ تازو سال پڻ اپڊيٽ ڪريو! *** --> | AU = {{#tag:ref|آسٽريليا جي صارف قيمت مهانگائي جا انگ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) جي مهيا ڪيل Long Term Linked Series تي ٻڌل آهن، ''6461.0 – Consumer Price Index: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2011''، جيئن §§3.10–3.11 ۾ بيان ڪيو ويو آهي؛ هن سيريز ۾ "1901 کان 1914 تائين A Series Retail Price Index؛ 1914 کان 1946–47 تائين C Series Retail Price Index؛ 1946–47 کان 1948–49 تائين C Series Index (ڪرائي کان سواءِ) ۽ CPI جي هائوسنگ گروپ جو گڏيل استعمال؛ ۽ 1948–49 کان پوءِ CPI" شامل آهي. (3.10). حاصل ڪيل: 4 مئي 2015|name="inflation-AU"|group={{{group |}}}}} | AU-road = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]] آهن، "3101 Road and bridge construction Australia" سيريز استعمال ڪندي، جيڪا Australian Bureau of Statistics (2014) پاران مهيا ڪئي وئي آهي، ''[http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6427.0Main+Features1Mar%202014 6427.0 – Producer Price Indexes, Australia, Mar 2014]''، جدول 17: تعميراتي صنعتن، ذيلي ورهاست ۽ درجي وار اشاري انگ. حاصل ڪيل: 14 جون 2014.|name="inflation-AU-road"|group={{{group |}}}}} | BD = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/bangladesh/consumer-price-index بنگلاديش – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-BD" |group={{{group|}}}}} | CA = {{#tag:ref|ڪينيڊين مهانگائي جا انگ Statistics Canada جي ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن. {{cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/econ46a-eng.htm |title=Consumer Price Index, historical summary|accessdate=April 26, 2018}} CANSIM، جدول (في سان) 326-0021 ۽ Catalogue نمبر 62-001-X، 62-010-X ۽ 62-557-X. ۽ {{cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/cpis01a-eng.htm |title=Consumer Price Index, by province (monthly) (Canada) |accessdate=April 26, 2018}} |name = "inflation-CA" |group={{{group|}}}}} | DE = {{#tag:ref|جرمن مهانگائي جا انگ هن ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن جيڪا [https://web.archive.org/web/20070707170154/https://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Statistiken/Zeitreihen/LangeReihen/LebensunterhaltKonsum/Content100/lrleb02a,templateId=renderPrint.psml {{lang|de|ڊيوئچس اسٽيٽسٽشس بُنڊس اَمٽ|italic=no|nocat=y}}] تان دستياب آهي.|name="inflation-DE" |group= {{{group |}}}}} | IN = {{#tag:ref|{{Citation|title=Historic inflation India – CPI inflation|publisher=Inflation.eu|url=http://www.inflation.eu/inflation-rates/india/historic-inflation/cpi-inflation-india.aspx|accessdate=24 January 2017|mode= {{{mode|}}} }}|name = "inflation-IN" |group={{{group|}}}}} | JP = {{#tag:ref|جاپاني تاريخي صارف قيمت اشاريا جا انگ Japanese Statistics Bureau جي دستياب ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن. [http://www.rateinflation.com/consumer-price-index/japan-historical-cpi Japan Historical Consumer Price Index (CPI) – 1970 to 2014] حاصل ڪيل: 30 جولاءِ 2014. 1946 ۽ 1970 جي وچ واري عرصي لاءِ {{cite web|url=http://shouwashi.com/transition-consumerprice.html|title=昭和戦後史|accessdate=2015-01-24}} مان.|name="inflation-JP"|group={{{group|}}}}} | KRW = {{#tag:ref|صارف قيمت اشاريو [[Statistics Korea]] مان. [http://www.index.go.kr/potal/stts/idxMain/selectPoSttsIdxSearch.do?idx_cd=2909 سال وار صارف قيمت اشاريو]. حاصل ڪيل: 3 اپريل 2018 |name="inflation-KRW"|group={{{group|}}}}} | PH = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.bsp.gov.ph/statistics/spei_new/tab33_cpi.htm صارف قيمت اشاريو، مهانگائي شرح ۽ Peso جي خريداري قوت] (قومي اوسط)|name=inflation-PH|group={{{group|}}}}} | PK = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/pakistan/consumer-price-index پاڪستان – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-PK" |group={{{group|}}}}} | UK = {{#tag:ref|برطانيا جا [[Retail Price Index]] مهانگائي انگ هن ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن: {{cite web |first = Gregory |last = Clark |year = 2017 |url = https://measuringworth.com/ukearncpi/ |title = The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series) |work = MeasuringWorth |accessdate= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|27 January 2019|January 27, 2019}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} }}|name="inflation-UK" |group={{{group |}}}}} | UKGDP|UK-GDP|UK-CAP = {{#tag:ref|گڏيل بادشاهت جا [[Gross Domestic Product deflator]] انگ ''Measuring Worth'' جي "consistent series" تي ٻڌل آهن، جيڪا {{cite web |first1= Ryland |last1= Thomas |first2= Samuel H. |last2= Williamson |title= What Was the U.K. GDP Then? |url= http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/ukgdp/ |work= MeasuringWorth |year= 2018 |accessdate= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|5 January 2018|January 5, 2018}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} }} ۾ مهيا ڪئي وئي آهي.|name="inflation-UKGDP" | group ={{{group |}}}}} | US = {{#tag:ref|{{cite web |author= Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project |url= https://www.minneapolisfed.org/community/financial-and-economic-education/cpi-calculator-information/consumer-price-index-1800 |title= Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800– |publisher= Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis |access-date= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|2 January 2019| January 2, 2019}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} }}|name="inflation-US" |group={{{group |}}}}} | USGDP|US-GDP|US-CAP = {{#tag:ref|{{cite web |first1= Ryland |last1= Thomas |first2= Samuel H. |last2= Williamson |title= What Was the U.S. GDP Then? |url= http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |work= MeasuringWorth |year= 2018 |accessdate= {{#if:{{{df|}}}|5 January, 2018|January 5, 2018}} |mode= {{{mode|}}} |postscript = {{#ifeq: {{{mode|}}} | cs2 |.}}<!-- ضروري هجي ته آخري نقطو مقرر ڪري ٿو --> }} گڏيل رياستن جا [[Gross Domestic Product deflator]] انگ ''Measuring Worth'' سيريز تي ٻڌل آهن. |name="inflation-USGDP" | group ={{{group |}}}}} | ZAR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/south-africa/consumer-price-index ڏکڻ آفريڪا – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-ZAR" |group={{{group|}}}}} | PL = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/poland/consumer-price-index پولينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-PL" |group={{{group|}}}}} | PT = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/portugal/consumer-price-index پرتگال – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-PT" |group={{{group|}}}}} | RU = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/russia/consumer-price-index روس – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-RU" |group={{{group|}}}}} | SE = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/sweden/consumer-price-index سويڊن – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-SE" |group={{{group|}}}}} | SG = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/singapore/consumer-price-index سنگاپور – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-SG" |group={{{group|}}}}} | TH = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/thailand/consumer-price-index ٿائيلينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-TH" |group={{{group|}}}}} | AR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/consumer-price-index ارجنٽينا – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-AR" |group={{{group|}}}}} | AT = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/austria/consumer-price-index آسٽريا – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-AT" |group={{{group|}}}}} | BE = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/belgium/consumer-price-index بيلجيم – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-BE" |group={{{group|}}}}} | BR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/brazil/consumer-price-index برازيل – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-BR" |group={{{group|}}}}} | CH = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/switzerland/consumer-price-index سوئٽزرلينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-CH" |group={{{group|}}}}} | CL = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/chile/consumer-price-index چلي – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-CL" |group={{{group|}}}}} | CN = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/china/consumer-price-index چين – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-CN" |group={{{group|}}}}} | DK = {{#tag:ref|ڊينمارڪ جي صارف قيمت اشاريا جا انگ Abildgren, Kim (2009)، ''Consumer prices in Denmark 1502-2007''، Danmarks Nationalbank Working Papers، Issue 60، ۽ Statistics Denmark جي [https://www.statbank.dk/pris8 Consumer price index, annual average] تي ٻڌل آهن.|name="inflation-DK"|group={{{group|}}}}} | EG = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/egypt/consumer-price-index مصر – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-EG" |group={{{group|}}}}} | ES = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/spain/consumer-price-index اسپين – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-ES" |group={{{group|}}}}} | EU = {{#tag:ref|يورو علائقي لاءِ صارف قيمت اشاريو، مهانگائي ڊيٽا جي بنياد تي [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيل]] وڌايل قدر.|name="inflation-EU"|group={{{group|}}}}} | FI = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/finland/consumer-price-index فنلينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-FI" |group={{{group|}}}}} | FR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/france/consumer-price-index فرانس – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-FR" |group={{{group|}}}}} | GR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/greece/consumer-price-index يونان – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-GR" |group={{{group|}}}}} | HK = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/hong-kong/consumer-price-index هانگ ڪانگ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-HK" |group={{{group|}}}}} | ID = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/indonesia/consumer-price-index انڊونيشيا – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-ID" |group={{{group|}}}}} | IL = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/israel/consumer-price-index اسرائيل – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-IL" |group={{{group|}}}}} | IR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/iran/consumer-price-index ايران – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-IR" |group={{{group|}}}}} | IS = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/iceland/consumer-price-index آئس لينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-IS" |group={{{group|}}}}} | IT = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/italy/consumer-price-index اٽلي – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-IT" |group={{{group|}}}}} | MX = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/mexico/consumer-price-index ميڪسيڪو – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-MX" |group={{{group|}}}}} | NL = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/netherlands/consumer-price-index نيدرلينڊز – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-NL" |group={{{group|}}}}} | NO = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/norway/consumer-price-index ناروي – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-NO" |group={{{group|}}}}} | NZ = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/new-zealand/consumer-price-index نيوزيلينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-NZ" |group={{{group|}}}}} | PE = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/peru/consumer-price-index پيرو – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-PE" |group={{{group|}}}}} | PL = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/poland/consumer-price-index پولينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-PL" |group={{{group|}}}}} | PT = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/portugal/consumer-price-index پرتگال – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-PT" |group={{{group|}}}}} | RU = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/russia/consumer-price-index روس – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-RU" |group={{{group|}}}}} | SE = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/sweden/consumer-price-index سويڊن – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-SE" |group={{{group|}}}}} | SG = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/singapore/consumer-price-index سنگاپور – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-SG" |group={{{group|}}}}} | TH = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/thailand/consumer-price-index ٿائيلينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-TH" |group={{{group|}}}}} | TR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/turkey/consumer-price-index ترڪي – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-TR" |group={{{group|}}}}} | TW = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/taiwan/consumer-price-index تائيوان – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-TW" |group={{{group|}}}}} | VN = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/vietnam/consumer-price-index ويٽنام – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name = "inflation-VN" |group={{{group|}}}}} | none = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]]. {{Citation error|ڪو اشاريو مقرر نه ڪيو ويو|Inflation/fn}}|name="inflation/fn" |group={{{group|}}}{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}}} |#default = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]]. {{Citation error|اڻڄاتل اشاريو "{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}"|Inflation/fn}}|name="inflation/fn-{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}" |group={{{group|}}}{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 0imtofprt7i0cs4iz8hr06gm5kvcgdv 377175 377174 2026-05-12T10:42:46Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377175 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch:{{{index|{{{1|none}}}}}} <!-- *** جڏهن هن ۾ تبديلي ڪئي وڃي، تڏهن [[سانچو:Inflation]] لاءِ ڊيٽا سيٽ ۽ [[سانچو:Inflation-year]] ۾ تازو سال پڻ اپڊيٽ ڪريو! *** --> | AR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/consumer-price-index ارجنٽينا – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-AR"|group={{{group|}}}}} | AT = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/austria/consumer-price-index آسٽريا – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-AT"|group={{{group|}}}}} | AU = {{#tag:ref|آسٽريليا جي صارف قيمت مهانگائي جا انگ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) جي مهيا ڪيل Long Term Linked Series تي ٻڌل آهن، ''6461.0 – Consumer Price Index: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2011''، جيئن §§3.10–3.11 ۾ بيان ڪيو ويو آهي؛ هن سيريز ۾ "1901 کان 1914 تائين A Series Retail Price Index؛ 1914 کان 1946–47 تائين C Series Retail Price Index؛ 1946–47 کان 1948–49 تائين C Series Index (ڪرائي کان سواءِ) ۽ CPI جي هائوسنگ گروپ جو گڏيل استعمال؛ ۽ 1948–49 کان پوءِ CPI" شامل آهي. (3.10). حاصل ڪيل: 4 مئي 2015|name="inflation-AU"|group={{{group|}}}}} | AU-road = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]] آهن، "3101 Road and bridge construction Australia" سيريز استعمال ڪندي، جيڪا Australian Bureau of Statistics (2014) پاران مهيا ڪئي وئي آهي، ''[http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6427.0Main+Features1Mar%202014 6427.0 – Producer Price Indexes, Australia, Mar 2014]''، جدول 17: تعميراتي صنعتن، ذيلي ورهاست ۽ درجي وار اشاري انگ. حاصل ڪيل: 14 جون 2014.|name="inflation-AU-road"|group={{{group|}}}}} | BD = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/bangladesh/consumer-price-index بنگلاديش – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-BD"|group={{{group|}}}}} | BE = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/belgium/consumer-price-index بيلجيم – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-BE"|group={{{group|}}}}} | BR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/brazil/consumer-price-index برازيل – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-BR"|group={{{group|}}}}} | CA = {{#tag:ref|ڪينيڊين مهانگائي جا انگ Statistics Canada جي ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن. {{cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/econ46a-eng.htm |title=Consumer Price Index, historical summary |accessdate=April 26, 2018}} CANSIM، جدول 326-0021 ۽ Catalogue نمبر 62-001-X، 62-010-X ۽ 62-557-X. ۽ {{cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/cpis01a-eng.htm |title=Consumer Price Index, by province (monthly) (Canada) |accessdate=April 26, 2018}} |name="inflation-CA"|group={{{group|}}}}} | CH = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/switzerland/consumer-price-index سوئٽزرلينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-CH"|group={{{group|}}}}} | CL = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/chile/consumer-price-index چلي – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-CL"|group={{{group|}}}}} | CN = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/china/consumer-price-index چين – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-CN"|group={{{group|}}}}} | DE = {{#tag:ref|جرمن مهانگائي جا انگ هن ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن جيڪا [https://web.archive.org/web/20070707170154/https://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Statistiken/Zeitreihen/LangeReihen/LebensunterhaltKonsum/Content100/lrleb02a,templateId=renderPrint.psml {{lang|de|ڊيوئچس اسٽيٽسٽشس بُنڊس اَمٽ|italic=no|nocat=y}}] تان دستياب آهي.|name="inflation-DE"|group={{{group|}}}}} | DK = {{#tag:ref|ڊينمارڪ جي صارف قيمت اشاريا جا انگ Abildgren, Kim (2009)، ''Consumer prices in Denmark 1502-2007''، Danmarks Nationalbank Working Papers، Issue 60، ۽ Statistics Denmark جي [https://www.statbank.dk/pris8 Consumer price index, annual average] تي ٻڌل آهن.|name="inflation-DK"|group={{{group|}}}}} | EG = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/egypt/consumer-price-index مصر – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-EG"|group={{{group|}}}}} | ES = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/spain/consumer-price-index اسپين – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-ES"|group={{{group|}}}}} | EU = {{#tag:ref|يورو علائقي لاءِ صارف قيمت اشاريو، مهانگائي ڊيٽا جي بنياد تي [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيل]] وڌايل قدر.|name="inflation-EU"|group={{{group|}}}}} | FI = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/finland/consumer-price-index فنلينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-FI"|group={{{group|}}}}} | FR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/france/consumer-price-index فرانس – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-FR"|group={{{group|}}}}} | GR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/greece/consumer-price-index يونان – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-GR"|group={{{group|}}}}} | HK = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/hong-kong/consumer-price-index هانگ ڪانگ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-HK"|group={{{group|}}}}} | ID = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/indonesia/consumer-price-index انڊونيشيا – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-ID"|group={{{group|}}}}} | IL = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/israel/consumer-price-index اسرائيل – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-IL"|group={{{group|}}}}} | IN = {{#tag:ref|{{Citation|title=Historic inflation India – CPI inflation|publisher=Inflation.eu|url=http://www.inflation.eu/inflation-rates/india/historic-inflation/cpi-inflation-india.aspx|accessdate=24 January 2017|mode={{{mode|}}} }}|name="inflation-IN"|group={{{group|}}}}} | IR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/iran/consumer-price-index ايران – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-IR"|group={{{group|}}}}} | IS = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/iceland/consumer-price-index آئس لينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-IS"|group={{{group|}}}}} | IT = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/italy/consumer-price-index اٽلي – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-IT"|group={{{group|}}}}} | JP = {{#tag:ref|جاپاني تاريخي صارف قيمت اشاريا جا انگ Japanese Statistics Bureau جي دستياب ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن. [http://www.rateinflation.com/consumer-price-index/japan-historical-cpi Japan Historical Consumer Price Index (CPI) – 1970 to 2014] حاصل ڪيل: 30 جولاءِ 2014. 1946 ۽ 1970 جي وچ واري عرصي لاءِ {{cite web|url=http://shouwashi.com/transition-consumerprice.html|title=昭和戦後史|accessdate=2015-01-24}} مان.|name="inflation-JP"|group={{{group|}}}}} | KRW = {{#tag:ref|صارف قيمت اشاريو [[Statistics Korea]] مان. [http://www.index.go.kr/potal/stts/idxMain/selectPoSttsIdxSearch.do?idx_cd=2909 سال وار صارف قيمت اشاريو]. حاصل ڪيل: 3 اپريل 2018|name="inflation-KRW"|group={{{group|}}}}} | MX = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/mexico/consumer-price-index ميڪسيڪو – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-MX"|group={{{group|}}}}} | NL = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/netherlands/consumer-price-index نيدرلينڊز – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-NL"|group={{{group|}}}}} | NO = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/norway/consumer-price-index ناروي – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-NO"|group={{{group|}}}}} | NZ = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/new-zealand/consumer-price-index نيوزيلينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-NZ"|group={{{group|}}}}} | PE = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/peru/consumer-price-index پيرو – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-PE"|group={{{group|}}}}} | PH = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.bsp.gov.ph/statistics/spei_new/tab33_cpi.htm صارف قيمت اشاريو، مهانگائي شرح ۽ Peso جي خريداري قوت] (قومي اوسط)|name="inflation-PH"|group={{{group|}}}}} | PK = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/pakistan/consumer-price-index پاڪستان – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-PK"|group={{{group|}}}}} | PL = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/poland/consumer-price-index پولينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-PL"|group={{{group|}}}}} | PT = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/portugal/consumer-price-index پرتگال – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-PT"|group={{{group|}}}}} | RU = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/russia/consumer-price-index روس – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-RU"|group={{{group|}}}}} | SE = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/sweden/consumer-price-index سويڊن – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-SE"|group={{{group|}}}}} | SG = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/singapore/consumer-price-index سنگاپور – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-SG"|group={{{group|}}}}} | TH = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/thailand/consumer-price-index ٿائيلينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-TH"|group={{{group|}}}}} | TR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/turkey/consumer-price-index ترڪي – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-TR"|group={{{group|}}}}} | TW = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/taiwan/consumer-price-index تائيوان – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-TW"|group={{{group|}}}}} | UK = {{#tag:ref|برطانيا جا [[Retail Price Index]] مهانگائي انگ هن ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن: {{cite web |first=Gregory |last=Clark |year=2017 |url=https://measuringworth.com/ukearncpi/ |title=The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series) |work=MeasuringWorth |accessdate={{#if:{{{df|}}}|27 January 2019|January 27, 2019}} |mode={{{mode|}}} }}|name="inflation-UK"|group={{{group|}}}}} | UKGDP | UK-GDP | UK-CAP = {{#tag:ref|گڏيل بادشاهت جا [[Gross Domestic Product deflator]] انگ ''Measuring Worth'' جي "consistent series" تي ٻڌل آهن، جيڪا {{cite web |first1=Ryland |last1=Thomas |first2=Samuel H. |last2=Williamson |title=What Was the U.K. GDP Then? |url=http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/ukgdp/ |work=MeasuringWorth |year=2018 |accessdate={{#if:{{{df|}}}|5 January 2018|January 5, 2018}} |mode={{{mode|}}} }} ۾ مهيا ڪئي وئي آهي.|name="inflation-UKGDP"|group={{{group|}}}}} | US = {{#tag:ref|{{cite web |author=Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project |url=https://www.minneapolisfed.org/community/financial-and-economic-education/cpi-calculator-information/consumer-price-index-1800 |title=Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800– |publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis |access-date={{#if:{{{df|}}}|2 January 2019|January 2, 2019}} |mode={{{mode|}}} }}|name="inflation-US"|group={{{group|}}}}} | USGDP | US-GDP | US-CAP = {{#tag:ref|{{cite web |first1=Ryland |last1=Thomas |first2=Samuel H. |last2=Williamson |title=What Was the U.S. GDP Then? |url=http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |work=MeasuringWorth |year=2018 |accessdate={{#if:{{{df|}}}|5 January 2018|January 5, 2018}} |mode={{{mode|}}} |postscript={{#ifeq:{{{mode|}}}|cs2|.}}<!-- ضروري هجي ته آخري نقطو مقرر ڪري ٿو --> }} گڏيل رياستن جا [[Gross Domestic Product deflator]] انگ ''Measuring Worth'' سيريز تي ٻڌل آهن.|name="inflation-USGDP"|group={{{group|}}}}} | VN = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/vietnam/consumer-price-index ويٽنام – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-VN"|group={{{group|}}}}} | ZAR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/south-africa/consumer-price-index ڏکڻ آفريڪا – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-ZAR"|group={{{group|}}}}} | none = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]]. {{Citation error|ڪو اشاريو مقرر نه ڪيو ويو|Inflation/fn}}|name="inflation/fn"|group={{{group|}}}{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}}} | #default = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]]. {{Citation error|اڻڄاتل اشاريو "{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}"|Inflation/fn}}|name="inflation/fn-{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}"|group={{{group|}}}{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> sighw7wcal9kao2h9w07vvyikjlra1g 10 96527 377129 2026-05-12T00:13:16Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} هي {{tlx|Inflation}} ذريعي ڳڻيل وڌايل قيمتن جي ماخذ کي دستاويزي ڪرڻ لاءِ معياري مضموني حاشيا مهيا ڪري ٿو. == استعمال == {{tlx|Inflation/fn}} {{tlx|Inflation/fn|''اشاريو''}} {{tlx|Inflation/fn|''اشاريو''|3=group=''گروهه_جو_نالو''}} جڏهن '''اشاريو''' پيراميٽر ڏنو وڃي ٿو، تڏهن ان مخصوص ڊيٽ... 377129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} هي {{tlx|Inflation}} ذريعي ڳڻيل وڌايل قيمتن جي ماخذ کي دستاويزي ڪرڻ لاءِ معياري مضموني حاشيا مهيا ڪري ٿو. == استعمال == {{tlx|Inflation/fn}} {{tlx|Inflation/fn|''اشاريو''}} {{tlx|Inflation/fn|''اشاريو''|3=group=''گروهه_جو_نالو''}} جڏهن '''اشاريو''' پيراميٽر ڏنو وڃي ٿو، تڏهن ان مخصوص ڊيٽا سيٽ بابت هڪ حاشيو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. اشاريا ڪوڊ ساڳيا آهن، جيڪي {{tlx|Inflation}} ۾ استعمال ٿين ٿا: * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|AR}} = {{Inflation/fn|AR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|AT}} = {{Inflation/fn|AT}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|AU}} = {{Inflation/fn|AU}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/fn|AU-road}} = {{Inflation/fn|AU-road}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|BD}} = {{Inflation/fn|BD}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|BE}} = {{Inflation/fn|BE}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|BR}} = {{Inflation/fn|BR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|CA}} = {{Inflation/fn|CA}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|CH}} = {{Inflation/fn|CH}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|CL}} = {{Inflation/fn|CL}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|CN}} = {{Inflation/fn|CN}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|DE}} = {{Inflation/fn|DE}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|DK}} = {{Inflation/fn|DK}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|EG}} = {{Inflation/fn|EG}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|ES}} = {{Inflation/fn|ES}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|FI}} = {{Inflation/fn|FI}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|FR}} = {{Inflation/fn|FR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|GR}} = {{Inflation/fn|GR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|HK}} = {{Inflation/fn|HK}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|ID}} = {{Inflation/fn|ID}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|IL}} = {{Inflation/fn|IL}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|IN}} = {{Inflation/fn|IN}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|IR}} = {{Inflation/fn|IR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|IS}} = {{Inflation/fn|IS}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|IT}} = {{Inflation/fn|IT}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|JP}} = {{Inflation/fn|JP}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|KRW}} = {{Inflation/fn|KRW}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|MX}} = {{Inflation/fn|MX}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|NL}} = {{Inflation/fn|NL}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|NO}} = {{Inflation/fn|NO}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|NZ}} = {{Inflation/fn|NZ}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|PE}} = {{Inflation/fn|PE}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|PH}} = {{Inflation/fn|PH}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|PK}} = {{Inflation/fn|PK}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|PL}} = {{Inflation/fn|PL}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|PT}} = {{Inflation/fn|PT}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|RU}} = {{Inflation/fn|RU}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|SE}} = {{Inflation/fn|SE}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|SG}} = {{Inflation/fn|SG}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|TH}} = {{Inflation/fn|TH}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|TR}} = {{Inflation/fn|TR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|TW}} = {{Inflation/fn|TW}} <!-- * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|TEST}} = {{Inflation/fn|TEST}} --> * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|UK}} = {{Inflation/fn|UK}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/fn|UK-GDP}} = {{Inflation/fn|UK-GDP}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|US}} = {{Inflation/fn|US}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/fn|US-GDP}} = {{Inflation/fn|US-GDP}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|VN}} = {{Inflation/fn|VN}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|ZAR}} = {{Inflation/fn|ZAR}} جڏهن <code>index</code> پيراميٽر '''نه''' ڏنو وڃي، يا غلط اشاريو ڏنو وڃي، تڏهن غلطي سان گڏ هڪ عام حاشيو پيدا ٿئي ٿو: * {{tlx|Inflation/fn}} = {{Inflation/fn}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|xyz}} = {{Inflation/fn|xyz}} هي مٿين مثالن مان پيدا ٿيل حوالن جي فهرست آهي: {{reflist|33em}} پيدا ٿيندڙ اينڪر نالا اشاريو پيراميٽر، يا ان جي غير موجودگي، تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن. نتيجي طور، ساڳيو {{tlx|Inflation/fn|index}} ڪوڊ هڪ ئي مضمون ۾ ڪيترائي ڀيرا استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جڏهن تہ هر اشارئي لاءِ صرف هڪ حقيقي حاشيو پيدا ٿيندو. ===حوالو گروهه بندي=== جيڪڏهن حاشيي کي بنيادي گروهه کان سواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي [[WP:REFGROUP|حوالا گروهه]] ۾ رکڻ گهربل هجي، تہ {{para|group}} پيراميٽر استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو: * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|UK|3=group=nb}} = {{Inflation/fn|UK|group=nb}} {{reflist|group=nb}} '''نوٽ''' جيڪڏهن حاشيي کي حوالن بدران ٻين حاشين سان گڏ گروهه بندي ڪرڻي هجي ({{tl|notelist}})، تہ {{para|group|lower-alpha}} استعمال ڪريو. وڌيڪ هدايتن ۽ مثالن لاءِ {{tl|Inflation}} ۾ [[Template:Inflation#Referencing|لاڳاپيل ڀاڱو]] ڏسو. ===تاريخي فارميٽ=== جتي ''ملڪ'' <code>CA</code> يا <code>US</code> هجي، اتي پيدا ٿيل حوالو ڊيٽا حاصل ڪرڻ جي تاريخ شامل ڪندو، جيڪا مهينو-پهريون (MDY) فارميٽ ۾ ڏيکاري ويندي. رڳو <code>US</code> لاءِ، هن کي {{para|df|yes}} شامل ڪري ڏينهن-پهريون (DMY) فارميٽ ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهو هر ڀيري سانچو مضمون ۾ استعمال ٿيڻ وقت ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، نه تہ حوالن جي فهرست ۾ غلطي جو پيغام ايندو. * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|US|3=df=yes}} = {{Inflation/fn|US|df=yes}} {{reflist|close=1}} ===حوالو فارميٽ=== ڪيترن ئي اشارين لاءِ حوالا {{tl|cite web}} کي بنيادي سانچي طور استعمال ڪن ٿا. ان جو مطلب آهي تہ حاشيا بنيادي طور [[مدد:حوالو انداز 1|حوالو انداز 1]] (CS1) استعمال ڪندي پيدا ٿيندا. هڪ (<code>IN</code>) {{tl|citation}} کي بنيادي سانچي طور استعمال ڪري ٿو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ بنيادي طور [[مدد:حوالو انداز 2|حوالو انداز 2]] (CS2) استعمال ٿئي ٿو. انهن جي وچ ۾ تبديلي لاءِ {{para|mode|cs1}} يا {{para|mode|cs2}} مناسب طور استعمال ڪريو. اهو هر ڀيري سانچو مضمون ۾ استعمال ٿيڻ وقت ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، نه تہ حوالن جي فهرست ۾ غلطي جو پيغام ايندو. *{{tlx|Inflation/fn|US|3=mode=cs2}} = {{Inflation/fn|US|mode=cs2}} *{{tlx|Inflation/fn|IN|3=mode=cs1}} = {{Inflation/fn|IN|mode=cs1}} {{reflist|close=1}} ===نالن جي فهرست جا انداز=== هي سانچو {{para|name-list-style}} جي حمايت ڪري ٿو، جيئن مضمون جي ٻين حوالن سان مطابقت برقرار رهي. *{{tlx|Inflation/fn|US-GDP|3=name-list-style=amp}} = {{Inflation/fn|US-GDP|name-list-style=amp}} {{reflist|}} == پڻ ڏسو == * {{tl|Inflation}} * {{tl|Inflation/year}} * {{tl|Format price}} * [[مدد:حاشيا]] <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!--زمرا هن لڪير کان هيٺ، مهرباني ڪري؛ بين الويڪي وڪي ڊيٽا تي--> [[زمرو:معاشياتي فارميٽنگ ۽ فنڪشن سانچا]] [[زمرو:مالي فارميٽنگ ۽ فنڪشن سانچا]] [[زمرو:گڏيل رياستن جا معاشي سانچا]] [[زمرو:اهي سانچا جيڪي نالي وارا حوالا پيدا ڪن ٿا]] }}</includeonly> jqdktsg7uqwcogmkz68iljg9se35s9z 377131 377129 2026-05-12T07:10:34Z Intisar Ali 8681 377131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} هي {{tlx|Inflation}} ذريعي ڳڻيل وڌايل قيمتن جي ماخذ کي دستاويزي ڪرڻ لاءِ معياري مضموني حاشيا مهيا ڪري ٿو. == استعمال == {{tlx|Inflation/fn}} {{tlx|Inflation/fn|''اشاريو''}} {{tlx|Inflation/fn|''اشاريو''|3=group=''گروهه_جو_نالو''}} جڏهن '''اشاريو''' پيراميٽر ڏنو وڃي ٿو، تڏهن ان مخصوص ڊيٽا سيٽ بابت هڪ حاشيو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. اشاريا ڪوڊ ساڳيا آهن، جيڪي {{tlx|Inflation}} ۾ استعمال ٿين ٿا: * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|AR}} = {{Inflation/fn|AR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|AT}} = {{Inflation/fn|AT}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|AU}} = {{Inflation/fn|AU}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/fn|AU-road}} = {{Inflation/fn|AU-road}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|BD}} = {{Inflation/fn|BD}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|BE}} = {{Inflation/fn|BE}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|BR}} = {{Inflation/fn|BR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|CA}} = {{Inflation/fn|CA}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|CH}} = {{Inflation/fn|CH}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|CL}} = {{Inflation/fn|CL}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|CN}} = {{Inflation/fn|CN}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|DE}} = {{Inflation/fn|DE}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|DK}} = {{Inflation/fn|DK}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|EG}} = {{Inflation/fn|EG}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|ES}} = {{Inflation/fn|ES}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|FI}} = {{Inflation/fn|FI}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|FR}} = {{Inflation/fn|FR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|GR}} = {{Inflation/fn|GR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|HK}} = {{Inflation/fn|HK}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|ID}} = {{Inflation/fn|ID}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|IL}} = {{Inflation/fn|IL}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|IN}} = {{Inflation/fn|IN}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|IR}} = {{Inflation/fn|IR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|IS}} = {{Inflation/fn|IS}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|IT}} = {{Inflation/fn|IT}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|JP}} = {{Inflation/fn|JP}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|KRW}} = {{Inflation/fn|KRW}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|MX}} = {{Inflation/fn|MX}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|NL}} = {{Inflation/fn|NL}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|NO}} = {{Inflation/fn|NO}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|NZ}} = {{Inflation/fn|NZ}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|PE}} = {{Inflation/fn|PE}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|PH}} = {{Inflation/fn|PH}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|PK}} = {{Inflation/fn|PK}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|PL}} = {{Inflation/fn|PL}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|PT}} = {{Inflation/fn|PT}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|RU}} = {{Inflation/fn|RU}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|SE}} = {{Inflation/fn|SE}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|SG}} = {{Inflation/fn|SG}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|TH}} = {{Inflation/fn|TH}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|TR}} = {{Inflation/fn|TR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|TW}} = {{Inflation/fn|TW}} <!-- * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|TEST}} = {{Inflation/fn|TEST}} --> * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|UK}} = {{Inflation/fn|UK}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/fn|UK-GDP}} = {{Inflation/fn|UK-GDP}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|US}} = {{Inflation/fn|US}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/fn|US-GDP}} = {{Inflation/fn|US-GDP}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|VN}} = {{Inflation/fn|VN}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|ZAR}} = {{Inflation/fn|ZAR}} جڏهن <code>index</code> پيراميٽر '''نه''' ڏنو وڃي، يا غلط اشاريو ڏنو وڃي، تڏهن غلطي سان گڏ هڪ عام حاشيو پيدا ٿئي ٿو: * {{tlx|Inflation/fn}} = {{Inflation/fn}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|xyz}} = {{Inflation/fn|xyz}} هي مٿين مثالن مان پيدا ٿيل حوالن جي فهرست آهي: {{reflist|33em}} پيدا ٿيندڙ اينڪر نالا اشاريو پيراميٽر، يا ان جي غير موجودگي، تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن. نتيجي طور، ساڳيو {{tlx|Inflation/fn|index}} ڪوڊ هڪ ئي مضمون ۾ ڪيترائي ڀيرا استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جڏهن تہ هر اشارئي لاءِ صرف هڪ حقيقي حاشيو پيدا ٿيندو. ===حوالو گروهه بندي=== جيڪڏهن حاشيي کي بنيادي گروهه کان سواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي [[WP:REFGROUP|حوالا گروهه]] ۾ رکڻ گهربل هجي، تہ {{para|group}} پيراميٽر استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو: * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|UK|3=group=nb}} = {{Inflation/fn|UK|group=nb}} {{reflist|group=nb}} '''نوٽ''' جيڪڏهن حاشيي کي حوالن بدران ٻين حاشين سان گڏ گروهه بندي ڪرڻي هجي ({{tl|notelist}})، تہ {{para|group|lower-alpha}} استعمال ڪريو. وڌيڪ هدايتن ۽ مثالن لاءِ {{tl|Inflation}} ۾ [[Template:Inflation#Referencing|لاڳاپيل ڀاڱو]] ڏسو. ===تاريخي فارميٽ=== جتي ''ملڪ'' <code>CA</code> يا <code>US</code> هجي، اتي پيدا ٿيل حوالو ڊيٽا حاصل ڪرڻ جي تاريخ شامل ڪندو، جيڪا مهينو-پهريون (MDY) فارميٽ ۾ ڏيکاري ويندي. رڳو <code>US</code> لاءِ، هن کي {{para|df|yes}} شامل ڪري ڏينهن-پهريون (DMY) فارميٽ ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهو هر ڀيري سانچو مضمون ۾ استعمال ٿيڻ وقت ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، نه تہ حوالن جي فهرست ۾ غلطي جو پيغام ايندو. * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|US|3=df=yes}} = {{Inflation/fn|US|df=yes}} {{reflist|close=1}} ===حوالو فارميٽ=== ڪيترن ئي اشارين لاءِ حوالا {{tl|cite web}} کي بنيادي سانچي طور استعمال ڪن ٿا. ان جو مطلب آهي تہ حاشيا بنيادي طور [[مدد:حوالو انداز 1|حوالو انداز 1]] (CS1) استعمال ڪندي پيدا ٿيندا. هڪ (<code>IN</code>) {{tl|citation}} کي بنيادي سانچي طور استعمال ڪري ٿو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ بنيادي طور [[مدد:حوالو انداز 2|حوالو انداز 2]] (CS2) استعمال ٿئي ٿو. انهن جي وچ ۾ تبديلي لاءِ {{para|mode|cs1}} يا {{para|mode|cs2}} مناسب طور استعمال ڪريو. اهو هر ڀيري سانچو مضمون ۾ استعمال ٿيڻ وقت ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، نه تہ حوالن جي فهرست ۾ غلطي جو پيغام ايندو. *{{tlx|Inflation/fn|US|3=mode=cs2}} = {{Inflation/fn|US|mode=cs2}} *{{tlx|Inflation/fn|IN|3=mode=cs1}} = {{Inflation/fn|IN|mode=cs1}} {{reflist|close=1}} ===نالن جي فهرست جا انداز=== هي سانچو {{para|name-list-style}} جي حمايت ڪري ٿو، جيئن مضمون جي ٻين حوالن سان مطابقت برقرار رهي. *{{tlx|Inflation/fn|US-GDP|3=name-list-style=amp}} = {{Inflation/fn|US-GDP|name-list-style=amp}} {{reflist|}} == پڻ ڏسو == * {{tl|Inflation}} * {{tl|Inflation/year}} * {{tl|Format price}} * [[مدد:حاشيا]] <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!--زمرا هن لڪير کان هيٺ، مهرباني ڪري؛ بين الويڪي وڪي ڊيٽا تي--> [[زمرو:معاشياتي فارميٽنگ ۽ فنڪشن سانچا]] [[زمرو:مالي فارميٽنگ ۽ فنڪشن سانچا]] [[زمرو:گڏيل رياستن جا معاشي سانچا]] [[زمرو:اهي سانچا جيڪي نالي وارا حوالا پيدا ڪن ٿا]] }}</includeonly> <references group="nb"/> t6htlhrfglvhg3yyd5d7m1zwc28vzzp 377176 377131 2026-05-12T10:44:28Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* استعمال */ 377176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} هي {{tlx|Inflation}} ذريعي ڳڻيل وڌايل قيمتن جي ماخذ کي دستاويزي ڪرڻ لاءِ معياري مضموني حاشيا مهيا ڪري ٿو. == استعمال == {{tlx|Inflation/fn}} {{tlx|Inflation/fn|''اشاريو''}} {{tlx|Inflation/fn|''اشاريو''|3=group=''گروهه_جو_نالو''}} جڏهن '''اشاريو''' پيراميٽر ڏنو وڃي ٿو، تڏهن ان مخصوص ڊيٽا سيٽ بابت هڪ حاشيو پيدا ٿئي ٿو. اشاريا ڪوڊ ساڳيا آهن، جيڪي {{tlx|Inflation}} ۾ استعمال ٿين ٿا: * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|AR}} = {{Inflation/fn|AR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|AT}} = {{Inflation/fn|AT}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|AU}} = {{Inflation/fn|AU}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/fn|AU-road}} = {{Inflation/fn|AU-road}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|BD}} = {{Inflation/fn|BD}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|BE}} = {{Inflation/fn|BE}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|BR}} = {{Inflation/fn|BR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|CA}} = {{Inflation/fn|CA}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|CH}} = {{Inflation/fn|CH}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|CL}} = {{Inflation/fn|CL}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|CN}} = {{Inflation/fn|CN}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|DE}} = {{Inflation/fn|DE}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|DK}} = {{Inflation/fn|DK}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|EG}} = {{Inflation/fn|EG}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|ES}} = {{Inflation/fn|ES}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|FI}} = {{Inflation/fn|FI}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|FR}} = {{Inflation/fn|FR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|GR}} = {{Inflation/fn|GR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|HK}} = {{Inflation/fn|HK}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|ID}} = {{Inflation/fn|ID}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|IL}} = {{Inflation/fn|IL}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|IN}} = {{Inflation/fn|IN}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|IR}} = {{Inflation/fn|IR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|IS}} = {{Inflation/fn|IS}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|IT}} = {{Inflation/fn|IT}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|JP}} = {{Inflation/fn|JP}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|KRW}} = {{Inflation/fn|KRW}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|MX}} = {{Inflation/fn|MX}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|NL}} = {{Inflation/fn|NL}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|NO}} = {{Inflation/fn|NO}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|NZ}} = {{Inflation/fn|NZ}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|PE}} = {{Inflation/fn|PE}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|PH}} = {{Inflation/fn|PH}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|PK}} = {{Inflation/fn|PK}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|PL}} = {{Inflation/fn|PL}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|PT}} = {{Inflation/fn|PT}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|RU}} = {{Inflation/fn|RU}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|SE}} = {{Inflation/fn|SE}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|SG}} = {{Inflation/fn|SG}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|TH}} = {{Inflation/fn|TH}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|TR}} = {{Inflation/fn|TR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|TW}} = {{Inflation/fn|TW}} <!-- * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|TEST}} = {{Inflation/fn|TEST}} --> * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|UK}} = {{Inflation/fn|UK}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/fn|UK-GDP}} = {{Inflation/fn|UK-GDP}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|US}} = {{Inflation/fn|US}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/fn|US-GDP}} = {{Inflation/fn|US-GDP}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|VN}} = {{Inflation/fn|VN}} * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|ZAR}} = {{Inflation/fn|ZAR}} جڏهن <code>index</code> پيراميٽر '''نه''' ڏنو وڃي، يا غلط اشاريو ڏنو وڃي، تڏهن غلطي سان گڏ هڪ عام حاشيو پيدا ٿئي ٿو: * <code><nowiki>{{Inflation/fn}}</nowiki></code> * <code><nowiki>{{Inflation/fn|xyz}}</nowiki></code> هي مٿين مثالن مان پيدا ٿيل حوالن جي فهرست آهي: {{reflist|33em}} پيدا ٿيندڙ اينڪر نالا اشاريو پيراميٽر، يا ان جي غير موجودگي، تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن. نتيجي طور، ساڳيو {{tlx|Inflation/fn|index}} ڪوڊ هڪ ئي مضمون ۾ ڪيترائي ڀيرا استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جڏهن تہ هر اشارئي لاءِ صرف هڪ حقيقي حاشيو پيدا ٿيندو. ===حوالو گروهه بندي=== جيڪڏهن حاشيي کي بنيادي گروهه کان سواءِ ڪنهن ٻئي [[WP:REFGROUP|حوالا گروهه]] ۾ رکڻ گهربل هجي، تہ {{para|group}} پيراميٽر استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو: * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|UK|3=group=nb}} = {{Inflation/fn|UK|group=nb}} {{reflist|group=nb}} '''نوٽ''' جيڪڏهن حاشيي کي حوالن بدران ٻين حاشين سان گڏ گروهه بندي ڪرڻي هجي ({{tl|notelist}})، تہ {{para|group|lower-alpha}} استعمال ڪريو. وڌيڪ هدايتن ۽ مثالن لاءِ {{tl|Inflation}} ۾ [[Template:Inflation#Referencing|لاڳاپيل ڀاڱو]] ڏسو. ===تاريخي فارميٽ=== جتي ''ملڪ'' <code>CA</code> يا <code>US</code> هجي، اتي پيدا ٿيل حوالو ڊيٽا حاصل ڪرڻ جي تاريخ شامل ڪندو، جيڪا مهينو-پهريون (MDY) فارميٽ ۾ ڏيکاري ويندي. رڳو <code>US</code> لاءِ، هن کي {{para|df|yes}} شامل ڪري ڏينهن-پهريون (DMY) فارميٽ ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهو هر ڀيري سانچو مضمون ۾ استعمال ٿيڻ وقت ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، نه تہ حوالن جي فهرست ۾ غلطي جو پيغام ايندو. * {{tlx|Inflation/fn|US|3=df=yes}} = {{Inflation/fn|US|df=yes}} {{reflist|close=1}} ===حوالو فارميٽ=== ڪيترن ئي اشارين لاءِ حوالا {{tl|cite web}} کي بنيادي سانچي طور استعمال ڪن ٿا. ان جو مطلب آهي تہ حاشيا بنيادي طور [[مدد:حوالو انداز 1|حوالو انداز 1]] (CS1) استعمال ڪندي پيدا ٿيندا. هڪ (<code>IN</code>) {{tl|citation}} کي بنيادي سانچي طور استعمال ڪري ٿو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ بنيادي طور [[مدد:حوالو انداز 2|حوالو انداز 2]] (CS2) استعمال ٿئي ٿو. انهن جي وچ ۾ تبديلي لاءِ {{para|mode|cs1}} يا {{para|mode|cs2}} مناسب طور استعمال ڪريو. اهو هر ڀيري سانچو مضمون ۾ استعمال ٿيڻ وقت ڪرڻ ضروري آهي، نه تہ حوالن جي فهرست ۾ غلطي جو پيغام ايندو. *{{tlx|Inflation/fn|US|3=mode=cs2}} = {{Inflation/fn|US|mode=cs2}} *{{tlx|Inflation/fn|IN|3=mode=cs1}} = {{Inflation/fn|IN|mode=cs1}} {{reflist|close=1}} ===نالن جي فهرست جا انداز=== هي سانچو {{para|name-list-style}} جي حمايت ڪري ٿو، جيئن مضمون جي ٻين حوالن سان مطابقت برقرار رهي. *{{tlx|Inflation/fn|US-GDP|3=name-list-style=amp}} = {{Inflation/fn|US-GDP|name-list-style=amp}} {{reflist|}} == پڻ ڏسو == * {{tl|Inflation}} * {{tl|Inflation/year}} * {{tl|Format price}} * [[مدد:حاشيا]] <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!--زمرا هن لڪير کان هيٺ، مهرباني ڪري؛ بين الويڪي وڪي ڊيٽا تي--> [[زمرو:معاشياتي فارميٽنگ ۽ فنڪشن سانچا]] [[زمرو:مالي فارميٽنگ ۽ فنڪشن سانچا]] [[زمرو:گڏيل رياستن جا معاشي سانچا]] [[زمرو:اهي سانچا جيڪي نالي وارا حوالا پيدا ڪن ٿا]] }}</includeonly> <references group="nb"/> gvv9f0nwaaau79dnstuf91jlsyq6j1o 10 96528 377132 2026-05-12T07:14:11Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} هي {{tlx|Inflation}} ذريعي ڳڻيل وڌايل قيمتن جي "موجوده" سال کي ظاهر ڪرڻ جو معياري طريقو مهيا ڪري ٿو. هي سانچو {{tlx|Inflation}} پاران استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، پر انهن مضمونن ۾ سڌي طرح به سڏي سگهجي ٿو، جتي ڪنهن مخصوص اشاري لاءِ مهانگائي جي ڳڻپ جو تازو موجود سال ظ... 377132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} هي {{tlx|Inflation}} ذريعي ڳڻيل وڌايل قيمتن جي "موجوده" سال کي ظاهر ڪرڻ جو معياري طريقو مهيا ڪري ٿو. هي سانچو {{tlx|Inflation}} پاران استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، پر انهن مضمونن ۾ سڌي طرح به سڏي سگهجي ٿو، جتي ڪنهن مخصوص اشاري لاءِ مهانگائي جي ڳڻپ جو تازو موجود سال ظاهر ڪرڻ ضروري هجي. استعمال جي مثالن لاءِ {{tlx|Inflation}} ڏسو. === استعمال === {{tlx|Inflation/year|''اشاريو''}} جڏهن لازمي <code>index</code> پيراميٽر ڏنو وڃي ٿو، تڏهن مهانگائي ڊيٽا ۾ موجود آخري سال ڏيکاريو ويندو. اشاريا ڪوڊ ساڳيا آهن، جيڪي {{tlx|Inflation}} ۾ استعمال ٿين ٿا: * {{tlx|Inflation/year|AR}} = {{Inflation/year|AR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|AT}} = {{Inflation/year|AT}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|AU}} = {{Inflation/year|AU}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/year|AU-road}} = {{Inflation/year|AU-road}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|BD}} = {{Inflation/year|BD}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|BE}} = {{Inflation/year|BE}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|BR}} = {{Inflation/year|BR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|CA}} = {{Inflation/year|CA}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|CA}} = {{Inflation/year|CA}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|CH}} = {{Inflation/year|CH}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|CL}} = {{Inflation/year|CL}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|CN}} = {{Inflation/year|CN}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|DE}} = {{Inflation/year|DE}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|DK}} = {{Inflation/year|DK}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|EG}} = {{Inflation/year|EG}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|ES}} = {{Inflation/year|ES}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|EU}} = {{Inflation/year|EU}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|FI}} = {{Inflation/year|FI}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|FR}} = {{Inflation/year|FR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|GR}} = {{Inflation/year|GR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|HK}} = {{Inflation/year|HK}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|ID}} = {{Inflation/year|ID}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|IL}} = {{Inflation/year|IL}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|IN}} = {{Inflation/year|IN}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|IR}} = {{Inflation/year|IR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|IS}} = {{Inflation/year|IS}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|IT}} = {{Inflation/year|IT}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|JP}} = {{Inflation/year|JP}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|KRW}} = {{Inflation/year|KRW}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|MX}} = {{Inflation/year|MX}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|NL}} = {{Inflation/year|NL}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|NO}} = {{Inflation/year|NO}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|NZ}} = {{Inflation/year|NZ}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|PE}} = {{Inflation/year|PE}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|PH}} = {{Inflation/year|PH}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|PK}} = {{Inflation/year|PK}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|PL}} = {{Inflation/year|PL}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|PT}} = {{Inflation/year|PT}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|RU}} = {{Inflation/year|RU}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|SE}} = {{Inflation/year|SE}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|SG}} = {{Inflation/year|SG}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|TEST}} = {{Inflation/year|TEST}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|TH}} = {{Inflation/year|TH}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|TR}} = {{Inflation/year|TR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|TW}} = {{Inflation/year|TW}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|UK}} = {{Inflation/year|UK}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/year|UK-CAP}} = {{Inflation/year|UK-CAP}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/year|UK-GDP}} = {{Inflation/year|UK-GDP}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/year|UKGDP}} = {{Inflation/year|UKGDP}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|US}} = {{Inflation/year|US}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/year|US-CAP}} = {{Inflation/year|US-CAP}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/year|US-GDP}} = {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/year|USGDP}} = {{Inflation/year|USGDP}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|VN}} = {{Inflation/year|VN}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|ZAR}} = {{Inflation/year|ZAR}} جڏهن <em>ڪو به</em> <code>index</code> پيراميٽر نه ڏنو وڃي، يا غلط اشاريو ڏنو وڃي، تڏهن غلطي ڏيکاري ويندي: * {{tlx|Inflation/year}} = {{Inflation/year}} ** ''۽ پڻ'' {{tlx|Inflation/year|ERR}} = {{Inflation/year|ERR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|INVALID}} = {{Inflation/year|INVALID}} <templatedata> { "params": { "index": { "aliases": [ "1" ], "label": "اشاريو", "description": "ڪيترن ئي موجود مهانگائي اشارين مان ڪنهن هڪ لاءِ اشاريو ڪوڊ. جهڙوڪ AU، AU-road، BD، CA، DE، IN، IR، JP، PH، PK، UK، UK-GDP، US، US-GDP، ZAR وغيره.", "example": "US", "type": "string", "required": true } }, "format": "inline", "description": "هي سانچو Inflation سانچي ذريعي ڳڻيل وڌايل قيمتن جي \"موجوده\" سال کي ظاهر ڪرڻ جو معياري طريقو مهيا ڪري ٿو. هي سانچو Inflation سانچي پاران استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، پر انهن مضمونن ۾ سڌي طرح به استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جتي ڪنهن مخصوص اشاري لاءِ مهانگائي جي ڳڻپ جو تازو موجود سال ظاهر ڪرڻ ضروري هجي. استعمال جي مثالن لاءِ Inflation سانچو ڏسو." } </templatedata> <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هتي وڃن، ۽ بين الويڪي وڪي ڊيٽا ۾ --> }}</includeonly> i6r8vh7l8l7xi3azd95lhrsukncesuf 377180 377132 2026-05-12T10:49:38Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* استعمال */ 377180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} هي {{tlx|Inflation}} ذريعي ڳڻيل وڌايل قيمتن جي "موجوده" سال کي ظاهر ڪرڻ جو معياري طريقو مهيا ڪري ٿو. هي سانچو {{tlx|Inflation}} پاران استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، پر انهن مضمونن ۾ سڌي طرح به سڏي سگهجي ٿو، جتي ڪنهن مخصوص اشاري لاءِ مهانگائي جي ڳڻپ جو تازو موجود سال ظاهر ڪرڻ ضروري هجي. استعمال جي مثالن لاءِ {{tlx|Inflation}} ڏسو. === استعمال === {{tlx|Inflation/year|''اشاريو''}} جڏهن لازمي <code>index</code> پيراميٽر ڏنو وڃي ٿو، تڏهن مهانگائي ڊيٽا ۾ موجود آخري سال ڏيکاريو ويندو. اشاريا ڪوڊ ساڳيا آهن، جيڪي {{tlx|Inflation}} ۾ استعمال ٿين ٿا: * {{tlx|Inflation/year|AR}} = {{Inflation/year|AR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|AT}} = {{Inflation/year|AT}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|AU}} = {{Inflation/year|AU}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/year|AU-road}} = {{Inflation/year|AU-road}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|BD}} = {{Inflation/year|BD}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|BE}} = {{Inflation/year|BE}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|BR}} = {{Inflation/year|BR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|CA}} = {{Inflation/year|CA}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|CA}} = {{Inflation/year|CA}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|CH}} = {{Inflation/year|CH}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|CL}} = {{Inflation/year|CL}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|CN}} = {{Inflation/year|CN}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|DE}} = {{Inflation/year|DE}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|DK}} = {{Inflation/year|DK}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|EG}} = {{Inflation/year|EG}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|ES}} = {{Inflation/year|ES}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|EU}} = {{Inflation/year|EU}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|FI}} = {{Inflation/year|FI}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|FR}} = {{Inflation/year|FR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|GR}} = {{Inflation/year|GR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|HK}} = {{Inflation/year|HK}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|ID}} = {{Inflation/year|ID}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|IL}} = {{Inflation/year|IL}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|IN}} = {{Inflation/year|IN}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|IR}} = {{Inflation/year|IR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|IS}} = {{Inflation/year|IS}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|IT}} = {{Inflation/year|IT}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|JP}} = {{Inflation/year|JP}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|KRW}} = {{Inflation/year|KRW}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|MX}} = {{Inflation/year|MX}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|NL}} = {{Inflation/year|NL}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|NO}} = {{Inflation/year|NO}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|NZ}} = {{Inflation/year|NZ}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|PE}} = {{Inflation/year|PE}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|PH}} = {{Inflation/year|PH}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|PK}} = {{Inflation/year|PK}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|PL}} = {{Inflation/year|PL}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|PT}} = {{Inflation/year|PT}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|RU}} = {{Inflation/year|RU}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|SE}} = {{Inflation/year|SE}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|SG}} = {{Inflation/year|SG}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|TEST}} = {{Inflation/year|TEST}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|TH}} = {{Inflation/year|TH}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|TR}} = {{Inflation/year|TR}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|TW}} = {{Inflation/year|TW}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|UK}} = {{Inflation/year|UK}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/year|UK-CAP}} = {{Inflation/year|UK-CAP}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/year|UK-GDP}} = {{Inflation/year|UK-GDP}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/year|UKGDP}} = {{Inflation/year|UKGDP}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|US}} = {{Inflation/year|US}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/year|US-CAP}} = {{Inflation/year|US-CAP}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/year|US-GDP}} = {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}} ** {{tlx|Inflation/year|USGDP}} = {{Inflation/year|USGDP}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|VN}} = {{Inflation/year|VN}} * {{tlx|Inflation/year|ZAR}} = {{Inflation/year|ZAR}} جڏهن ڪو به <code>index</code> پيراميٽر نه ڏنو وڃي، يا غلط اشاريو ڏنو وڃي، تڏهن غلطي ظاهر ٿيندي: * <code><nowiki>{{Inflation/year}}</nowiki></code> * <code><nowiki>{{Inflation/year|ERR}}</nowiki></code> * <code><nowiki>{{Inflation/year|INVALID}}</nowiki></code> <templatedata> { "params": { "index": { "aliases": [ "1" ], "label": "اشاريو", "description": "ڪيترن ئي موجود مهانگائي اشارين مان ڪنهن هڪ لاءِ اشاريو ڪوڊ. جهڙوڪ AU، AU-road، BD، CA، DE، IN، IR، JP، PH، PK، UK، UK-GDP، US، US-GDP، ZAR وغيره.", "example": "US", "type": "string", "required": true } }, "format": "inline", "description": "هي سانچو Inflation سانچي ذريعي ڳڻيل وڌايل قيمتن جي \"موجوده\" سال کي ظاهر ڪرڻ جو معياري طريقو مهيا ڪري ٿو. هي سانچو Inflation سانچي پاران استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، پر انهن مضمونن ۾ سڌي طرح به استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جتي ڪنهن مخصوص اشاري لاءِ مهانگائي جي ڳڻپ جو تازو موجود سال ظاهر ڪرڻ ضروري هجي. استعمال جي مثالن لاءِ Inflation سانچو ڏسو." } </templatedata> <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هتي وڃن، ۽ بين الويڪي وڪي ڊيٽا ۾ --> }}</includeonly> iqoyfq6msh43t3kuynrah2xj763gaaa 10 96529 377133 2026-05-12T07:17:28Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <includeonly>__INDEX__{{#ifeq:{{{visible|}}}|yes|{{{text|This page has been added to search engine indexes.}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{دستاویز}} </noinclude> 377133 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>__INDEX__{{#ifeq:{{{visible|}}}|yes|{{{text|This page has been added to search engine indexes.}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{دستاویز}} </noinclude> 3egjz95178ugiu3l9e6m36y59aw4uoi 10 96530 377134 2026-05-12T07:22:38Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هيٺ ڏنل هنڌ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي ڳنڍڻيون وڪي ڊيٽا ۾ رکو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي ڊيٽا]]) --> == استعمال == هي سانچو <code><nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki></code> رويو-سوئچ مقرر ڪري ٿو، جيڪو هڪ [[مدد:جادوئي لفظ|جادوئي لفظ]] آهي ۽ ڳولا انجڻن کي صفحي کي فهرستبند (index... 377134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هيٺ ڏنل هنڌ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي ڳنڍڻيون وڪي ڊيٽا ۾ رکو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي ڊيٽا]]) --> == استعمال == هي سانچو <code><nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki></code> رويو-سوئچ مقرر ڪري ٿو، جيڪو هڪ [[مدد:جادوئي لفظ|جادوئي لفظ]] آهي ۽ ڳولا انجڻن کي صفحي کي فهرستبند (index) ڪرڻ جي هدايت ڏئي ٿو. هن سانچي ۽ جادوئي لفظ ۾ رڳو اهو فرق آهي تہ سانچو اختياري طور هڪ پيغام به ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو. انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا تي، <code><nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki></code> ۽ <code><nowiki>{{INDEX}}</nowiki></code> صرف [[وڪيپيڊيا:واپرائيندڙ صفحا|واپرائيندڙ ۽ واپرائيندڙ ڳالهه ٻولهه صفحن]] تي استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجن، جتي اهي بنيادي ترتيب کي رد ڪن ٿا، ڇو تہ انهن صفحن کي بنيادي طور فهرستبند نه ڪيو ويندو آهي. === اختياري پيراميٽر === * <code>|visible = yes</code> : هن سانچي کي هڪ سادي لکت واري سٽ ڏيکارڻ لاءِ چالو ڪري ٿو، جيڪا سنواريندڙن کي ٻڌائي ٿي تہ صفحو ڳولا انجڻن جي فهرستن ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو آهي، مثال طور {{tlx|INDEX|2=visible = yes}} هي پيغام ڏيکاري ٿو: ::{{INDEX|visible = yes|demo = yes}}<br /> :* '''نوٽ:''' هن پيراميٽر کان سواءِ به، ''جيڪڏهن سانچو ڪنهن غير حمايت يافته نيم جڳهه ۾ استعمال ٿئي''، تہ ان جي بدران هيٺيون ڏيکاريو ويندو: <!-- مون کي پڪ ناهي تہ هيٺيون (جيڪو لڳي ٿو تہ خام سانچي جي تعريف واري ڪوڊ جي جامد نقل آهي) هتي ڇو موجود آهي بجاءِ صرف ‘{{INDEX|visible = yes}}’ جي، پر “چيسٽرٽن جي باڙ” اصول سبب هن وقت لاءِ ان کي جيئن جو تيئن ڇڏيو ويو آهي - جولاءِ 2022 --> :::{{#ifeq:{{{demo}}}|yes| __INDEX__{{#ifeq:yes|yes|هي صفحو ڳولا انجڻن جي فهرستن ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو آهي.}}|{{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}} |2 |3 = __INDEX__{{#ifeq:yes|yes|هي صفحو ڳولا انجڻن جي فهرستن ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو آهي.}} |#default = <span class="error">مهرباني ڪري {{tl|INDEX}} صرف واپرائيندڙ ۽ واپرائيندڙ ڳالهه ٻولهه نيم جڳهن اندر استعمال ڪريو، ڇو تہ صرف انهن ٻنهي ۾ ان جو اثر ٿئي ٿو.</span> }}}} * <code>|demo = yes</code> : {{tl|INDEX}} کي ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور ڪري ٿو، ڀلي اهو غلط نيم جڳهه ۾ رکيل هجي، جيئن سانچي جا ''مثال'' ڪم ڪري سگهن، مثال طور هن دستاويزي صفحي تي – {{tlx|INDEX|2=visible = yes|3=demo = yes}} هن ريت ظاهر ٿيندو: ::{{INDEX|visible=yes|demo = yes}} == فني تفصيل == <code><nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki></code> [[mw:Manual:$wgNamespaceRobotPolicies|$wgNamespaceRobotPolicies]] کي رد ڪري ٿو، پر <code>robots.txt</code> کي نه. اهو [[mw:Manual:$wgExemptFromUserRobotsControl|$wgExemptFromUserRobotsControl]] متغير جي پيروي ڪري ٿو. انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا تي، [[MediaWiki:Robots.txt]] کي [[mw:Manual:$wgArticleRobotPolicies|$wgArticleRobotPolicies]] جي بدران استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا تي، سڄي وڪي لاءِ بنيادي روبوٽ پاليسي سڀني صفحن کي فهرستبند ڪرڻ آهي. هن بنيادي پاليسي کي هيٺين نيم جڳهن ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو آهي: * '''واپرائيندڙ ڳالهه ٻولهه''' کي فهرستبند نه ڪيو ويندو آهي، سيپٽمبر 2008 کان * '''[[وڪيپيڊيا:مسودا|مسودو]]''' ۽ '''مسودو ڳالهه ٻولهه''' کي فهرستبند نه ڪيو ويندو آهي، ڊسمبر 2013 کان * '''واپرائيندڙ''' کي فهرستبند نه ڪيو ويندو آهي، نومبر 2015 کان ان کان علاوه ڪجهه چونڊيل صفحا، خاص طور '''وڪيپيڊيا''' ۽ '''وڪيپيڊيا ڳالهه ٻولهه''' ۾، فهرستبند نه ڪيا ويندا آهن، جيئن [[MediaWiki:Robots.txt]] ۾ بيان ٿيل آهي. '''[[وڪيپيڊيا:مکيه جڳهه|مکيه جڳهه]]'''، '''مسودو''' ۽ '''مسودو ڳالهه ٻولهه''' واپرائيندڙ ڪنٽرول کان آزاد آهن، تنهنڪري <code><nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki></code> انهن نيم جڳهن ۾ غيرفعال هوندو آهي؛ اهڙو استعمال ٽريڪ نه ڪيو ويندو آهي (هيٺ ڏسو)، ۽ نتيجي طور هي سانچو اتي ڪو اثر نٿو رکي. جيئن تہ باقي سڀئي نيم جڳهيون بنيادي طور فهرستبند ٿيل آهن، ۽ <code><nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki></code> ذريعي robots.txt کي رد نٿو ڪري سگهجي، تنهنڪري صرف '''واپرائيندڙ''' ۽ '''واپرائيندڙ ڳالهه ٻولهه''' اهي نيم جڳهيون آهن جتي اهو بنيادي ترتيب کي رد ڪري ٿو؛ تنهن هوندي به ٻين نيم جڳهن ۾ ان جو استعمال ٽريڪ ڪيو ويندو آهي. === استعمال جي نگراني === هي سانچو اصل ۾ <code><nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki></code> جي استعمال جي نگراني لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو هو؛ صحيح استعمال هاڻي [[:Category:Indexed pages]] ذريعي ٽريڪ ڪيو ويندو آهي. === تاريخ === * [[mw:Manual:$wgNamespaceRobotPolicies|$wgNamespaceRobotPolicies]] شامل ڪيو ويو تہ جيئن هر نيم جڳهه لاءِ روبوٽ پاليسين کي ترتيب ڏئي سگهجي ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rSVN14559 4 جون 2006]) * [[mw:Manual:$wgContentNamespaces|$wgContentNamespaces]] شامل ڪيو ويو، جيڪو مکيه نيم جڳهه کان سواءِ ٻين نيم جڳهن ۾ به مضمونن جي موجودگي کي ممڪن بڻائي ٿو، ۽ پوءِ به انهن کي سائيٽ انگن اکرن ۾ صحيح مواد طور ڳڻيو وڃي ٿو ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rSVN14738 12 جون 2006]) * [[mw:Manual:$wgArticleRobotPolicies|$wgArticleRobotPolicies]] شامل ڪيو ويو ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rSVN22615 31 مئي 2007]) *:هي هر نيم جڳهه جي روبوٽ پاليسين کي رد ڪن ٿا؛ en.wiki هن ترتيب واري سيٽنگ بدران [[MediaWiki:Robots.txt]] استعمال ڪري ٿي * سڄي وڪي لاءِ بنيادي روبوٽ پاليسي هاڻي [[mw:Manual:$wgDefaultRobotPolicy|$wgDefaultRobotPolicy]] ترتيب ذريعي مقرر ڪري سگهجي ٿي ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rSVN30602 6 فيبروري 2008]) *:بنيادي پاليسي فهرستبندي ۽ ڳنڍڻين جي پيروي جي حوصلا افزائي ڪري ٿي: <code>$wgDefaultRobotPolicy = 'index,follow';</code> * [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/04/29/robotstxt/ وڪي ميڊيا بلاگ: robots.txt] (29 اپريل 2008) * {{section link|Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)/Archive 25|ڇا ڳولا انجڻن کي واپرائيندڙ ڳالهه ٻولهه نيم جڳهه جي فهرستبندي کان روڪيو وڃي؟}} (29–30 اپريل 2008) * {{phab|T15890}}: انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا جي واپرائيندڙ ڳالهه ٻولهه نيم جڳهه کي Robots.txt ۾ شامل ڪرڻ (30 اپريل 2008) * [[mw:Manual:$wgExemptFromUserRobotsControl|$wgExemptFromUserRobotsControl]] شامل ڪيو ويو ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rSVN37973 23 جولاءِ 2008]) *: [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2008-07-28/Technology report|نئون جادوئي لفظ <nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki> ۽ <nowiki>__NOINDEX__</nowiki> اهو ڪنٽرول ڪن ٿا تہ صفحو ڳولا انجڻن ۾ فهرستبند ٿي سگهي ٿو يا نه]], ''وڪيپيڊيا سائن پوسٽ''، 28 جولاءِ 2008 * [[Template:NOINDEX]] 9 آگسٽ 2008 تي ٺاهيو ويو * [[سانچو:INDEX]] 30 آگسٽ 2008 تي ٺاهيو ويو * [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Archive168#Search engine indexing updates|ڳولا انجڻ فهرستبندي بابت تازا احوال]] (13 سيپٽمبر 2008) *# [https://en.wikipedia.org/robots.txt en.wiki جي robots.txt فائل] کي [[MediaWiki:Robots.txt]] تان ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ *# [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=InitialiseSettings.php InitialiseSettings.php] کي اپڊيٽ ڪرڻ: <code>'wgNamespaceRobotPolicies' => array('enwiki' => array(NS_USER_TALK => 'noindex,follow',))</code>، جنهن سان {{phab|T15890}} لاڳو ٿيو * [[وڪيپيڊيا:Search engine indexing]]، جنوري 2009 جي هڪ تجويز، جنهن تي اتفاق راءِ نه ٿي سگهي * {{phab|T18979}}: NOINDEX ۽ INDEX رويو-سوئچن لاءِ نگراني زمرو (11 جنوري 2009) * [[Special:Diff/272591874|22 فيبروري 2009]] تي {{tl|NOINDEX}} [[: وڪيپيڊيا:Wikipedia noindex pages]] ۾ صفحا شامل ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا. {{tl|INDEX}} ڪو زمرو شامل نٿو ڪري * {{section link|وڪيپيڊيا:Village pump (proposals)/Archive 44|NOINDEX سانچي جو استعمال لازمي قرار ڏيڻ بدران سڌو جادوئي لفظ استعمال ڪرڻ}} (27 فيبروري – 5 مارچ 2009) * [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rSVN56688 <nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki> ۽ <nowiki>__NOINDEX__</nowiki> لاءِ نگراني زمرا شامل ڪرڻ] • [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:Code/MediaWiki/56688 ڪوڊ جائزو] (20 سيپٽمبر 2009) * [[: وڪيپيڊيا:Noindexed pages]] 7 آڪٽوبر 2009 تي ٺاهيو ويو؛ گڏوگڏ [[واپرائيندڙ ڳالھ ٻولھ:Happy-melon/Archive 11#زمرو:Noindexed pages?|هن بحث]] سان. پڻ ڏسو: {{section link|وڪيپيڊيا:Village pump (technical)/Archive 66|Noindex زمرا}} * [[: زمرو:Indexed pages]] 9 آڪٽوبر 2009 تي ٺاهيو ويو * {{section link|Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2010 June 15|Noindexed pages}} موجب، [[: زمرو:Wikipedia noindex pages]] کي 18 جولاءِ 2010 تي ختم ڪيو ويو * [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rOMWCa6b09501a502249a549e0b71c887c655f86ada67 انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا تي "مسودو" نيم جڳهه ٺاهڻ] (17 ڊسمبر 2013) * {{phab|T104797}}: enwiki تي ڳولا انجڻن کي واپرائيندڙ جڳهه جي فهرستبندي کان روڪڻ (5 جولاءِ 2015) * [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rOMWC47413794ba09cd4496c11a6db30e79d3e4a5842d en.wikipedia.org تي واپرائيندڙ نيم جڳهه لاءِ noindex] (23 نومبر 2015) == پڻ ڏسو == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&profile=advanced&search=insource:/__INDEX_/&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&profile=advanced INDEX جادوئي لفظ استعمال ڪندڙ مضمون] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&profile=advanced&search=insource%3A%2F__INDEX_%2F&fulltext=Search&ns118=1&ns119=1&profile=advanced INDEX جادوئي لفظ استعمال ڪندڙ مسودا] * [[سانچو:NOINDEX]] * [[وڪيپيڊيا:ڳولا انجڻ فهرستبندي جو ڪنٽرول]] === ميڊياوڪي === * [[ميڊيا وڪي:Robots.txt]] * [[mw:Manual:Configuration settings#Robot policies]] * [https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki/blob/master/includes/DefaultSettings.php#L7112 بنيادي روبوٽ پاليسي] (github.com) * [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/diffusion/MW/browse/master/includes/DefaultSettings.php$7112 بنيادي روبوٽ پاليسي] (git.wikimedia.org) <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هتان هيٺ شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي ڳنڍڻيون وڪي ڊيٽا ۾ --> [[زمرو:Typing-aid templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[زمرو:Tracking templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> nj99bgr7c9oo5bgjt8u4gzau3un7ue1 377135 377134 2026-05-12T07:23:09Z Intisar Ali 8681 377135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هيٺ ڏنل هنڌ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي ڳنڍڻيون وڪي ڊيٽا ۾ رکو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي ڊيٽا]]) --> == استعمال == هي سانچو <code><nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki></code> رويو-سوئچ مقرر ڪري ٿو، جيڪو هڪ [[مدد:جادوئي لفظ|جادوئي لفظ]] آهي ۽ ڳولا انجڻن کي صفحي کي فهرستبند (index) ڪرڻ جي هدايت ڏئي ٿو. هن سانچي ۽ جادوئي لفظ ۾ رڳو اهو فرق آهي تہ سانچو اختياري طور هڪ پيغام به ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو. انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا تي، <code><nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki></code> ۽ <code><nowiki>{{INDEX}}</nowiki></code> صرف [[وڪيپيڊيا:واپرائيندڙ صفحا|واپرائيندڙ ۽ واپرائيندڙ ڳالهه ٻولهه صفحن]] تي استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجن، جتي اهي بنيادي ترتيب کي رد ڪن ٿا، ڇو تہ انهن صفحن کي بنيادي طور فهرستبند نه ڪيو ويندو آهي. === اختياري پيراميٽر === * <code>|visible = yes</code> : هن سانچي کي هڪ سادي لکت واري سٽ ڏيکارڻ لاءِ چالو ڪري ٿو، جيڪا سنواريندڙن کي ٻڌائي ٿي تہ صفحو ڳولا انجڻن جي فهرستن ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو آهي، مثال طور {{tlx|INDEX|2=visible = yes}} هي پيغام ڏيکاري ٿو: ::{{INDEX|visible = yes|demo = yes}}<br /> :* '''نوٽ:''' هن پيراميٽر کان سواءِ به، ''جيڪڏهن سانچو ڪنهن غير حمايت يافته نيم جڳهه ۾ استعمال ٿئي''، تہ ان جي بدران هيٺيون ڏيکاريو ويندو: <!-- مون کي پڪ ناهي تہ هيٺيون (جيڪو لڳي ٿو تہ خام سانچي جي تعريف واري ڪوڊ جي جامد نقل آهي) هتي ڇو موجود آهي بجاءِ صرف ‘{{INDEX|visible = yes}}’ جي، پر “چيسٽرٽن جي باڙ” اصول سبب هن وقت لاءِ ان کي جيئن جو تيئن ڇڏيو ويو آهي - جولاءِ 2022 --> :::{{#ifeq:{{{demo}}}|yes| __INDEX__{{#ifeq:yes|yes|هي صفحو ڳولا انجڻن جي فهرستن ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو آهي.}}|{{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}} |2 |3 = __INDEX__{{#ifeq:yes|yes|هي صفحو ڳولا انجڻن جي فهرستن ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو آهي.}} |#default = <span class="error">مهرباني ڪري {{tl|INDEX}} صرف واپرائيندڙ ۽ واپرائيندڙ ڳالهه ٻولهه نيم جڳهن اندر استعمال ڪريو، ڇو تہ صرف انهن ٻنهي ۾ ان جو اثر ٿئي ٿو.</span> }}}} * <code>|demo = yes</code> : {{tl|INDEX}} کي ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور ڪري ٿو، ڀلي اهو غلط نيم جڳهه ۾ رکيل هجي، جيئن سانچي جا ''مثال'' ڪم ڪري سگهن، مثال طور هن دستاويزي صفحي تي – {{tlx|INDEX|2=visible = yes|3=demo = yes}} هن ريت ظاهر ٿيندو: ::{{INDEX|visible=yes|demo = yes}} == فني تفصيل == <code><nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki></code> [[mw:Manual:$wgNamespaceRobotPolicies|$wgNamespaceRobotPolicies]] کي رد ڪري ٿو، پر <code>robots.txt</code> کي نه. اهو [[mw:Manual:$wgExemptFromUserRobotsControl|$wgExemptFromUserRobotsControl]] متغير جي پيروي ڪري ٿو. انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا تي، [[MediaWiki:Robots.txt]] کي [[mw:Manual:$wgArticleRobotPolicies|$wgArticleRobotPolicies]] جي بدران استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا تي، سڄي وڪي لاءِ بنيادي روبوٽ پاليسي سڀني صفحن کي فهرستبند ڪرڻ آهي. هن بنيادي پاليسي کي هيٺين نيم جڳهن ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو آهي: * '''واپرائيندڙ ڳالهه ٻولهه''' کي فهرستبند نه ڪيو ويندو آهي، سيپٽمبر 2008 کان * '''[[وڪيپيڊيا:مسودا|مسودو]]''' ۽ '''مسودو ڳالهه ٻولهه''' کي فهرستبند نه ڪيو ويندو آهي، ڊسمبر 2013 کان * '''واپرائيندڙ''' کي فهرستبند نه ڪيو ويندو آهي، نومبر 2015 کان ان کان علاوه ڪجهه چونڊيل صفحا، خاص طور '''وڪيپيڊيا''' ۽ '''وڪيپيڊيا ڳالهه ٻولهه''' ۾، فهرستبند نه ڪيا ويندا آهن، جيئن [[MediaWiki:Robots.txt]] ۾ بيان ٿيل آهي. '''[[وڪيپيڊيا:مکيه جڳهه|مکيه جڳهه]]'''، '''مسودو''' ۽ '''مسودو ڳالهه ٻولهه''' واپرائيندڙ ڪنٽرول کان آزاد آهن، تنهنڪري <code><nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki></code> انهن نيم جڳهن ۾ غيرفعال هوندو آهي؛ اهڙو استعمال ٽريڪ نه ڪيو ويندو آهي (هيٺ ڏسو)، ۽ نتيجي طور هي سانچو اتي ڪو اثر نٿو رکي. جيئن تہ باقي سڀئي نيم جڳهيون بنيادي طور فهرستبند ٿيل آهن، ۽ <code><nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki></code> ذريعي robots.txt کي رد نٿو ڪري سگهجي، تنهنڪري صرف '''واپرائيندڙ''' ۽ '''واپرائيندڙ ڳالهه ٻولهه''' اهي نيم جڳهيون آهن جتي اهو بنيادي ترتيب کي رد ڪري ٿو؛ تنهن هوندي به ٻين نيم جڳهن ۾ ان جو استعمال ٽريڪ ڪيو ويندو آهي. === استعمال جي نگراني === هي سانچو اصل ۾ <code><nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki></code> جي استعمال جي نگراني لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو هو؛ صحيح استعمال هاڻي [[: زمرو:Indexed pages]] ذريعي ٽريڪ ڪيو ويندو آهي. === تاريخ === * [[mw:Manual:$wgNamespaceRobotPolicies|$wgNamespaceRobotPolicies]] شامل ڪيو ويو تہ جيئن هر نيم جڳهه لاءِ روبوٽ پاليسين کي ترتيب ڏئي سگهجي ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rSVN14559 4 جون 2006]) * [[mw:Manual:$wgContentNamespaces|$wgContentNamespaces]] شامل ڪيو ويو، جيڪو مکيه نيم جڳهه کان سواءِ ٻين نيم جڳهن ۾ به مضمونن جي موجودگي کي ممڪن بڻائي ٿو، ۽ پوءِ به انهن کي سائيٽ انگن اکرن ۾ صحيح مواد طور ڳڻيو وڃي ٿو ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rSVN14738 12 جون 2006]) * [[mw:Manual:$wgArticleRobotPolicies|$wgArticleRobotPolicies]] شامل ڪيو ويو ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rSVN22615 31 مئي 2007]) *:هي هر نيم جڳهه جي روبوٽ پاليسين کي رد ڪن ٿا؛ en.wiki هن ترتيب واري سيٽنگ بدران [[MediaWiki:Robots.txt]] استعمال ڪري ٿي * سڄي وڪي لاءِ بنيادي روبوٽ پاليسي هاڻي [[mw:Manual:$wgDefaultRobotPolicy|$wgDefaultRobotPolicy]] ترتيب ذريعي مقرر ڪري سگهجي ٿي ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rSVN30602 6 فيبروري 2008]) *:بنيادي پاليسي فهرستبندي ۽ ڳنڍڻين جي پيروي جي حوصلا افزائي ڪري ٿي: <code>$wgDefaultRobotPolicy = 'index,follow';</code> * [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/04/29/robotstxt/ وڪي ميڊيا بلاگ: robots.txt] (29 اپريل 2008) * {{section link|Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)/Archive 25|ڇا ڳولا انجڻن کي واپرائيندڙ ڳالهه ٻولهه نيم جڳهه جي فهرستبندي کان روڪيو وڃي؟}} (29–30 اپريل 2008) * {{phab|T15890}}: انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا جي واپرائيندڙ ڳالهه ٻولهه نيم جڳهه کي Robots.txt ۾ شامل ڪرڻ (30 اپريل 2008) * [[mw:Manual:$wgExemptFromUserRobotsControl|$wgExemptFromUserRobotsControl]] شامل ڪيو ويو ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rSVN37973 23 جولاءِ 2008]) *: [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2008-07-28/Technology report|نئون جادوئي لفظ <nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki> ۽ <nowiki>__NOINDEX__</nowiki> اهو ڪنٽرول ڪن ٿا تہ صفحو ڳولا انجڻن ۾ فهرستبند ٿي سگهي ٿو يا نه]], ''وڪيپيڊيا سائن پوسٽ''، 28 جولاءِ 2008 * [[Template:NOINDEX]] 9 آگسٽ 2008 تي ٺاهيو ويو * [[سانچو:INDEX]] 30 آگسٽ 2008 تي ٺاهيو ويو * [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Archive168#Search engine indexing updates|ڳولا انجڻ فهرستبندي بابت تازا احوال]] (13 سيپٽمبر 2008) *# [https://en.wikipedia.org/robots.txt en.wiki جي robots.txt فائل] کي [[MediaWiki:Robots.txt]] تان ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ *# [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=InitialiseSettings.php InitialiseSettings.php] کي اپڊيٽ ڪرڻ: <code>'wgNamespaceRobotPolicies' => array('enwiki' => array(NS_USER_TALK => 'noindex,follow',))</code>، جنهن سان {{phab|T15890}} لاڳو ٿيو * [[وڪيپيڊيا:Search engine indexing]]، جنوري 2009 جي هڪ تجويز، جنهن تي اتفاق راءِ نه ٿي سگهي * {{phab|T18979}}: NOINDEX ۽ INDEX رويو-سوئچن لاءِ نگراني زمرو (11 جنوري 2009) * [[Special:Diff/272591874|22 فيبروري 2009]] تي {{tl|NOINDEX}} [[: وڪيپيڊيا:Wikipedia noindex pages]] ۾ صفحا شامل ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا. {{tl|INDEX}} ڪو زمرو شامل نٿو ڪري * {{section link|وڪيپيڊيا:Village pump (proposals)/Archive 44|NOINDEX سانچي جو استعمال لازمي قرار ڏيڻ بدران سڌو جادوئي لفظ استعمال ڪرڻ}} (27 فيبروري – 5 مارچ 2009) * [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rSVN56688 <nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki> ۽ <nowiki>__NOINDEX__</nowiki> لاءِ نگراني زمرا شامل ڪرڻ] • [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:Code/MediaWiki/56688 ڪوڊ جائزو] (20 سيپٽمبر 2009) * [[: وڪيپيڊيا:Noindexed pages]] 7 آڪٽوبر 2009 تي ٺاهيو ويو؛ گڏوگڏ [[واپرائيندڙ ڳالھ ٻولھ:Happy-melon/Archive 11#زمرو:Noindexed pages?|هن بحث]] سان. پڻ ڏسو: {{section link|وڪيپيڊيا:Village pump (technical)/Archive 66|Noindex زمرا}} * [[: زمرو:Indexed pages]] 9 آڪٽوبر 2009 تي ٺاهيو ويو * {{section link|Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2010 June 15|Noindexed pages}} موجب، [[: زمرو:Wikipedia noindex pages]] کي 18 جولاءِ 2010 تي ختم ڪيو ويو * [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rOMWCa6b09501a502249a549e0b71c887c655f86ada67 انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا تي "مسودو" نيم جڳهه ٺاهڻ] (17 ڊسمبر 2013) * {{phab|T104797}}: enwiki تي ڳولا انجڻن کي واپرائيندڙ جڳهه جي فهرستبندي کان روڪڻ (5 جولاءِ 2015) * [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rOMWC47413794ba09cd4496c11a6db30e79d3e4a5842d en.wikipedia.org تي واپرائيندڙ نيم جڳهه لاءِ noindex] (23 نومبر 2015) == پڻ ڏسو == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&profile=advanced&search=insource:/__INDEX_/&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&profile=advanced INDEX جادوئي لفظ استعمال ڪندڙ مضمون] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&profile=advanced&search=insource%3A%2F__INDEX_%2F&fulltext=Search&ns118=1&ns119=1&profile=advanced INDEX جادوئي لفظ استعمال ڪندڙ مسودا] * [[سانچو:NOINDEX]] * [[وڪيپيڊيا:ڳولا انجڻ فهرستبندي جو ڪنٽرول]] === ميڊياوڪي === * [[ميڊيا وڪي:Robots.txt]] * [[mw:Manual:Configuration settings#Robot policies]] * [https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki/blob/master/includes/DefaultSettings.php#L7112 بنيادي روبوٽ پاليسي] (github.com) * [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/diffusion/MW/browse/master/includes/DefaultSettings.php$7112 بنيادي روبوٽ پاليسي] (git.wikimedia.org) <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هتان هيٺ شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي ڳنڍڻيون وڪي ڊيٽا ۾ --> [[زمرو:Typing-aid templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[زمرو:Tracking templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> 2pi1ivehvfenaoazggwtadjny02tn3z 377136 377135 2026-05-12T07:34:02Z Intisar Ali 8681 377136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هيٺ ڏنل هنڌ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي ڳنڍڻيون وڪي ڊيٽا ۾ رکو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي ڊيٽا]]) --> == استعمال == هي سانچو <code><nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki></code> رويو-سوئچ مقرر ڪري ٿو، جيڪو هڪ [[مدد:جادوئي لفظ|جادوئي لفظ]] آهي ۽ ڳولا انجڻن کي صفحي کي فهرستبند (index) ڪرڻ جي هدايت ڏئي ٿو. هن سانچي ۽ جادوئي لفظ ۾ رڳو اهو فرق آهي تہ سانچو اختياري طور هڪ پيغام به ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو. انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا تي، <code><nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki></code> ۽ <code><nowiki>{{INDEX}}</nowiki></code> صرف [[وڪيپيڊيا:واپرائيندڙ صفحا|واپرائيندڙ ۽ واپرائيندڙ ڳالهه ٻولهه صفحن]] تي استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجن، جتي اهي بنيادي ترتيب کي رد ڪن ٿا، ڇو تہ انهن صفحن کي بنيادي طور فهرستبند نه ڪيو ويندو آهي. === اختياري پيراميٽر === * <code>|visible = yes</code> : هن سانچي کي هڪ سادي لکت واري سٽ ڏيکارڻ لاءِ چالو ڪري ٿو، جيڪا سنواريندڙن کي ٻڌائي ٿي تہ صفحو ڳولا انجڻن جي فهرستن ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو آهي، مثال طور {{tlx|INDEX|2=visible = yes}} هي پيغام ڏيکاري ٿو: ::{{INDEX|visible = yes|demo = yes}}<br /> :* '''نوٽ:''' هن پيراميٽر کان سواءِ به، ''جيڪڏهن سانچو ڪنهن غير حمايت يافته نيم جڳهه ۾ استعمال ٿئي''، تہ ان جي بدران هيٺيون ڏيکاريو ويندو: <!-- مون کي پڪ ناهي تہ هيٺيون (جيڪو لڳي ٿو تہ خام سانچي جي تعريف واري ڪوڊ جي جامد نقل آهي) هتي ڇو موجود آهي بجاءِ صرف ‘{{INDEX|visible = yes}}’ جي، پر “چيسٽرٽن جي باڙ” اصول سبب هن وقت لاءِ ان کي جيئن جو تيئن ڇڏيو ويو آهي - جولاءِ 2022 --> :::{{#ifeq:{{{demo}}}|yes| __INDEX__{{#ifeq:yes|yes|هي صفحو ڳولا انجڻن جي فهرستن ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو آهي.}}|{{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}} |2 |3 = __INDEX__{{#ifeq:yes|yes|هي صفحو ڳولا انجڻن جي فهرستن ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو آهي.}} |#default = <span class="error">مهرباني ڪري {{tl|INDEX}} صرف واپرائيندڙ ۽ واپرائيندڙ ڳالهه ٻولهه نيم جڳهن اندر استعمال ڪريو، ڇو تہ صرف انهن ٻنهي ۾ ان جو اثر ٿئي ٿو.</span> }}}} * <code>|demo = yes</code> : {{tl|INDEX}} کي ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور ڪري ٿو، ڀلي اهو غلط نيم جڳهه ۾ رکيل هجي، جيئن سانچي جا ''مثال'' ڪم ڪري سگهن، مثال طور هن دستاويزي صفحي تي – {{tlx|INDEX|2=visible = yes|3=demo = yes}} هن ريت ظاهر ٿيندو: ::{{INDEX|visible=yes|demo = yes}} == فني تفصيل == <code><nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki></code> [[mw:Manual:$wgNamespaceRobotPolicies|$wgNamespaceRobotPolicies]] کي رد ڪري ٿو، پر <code>robots.txt</code> کي نه. اهو [[mw:Manual:$wgExemptFromUserRobotsControl|$wgExemptFromUserRobotsControl]] متغير جي پيروي ڪري ٿو. انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا تي، [[MediaWiki:Robots.txt]] کي [[mw:Manual:$wgArticleRobotPolicies|$wgArticleRobotPolicies]] جي بدران استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا تي، سڄي وڪي لاءِ بنيادي روبوٽ پاليسي سڀني صفحن کي فهرستبند ڪرڻ آهي. هن بنيادي پاليسي کي هيٺين نيم جڳهن ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو آهي: * '''واپرائيندڙ ڳالهه ٻولهه''' کي فهرستبند نه ڪيو ويندو آهي، سيپٽمبر 2008 کان * '''[[وڪيپيڊيا:مسودا|مسودو]]''' ۽ '''مسودو ڳالهه ٻولهه''' کي فهرستبند نه ڪيو ويندو آهي، ڊسمبر 2013 کان * '''واپرائيندڙ''' کي فهرستبند نه ڪيو ويندو آهي، نومبر 2015 کان ان کان علاوه ڪجهه چونڊيل صفحا، خاص طور '''وڪيپيڊيا''' ۽ '''وڪيپيڊيا ڳالهه ٻولهه''' ۾، فهرستبند نه ڪيا ويندا آهن، جيئن [[MediaWiki:Robots.txt]] ۾ بيان ٿيل آهي. '''[[وڪيپيڊيا:مکيه جڳهه|مکيه جڳهه]]'''، '''مسودو''' ۽ '''مسودو ڳالهه ٻولهه''' واپرائيندڙ ڪنٽرول کان آزاد آهن، تنهنڪري <code><nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki></code> انهن نيم جڳهن ۾ غيرفعال هوندو آهي؛ اهڙو استعمال ٽريڪ نه ڪيو ويندو آهي (هيٺ ڏسو)، ۽ نتيجي طور هي سانچو اتي ڪو اثر نٿو رکي. جيئن تہ باقي سڀئي نيم جڳهيون بنيادي طور فهرستبند ٿيل آهن، ۽ <code><nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki></code> ذريعي robots.txt کي رد نٿو ڪري سگهجي، تنهنڪري صرف '''واپرائيندڙ''' ۽ '''واپرائيندڙ ڳالهه ٻولهه''' اهي نيم جڳهيون آهن جتي اهو بنيادي ترتيب کي رد ڪري ٿو؛ تنهن هوندي به ٻين نيم جڳهن ۾ ان جو استعمال ٽريڪ ڪيو ويندو آهي. === استعمال جي نگراني === هي سانچو اصل ۾ <code><nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki></code> جي استعمال جي نگراني لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو هو؛ صحيح استعمال هاڻي [[: زمرو:Indexed pages]] ذريعي ٽريڪ ڪيو ويندو آهي. === تاريخ === * [[mw:Manual:$wgNamespaceRobotPolicies|$wgNamespaceRobotPolicies]] شامل ڪيو ويو تہ جيئن هر نيم جڳهه لاءِ روبوٽ پاليسين کي ترتيب ڏئي سگهجي ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rSVN14559 4 جون 2006]) * [[mw:Manual:$wgContentNamespaces|$wgContentNamespaces]] شامل ڪيو ويو، جيڪو مکيه نيم جڳهه کان سواءِ ٻين نيم جڳهن ۾ به مضمونن جي موجودگي کي ممڪن بڻائي ٿو، ۽ پوءِ به انهن کي سائيٽ انگن اکرن ۾ صحيح مواد طور ڳڻيو وڃي ٿو ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rSVN14738 12 جون 2006]) * [[mw:Manual:$wgArticleRobotPolicies|$wgArticleRobotPolicies]] شامل ڪيو ويو ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rSVN22615 31 مئي 2007]) *:هي هر نيم جڳهه جي روبوٽ پاليسين کي رد ڪن ٿا؛ en.wiki هن ترتيب واري سيٽنگ بدران [[MediaWiki:Robots.txt]] استعمال ڪري ٿي * سڄي وڪي لاءِ بنيادي روبوٽ پاليسي هاڻي [[mw:Manual:$wgDefaultRobotPolicy|$wgDefaultRobotPolicy]] ترتيب ذريعي مقرر ڪري سگهجي ٿي ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rSVN30602 6 فيبروري 2008]) *:بنيادي پاليسي فهرستبندي ۽ ڳنڍڻين جي پيروي جي حوصلا افزائي ڪري ٿي: <code>$wgDefaultRobotPolicy = 'index,follow';</code> * [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/04/29/robotstxt/ وڪي ميڊيا بلاگ: robots.txt] (29 اپريل 2008) * {{section link|وڪيپيڊيا: ڳوٺ وارو پمپ (تجويزون)/آرڪائيو 25|ڇا ڳولا انجڻن کي واپرائيندڙ ڳالهه ٻولهه نيم جڳهه جي فهرستبندي کان روڪيو وڃي؟}} (29–30 اپريل 2008) * {{phab|T15890}}: انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا جي واپرائيندڙ ڳالهه ٻولهه نيم جڳهه کي Robots.txt ۾ شامل ڪرڻ (30 اپريل 2008) * [[mw:Manual:$wgExemptFromUserRobotsControl|$wgExemptFromUserRobotsControl]] شامل ڪيو ويو ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rSVN37973 23 جولاءِ 2008]) *: [[وڪيپيڊيا: وڪيپيڊيا سائن پوسٽ/2008-07-28/ٽيڪنالاجي رپورٽ|نئون جادوئي لفظ <nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki> ۽ <nowiki>__NOINDEX__</nowiki> اهو ڪنٽرول ڪن ٿا تہ صفحو ڳولا انجڻن ۾ فهرستبند ٿي سگهي ٿو يا نه]], ''وڪيپيڊيا سائن پوسٽ''، 28 جولاءِ 2008 * [[سانچو:NOINDEX]] 9 آگسٽ 2008 تي ٺاهيو ويو * [[سانچو:INDEX]] 30 آگسٽ 2008 تي ٺاهيو ويو * [[وڪيپيڊيا: منتظمن وارو نوٽس بورڊ/آرڪائيو 168# ڳولا انجڻ فھرستبندي تازا احوال|ڳولا انجڻ فھرستبندي بابت تازا احوال]] (13 سيپٽمبر 2008) *# [https://en.wikipedia.org/robots.txt en.wiki جي robots.txt فائل] کي [[MediaWiki:Robots.txt]] تان ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ *# [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=InitialiseSettings.php InitialiseSettings.php] کي اپڊيٽ ڪرڻ: <code>'wgNamespaceRobotPolicies' => array('enwiki' => array(NS_USER_TALK => 'noindex,follow',))</code>، جنهن سان {{phab|T15890}} لاڳو ٿيو * [[وڪيپيڊيا:ڳولا انجڻ فھرستبندي]]، جنوري 2009 جي هڪ تجويز، جنهن تي اتفاق راءِ نه ٿي سگهي * {{phab|T18979}}: بغير فھرستبندي۽ INDEX رويو-سوئچن لاءِ نگراني زمرو (11 جنوري 2009) * [[Special:Diff/272591874|22 فيبروري 2009]] تي {{tl|NOINDEX}} [[: وڪيپيڊيا: وڪيپيڊيا بغير فھرستبندي وارا صفحا]] ۾ صفحا شامل ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا. {{tl|INDEX}} ڪو زمرو شامل نٿو ڪري * {{section link|وڪيپيڊيا: ڳوٺ وارو پمپ (تجويزون)/آرڪائيو 44|بغير فھرستبندي سانچي جو استعمال لازمي قرار ڏيڻ بدران سڌو جادوئي لفظ استعمال ڪرڻ}} (27 فيبروري – 5 مارچ 2009) * [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rSVN56688 <nowiki>__INDEX__</nowiki> ۽ <nowiki>__NOINDEX__</nowiki> لاءِ نگراني زمرا شامل ڪرڻ] • [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:Code/MediaWiki/56688 ڪوڊ جائزو] (20 سيپٽمبر 2009) * [[: وڪيپيڊيا:Noindexed pages]] 7 آڪٽوبر 2009 تي ٺاهيو ويو؛ گڏوگڏ [[واپرائيندڙ ڳالھ ٻولھ:Happy-melon/آرڪائيو 11#زمرو:Noindexed pages?|هن بحث]] سان. پڻ ڏسو: {{section link|وڪيپيڊيا: ڳوٺ وارو پمپ (ٽيڪنيڪل)/آرڪائيو 66|بغير فھرستبندي وارا زمرا}} * [[: زمرو: فھرستبندي وارا صفحا]] 9 آڪٽوبر 2009 تي ٺاهيو ويو * {{section link|وڪيپيڊيا:بحث وارا زمرا/لاگ/15 جون 2010|بغير فھرستبندي وارا صفحا}} موجب، [[: زمرو: وڪيپيڊيا بغير فھرستبندي وارا صفحا]] کي 18 جولاءِ 2010 تي ختم ڪيو ويو * [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rOMWCa6b09501a502249a549e0b71c887c655f86ada67 انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا تي "مسودو" نيم جڳهه ٺاهڻ] (17 ڊسمبر 2013) * {{phab|T104797}}: enwiki تي ڳولا انجڻن کي واپرائيندڙ جڳهه جي فهرستبندي کان روڪڻ (5 جولاءِ 2015) * [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/rOMWC47413794ba09cd4496c11a6db30e79d3e4a5842d en.wikipedia.org تي واپرائيندڙ نيم جڳهه لاءِ noindex] (23 نومبر 2015) == پڻ ڏسو == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&profile=advanced&search=insource:/__INDEX_/&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&profile=advanced INDEX جادوئي لفظ استعمال ڪندڙ مضمون] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&profile=advanced&search=insource%3A%2F__INDEX_%2F&fulltext=Search&ns118=1&ns119=1&profile=advanced INDEX جادوئي لفظ استعمال ڪندڙ مسودا] * [[سانچو:NOINDEX]] * [[وڪيپيڊيا:ڳولا انجڻ فهرستبندي جو ڪنٽرول]] === ميڊياوڪي === * [[ميڊيا وڪي:Robots.txt]] * [[mw:Manual:Configuration settings#Robot policies]] * [https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki/blob/master/includes/DefaultSettings.php#L7112 بنيادي روبوٽ پاليسي] (github.com) * [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/diffusion/MW/browse/master/includes/DefaultSettings.php$7112 بنيادي روبوٽ پاليسي] (git.wikimedia.org) <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هتان هيٺ شامل ڪريو؛ بين الويڪي ڳنڍڻيون وڪي ڊيٽا ۾ --> [[زمرو:Typing-aid templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[زمرو:Tracking templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> p2ia9j6f3p4sj91lnl816ndis8fw3rz 10 96531 377137 2026-05-12T07:37:26Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هيٺ ڄاڻايل هنڌ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي ڳنڍڻيون وڪي ڊيٽا ۾ رکو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي ڊيٽا]]) --> {{High-use}} {{Tsh|Phab}} هڪ سانچو جيڪو مخصوص [[mw:فيبريڪيٽر|فيبريڪيٽر]] ڪم (task) سان ڳنڍي ٿو۔ == استعمال == * {{tlx|Phabricator|T8452}} نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Phab|T8452}} * {{tlx|Phabricato... 377137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هيٺ ڄاڻايل هنڌ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الويڪي ڳنڍڻيون وڪي ڊيٽا ۾ رکو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي ڊيٽا]]) --> {{High-use}} {{Tsh|Phab}} هڪ سانچو جيڪو مخصوص [[mw:فيبريڪيٽر|فيبريڪيٽر]] ڪم (task) سان ڳنڍي ٿو۔ == استعمال == * {{tlx|Phabricator|T8452}} نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Phab|T8452}} * {{tlx|Phabricator|8452}} نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Phab|T8452}} (اڃا تائين حمايت يافته آهي، پر ان جي حوصلا افزائي نٿي ڪئي وڃي) * {{tlx|Phabricator}} رڳو نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Phab}} * {{tlx|Phabricator|art{{=}}y|T1234}} يا {{tlx|Phab|article{{=}}yes|T1234}} نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Phab|art=y|T1234}} * {{tlx|Phabricator|T8452|T1234|T5678|label{{=}}مختلف مسئلا}} نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Phab|T8452|T1234|T5678|label=مختلف مسئلا}} * {{tlx|Phabricator|T8542|label1{{=}}SVG تصويرن جي نسخن کي سنوارڻ ۽ ڀيٽڻ جي صلاحيت.|T1234|label2{{=}}Bugzilla تائين رسائي کي فقط پڙهڻ تائين محدود ڪرڻ}} نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Phab|T8542|label1=SVG تصويرن جي نسخن کي سنوارڻ ۽ ڀيٽڻ جي صلاحيت.|T1234|label2=Bugzilla تائين رسائي کي فقط پڙهڻ تائين محدود ڪرڻ}} == پڻ ڏسو == * {{tl|Tracked}}، ساڄي پاسي ترندڙ خانو == سانچائي ڊيٽا== {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "description": "[[phabricator:Tnumber|Tnumber]] لاءِ مختصر صورت", "params": { "1": { "label": "ڪم", "description": "ڪم نمبر يا Tnumber", "type": "string", "required": true } } } </templatedata> <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[Category:Inline interwiki link templates]] }}</includeonly> lx6isdm7r9osa7fpu27ci1auqqbwppj 10 96532 377144 2026-05-12T07:50:34Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هيٺ ڏنل جڳهه تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الوڪي ڳنڍڻيون وڪي ڊيٽا ۾ شامل ڪريو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي ڊيٽا]]) --> {{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox||{{High-use}}}} === استعمال === هي سانچو <code><nowiki>__NOINDEX__</nowiki></code> شامل ڪري ٿو، جيڪو ڪجهه ٻاهرين [[ڳولا انجڻ]]ن مان صفحي کي هٽائي سگ... 377144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هيٺ ڏنل جڳهه تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الوڪي ڳنڍڻيون وڪي ڊيٽا ۾ شامل ڪريو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي ڊيٽا]]) --> {{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox||{{High-use}}}} === استعمال === هي سانچو <code><nowiki>__NOINDEX__</nowiki></code> شامل ڪري ٿو، جيڪو ڪجهه ٻاهرين [[ڳولا انجڻ]]ن مان صفحي کي هٽائي سگهي ٿو ۽ صفحن کي پاڻمرادو [[: زمرو: بغير فھرستبندي وارا صفحا]] ۾ شامل ڪري ٿو. اهو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن انتظامي طور ڪيو ويندو آهي {{crossref|(ڏسو {{section link|وڪيپيڊيا:واپرائيندڙ صفحا#نامناسب مواد کي سنڀالڻ}})}}, پر واپرائيندڙ پنهنجي صفحن لاءِ رضاڪاراڻي طور پڻ ائين ڪري سگهن ٿا. بنيادي طور، هي سانچو ڪا به مواد ظاهر نٿو ڪري. *'''<nowiki>{{NOINDEX}}</nowiki>''' يا *'''<nowiki>{{NOINDEX|visible=yes}}</nowiki>''' پيراميٽر: * <code>|visible = yes</code> – سانچي کي اهڙي سادي متن واري سٽ ڏيکارڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿو جيڪا سنواريندڙن کي آگاهه ڪري ٿي تہ صفحو ڳولا انجڻ جي فهرست سازي مان خارج ڪيو ويو آهي: * <code>|text = </code> – ڏيکاريل متن کي مرضي موجب بدلائي ٿو؛ بنيادي متن آهي: "هن صفحي کي ڳولا انجڻ جي فهرستن مان هٽايو ويو آهي." === مختلف نالي جڳهن ۾ اثر === هي سانچو بنيادي (مضمون) نالي جڳهه ۾ ڪو اثر نٿو رکي، جيستائين مضمون 90 ڏينهن کان گهٽ پراڻو نه هجي. اهو غلط استعمال کي روڪڻ لاءِ ڪيو ويو آهي. اهي سڀ مضمون جيڪي هن سانچي کي شامل ڪن ٿا، سندن عمر کان سواءِ (۽ ڀلي اهي حقيقت ۾ [[noindex]] ٿيل هجن يا نه) [[:Category:Noindexed articles]] ۾ شامل ڪيا ويندا آهن. هي سانچو <code>Draft:</code> يا <code>Draft Talk:</code> نالي جڳهن ۾ به ڪو اثر نٿو رکي، ڇو تہ اهي ٻئي سافٽويئر جي ترتيب ذريعي پاڻمرادو noindex ٿيل هوندا آهن. === خبرداريوُن === '''نوٽ:''' اڻڄاتل نتيجن يا غير ضروري ورجاءَ کان بچڻ لاءِ [[وڪيپيڊيا:ڳولا انجڻ جي فهرست سازي تي ضابطو]] پڙهو تہ جيئن توهان noindex ڪرڻ جي مختلف طريقن کان واقف ٿي وڃو. هي سانچو مضمونن ۾ استعمال نه ٿيڻ گهرجي. جيڪڏهن ڪو مضمون ايترو خراب آهي جو ڳولا انجڻ کي ان کي فهرست ۾ شامل نه ڪرڻ گهرجي، تہ ان کي حذف ڪرڻ لاءِ نامزد ڪرڻ گهرجي. <code><nowiki>__NOINDEX__</nowiki></code> [[وڪيپيڊيا:مکيه نيم اسپيس|مضمون نالي جڳهه]] ۾ غيرفعال ٿيل آهي، تنهنڪري هي سانچو اتي ڪو اثر نٿو رکي. نوٽ: وڏيون ڳولا انجڻون غير فھرستبندي واري ٽيگ جو احترام ڪرڻ گهرجن، پر اڳ ۾ فهرست ٿيل مواد کي هٽائڻ ۾ ڏينهن يا هفتا لڳي سگهن ٿا. === سانچائي ڊيٽا=== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <TemplateData> { "description": "هي سانچو ڪنهن صفحي ۾ __NOINDEX__ شامل ڪري ٿو، جيڪو ڳولا انجڻ وارو ٽيگ آهي ۽ فهرست سازي کي روڪي ٿو", "params": { "visible": { "label": "ظاهر", "description": "جيڪڏهن ان کي 'yes' تي مقرر ڪيو وڃي تہ سانچو اهو پيغام ڏيکاريندو تہ صفحو فهرست سازي ۾ شامل ناهي.", "type": "string", "required": false }, "text": { "description": "مرضی موجب متن جيڪو (\"visible\" پيراميٽر سان گڏ) هن سانچي جي استعمال کي ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڏيکاريو وڃي.", "type": "string", "default": "هن صفحي کي ڳولا انجڻ جي فهرستن مان هٽايو ويو آهي." } } } </TemplateData> === پڻ ڏسو === * [[سانچو:INDEX]] {{When on basepage| <!-- زمرا هن سٽ کان هيٺ شامل ڪريو، ۽ بين الوڪي ڳنڍڻيون وڪي ڊيٽا ۾ --> [[زمرو:ٽائپنگ مددگار سانچا]] [[زمرو:نگراني ڪندڙ سانچا]] [[زمرو:وڪيپيڊيا سانچا جيڪي NOINDEX لاڳو ڪن ٿا]] }} 7zev8z7udyy87rzkgozdvp7fn3ya7ty 10 96533 377150 2026-05-12T08:10:02Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <includeonly>{{#switch:{{{1}}} |1502=0.02797 |1503=0.02834 |1504=0.02872 |1505=0.0291 |1506=0.02949 |1507=0.02989 |1508=0.03029 |1509=0.03069 |1510=0.0311 |1511=0.0308 |1512=0.03051 |1513=0.03022 |1514=0.02993 |1515=0.02964 |1516=0.02936 |1517=0.02908 |1518=0.0288 |1519=0.02853 |1520=0.02826 |1521=0.02799 |1522=0.02772 |1523=0.02745 |1524=0.02719 |1525=0.02693 |1526=0.02816 |1527=0.02944 |1528=0.03078 |1529=0.03219 |1530=0.03365 |1531=0.03519 |1532=0.03627 |1533=0.03463 |... 377150 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch:{{{1}}} |1502=0.02797 |1503=0.02834 |1504=0.02872 |1505=0.0291 |1506=0.02949 |1507=0.02989 |1508=0.03029 |1509=0.03069 |1510=0.0311 |1511=0.0308 |1512=0.03051 |1513=0.03022 |1514=0.02993 |1515=0.02964 |1516=0.02936 |1517=0.02908 |1518=0.0288 |1519=0.02853 |1520=0.02826 |1521=0.02799 |1522=0.02772 |1523=0.02745 |1524=0.02719 |1525=0.02693 |1526=0.02816 |1527=0.02944 |1528=0.03078 |1529=0.03219 |1530=0.03365 |1531=0.03519 |1532=0.03627 |1533=0.03463 |1534=0.03306 |1535=0.03157 |1536=0.03014 |1537=0.02878 |1538=0.02748 |1539=0.02889 |1540=0.03302 |1541=0.03774 |1542=0.04314 |1543=0.04931 |1544=0.05637 |1545=0.06443 |1546=0.06754 |1547=0.06672 |1548=0.06592 |1549=0.06512 |1550=0.06433 |1551=0.06355 |1552=0.06278 |1553=0.05362 |1554=0.05705 |1555=0.07902 |1556=0.07831 |1557=0.07761 |1558=0.07691 |1559=0.06065 |1560=0.05423 |1561=0.05816 |1562=0.07072 |1563=0.07298 |1564=0.06846 |1565=0.07298 |1566=0.09324 |1567=0.07691 |1568=0.07691 |1569=0.08107 |1570=0.08514 |1571=0.08715 |1572=0.10133 |1573=0.09324 |1574=0.08309 |1575=0.08917 |1576=0.08514 |1577=0.09324 |1578=0.07298 |1579=0.08502 |1580=0.08911 |1581=0.09117 |1582=0.0912 |1583=0.08532 |1584=0.09287 |1585=0.08917 |1586=0.09931 |1587=0.09731 |1588=0.08514 |1589=0.09731 |1590=0.1196 |1591=0.1219 |1592=0.124 |1593=0.1262 |1594=0.1282 |1595=0.1302 |1596=0.1321 |1597=0.1339 |1598=0.1357 |1599=0.1232 |1600=0.1095 |1601=0.1359 |1602=0.162 |1603=0.1509 |1604=0.0985 |1605=0.1182 |1606=0.091 |1607=0.0937 |1608=0.1504 |1609=0.1441 |1610=0.141 |1611=0.1333 |1612=0.1521 |1613=0.1354 |1614=0.1045 |1615=0.1288 |1616=0.1248 |1617=0.148 |1618=0.1503 |1619=0.1366 |1620=0.1023 |1621=0.1149 |1622=0.1575 |1623=0.2016 |1624=0.2559 |1625=0.1688 |1626=0.1527 |1627=0.1363 |1628=0.1875 |1629=0.275 |1630=0.2649 |1631=0.1971 |1632=0.1521 |1633=0.1566 |1634=0.1624 |1635=0.1309 |1636=0.1685 |1637=0.17 |1638=0.1525 |1639=0.1491 |1640=0.1607 |1641=0.1661 |1642=0.1579 |1643=0.1619 |1644=0.1644 |1645=0.1311 |1646=0.1435 |1647=0.1343 |1648=0.1692 |1649=0.219 |1650=0.2199 |1651=0.1921 |1652=0.226 |1653=0.1368 |1654=0.1048 |1655=0.1259 |1656=0.1544 |1657=0.1563 |1658=0.1071 |1659=0.1453 |1660=0.2539 |1661=0.3183 |1662=0.2467 |1663=0.137 |1664=0.136 |1665=0.1528 |1666=0.1543 |1667=0.1718 |1668=0.097 |1669=0.1112 |1670=0.1072 |1671=0.1276 |1672=0.1075 |1673=0.09882 |1674=0.1781 |1675=0.1648 |1676=0.1622 |1677=0.1639 |1678=0.1461 |1679=0.1311 |1680=0.0981 |1681=0.1434 |1682=0.1158 |1683=0.1181 |1684=0.2629 |1685=0.1277 |1686=0.1127 |1687=0.1014 |1688=0.1191 |1689=0.1268 |1690=0.1443 |1691=0.1335 |1692=0.1423 |1693=0.2162 |1694=0.1244 |1695=0.1375 |1696=0.1814 |1697=0.2379 |1698=0.2582 |1699=0.276 |1700=0.1538 |1701=0.1458 |1702=0.133 |1703=0.1207 |1704=0.1605 |1705=0.1588 |1706=0.169 |1707=0.1368 |1708=0.1655 |1709=0.3038 |1710=0.1757 |1711=0.1337 |1712=0.1455 |1713=0.1354 |1714=0.1492 |1715=0.1441 |1716=0.1482 |1717=0.1552 |1718=0.1526 |1719=0.1472 |1720=0.1585 |1721=0.1427 |1722=0.1286 |1723=0.1233 |1724=0.1188 |1725=0.1147 |1726=0.1074 |1727=0.1133 |1728=0.1259 |1729=0.134 |1730=0.129 |1731=0.1253 |1732=0.1249 |1733=0.1155 |1734=0.1107 |1735=0.1115 |1736=0.1114 |1737=0.1095 |1738=0.1097 |1739=0.1037 |1740=0.1085 |1741=0.1173 |1742=0.1136 |1743=0.1106 |1744=0.1167 |1745=0.1247 |1746=0.1356 |1747=0.1305 |1748=0.1249 |1749=0.1228 |1750=0.1233 |1751=0.1126 |1752=0.1165 |1753=0.1087 |1754=0.125 |1755=0.1251 |1756=0.1291 |1757=0.1471 |1758=0.1573 |1759=0.1381 |1760=0.1356 |1761=0.1371 |1762=0.1462 |1763=0.1721 |1764=0.1702 |1765=0.1831 |1766=0.1707 |1767=0.1736 |1768=0.1826 |1769=0.1767 |1770=0.1792 |1771=0.1863 |1772=0.195 |1773=0.1893 |1774=0.1686 |1775=0.1727 |1776=0.1643 |1777=0.1814 |1778=0.1714 |1779=0.1973 |1780=0.1954 |1781=0.2042 |1782=0.2453 |1783=0.2372 |1784=0.2374 |1785=0.2398 |1786=0.2358 |1787=0.2476 |1788=0.2357 |1789=0.244 |1790=0.2608 |1791=0.2444 |1792=0.2509 |1793=0.2626 |1794=0.2612 |1795=0.2653 |1796=0.2977 |1797=0.2869 |1798=0.2887 |1799=0.2887 |1800=0.3177 |1801=0.2545 |1802=0.2962 |1803=0.272 |1804=0.3033 |1805=0.3436 |1806=0.325 |1807=0.2937 |1808=0.3305 |1809=0.5123 |1810=0.8205 |1811=1.1943 |1812=2.2309 |1813=9.1742 |1814=7.416 |1815=7.739 |1816=7.739 |1817=6.9355 |1818=4.3347 |1819=3.1929 |1820=2.8757 |1821=2.4105 |1822=2.0722 |1823=2.2202 |1824=1.903 |1825=1.9453 |1826=1.8819 |1827=1.9876 |1828=1.8396 |1829=1.903 |1830=1.9242 |1831=2.0088 |1832=1.9242 |1833=1.7762 |1834=1.6916 |1835=1.755 |1836=1.8396 |1837=1.7973 |1838=1.8185 |1839=1.8607 |1840=1.8396 |1841=1.7973 |1842=1.8607 |1843=1.7339 |1844=1.6916 |1845=1.755 |1846=1.9876 |1847=2.1145 |1848=1.8819 |1849=1.7973 |1850=1.7762 |1851=1.8185 |1852=1.8185 |1853=2.0088 |1854=2.2202 |1855=2.2625 |1856=2.3682 |1857=2.3259 |1858=2.1145 |1859=2.0722 |1860=2.1145 |1861=2.1991 |1862=2.1779 |1863=2.1145 |1864=2.1356 |1865=2.1779 |1866=2.2413 |1867=2.3471 |1868=2.3259 |1869=2.1779 |1870=2.1145 |1871=2.1144 |1872=2.0487 |1873=2.099 |1874=2.1215 |1875=2.1719 |1876=2.1944 |1877=2.2196 |1878=2.217 |1879=2.1918 |1880=2.164 |1881=2.1865 |1882=2.1839 |1883=2.1812 |1884=2.1057 |1885=2.0527 |1886=1.9745 |1887=1.8963 |1888=1.8685 |1889=1.891 |1890=1.9136 |1891=1.9865 |1892=2.009 |1893=1.9785 |1894=1.9229 |1895=1.8421 |1896=1.7864 |1897=1.7811 |1898=1.801 |1899=1.8435 |1900=1.8885 |1901=1.8859 |1902=1.9111 |1903=1.9084 |1904=1.9336 |1905=1.9257 |1906=1.9403 |1907=2.0079 |1908=2.0291 |1909=2.0437 |1910=2.0583 |1911=2.065 |1912=2.1446 |1913=2.2016 |1914=2.2533 |1915=2.6589 |1916=3.1322 |1917=3.6271 |1918=4.2365 |1919=5.0245 |1920=5.9942 |1921=5.0951 |1922=4.3308 |1923=4.5127 |1924=4.7835 |1925=4.6495 |1926=3.9521 |1927=3.8177 |1928=3.7948 |1929=3.7721 |1930=3.591 |1931=3.3863 |1932=3.3626 |1933=3.4534 |1934=3.5881 |1935=3.7244 |1936=3.7691 |1937=3.9048 |1938=3.9517 |1939=4.0663 |1940=5.0584 |1941=5.802 |1942=6.0051 |1943=6.0531 |1944=6.1863 |1945=6.2544 |1946=6.2106 |1947=6.3907 |1948=6.5504 |1949=6.7077 |1950=7.3181 |1951=8.1743 |1952=8.3541 |1953=8.3123 |1954=8.4703 |1955=9.0378 |1956=9.4897 |1957=9.6035 |1958=9.69 |1959=9.8935 |1960=10.121 |1961=10.576 |1962=11.274 |1963=11.861 |1964=12.288 |1965=13.074 |1966=13.963 |1967=14.996 |1968=16.196 |1969=16.763 |1970=17.853 |1971=18.906 |1972=20.154 |1973=22.028 |1974=25.398 |1975=27.837 |1976=30.342 |1977=33.71 |1978=37.081 |1979=40.641 |1980=45.639 |1981=50.979 |1982=56.128 |1983=60.001 |1984=63.781 |1985=66.779 |1986=69.25 |1987=72.02 |1988=75.26 |1989=78.873 |1990=80.924 |1991=82.866 |1992=84.606 |1993=85.706 |1994=87.42 |1995=89.256 |1996=91.13 |1997=93.135 |1998=94.811 |1999=97.182 |2000=100 |2001=102.4 |2002=104.86 |2003=107.06 |2004=108.34 |2005=110.29 |2006=112.39 |2007=114.3 |2008=118.19 |2009=119.75 |2010=122.51 |2011=125.88 |2012=128.91 |2013=129.92 |2014=130.67 |2015=131.25 |2016=131.6 |2017=133.10 |2018=134.19 |2019=135.2 |2020=135.77 |2021=138.28 |2022=148.93 |#default=148.93 <!-- *** جڏهن هي تبديل ڪيو وڃي، تڏهن [[سانچو:Inflation-fn]] ۾ حوالو ۽ [[سانچو:Inflation-year]] ۾ تازو سال پڻ اپڊيٽ ڪريو! *** ذريعو/ذريعا: '''1502 کان 2007 تائين''': ابلڊگرين، ڪِم (2009)، ڊينمارڪ ۾ صارف قيمتون 1502-2007. ڊينمارڪس نيشونل بئنڪ ورڪنگ پيپرز، شمارو 60. ڪوپن هيگن: ڊينمارڪس نيشونل بئنڪ، https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/82314، '''2008 کان 2022 تائين''': اسٽيٽسٽڪس ڊينمارڪ، [https://www.statbank.dk/pris8 صارف قيمت اشاريو، سالياني اوسط (1900=100) وقت موجب] --> }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation|سانچو:Inflation/doc/cpi-dk}}</noinclude> h3s8gos6z8xggx1umncv8x3vsti0hq7 10 96534 377151 2026-05-12T08:12:09Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{documentation subpage}} هي ذيلي سانچو مخصوص سال لاءِ لاڳاپيل ملڪ جو [[صارف قيمت اشاريو|CPI]] واپس ڪري ٿو. اهو {{tl|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} پاران ٻن ڏنل سالن جي وچ ۾ مهانگائي شرح ڳڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جيڪا وري {{tl|Inflation}} پاران وڌايل قدر ڳڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندي آهي. عام طور اهو سڌو سنئون سڏڻ... 377151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation subpage}} هي ذيلي سانچو مخصوص سال لاءِ لاڳاپيل ملڪ جو [[صارف قيمت اشاريو|CPI]] واپس ڪري ٿو. اهو {{tl|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} پاران ٻن ڏنل سالن جي وچ ۾ مهانگائي شرح ڳڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جيڪا وري {{tl|Inflation}} پاران وڌايل قدر ڳڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندي آهي. عام طور اهو سڌو سنئون سڏڻ لاءِ نه هوندو آهي. هن ڊيٽا سيٽ جو ذريعو ''[https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/82314/2/592497437.pdf ڊينمارڪ ۾ صارف قيمتون 1502-2007]'' آهي. === استعمال === {{tlx|{{PAGENAME}}|سال}} ڪو پيراميٽر نه ڏيڻ يا غلط پيراميٽر ڏيڻ سان "default" CPI نتيجي طور ملندو، جنهن جو عام طور مطلب تازو ترين CPI هوندو آهي. === پڻ ڏسو === * {{tl|Inflation}} * {{tl|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} <includeonly> [[زمرو:اقتصاديات فارميٽنگ ۽ فنڪشن سانچا|{{PAGENAME}}]] </includeonly> oidornwlqcg9y3glrlq6mwslbwv8glh 10 96535 377159 2026-05-12T08:38:40Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <includeonly>{{#iferror:{{ #ifexpr:({{{1}}} >= 1E+27) | {{formatnum:{{Formatprice/digits|{{#expr:{{{1}}} / 1E+27}}}}}}&nbsp;octillion}}{{ #ifexpr:(({{{1}}} >= 1E+24) and ({{{1}}} < 1E+27)) | {{Formatprice/digits|{{#expr:{{{1}}} / 1E+24}}}}&nbsp;septillion}}{{ #ifexpr:(({{{1}}} >= 1E+21) and ({{{1}}} < 1E+24)) | {{Formatprice/digits|{{#expr:{{{1}}} / 1E+21}}}}&nbsp;sextillion}}{{ #ifexpr:(({{{1}}} >= 1E+18) and ({{{1}}} < 1E+21)) | {{Formatprice/digits|{{#expr:{{{1}}} / 1E... 377159 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#iferror:{{ #ifexpr:({{{1}}} >= 1E+27) | {{formatnum:{{Formatprice/digits|{{#expr:{{{1}}} / 1E+27}}}}}}&nbsp;octillion}}{{ #ifexpr:(({{{1}}} >= 1E+24) and ({{{1}}} < 1E+27)) | {{Formatprice/digits|{{#expr:{{{1}}} / 1E+24}}}}&nbsp;septillion}}{{ #ifexpr:(({{{1}}} >= 1E+21) and ({{{1}}} < 1E+24)) | {{Formatprice/digits|{{#expr:{{{1}}} / 1E+21}}}}&nbsp;sextillion}}{{ #ifexpr:(({{{1}}} >= 1E+18) and ({{{1}}} < 1E+21)) | {{Formatprice/digits|{{#expr:{{{1}}} / 1E+18}}}}&nbsp;quintillion}}{{ #ifexpr:(({{{1}}} >= 1E+15) and ({{{1}}} < 1E+18)) | {{Formatprice/digits|{{#expr:{{{1}}} / 1E+15}}}}&nbsp;quadrillion}}{{ #ifexpr:(({{{1}}} >= 1E+12) and ({{{1}}} < 1E+15)) | {{Formatprice/digits|{{#expr:{{{1}}} / 1E+12}}}}&nbsp;trillion}}{{ #ifexpr:(({{{1}}} >= 1E+9) and ({{{1}}} < 1E+12)) | {{Formatprice/digits|{{#expr:{{{1}}} / 1E+9}}}}&nbsp;billion}}{{ #ifexpr:(({{{1}}} >= 1E+6) and ({{{1}}} < 1E+9)) | {{Formatprice/digits|{{#expr:{{{1}}} / 1E+6}}}}&nbsp;million}}{{ #ifexpr:(({{{1}}} >= 1E+3) and ({{{1}}} < 1E+6)) | {{Formatprice/digits|{{#expr:{{{1}}} / 1E+3}}}}&nbsp;thousand}}{{ #ifexpr:(({{{1}}} >= 0) and ({{{1}}} < 1E+3)) | {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{{1}}} round {{{2|2}}}}}}}{{#ifexpr:(({{{2|2}}} = 1) or ({{{2|2}}} = 2))|{{#ifexpr:(((({{{1}}} round {{{2|2}}})*100) mod 100) = 0)|.00|{{#ifexpr:(((({{{1}}} round {{{2|2}}})*100) mod 10) = 0)|0}}}}}}}}{{ #ifexpr:({{{1}}} < 0)|[[NaN]]}}|[[NaN]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> mfgtwmfhwr0x0ljmd43z82fva3erbmg 10 96536 377160 2026-05-12T08:41:10Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} هي سانچو انگن کي، جيڪي عام طور قيمتن جي نمائندگي ڪندا آهن، سٺي ۽ پڙهڻ ۾ آسان نموني سان ڏيکاري ٿو، جيڪو خاص طور مضمونن لاءِ موزون آهي. هڪ هزار يا ان کان وڏا انگ مختصر ڪري مجموعي طور ٽي انگ ۽ هڪ ضرب ڪندڙ لفظ سان ڏيکاريا ويندا آهن، جڏهن ته ننڍن انگ... 377160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} هي سانچو انگن کي، جيڪي عام طور قيمتن جي نمائندگي ڪندا آهن، سٺي ۽ پڙهڻ ۾ آسان نموني سان ڏيکاري ٿو، جيڪو خاص طور مضمونن لاءِ موزون آهي. هڪ هزار يا ان کان وڏا انگ مختصر ڪري مجموعي طور ٽي انگ ۽ هڪ ضرب ڪندڙ لفظ سان ڏيکاريا ويندا آهن، جڏهن ته ننڍن انگن ۾ جدا ڪندڙ نشانيون ۽ صحيح ٻه انگ سينٽن جي نمائندگي لاءِ شامل ڪيا ويندا آهن، جيڪو هميشه <code><nowiki>{{formatnum:}}</nowiki></code> [[مدد:جادوئي لفظ|جادوئي لفظ]] سان نٿو ٿئي. === استعمال === {{tlx|Format price|value|digits}} جتي: * '''value''': اهو قدر جيڪو فارميٽ ڪري ڏيکاريو ويندو (لازمي). * '''digits''': اهو انگ مقرر ڪري ٿو جنهن تائين هڪ هزار کان گهٽ قدر کي گول ڪيو ويندو؛ جيڪڏهن مقرر نه ڪيو وڃي ته بنيادي طور "2" (سينٽ) استعمال ٿيندو. غير عددي پيراميٽر ڏيڻ، ڪو به پيراميٽر نه ڏيڻ، يا منفي ''value'' پيراميٽر ڏيڻ سان غلطي جو پيغام ظاهر ٿيندو. پنهنجي نالي جي باوجود، هي سانچو رڳو انگن جي فارميٽنگ سنڀالي ٿو، ڪنهن به ماپ يا ڪرنسي نشان کي نه — ان مقصد لاءِ {{tl|currency}} استعمال ڪرڻ تي غور ڪريو. ==== مثال ==== * {{aye}} {{tlx|Format price|1.2}} = {{Format price|1.2}} * {{aye}} {{tlx|Format price|456.789}} = {{Format price|456.789}} * {{aye}} {{tlx|Format price|456.789|1}} = {{Format price|456.789|1}} * {{aye}} {{tlx|Format price|456.789|0}} = {{Format price|456.789|0}} * {{aye}} {{tlx|Format price|456.789|-2}} = {{Format price|456.789|-2}} * {{aye}} <code>'''$'''{{tlx|Format price|1234}}</code> = ${{Format price|1234}} * {{aye}} <code>'''$'''{{tlx|Format price|12345}}</code> = ${{Format price|12345}} * {{aye}} <code>'''$'''{{tlx|Format price|123456}}</code> = ${{Format price|123456}} * {{aye}} <code>'''$'''{{tlx|Format price|1000000}}</code> = ${{Format price|1000000}} * {{aye}} <code>'''¥'''{{tlx|Format price|98765432109876}}</code> = ¥{{Format price|98765432109876}} * {{aye}} <code>{{tlx|Format price|7.86178E+25}} atoms</code> = {{Format price|7.86E+25}} atoms =====غلط===== * {{nay}} {{tlx|Format price}} = {{Format price}} (خالي پيراميٽر) * {{nay}} {{tlx|Format price|{{!}}0}} = {{Format price||0}} (پهريون پيراميٽر خالي) * {{nay}} {{tlx|Format price|-100}} = {{Format price|-100}} (منفي قدر جائز ناهن) * {{nay}} {{tlx|Format price|xyz|A}} = {{Format price|xyz|A}} (رڳو عددي قدر قبول آهن) * {{nay}} {{tlx|Format price|1E+309}} = {{Format price|1E+309}} (حد کان وڌيڪ قدر) === پڻ ڏسو === * {{tl|Inflation}} * {{tl|Inflation/fn}} * {{tl|currency}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هن لڪير کان هيٺ، مهرباني ڪري؛ بين الويڪي وڪي ڊيٽا ۾ --> {{DEFAULTSORT:Format Price}} [[زمرو:ڪرنسي مٽاسٽا سانچا]] [[زمرو:اقتصاديات فارميٽنگ ۽ فنڪشن سانچا]] [[زمرو:مالي سانچا]] }}</includeonly> <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "value", "description": "اهو قدر جيڪو فارميٽ ڪري ڏيکاريو ويندو", "example": "1,000", "type": "number", "required": true }, "2": { "label": "digits", "description": "اهو انگ مقرر ڪري ٿو جنهن تائين هڪ هزار کان گهٽ قدر کي گول ڪيو ويندو؛ جيڪڏهن مقرر نه ڪيو وڃي ته بنيادي طور \"2\" (سينٽ) استعمال ٿيندو", "type": "number", "suggested": true } }, "paramOrder": [ "1", "2" ] } </templatedata> sfxnixl4dh8hcr47q0mhtlmnjw5yb8b 10 96537 377161 2026-05-12T08:42:03Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <includeonly>{{#expr:({{{1}}} round {{#ifexpr:({{{1}}} >= 100)|0|{{#ifexpr:({{{1}}} >= 10)|1|2}}}})}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 377161 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#expr:({{{1}}} round {{#ifexpr:({{{1}}} >= 100)|0|{{#ifexpr:({{{1}}} >= 10)|1|2}}}})}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 0y6pr87h4v7epxoxrx71izihcwg07m3 10 96538 377162 2026-05-12T08:44:41Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} هي ذيلي سانچو هڪ انگ وٺي ان کي رڳو 3 انگن ۽ هڪ نقطي (جيڪڏهن ضروري هجي) سان ٻيهر فارميٽ ڪري ٿو، بشرطيڪ اهو 0–999.9999..... جي حد اندر هجي. اهو اندروني طور {{tl|Format price}} پاران خوبصورت ۽ پڙهڻ ۾ آسان انگ ڏيکارڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، ۽ عام طور سڌو سنئون استع... 377162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} هي ذيلي سانچو هڪ انگ وٺي ان کي رڳو 3 انگن ۽ هڪ نقطي (جيڪڏهن ضروري هجي) سان ٻيهر فارميٽ ڪري ٿو، بشرطيڪ اهو 0–999.9999..... جي حد اندر هجي. اهو اندروني طور {{tl|Format price}} پاران خوبصورت ۽ پڙهڻ ۾ آسان انگ ڏيکارڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، ۽ عام طور سڌو سنئون استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ نه هوندو آهي. ڄاڻايل حد کان ٻاهر هن جو رويو اڳواٽ طئي ٿيل ناهي، ۽ نتيجي طور اڻڄاتل، جيتوڻيڪ ممڪن طور ڪنهن نه ڪنهن نموني مستقل، نتيجو نڪري سگهي ٿو. == استعمال == {{tlx|Format price/digits|number}} === مثال === * {{aye}} {{tlx|Format price/digits|0}} = {{Format price/digits|0}} * {{aye}} {{tlx|Format price/digits|0.12345}} = {{Format price/digits|0.12345}} * {{aye}} {{tlx|Format price/digits|1.23456}} = {{Format price/digits|1.23456}} * {{aye}} {{tlx|Format price/digits|12.3456}} = {{Format price/digits|12.3456}} * {{aye}} {{tlx|Format price/digits|123.456}} = {{Format price/digits|123.456}} * {{nay}} {{tlx|Format price/digits|1234.56}} = {{Format price/digits|1234.56}} * {{nay}} {{tlx|Format price/digits|-234.56}} = {{Format price/digits|-234.56}} == پڻ ڏسو == * {{tl|Format price}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هن لڪير کان هيٺ، مهرباني ڪري؛ بين الويڪي وڪي ڊيٽا ۾ --> {{DEFAULTSORT:Format Price}} [[زمرو:ڪرنسي مٽاسٽا سانچا]] [[زمرو:اقتصاديات فارميٽنگ ۽ فنڪشن سانچا]] [[زمرو:مالي سانچا]] }}</includeonly> jkgkz5pr54rkjqqewk1a3vz0a6oijn0 10 96539 377164 2026-05-12T08:53:14Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{lua|ماڊيول:Currency|ماڊيول:Currency/Presentation}} {{Lua sidebar}} {{Template shortcut|Curr}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا ۽ بين الويڪي ڳنڍڻا هن صفحي جي بلڪل هيٺ شامل ڪريو --> هي سانچو ڪرنسي جي قيمت کي مناسب نشان سان فارميٽ ڪري ٿو، جيڪو انهيءَ ڪرنسي بابت مضمون سان ڳنڍيل هوندو آهي. جيڪڏه... 377164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{lua|ماڊيول:Currency|ماڊيول:Currency/Presentation}} {{Lua sidebar}} {{Template shortcut|Curr}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا ۽ بين الويڪي ڳنڍڻا هن صفحي جي بلڪل هيٺ شامل ڪريو --> هي سانچو ڪرنسي جي قيمت کي مناسب نشان سان فارميٽ ڪري ٿو، جيڪو انهيءَ ڪرنسي بابت مضمون سان ڳنڍيل هوندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ڪا ڪرنسي مقرر نه ڪئي وڃي، ته سانچو رقم کي [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]ن ۾ ڏيکاريندو. == استعمال == بي نالي پيراميٽرن سان: :<code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>currency|{{var|value}}|{{var|code}}|first=|linked=|fmt=|passthrough=}}</code> نالي وارن پيراميٽرن سان: :<code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>currency|amount={{var|value}}|code={{var|code}}|first=|linked=|passthrough=}}</code> جتي: :{{var|value}} هڪ انگ آهي، جيڪو ڪاما ڌار ڪندڙن سان يا بغير ٿي سگهي ٿو؛ ان جي پٺيان اختياري مقدار ڏيکاريندڙ لفظ به اچي سگهي ٿو: 'ھزار'، 'ملين'، 'M'، 'بلي.'، 'B'، يا 'ٽرلين'. :{{var|code}} هڪ [[آء ايس او 4217]] ڪرنسي ڪوڊ آهي يا هيٺ ڏنل سهائتا يافته غير معياري ڪوڊن مان ڪو هڪ. :{{para|first}} جڏهن ڪنهن به قدر تي مقرر ڪيو وڃي ته ڪرنسي جو ڊگهو نالو ڏيکاري ٿو. :{{para|linked}} جڏهن <code>no</code> تي مقرر ڪيو وڃي ته ڏيکاريل ڪرنسي نشان يا ڊگهي نالي مان وڪي ڳنڍڻا بند ٿي وڃن ٿا. :{{para|fmt}} اهو طئي ڪري ٿو ته {{var|value}} جي انگن جا گروهه ڪيئن جدا ڪيا وڃن: ::<code>commas</code> (ڊفالٽ) {{var|value}} جي انگن جا گروهه ڪامائن سان جدا ڪري ٿو؛ جڏهن {{para|fmt}} خالي يا نه ڏنو وڃي ته اهو ئي ڊفالٽ هوندو. ::<code>gaps</code> انگن جي گروهن کي سنهڙن خالن سان جدا ڪري ٿو. ::<code>none</code> {{var|value}} کي بغير گروهه بندي جي ڏيکاري ٿو. :{{para|passthrough}} اهو طئي ڪري ٿو ته سانچو {{para|fmt}} موجب انگ کي پڙهڻ جي ڪوشش ڪري يا {{para|amount}} ۾ ڏنل سٽرنگ کي سڌو ڪرنسي نشان کان پوءِ رکي. ان جي قيمت يا ته {{para|passthrough|yes}} يا {{para|passthrough|no}} هجڻ گهرجي. جڏهن پيراميٽر نالا استعمال ڪيا وڃن، تڏهن {{para|amount}} ۽ {{para|code}} کي ترجيح ڏني وڃي ٿي. سانچو {{para|Amount}}، {{para|type}} ۽ {{para|Type}} به قبول ڪري ٿو. نوٽ: نالي ۽ بي نالي ٻنهي قسمن جا پيراميٽر گڏ استعمال ڪرڻ سان اڻڄاتل نتيجا نڪري سگهن ٿا. هن مثال ۾، سانچو پهرين بي نالي پيراميٽر کي رقم سمجهي ٿو: ::<code><nowiki>{{Currency|amount=1000|GBP}}</nowiki></code> :::{{Currency|amount=1000|GBP}} ::ان جي بدران <code><nowiki>{{Currency|1000|GBP}}</nowiki></code> ''يا'' <code><nowiki>{{Currency|amount=1000|code=GBP}}</nowiki></code> استعمال ڪريو، جيڪي ٻئي {{Currency|amount=1000|code=GBP}} نتيجو ڏين ٿا. == سهائتا يافته غير معياري ڪرنسي ڪوڊ == === اهي ڪوڊ جيڪي آء ايس او 4217 ڪرنسين ۾ تبديل ٿي سگهن ٿا === اهي غير معياري ڪوڊ معياري [[آء ايس او 4217]] ڪوڊن جا متبادل نالا آهن. {{Div col|colwidth=15em}} *EGE *EU *EURO *FRW *KSH *NEP *POUND *POUND STERLING *RMB *STERLING *STG *TSH *UK *UNITED STATES *US *U.S. *USA *USH {{Div col end}} === ٻيا غير معياري ڪوڊ === اهي ڪوڊ يا ته ڪنهن ISO 4217 ڪرنسي ڪوڊ سان نٿا ملن، يا موجود ISO 4217 ڪوڊن جا متبادل نسخا آهن، يا ڪرنسي جي مخصوص خصوصيتن لاءِ استعمال ٿين ٿا. * بٽ ڪوائن– ڪو به لاڳاپيل آھ ايس او 4217 ڪوڊ ناهي * BTC – ڪو به لاڳاپيل ISO 4217 ڪوڊ ناهي * DKK2 – DKK جو متبادل نسخو * FRF – تاريخي * GRD – تاريخي * LSL2 – LSL جو جمع وارو نسخو * LTL – تاريخي * NOK2 – NOK جو متبادل نسخو * SEK2 – SEK جو متبادل نسخو * SZL2 – SZL جو جمع وارو نسخو * US$ – خاص صورت: معياري ڪوڊ "USD" (۽ "$") وانگر، پر صرف "$" ڏيکاري ٿو، ڊگهو "US$" نه * XBT – ڪو به لاڳاپيل ISO 4217 ڪوڊ ناهي == مثال == [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] کان سواءِ ٻين ڪرنسين کي مناسب [[آي ايس او 4217]] ڪرنسي ڪوڊ استعمال ڪري ڏيکاري سگهجي ٿو: *<code><nowiki>{{Currency|1000|BMD}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|1000|BMD}} [[برمودا ڊالر]] لاءِ *<code><nowiki>{{Currency|1000|BDT}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|1000|BDT}} [[بنگلاديشي ٽڪو]] لاءِ *<code><nowiki>{{Currency|1000|AMD}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|1000|AMD}} [[آرمينيائي ڊرام]] لاءِ ڪجهه وڌيڪ مشهور ڪرنسين لاءِ عام مخفف يا مڪمل نالا پڻ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا: *<code><nowiki>{{Currency|1000|US}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|1000|us}} *<code><nowiki>{{Currency|1000|United States}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|1000|United States}} *<code><nowiki>{{Currency|1,000|JPY}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|1,000|JPY}} پيراميٽر نالا به استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا: *<code><nowiki>{{Currency|amount=1000|code=US}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|amount=1000|code=US}} *<code><nowiki>{{Currency|1000|code=euro}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|1000|code=euro}} منفي رقم: *<code><nowiki>{{Currency|amount=-1000|code=US}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|amount=-1000|code=US}} متني مقدار: *<code><nowiki>{{Currency|1000 million|code=euro}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|1000 million|code=euro}} *<code><nowiki>{{Currency|1000M|code=euro}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|1000M|code=euro}} ڪرنسي جو پهريون استعمال رقم ۽ مڪمل ڪرنسي نالو ڏيکارڻ گهرجي، تنهنڪري جيڪڏهن "first" پيراميٽر مقرر ڪيو وڃي ته اهو ئي ڏيکاريو ويندو. *<code><nowiki>{{Currency|1000|cve|first=yes}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|1000|cve|first=yes}} *<code><nowiki>{{Currency|1000|cve}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|1000|cve}} ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ DKK، NOK، ۽ SEK ڪرنسين جا نشان مبهم ٿي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري انهن کي ٻن طريقن سان ڏيکاري سگهجي ٿو: *DKK لاءِ: *:<code><nowiki>{{Currency|1000|dkk}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|1000|dkk}} *:<code><nowiki>{{Currency|1000|dkk2}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|1000|dkk2}} *NOK لاءِ: *:<code><nowiki>{{Currency|1000|NOK}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|1000|NOK}} *:<code><nowiki>{{Currency|1000|NOK2}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|1000|NOK2}} *SEK لاءِ: *:<code><nowiki>{{Currency|1000|SEK}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|1000|SEK}} *:<code><nowiki>{{Currency|1000|SEK2}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|1000|SEK2}} ساڳيءَ طرح، ڪجهه ڪرنسين ۾ واحد ۽ جمع مقدار لاءِ مختلف نشان استعمال ٿين ٿا: *:<code><nowiki>{{Currency|1|LSL}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|1|LSL}} *:<code><nowiki>{{Currency|1000|LSL2}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|1000|LSL2}} *::''سانچو في الحال اهو فرق پاڻمرادو نٿو ڪري، تنهنڪري صحيح ڪوڊ چونڊڻ ايڊيٽر جي ذميواري آهي.'' == انگن جي گروهه بندي == *{{para|fmt|commas}} *:<code><nowiki>{{Currency|1000 million|code=euro|fmt=commas}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|1000 million|code=euro|fmt=commas}} *{{para|fmt|gaps}} *:<code><nowiki>{{Currency|1000 million|code=euro|fmt=gaps}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|1000 million|code=euro|fmt=gaps}} *{{para|fmt|none}} *:<code><nowiki>{{Currency|1000 million|code=euro|fmt=none}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|1000 million|code=euro|fmt=none}} == Passthrough == *{{para|passthrough|yes}} *:<code><nowiki>{{Currency|6 million|PHP|passthrough=yes}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|6 million|PHP|passthrough=yes}} *:<code><nowiki>{{Currency|6 trillion|PHP|passthrough=yes}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|6 trillion|PHP|passthrough=yes}} *:<code><nowiki>{{Currency|6 tn|PHP|passthrough=yes}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|6 tn|PHP|passthrough=yes}} *{{para|passthrough|no}} *:<code><nowiki>{{Currency|6 million|PHP|passthrough=no}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|6 million|PHP|passthrough=no}} *:<code><nowiki>{{Currency|6 trillion|PHP|passthrough=no}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|6 trillion|PHP|passthrough=no}} *:<code><nowiki>{{Currency|6 tn|PHP|passthrough=no}}</nowiki></code> نتيجو ڏئي ٿو: {{Currency|6 tn|PHP|passthrough=no}} (غلطي متوقع آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سانچو {{code|6 tn}} کي {{code|6,000,000,000,000}} طور پڙهڻ نٿو ڄاڻي) *''احتياط سان استعمال ڪريو! عام طور {{para|fmt}} وڌيڪ مناسب هوندو. {{para|passthrough}} صرف انهن حالتن ۾ استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجي جيڪي [[MOS:CURRENCY]] سان هم آهنگ هجن.'' == غلطي جا پيغام == {{tld|currency}} ڪيترائي غلطي پيغام ڏيکاري سگهي ٿو. اهي هي آهن: *<span style="font-size:inherit" class="error"><nowiki>{{currency}}</nowiki> – invalid code</span> – ٻئي بي نالي پيراميٽر يا {{para|code}} ۾ ڏنل قدر سانچي جي ڪوڊن جي فهرست ۾ موجود ناهي. *<span style="font-size:inherit" class="error"><nowiki>{{currency}}</nowiki> – invalid amount</span> – پهرين بي نالي پيراميٽر يا {{para|amount}} ۾ اهڙا اکر موجود آهن جيڪي منفي نشان، عدد، ڪاما يا اعشاري نقطي کان سواءِ آهن. *<span style="font-size:inherit" class="error"><nowiki>{{currency}}</nowiki> – definition missing position</span> – هڪ اندروني غلطي، جيڪا عام طور تڏهن ٿيندي جڏهن ڪو ايڊيٽر [[ماڊيول:Currency/Presentation]] ۾ غير مناسب تبديليون ڪري. *<span style="font-size:inherit" class="error"><nowiki>{{currency}}</nowiki> – definition missing page</span> – هڪ اندروني غلطي، جيڪا ظاهر ڪري ٿي ته [[ماڊيول:Currency]] وٽ اهڙو صفحو موجود ناهي جنهن سان ڪرنسي نشان يا نالو ڳنڍي سگهجي. == سانچائي ڊيٽا== {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "description": "هن سانچي کي ڳنڍيل ڪرنسي نشان ۽ رقم ڏيکارڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪريو.", "format": "inline", "params": { "1": { "aliases": [ "amount", "Amount" ], "label": "رقم", "description": "ڏنل ڪرنسي ۾ رقم", "required": true, "type": "line" }, "2": { "aliases": [ "code", "type", "Type" ], "label": "ڪرنسي", "description": "استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪرنسي. صحيح ISO 4217 ڪوڊ يا هن سانچي جي صفحي تي ڏنل خاص ڪوڊن مان ڪو هڪ هجڻ گهرجي", "example": "USD", "default": "USD", "suggested": true, "type": "line" }, "first": { "label": "ڊگهو روپ", "description": "ڪنهن به قدر تي مقرر ٿيڻ سان ڪرنسي جو ڊگهو نالو ڏيکاري ٿو. مضمون ۾ ڪرنسي جي پهرين ذڪر لاءِ استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجي", "type": "line" }, "linked": { "label": "ڪرنسي ڳنڍيو", "description": "ڇا ڪرنسي بابت مضمون سان ڳنڍڻو آهي يا نه. “no” ڳنڍڻو ختم ڪري ٿو، ٻيو ڪو به قدر ان کي ڏيکاري ٿو", "example": "no", "default": "yes", "type": "line" }, "fmt": { "label": "فارميٽ", "description": "طئي ڪري ٿو ته رقم جي انگن جا گروهه ڪيئن جدا ٿين: commas، gaps يا none", "example": "gaps", "default": "commas", "type": "line" }, "passthrough": { "label": "Passthrough", "description": "جيڪڏهن \"yes\" هجي ته Amount ۾ ڏنل سٽرنگ کي انگ ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ کان سواءِ سڌو نشان کان پوءِ رکي.", "example": "yes", "default": "no", "type": "line" } } } </templatedata> == پڻ ڏسو == * [[وڪيپيڊيا:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)#Currencies]] اهم استعمالي هدايتن لاءِ * {{tl|Format price}}، انگن کي گول ڪرڻ ۽ “وڏن انگن” جي فارميٽ لاءِ سانچو * {{tl|Inflation}}، تاريخي قيمتن کي موجوده يا ٻئي سال جي برابر قيمت ۾ تبديل ڪندڙ سانچو * {{tlx|Infobox currency}} * {{tl|To USD}}، ڪنهن ملڪ جي قومي ڪرنسي ۾ ڏنل رقم کي آمريڪي ڊالرن ۾ تبديل ڪندڙ سانچو <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| [[زمرو:ڪرنسي سانچا]] [[زمرو:مالي سانچا]] }}</includeonly> junp16z9z4nw98sd7nm8acn021imnse 828 96540 377165 2026-05-12T08:56:46Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{High-use}} Data used by [[ماڊيول:Currency]]<noinclude> [[زمرو:Module documentation pages]] </noinclude> 377165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{High-use}} Data used by [[ماڊيول:Currency]]<noinclude> [[زمرو:Module documentation pages]] </noinclude> 4epxuhv6pph14selc8yqmqdqksk0yku 377166 377165 2026-05-12T08:57:43Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{High-use}} [[ماڊيول:Currency]] جي استعمال واري ڊيٽا<noinclude> [[زمرو:Module documentation pages]] </noinclude> lbxq9z9n8oo012szg08qbwzt4by2zf9 3 96541 377179 2026-05-12T10:48:56Z Neriah 13619 Neriah صفحي [[واپرائيندڙ بحث:Crushcrushcrush1]] کي [[واپرائيندڙ بحث:Crushcrushcrush]] ڏانھن چوريو: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Crushcrushcrush1|Crushcrushcrush1]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Crushcrushcrush|Crushcrushcrush]]" 377179 wikitext text/x-wiki #چوريو [[واپرائيندڙ بحث:Crushcrushcrush]] id1emt37rh55jwomcjy3ztba6vo8qpz